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McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
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Contents
Introduction 2
Going strong 4
Capital inflows in 2017
1
Introduction
The year just past was, once again, strong for private that scale has not imposed a performance penalty;
markets.1 Even as public markets rose worldwide— indeed, the largest funds have on average delivered
the S&P 500 shot up by about 20 percent, as did other the highest returns over the past decade, accord-
major indices—investors continued to show interest ing to Cambridge Associates. What was interesting
and confidence in private markets. Private asset in 2017, however, was how an already-powerful
managers raised a record sum of nearly $750 billion trend accelerated, with raises for all buyout megafunds
globally, extending a cycle that began eight years ago. up over 90 percent year on year. For comparison,
fundraising in middle-market buyouts (for funds of
Within this tide of capital, one trend stands out: the $500 million to $1 billion) grew by 7 percent, a
surge of megafunds (of more than $5 billion), healthy rate after years of solid growth.
especially in the United States, and particularly in
buyouts. Remarkably, the industry’s record-setting Investors’ motives for allocating to private markets
2017 growth is attributable to a single sub-asset remain the same, more or less: the potential for
class in one region. Notably too, if mega-fundraising alpha, and for consistency at scale. Pension funds,
had remained at 2016’s already lofty level, total still the largest group of limited partners (LPs),
private market fundraising would have been down are pinched for returns. Endowments are already
last year by 4 percent. Of course, this trend to heavily allocated to private markets and do not
ever-larger funds isn’t new. Megafunds have become appear keen to switch out. Meanwhile, sovereign
more common, in part as investors have realized wealth funds (SWFs) are looking to increase
2 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
their exposure to private markets, increasingly every part of their business system. Before long, GPs
using co-investments and direct investing to boost may find themselves having to choose between
their ability to deploy capital. Fully 90 percent of two models: managers capable of deploying capital at
LPs said recently that private equity (PE), the largest scale, and specialists operating at a smaller scale.
private asset class, will continue to outperform For the first group, capital will continue to pour in,
public markets—despite academic research that but what counts as an attractive deal may shift
suggests such out-performance has declined given that asset classes like private equity are not
at the median. infinitely scalable—at least not with historical
levels of performance. For the second group, a
And so, capital keeps flowing in. Our research indi- strategic decision is at hand: get bigger, or stay the
cates that, in the past couple years, the industry’s course. Both options can be successful, if firms
largest firms have begun to collect a growing share of clearly identify how they are differentiated and exe-
capital, perhaps starting to consolidate a fragmented cute their strategies with the necessary rigor.
industry. Yet private asset managers did not have
it all their way in 2017. The industry faced some mild About this report
headwinds investing its capital. Though the deal This is the 2018 edition of McKinsey’s annual
volume of $1.3 trillion was comparable to 2016’s activ- review of private markets. To produce it, we have
ity, deal count dropped for the second year in a developed new analyses drawn from our long-
row, this time by 8 percent. In two related effects, the running research on private markets, based on the
average deal size grew—from $126 million in 2016 industry’s leading sources of data.2 We have also
to $157 million in 2017, a 25 percent increase—and conducted interviews with executives at some of the
managers accrued yet more dry powder, now world’s largest and most influential GPs and
estimated at a record $1.8 trillion. Private markets’ LPs. Finally, we have gathered insights from our
assets under management (AUM), which include colleagues around the world who work closely
committed capital, dry powder, and asset apprecia- with asset owners and managers.
tion, surpassed $5 trillion in 2017, up 8 percent
year on year. This report begins with a review of the industry’s
capital flows in 2017, including fundraising,
Why did managers hesitate to pull the trigger, or assets under management, and the deployment of
struggle to find triggers to pull? One explanation is capital. We then review the implications of these
the price of acquisitions. Median PE EBITDA dynamics for the all-important relationship between
multiples in 2017 exceeded 10 times, a decade high, LPs and GPs, and conclude with some ideas about
and up from 9.2 times in 2016. With price tags how LPs and GPs can find continued success in this
now increasingly printed on gold foil, general partners remarkable age.
(GPs) had to be smarter with their investment
decisions and more strategic with their choices.
The byword of 2017 was scale. The way that LPs and
GPs respond to the challenges and opportunities
of scale will be critical to their success. LPs and GPs
of all sizes will need to hard-code discipline into
Introduction 3
Going strong
LPs’ motivations for allocating to private markets significantly wider (roughly doubling from $1.8
remain strong, and so fundraising continues to rise trillion to $3.5 trillion). Since then, it has remained
rapidly, particularly in private equity, private debt, in the same absolute range, despite very strong
and, despite some reports, real estate. It’s no surprise growth in asset prices—particularly equities, in which
then that AUM also set a new high-water mark. All most US pension funds are well invested. The gap
this is heady stuff. But perhaps the most interesting expanded by 0.9 percent annually during 2008–17,
finding in our research on capital flows is that, despite annual growth in the S&P 500 of 13.4 per-
at last, little by little, the industry may be starting cent over the same period, and today stands at $3.8
to consolidate. trillion. Many European pensions are similarly
underfunded. This liability gap remains a powerful
The widening divide incentive for investors to seek the outsized returns
Defined-benefit pension funds in many parts of the that private markets have historically provided.3
world are facing a massive liability gap—the difference
between their assets and what they owe. Consider Many factors have propped open the liability gap.
the situation in the United States (Exhibit 1). In the First, though most pensions have sizable exposure to
years leading up to 2008, the average funding equities, many recognized significant losses at
ratio of US public pensions was just shy of 80 percent, the time of the downturn and did not reallocate with
reflecting a gap of some $1.8 trillion. During sufficient alacrity to take full advantage of the
the global financial crisis, the gap then lurched past decade’s bull run. Second, US pensions have
4 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
been gradually lowering the rate of return they Other LPs also have reasons to invest in private
assume they will achieve on their investments, caus- markets. SWFs’ desire for persistent performance
ing the present value of liabilities to rise. Third, has been increasing along with volatility in energy
many pensions have been belatedly revising mortality markets over the past several years. SWFs have
tables that had been in place for 15 or 20 years. As been increasing their exposure to private markets,
life expectancy increased by approximately 2 years often through direct investing or co-investments
over the period 2000–17, liabilities increased alongside GPs. Endowments, on the other hand, are
proportionately to longer expected retirements. already heavily allocated to private markets,
These changes
McKinsey & in financial and
Company 2018actuarial often earmarking nearly half their portfolio.
estimates have
PE annual reportcaused the reported liability gap to Endowments continue to drive a lot of mid-market
persist. Seen
Exhibit 1 ofanother
20 way, the actual liability gap activity, often taking the approach that “small is
had been larger than reported, and the numbers have beautiful” and favoring long-term relationships with
been catching up with the reality. managers whose strategies they believe in. That
13
12
Liabilities
11
$3.8
10
9
Assets
8
$1.8
7 $3.5
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20171
Going strong 5
said, their commitments have been changing less in recent years by several academics who have found
than those of pensions and SWFs. that private equity outperformance at the median
level has declined.4
All told, LPs remain under substantial pressure
to find returns, and it is private markets to The debate about performance continues, however,
which they have continued to turn, based on a in no small part because industry-level data
history of outperformance. In a recent survey, remain incomplete at best. The quality of publicly
91 percent of &
McKinsey LPs say that the
Company various private asset
2018 available data may indeed be degrading over
classes
PE will deliver
annual reportreturns above public time, as assets continue to migrate from comingled
Exhibit 2 of 20 is echoed by many invest-
markets. Their belief pools that are often publicly reported to separately
ment consultants who continue to predict managed accounts, which tend to operate with
such outperformance. This faith has been tested greater opacity. In any event, the potential if not
1 Closed-end funds that invest in property. Includes core, core-plus, distressed, opportunistic, and value-added real estate, as well
as real-estate debt funds. Note that real estate as an overall asset class grew when accounting for growth in open-ended funds as
well as separately managed accounts (SMAs).
Source: Preqin
6 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
McKinsey & Company 2018
PE annual report
Exhibit 3 of 20
600
450
14.2 9.4
Other private equity3
300
150
Other asset classes4
–0.5 –28.1
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 Private markets refers to private equity, real estate private equity (i.e., closed-end funds), private debt closed-end, natural
resources closed-end funds, and infrastructure closed-end funds. Secondaries and fund of funds are excluded to avoid double counting
of capital fundraised.
2 Buyout funds based in the US that closed above $5bn.
3 Includes venture, growth, other PE (balanced, hybrid, PIPE).
4 Includes closed-end real estate, private debt, natural resources, infrastructure.
the promise of considerable outperformance remains data is most widely available,5 provides an
alive and well for LPs that pick their managers well. incomplete and misleading view of real estate. A
quick review by asset class will reveal some of
Fundraising: Peak to peak the subtler dynamics within this broad-brush picture,
As Exhibit 2 shows, fundraising was positive for including a substantial jump in private debt.
most asset classes and regions, with a few noteworthy
exceptions. Private equity and debt enjoyed large Private equity: Two roads diverged
increases (11 percent and 10 percent, respectively), It was a record year for fundraising, but growth was
while other (typically smaller) asset classes fell: overwhelmingly concentrated in just one region,
natural resources by 5 percent, and infrastructure sub-asset class, and fund size: US buyout megafunds
by 4 percent. It was the second year of double- (Exhibit 3). Indeed, if growth in these funds had
digit growth for PE, after a 19 percent uptick in 2015– been flat versus 2016, overall fundraising would have
16. Real estate also grew, though as we discuss fallen by 4 percent. Megafunds now account for
below, looking only at closed-end funds, for which 15 percent of total fund raising, up from 7 percent
Going strong 7
McKinsey & Company 2018
PE annual report
Exhibit 4 of 20
Global private equity pooled returns by fund size, Top- and bottom-
%, relative to public market equivalent quartile variation
from the average, %
6
Megafunds ±3.2
5
4
Large-cap funds ±5.0
3
2
Mid-caps funds ±5.5
1
Small-cap funds ±7.3
0
Public market equivalent
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
in 2016, having exceeded their previous peak of companies on which such funds focus tend to
14 percent in 2007. be larger, better run, and more efficient than smaller
buyout targets, thus offering fewer opportunities
Solid growth was also seen in the middle market. for operational or financial improvements. On the
Buyout funds of between $500 million and $1 billion other hand, megafunds have also long been
raised $31.8 billion globally in 2017, a 7 percent viewed as a safe choice by many investors because
increase from 2016; funds of less than $500 million they carry a strong brand name. And that brand
raised $29.1 billion, a 3.5 percent increase from the name has been earned: raising more than $5 billion
previous year. Middle-market fundraising is in capital usually means the GP has delivered
strong, but was overshadowed by global megafund outperformance in the past at a smaller scale. Mega-
buyouts, which jumped 93 percent over the same funds also make pragmatic sense to the growing
period from $90.1 billion to $173.7 billion. class of investors that need to put billions to work
quickly, as these funds are typically raised by
What’s behind the growth in $5 billion-plus funds? the largest firms, which offer a strong promise that
The prevailing wisdom has long been that the the capital will be deployed. The firm that gets
“law of large numbers” might put a cap on megafund the money is not always the firm that produces the
returns: the thinking runs in part that the best returns; sometimes, it is simply the firm
8 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
that can deploy such large amounts of capital. At the must not yet be large enough to be held back.) The
same time, some LPs have sought to rationalize data suggest that since 2008 the average mega
their networks of external managers—which in many fund has outperformed other fund sizes—and also
cases numbered hundreds of GPs, with thousands outgunned public-market equivalents (Exhibit 4).
of underlying portfolio companies—creating pressure
for larger individual tickets. As a result, oppor- As megafund performance has given LPs comfort,
tunities to write a much bigger check than usual are the question “why allocate to a given firm?” has
more attractive than ever. shifted a bit towards “why not?” for some firms in
this echelon. To many sophisticated investors,
How do these pros and cons balance out? Can the law however, from pensions and endowments to family
of large numbers
McKinsey be overcome?
& Company Investors have
2018 offices, mid-market continues to be a beacon of
voted with their
PE annual report dollars and surged into megafunds. performance. The spread of mid-market IRR returns
And it now5appears
Exhibit of 20 that megafunds have also is much larger than for megafunds, such that the
delivered superior returns on average. (In other words, best funds can outperform the average IRR by a wide
if there is a law of large numbers, these numbers margin. And while mid-market entails a greater
Exhibit 5 Large firms that diversified into other private assets have thrived.
Cumulative private equity1 fundraising 2000–2017 for 20 largest firms as of 2000, $ billions
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 Includes fundraising in private equity only, and includes 2 firms that are now defunct.
Going strong 9
raised in 2017. Asia megafunds too are skewing to PE
buyout, rather than other asset classes.
10 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
In Europe, many PE firm leaders are excited about With capital surging into private markets, it is no
private debt and view it as an opportunity for surprise that RE has grown—even though closed-end
their own diversification. In their mind, private debt fundraising (which we use throughout this report
is well positioned to fill the void in mid/small- for the sake of consistency across asset classes) shows
cap financing while producing healthy returns for declines in 2016 and 2017. Given the role that RE
lenders, though lower than in PE. It’s no surprise, can play in the portfolio, capital has moved out of
therefore, that many LPs have asked their external closed-end funds, and into other structures.
managers to extend into private debt, and we
expect this trend will continue. The big story in RE recently is a shift down the risk
McKinsey & Company 2018 curve. While investors have historically viewed
Realannual
PE estate: report
More than meets the eye RE as a source of alpha, more and more are coming
Given its long
Exhibit 7 ofduration
20 and yields that have exceeded to see it instead as a source of income, and have
fixed income, real estate (RE) is widely viewed by adjusted their RE portfolios accordingly. Many are
LPs as a particularly attractive fit with their needs. shifting to core, which grew 10 percent annually
2012–16 CAGR, %
Securities 16
21 14.4
Debt 3
4 17.8
Opportunistic 26
19 –0.1
13 –0.1
Value-added 17
Core 38 43 10.5
2012 2016
Note: Estimates include global institutional and retail securities under management.
Source: eVestment; IPD Global Fund Index; IREI; NFI-ODCE; Preqin; Simfund
Going strong 11
from 2012-16, faster than most other strategies Many GPs are now in the process of figuring out how
(Exhibit 6). In a yield-starved world, a less risky RE best to match the evolving needs of their LPs. RE
asset that produces 5 to 7 percent annual returns managers that can provide strong, less risky returns
is compelling to many investors. and offer liquidity in an essentially illiquid asset
class will do well. Over time, we may see RE and
A second important theme is the growing importance infrastructure begin to supplant the fixed-income
of liquidity and discretion. Within core RE, for allocation in many investor portfolios, as those
example, up to 90 percent of AUM is now held in dollars shift to low-risk, core, and core-plus styles
separately managed accounts (SMAs) and in of RE investment.
open-end funds (Exhibit 7). These vehicles, which
provide more liquidity and more precise choices
for LPs, have &
McKinsey driven the growth
Company in core, the fastest
2018
growing
PE of thereport
annual traditional RE strategies. Debt PE, private debt, and RE are the three largest private
funds and listed
Exhibit 6 of 20 securities (REITs, traded both asset classes. But there were interesting develop-
actively and passively) have also grown, at ments elsewhere. In infrastructure, fundraising fell
the expense of traditional closed-end funds. in 2017, but that is misleading. Since 2016, some
2012–16 CAGR, %
11 2.7
Closed-end 15
26 10.4
Open-end 26
Separately
managed 63 12.2
59
accounts
2012 2016
Source: eVestment; IPD Global Fund Index; IREI; NFI-ODCE; Preqin; Simfund
12 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
McKinsey & Company 2018
PE annual report
Exhibit 8 of 20
76 134
37
418 363
924 107 469
327
180
121
Private equity
of the largest GPs have raised record-breaking funds With fundraising so strong, private assets
for traditional, brownfield infrastructure under management also set a record. To be sure,
strategies. Judging by the healthy number of funds AUM remains a somewhat abstract notion in
expected to close in 2018, it is clear private private markets. Apart from the usual opacity of
infrastructure remains very appealing to investors. privately held companies, the industry typically
From a regional perspective, Europe and North does not report on so-called shadow capital, which
America combined raised more than $50 billion, includes LP commitments to separate accounts,
mostly targeting vast projects to renew and expand as well as co- and direct investments; nor does it
existing assets. In today’s low-yield environ- report fully on capital deployment and exits.
ment, investors will continue to seek infrastructure AUM reached a record level of $5.2 trillion in 2017,
opportunities. The outstanding question is up 12 percent from 2016’s $4.7 trillion (Exhibit 8).
not demand, but supply; while many new projects After growing gradually for many years, AUM
are seeking investors, public-private partner- accelerated in 2015–17, as the (much smaller) funds
ships and privatization opportunities globally are raised during the great recession (2008–09)
harder to find. cleared the cycle.
Going strong 13
Come together as not every big firm consistently raises a new
As we discussed last year, we see evidence of nascent flagship fund every year. Furthermore, the industry
consolidation of capital into the biggest funds, has a long tail of thousands of small firms;
as the largest funds account for more and more of the changes in the capital they absorb could obscure
industry’s fundraising (Exhibit 9). Logic would developments in the largest firms. (And if we
suggest the same would be true for firms—in other look instead at the number of private managers for
words, that the largest firms would start to collect evidence of consolidation, we won’t find it, as the
and control more of the industry’s total capital. But number of firms grows every year.)
as of last year,&we
McKinsey did not have
Company sufficient evidence
2018
to make that claim.
PE annual report Why? We reasoned that, while However, the latest data suggest the beginnings
the biggest
Exhibit 9 firms
of 20are inarguably getting bigger, of consolidation of capital, not only in private equity,
the cyclical nature of fundraising means that their but across private asset classes. Exhibit 10 shows
growth might not show up clearly for some time, that, though the share of fundraising that goes to the
100
<$250 million
90
$250–500
million
80
$500 million–
70 1 billion
60
50 $1–5 billion
40
30
20
>$5 billion
10
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 “Private markets” refers to private equity, real-estate private equity (i.e., closed-end funds), private debt closed-end, natural
resources closed-end funds, and infrastructure closed-end funds. Secondaries and fund of funds are excluded to avoid double counting
of capital fundraised.
Source: Preqin; McKinsey analysis
14 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
McKinsey & Company 2018
PE annual report
Exhibit 10 of 20
55
50
45
+24% p.a.
–2% p.a.
40
35
ø 32
30
25 Top 20 firms
20
15
10
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
top 20 private markets firms has been in steady Consider this from another angle. Over the past
decline for years, it has risen sharply since five years, most of the top publicly listed alternatives
2015, coinciding with the rise of megafunds. Two managers have expanded their fee-earning AUM
years do not make a trend, but this could be faster than private markets overall. While not a com-
the start of a longer-term shift. prehensive analysis, it offers another piece of
evidence that private market funds are beginning
And while data on shadow capital is limited, it is safe to concentrate into fewer hands.
to assume that the largest firms are also capturing
a disproportionate share of these funds. If the top 20
firms account for more blind pool capital than at
any point in the past 15 years, and they’re also raising
most of the shadow capital (a trend that was in
its infancy 15 years ago), then it follows that assets are
starting to consolidate at the top of the league table.
Going strong 15
Now comes the hard part
So far, so good for private markets. The industry has many involving B2B companies. Europe grew
a record amount of capital. But what to do with impressively, at 30 percent. North American deal
it? On that front, some signs of strain materialized in volume barely budged, rising 1 percent, to
2017. Deal multiples continued their steady climb, $641 billion, again led by deals in the B2B sector.
while GPs came under pressure from LPs to use some
of their vast stocks of dry powder. Research sug- At the same time, however, global deal count declined
gests that today’s record levels of dry powder may not 8 percent, to about 8,000. This marks a second
be the problem some suggest—but if deal activity consecutive year of decline in the number of PE deals.
continues to stagnate, as it has for two years now, it Every region suffered, although mileage varied.
might soon be. In the United States, deal count dropped by 6 percent,
continuing a decline that began in 2015. Europe
Deal activity: Getting choosy experienced a sharper decline, with deals falling
In 2017, deal activity was mixed. Take private 11 percent. Asia fell slightly, by 4 percent, but
equity, where global deal volume increased 14 percent, the largest fall was in Africa and Latin America,
surpassing $1.2 trillion (Exhibit 11). Asia led the which fell 14 percent, to about 390 deals.
charge: deal volume there jumped 96 percent, to $110
billion. This dramatic growth is not surprising Among specific sectors, energy experienced
for the region’s maturing PE industry and reflects the largest drop in deal count, falling by 30 percent,
several larger deals in China, Korea, and Japan, reflecting uncertainty about commodity prices
16 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
and the resilience of US fracking. B2B and B2C deals declined slightly, about 5 percent. Several big
were not far behind, falling 12 percent and 14 per- deals took place in home care and healthcare services,
cent, respectively,
McKinsey as PE firms
& Company ceded some ground to
2018 driving total value higher, but the sector had
strategic investors
PE annual report that reached down to acquire fewer deals overall. Information technology ticked
smaller companies.
Exhibit 11 of 20Further, we witnessed a number up sharply, increasing 10 percent as more and
of corporate carve-outs at the end of 2017, driv- more companies appreciated the step-change in
ing more capital through fewer deals. Healthcare performance afforded by digital transformations.
Exhibit 11 PE deal volume was flat, but deal count declined in 2017.
1.40
1.27
1.17
1.11 +14%
1.04
0.91
0.82
0.71 0.70 0.71
0.56 0.57
0.38
0.30
0.25
0.19 0.16
0.14
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
4.2 4.1
3.3
2.2 2.4
1.7 1.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: PitchBook
11 158
21
+ 25% p.a.
126
Growth Growth
driven by driven
multiple by ticket
increase size
2016 2017
The falling deal count reflects a few factors. First, Multiples: Ever higher
deal size has increased, driven mostly by multiples, With deal volume increasing and deal count
making each deal a more significant commitment dropping, average deal size has risen—by 25 percent
for GPs. Second, targets are harder to find and some this year. About two-thirds of this increase is
(though not all) GPs are more cautious, pursuing due to growing multiples (Exhibit 12); the remain-
only those deals where they think they can realisti- ing third might be said to be organic, as it is
cally achieve attractive internal rates of return explained by acquisitions of larger targets that
(IRRs). Many GPs recall the lessons of the last PE generate higher EBITDA.
boom, when too much capital was deployed at
too-rich multiples over too brief a time—now As Exhibit 13 shows, multiples are on the rise—for
investors are trying to balance the pressure to deploy several reasons. Start with public market comparables.
capital with the goals to remain disciplined Although private assets are used to diversify from
in valuation and rigorous in process. And in some public markets, they are not unconnected. The public
regions, such as Europe, a growing number of markets are hot—some recent wobbles notwith-
PE-sponsored IPOs could be displacing sponsor-to- standing—and that’s been driving comps valuations
sponsor sales. to new heights. Further, private buyouts are a
18 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
small fraction of total M&A, whose dynamics are on targets where they can still earn an attractive
heavily shaped by strategic investors. The low- IRR—though what constitutes attractive is under-
cost debt environment of the past decade encouraged going revision, as many firms lower their hurdle
strategics to open their pocketbooks and quickly rates. Our discussions with industry leaders suggest
expand through inorganic growth. In so doing, they that these are companies in which the GP has
are competing directly with PE for deals and subject-matter expertise, opportunities to extract
pushing multiples ever higher. Another factor: within synergies, or strong conviction about market
private markets, record fundraising means upside potential.
there’s more competition for good deals. Finally,
McKinsey & Company 2018
the ongoing availability of cheap debt is driving Dry powder: How much is too much?
PE annual report
up leverage levels. With competition rising, and deals hard to find,
Exhibit 13 of 18
GPs’ stocks of uncommitted capital, or dry powder,
The difficult environment has concentrated minds. reached a record high of $1.8 trillion in 2017
GPs are making fewer investment choices, zeroing in (Exhibit 14). That was up 9 percent year on year;
Valuation/
10.7
EBITDA
9.3 9.2
9.0
8.5 8.2
7.9 7.9 Equity/
5.2
7.4 EBITDA
3.4 6.8 7.0 4.1
4.5
3.5
3.3 3.7
5.6 3.9
3.6
3.2 3.1
2.8
5.6 Debt/
5.2 5.5
5.0 EBITDA
4.6 4.5 4.7
3.6 3.9 3.8 4.0
2.8
2006 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017
Source: PitchBook
1,800 Total
1,600
1,400
1,200
800
600
400
Real estate
Private debt
200
Natural resources
Infrastructure
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 1H
2017
Source: Preqin
20 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
McKinsey & Company 2018
PE annual report
Exhibit 15 of 18
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 In-year
Three-year
trailing
0.5
0
2006 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1H
2017
Nevertheless, the metric ticked higher in the past exits have been relatively painless, so GPs have taken
year, given the continuing growth of dry powder advantage of the environment to sell. Continuing
combined with the softening of deal activity. A con- the trend that started in 2011, distributions to LPs
tinuation of this trend over the coming years exceeded capital calls; in the first half of 2017,
would be troubling and could force many GPs to GPs returned $100 billion more to LPs than they
further reduce hurdle rates, and deploy capital called in (about 30 percent more returned
in situations they otherwise would not. Further- than called in).
more, if we factor in leverage on the dry powder
accumulated, the numbers begin to reach And yet, total value of exits in 2017 was nearly flat,
eye-catching proportions. While the industry has while the number of global PE exits continued
managed inventory quite well so far, we may to decline (Exhibit 16)—the same dynamics we saw
reach a point where the sheer magnitude of capital in acquisitions.
that has to find deals becomes an issue.
Again, like acquisitions, average exit values were
Exits: Go time? higher in 2017, putting pressure on owners to
No discussion of deployment would be complete sell and capitalize on the frothy environment. In
without a word on exits. With multiples high, response, North American GPs are increasingly
Exhibit 16 Value of PE-backed exits was roughly flat; number of exits fell.
Deal value
$ billions Deal count
1,000 3,500
3,104
2,841 2,857 3,000
800 2,475
2,424
2,500
2,233
2,153 2,125
600 1,813
1,670 2,000
1,505
1,500
400
654
1,077 588 1,000
529 516
200 424
340 330 332 360
258 500
216
98
0 0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: PitchBook
22 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
The march of progress
What’s next for this rapidly growing industry, and the likelihood of a successor fund dropping to
in particular the relationship between GPs and LPs? bottom quartile has quadrupled over the same time
Our experience and discussions with both sides (Exhibit 17). Indeed, follow-on performance is
suggest that the relationship is healthy, but also chang- converging towards the 25 percent mark—that is,
ing as allocations expand. As GPs build more disci- random distribution—but hasn’t reached that point
pline, structure, and scale into their processes (part yet. These are early signs, and are not conclusive—
of what we call a firm’s “organizational spine”), but are suggestive of a challenge for both camps, par-
they are building a foundation that, among other ticularly for LPs and the process of manager
things, can accommodate massive capital inflows. selection. It is also, to the earlier point on megafund
growth, a new wrinkle in LPs’ longstanding prac-
Changing dynamics and ten-figure mandates tice of choosing large, brand-name funds. Anecdotally,
As LPs vet external managers, persistency of some savvy LPs believe that even where firm
performance has emerged as an important topic to persistence has declined, persistence of performance
consider, as it has weakened since the 1990s. among individual dealmakers is still quite strong.
Previously, a successor fund to a fund that performed
in the top quartile had on average a 40 percent At the same time, LPs have continued interest in
chance of replicating the feat. New data, while not building co-investment and direct investing capabil-
definitive, suggest that number has declined to ities, as a way to reduce cost and deploy capital. In
an average of 30 percent in recent years. Moreover, McKinsey’s recent LP survey, over 70 percent of LPs
60
40
20
0
1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 2015
Vintage year of successor fund
stated an intention to build these capabilities.6 How- from 30 to 31 percent. Both LPs and GPs have
ever, making this shift can be challenging, and found that co-investment has its challenges. For LPs,
success depends on LPs’ governance model, capabil- not only are co-investments hard to scale, but
ities, size, and risk tolerance. The data show that, academic research shows significant variance in
while LPs have increased their co-investment activity, returns, which can make it difficult to get
few have become true direct investors. The value approval from investment committees for these
of co-investment deals has more than doubled since fast-moving transactions. For GPs, the resulting
2012 (totaling $104 billion in 2017), but direct slow pace of decision-making is frustrating,
investment has remained essentially flat, at around and the speed of deployment of commingled funds
$10 billion (Exhibit 18). A recent survey finds has slowed commensurately.
something similar: the number of LPs making co-
investments in PE rose from 42 percent to So how are LPs and GPs tackling the challenges of
55 percent over the past five years, while the pro- scale? One approach growing in popularity has
portion of direct-investing LPs barely grew, been increasingly large SMAs, sometimes called
24 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
strategic partnerships. Gradually, inexorably, and— in the context of co-investment; and in some cases,
given their private nature—somewhat opaquely, a mix of commingled structures, SMAs,
SMAs account every year for a larger share of private co-investment, and even some exposure to
markets’ capital under management. GP economics.
One notable recent development is the super-sizing The LPs in these relationships are typically larger
of these SMAs, as LPs seek broader, deeper, pensions or sovereign wealth funds seeking a stream-
more strategic relationships with a smaller number lined way to deploy capital at scale, and to develop
of trusted managers. These partnerships tend to or extend their internal capabilities, through training
be characterized by larger allocations, “most favored” opportunities for staff; access to the GP’s sector
fees, and increasingly, terms that reflect perfor- or regional experts; detailed market views; regular
McKinsey & Company 2018
mance across the entire relationship rather than in access to investors and executives; and even in
PE annual report
individual transactions or asset classes. More some cases in-depth bespoke research.
Exhibit 18 of 18
of these relationships now also feature longer-term
(or even “permanent”) capital; higher levels of For GPs, the calculus involved in these mega-
mutual transparency and collaboration, especially mandates is usually more complex than just attracting
110
Co-investment
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Direct
10 investment
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
26 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
Among other things, GPs are enhancing their spine
by trimming bloated back offices, formalizing
succession plans, better integrating analytics, digital,
and big data tools, and rethinking recruitment
of analysts and associates. Even better, many are
sharpening their risk-management processes,
which can protect firms from macroeconomic down-
side, including a possible slowdown of global
growth as well as rising interest rates. 2017 may not
have been that year—far from it—but the most
forward-thinking firms are always looking years
ahead at obstacles unknown, and limiting the
potential for careless investing behavior.
28 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
second fund with a lower expected IRR but also 1 We define private markets as closed-end funds investing in
Acknowledgments
Editing
Mark Staples
Media relations
James Thompson
James_Thompson@McKinsey.com
30 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
Further insights
McKinsey’s Private Equity & Principal Investors Practice publishes frequently on issues of interest to industry
executives, primarily in McKinsey on Investing. All our publications are available at:
McKinsey.com/industries/private-equity-and-principal-investors/our-insights
Cashing in on the US experience economy A routinely exceptional year for private equity
December 2017 February 2017
From ‘why’ to ‘why not’: The next act in healthcare private equity
Sustainable investing as the new normal December 2016
October 2017
How private equity adapts:
Why investors are flooding private markets A discussion with Don Gogel
September 2017 November 2016
Impact investing finds its place in India Three more reasons why US education is
September 2017 ready for investment
November 2016
The future is collaborative:
An interview with Adrian Orr
June 2017
31
About McKinsey & Company
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32 The rise and rise of private markets McKinsey Global Private Markets Review 2018
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