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MATHEMATICS QUARTERLY
Volume 16, Number 1, Spring 2008
1
2 J. L. BONA AND R. C. CASCAVAL
d2
(2.1) D=− , x∈T.
dx2
We assume the standard junction conditions at each interior vertex v ∈
int(T ):
(
f (v−) = f (v+) (continuity at the vertex)
P
fx (v−) = fx (v+) (flux-balance condition).
where φα (x) = e−x/α and (I − α2 ∂x2 )−1 is the inverse of the operator
I − α2 ∂x2 acting on the space H 2 (R+ ) with domain
1 −(x+y)
where P (x, y) = 2 (e − e|x−y| ). Integrating by parts, we further
obtain
Z ∞
0 −x
(3.3) ut (x, t) = h (t)e + K(x, y)[βu + γu2 /2](y, t) dy
0
Theorem 3.1. ([7]) Let ϕ ∈ H 1 (R+ ) ∩ Cb2 (R+ ) and h ∈ C 1 (0, T ) with
h(0) = ϕ(0). Then, the IBVP on the half-line has a unique (classical)
solution u ∈ C(0, T ; H 1 (R+ )) with ∂x2 ∂t u ∈ C(0, T ; Cb (R+ )). Moreover,
if h ∈ C 1 (R+ ) ∩ H 1 (R+ ), then u ∈ Cb (R+ ; H 1 (R+ )).
NONLINEAR DISPERSIVE WAVES ON TREES 5
Note that the regularity of the solution u(·, t) for any t > 0 is the
same as that of the initial condition, since v(x, t) = u(x, t) − ϕ(x) is
differentiable and
Z t
−x
(3.5) vx (x, t) = −(h(t) − h(0))e + [βu + γu2 /2](x, s) ds
0
Z tZ ∞
1
− M (x, y)[βu + γu2 /2](y, s)dy ds
2 0 0
and, for k ≥ 1,
X
Cak (Y) = v = [v1 , v2 , v3 ]T ∈ C k (R+ )3 ∩ C(Y) vi0 (0) = 0 .
i
We define the usual Sobolev spaces for functions defined on the junc-
tion Y, L2 (Y) = L2 (R+ )3 , H 1 (Y) = H 1 (R+ )3 ∩ C(Y) and, for k ≥ 2,
Hak (Y) = H k (R+ )3 ∩ Cak−1 (Y).
Theorem 3.2. The initial value problem for BBM on the Y-junction is
well posed in H 1 (Y), for initial conditions ϕ ∈ H 1 (Y) ∩ C(0, T ; Ca2 (Y)).
Proof. Define the map B by
(3.14) B[v](x, t) = ϕ(x) + Φ(u)(t)e−x
Z tZ ∞
+σ K(x, y)P[v(y, s)]dy ds.
0 0
or,
(3.19) ut = g00 (t)φ0 (x) + g10 (t)φ1 (x) − (I − α2 ∂x2 )−1 (βux + γuux )
where
sinh((1 − x)/α) sinh(x/α)
(3.20) φ0,α (x) = and φ1,α (x) =
sinh(1/α) sinh(1/α)
Recall that
Z 1
1
(3.22) R(λ; D)f = Pα (x, ξ)f (ξ) dξ
W (α) 0
NONLINEAR DISPERSIVE WAVES ON TREES 9
with
φ0,α (x)φ1,α (ξ), if ξ ≤ x
(3.23) Pα (x, ξ) =
φ
1,α (x)φ0,α (ξ), if ξ ≥ x
and
W (α) = W [φ0,α , φ1,α ] = φ0,α (x)φ01,α (x) − φ00,α (x)φ1,α (x)
≡ (α sinh(1/α))−1 .
Substituting back into (3.19) then leads to
(3.24) ut (x, t) = g00 (t)φ0,α (x) + g10 (t)φ1,α (x)
Z 1
− k(α) Pα (x, ξ) βuξ (ξ, t) + γuuξ (ξ, t) dξ
0
Here
φ0,α (x)φ01,α (ξ), if ξ ≤ x
(3.28) Kα (x, ξ) = k(α)Pα,ξ (x, ξ) = k(α)
φ 0
1,α (x)φ0,α (ξ), if ξ ≥ x
and k(α) = −1/α sinh(1/α).
3.4 BBM on finite trees Let T be a tree with finite number of ver-
tices (hence edges). On each edge ei , i = I, define the BBM equation
for u = ui
u1 (1, t) = u2 (0, t) = u3 (0, t), u1x (1, t) = u2x (0, t) + u3x (0, t)
NONLINEAR DISPERSIVE WAVES ON TREES 11
Hence,
Note that, for any α > 0, φ01,α (1) = −φ00,α (0) = 1/α coth(1/α) > 0 and
φ01,α (0) = −φ00,α (1) = 1/(α sinh(1/α)) > 0. Also,
and
e
valued kernel K(ξ) = [K e 1 (ξ), Ke 2 (ξ), K
e 3 (ξ)] such that g1 (t) can be writ-
ten in terms of u = [u1 , u2 , u3 ]T in the form
Z tZ 1
(3.39) c0 g0 (t) + c1 g1 (t) + c2 g2 (t) + c3 g3 (t) = e
K(ξ)F(u)(ξ, t) dξ.
0 0
where F(u) = [c1 u1 + γ1 u21 /2, c2 u2 + γ2 u22 /2, c3 u3 + γ3 u23 /2]T . Substitut-
ing back g1 (t) into the system of BBM equations, we obtain an integral
system for u = [u1 , u2 , u3 ]T , which is equivalent to the initial-boundary
value problem posed on T .
u1 (x, t) g0 (t)
(3.40) u2 (x, t) = C g2 (t)
u3 (x, t) g3 (t)
Z tZ 1 β1 u1 + γ1 u21 /2
+ K(x, ξ) β2 u2 + γ2 u22 /2 dξ
0 0 β3 u3 + γ3 u23 /2
Theorem 3.3. Let u = u(x, t) ∈ C(T × [0, T ]) and denote ui the re-
striction of u to the edge ei . Then u = u(x, t) solves the initial-boundary
value problem if and only if u = [u1 , u2 , . . . , un ] satisfies the integral
equation
X
(3.41) u(x, t) = c0 g0 (t) + cb gb (t) + B(u)(x, t)
vb ∈B
X Z tZ 1
(3.42) = cb gb (t) + K(x, ξ)F(u)(ξ, t) dt
b∈B∪{0} 0 0
14 J. L. BONA AND R. C. CASCAVAL
70
transmitted amplitude
reflected amplitude
60
Amplitudes of transmitted and reflected waves
50
40
30
20
10
−10
−20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Incoming wave amplitude
REFERENCES