CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter comprises the presentation of the tabular form of the statement of

the problem including the demographic profile, the evaluation on the self-esteem to

senior high school students and the significant difference of the variables.

The respondents of the study were 100 Grade 12 students from Our Lady of Fatima

University. They were classified on various categories such as age, gender, and course.

1. Demographic Profile

Table 1.1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution
of the Respondents in terms of Age

Age 𝑓 %

15-16 86 81.30

17-19 12 17.07

20 2 1.63

TOTAL 100 100

The table above presents the frequency of respondents in terms of age. As

.gleaned from table 1.1, ages 15-20 years old with a frequency of 86 or % of the

respondents, regardless of the gender obtained the highest frequency and percentage in

terms of the age considering that most of the grade 12 students were 15-17 of age.

Table 1.2
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Frequency and Percentage Distribution

of the Respondents in terms of Gender

Gender 𝑓 %

Male 81 65.85

Female 19 34.15

Total 100 100

The table above shows the gender distribution of the respondents. It

presents that the number of male and female respondents are not equal, numerically, 81

and 42, respectively, with the total of 100 respondents. The percentage of female

respondents, which corresponds 65%, is higher than the 34% male respondents. The

total percentage for this is 100

Table 1.4
Frequency and Percentage Distribution
of the Respondents in terms of Course

Course 𝑓 %

STEM 66 53.66

ABM 54 46.34

Total 100 100

The table above presents the frequency in terms of course that 54% of the

respondents were ABM students and the highest number of respondents were STEM

with only a frequency of 59 or 48% of the respondents.

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2. Evaluation of the Variables

Table 2.1.i
Weighted Mean, Verbal Interpretation and Rank
of the Respondents in terms Extrinsic Self-esteem Orientation

Item Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank

1 3.89 Agree 8
2 3.55 Agree 5
3 3.98 Agree 9
4 3.98 Agree 9
5 3.63 Agree 7
6 3.34 Disagree 3
7 3.24 Disagree 2
8 3.21 Disagree 1
9 3.5 Agree 4
10 3.61 Agree 6
11 4.22 Agree 11
12 2.1 Disagree 12
13 2.0 Disagree 13
14 2.3 Disagree 13
15 1.82 Disagree 15

The table above shows the evaluation of the respondent’s extrinsic self-esteem

orientation using the weighted means as the statistical treatment.

The table above shows the weighted mean, interpretation and the ranking of the

respondent’s in terms of extrinsic religious orientation. The self-esteem orientation scale

is composed of 15 questions wherein 15 of it is categorized as questions to determine the

extrinsic orientation of the respondents. 8 out of 15 questions of extrinsic orientation are

all answered agree as the weighted mean suggested and the remaining 3 questions are

neutrally answered. The grand mean of the extrinsic questions was also interpreted as

Agree.
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Table 2.1.ii
Weighted Mean, Verbal Interpretation and Rank
of the Respondents in terms Intrinsic self-esteem Orientation

Item Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank

1 3.58 Agree 5
2 3.45 Neutral 2
3 3.53 Agree 4
4 4.01 Agree 7
5 4.04 Agree 8
6 3.49 Neutral 3
7 3.58 Agree 5
8 3.33 Neutral 1
9 4.16 Agree 9

The table above shows the evaluation of the respondent’s intrinsic religious

orientation using the weighted means as the statistical treatment.

This presents the mean, verbal interpretation and rank of the respondents in terms

of intrinsic self-esteem orientation. 6 questions are interpreted as agree and the 3

questions are interpreted neutral. The first in rank was the question number 8 and the last

is question number 9. The intrinsic religious grand mean was also interpreted as Agree.
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Table 2.2
Weighted Mean, Verbal Interpretation and Rank
of the Respondents in terms of Self Esteem

Items Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank

1 3.22 Agree 8
2 3.22 Agree 8
3 2.21 Disagree 2
4 3.18 Agree 6
5 2.02 Disagree 1
6 3.29 Agree 10
7 3.2 Agree 7
8 3.13 Agree 5
9 2.45 Disagree 4
10 2.37 Disagree 3

The table above shows the evaluation of the respondents self esteem using the

weighted means as the statistical treatment.

The table shows the Self Esteem Scale weighted mean, verbal interpretation and

the rank of the respondents’ total score. The Self esteem scale was composed of 10

questions wherein, 6 questions are interpreted as agree and the remaining 4 questions

was interpreted as disagree considering their weighted mean. Also, the grand mean for

this table is 2.83 which correspond to “Agree” interpretation.

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Table 2.3
Weighted Mean, Verbal Interpretation and Rank
Of the Respondents in terms of Effects of Social Media Shaming

Items Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank

1 2.67 Agree 9
2 1.94 Disagree 1
3 3.05 Agree 11
4 2.55 Agree 7
5 2.33 Disagree 6
6 3.1 Agree 12
7 2.16 Disagree 4
8 2.14 Disagree 3
9 2.28 Disagree 5
10 2.66 Agree 8
11 2.87 Agree 10
12 2.12 Disagree 2

The table above shows the evaluation of the respondent’s effects of social media

shaming using the weighted means as the statistical treatment.

This shows the premarital sex permissiveness weighted mean, verbal

interpretation and the rank of the respondents’ total score. This Guttmann scale was

composed of 12 questions and the result showed that 6 questions was interpreted as

agree and the remaining 6 questions was interpreted as disagree. The grand mean of the

respondent’s permissiveness scale was 2.49 wherein it was also interpreted as Disagree.

Table 3.2.1.1
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Evaluation of Significant Difference in terms of

Extrinsic social media shaming

Demographic
Computed z Tabulated z Decision Conclusion
Profile
There is a significant
difference between
Age -91.07 ±1.96 Reject Ho
age and extrinsic
religious orientation.
There is a significant
difference between
Gender 31.87 ±1.96 Reject Ho
gender and extrinsic
religious orientation.

The table 3.2.1.1 illustrates the Summary of Z test on the Significant Difference

between self-esteem orientation and the Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

First, it shows that the computed value for the difference of Extrinsic Orientation

and Age is -91.07, while the tabulated value is 1.96. The computed value was higher than

the tabulated value. Thus, this result suggests that the null hypothesis should be

accepted. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the age and orientation of

the respondents.

Second, the computed value for gender shows 31.87 with a tabulated value of

1.96. This indicates that the computed value is higher than the tabulated value,

suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

difference between gender and orientation of the respondents.

Third, is the difference between religion and extrinsic religious orientation of the

respondents. The computed z value is 30.91 while the tabulated z value is 1.96. Again,

the computed z value is higher than the tabulated z value of the results which suggests
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that the null hypothesis of the research should be rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

difference between religion and orientation of the respondents.

Lastly, the difference between course and extrinsic orientation of the respondents.

The computed value is 34.29. The tabulated value is smaller than the computed value

which suggests that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, there is a

significant difference between course and orientation of the respondents.

In general, the demographic profile of the respondents has a significant

relationship with extrinsic religious orientation of the respondents. Thus, ________

There are related studies that supported the result of this research. Similar to Flere

(2012) connotes to the relationship on the demographic profile of the respondents and

found out that females are more social- extrinsic orientation in religion. Additionally,

gender has been proven to be substantial indicator of differences with respect to

religiosity within Christianity. Females are always more frequently and intensively

religious in comparison to males. (Sergej, 2012).

Table 3.2.1.2
Evaluation of Significant Difference in terms of
Intrinsic social media shaming
Demographic Computed Tabulated
Decision Conclusion
Profile z z
There is a significant
difference between age and
Age -90.96 ±1.96 Reject Ho
intrinsic self-esteem
orientation.
There is a significant
difference between gender
Gender 32.15 ±1.96 Reject Ho
and intrinsic self-esteem
orientation.
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The table 3.2.1.2 illustrates the Summary of Z test on the Significant Difference

between Intrinsic religious orientation and the Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

First, it shows that the computed value for the difference of Extrinsic Orientation

and Age is -90.96, while the tabulated value is 1.96. The computed value was higher than

the tabulated value. Thus, this result suggests that the null hypothesis should be

accepted. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the age and intrinsic

orientation of the respondents.

Second, the computed value for gender shows 32.15 with a tabulated value of

1.96. This indicates that the computed value is higher than the tabulated value,

suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

difference between gender and intrinsic orientation of the respondents.

Third, is the difference between religion and extrinsic religious orientation of the

respondents? The computed z value is 31.14 while the tabulated z value is 1.96. Again,

the computed z value is higher than the tabulated z value of the results which suggests

that the null hypothesis of the research should be rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

difference between religion and intrinsic orientation of the respondents.

Lastly, the difference between course and extrinsic orientation of the respondents.

The computed value is 34.56. The tabulated value is smaller than the computed value

which suggests that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, there is a

significant difference between course and intrinsic orientation of the respondents.

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The data presented in this research which states that intrinsic self-esteem

orientation has a significant difference between demographic profiles of the respondents

was supported by the study of Jaramillo (2011)

Table 3.2.2.2
Evaluation of Significant Difference in terms of Self Esteem

Demographic Computed Tabulated

Decision Conclusion
Profile z z
There is a significant
Age -99.72 ±1.96 Reject Ho difference between age and
self-esteem.

There is a significant
Gender 23.53 ±1.96 Reject Ho difference between gender
and self-esteem.

The table 3.2.2.2 shows the significant difference between Self Esteem and

Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

Statistically, between self esteem and age, the data provides an interpretation that

there is a significant difference between the computed value which is -99.72 and the

tabulated value 1.96 wherein the computed value is higher than the tabulated value.

Next, Gender and Self Esteem has a computed value of 23.53 and a tabulated

value of 1.96 which suggests that there is also a significant difference between gender

and self esteem.

Moreover, age has a computed value of 23.21 and a tabulated value of 1.96 again,

the former is higher than the latter that implies that there is a significant difference

between religion and self esteem.

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Lastly, age and the Self esteem of the respondents. The data shows that the

computed value is 26.61 and the tabulated z value is 1.96, as seen above the computed

value is higher than the tabulated value which recommends to reject the null hypothesis

of the research.

In general, studies like Erol and Orth (2011) suggest that self esteem increased

moderately during adolescence and continued to slow during young adulthood. Also, self

esteem changes more strongly in adolescence than in young adulthood. Also,

adolescence who has high self esteem are usually churchgoers. Moreover, women

displayed lower self esteem than men, up to their 80s (Lander, 2010)

Table 3.2.2.3
Evaluation of Significant Difference in terms of
Effects

Demographic Computed Tabulated

Decision Conclusion
Profile z z

There is a significant difference

Reject
Age -98.36 ±1.96 between age and premarital
Ho
sex permissiveness.

There is a significant difference

Reject
Gender 12.99 ±1.96 between gender and premarital
Ho
sex permissiveness.

The table 3.2.2.3 illustrates the Summary of Z test on the Significant Difference

between the Self-esteem and the Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

First, it shows that the computed value for the difference of Premarital Sex

Permissiveness and Age is -98.36, while the tabulated value is 1.96. The computed value
 47

was higher than the tabulated value. Thus, this result suggests that the null hypothesis

should be accepted. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the age and self-

awareness of the respondents.

Second, the computed value for gender shows 12.99 with a tabulated value of

1.96. This indicates that the computed value is higher than the tabulated value,

suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

difference between gender and permissiveness of the respondents.

Third, is the difference between religion and extrinsic religious orientation of the

respondents. The computed z value is 15.60 while the tabulated z value is 1.96. Again,

the computed z value is higher than the tabulated z value of the results which suggests

that the null hypothesis of the research should be rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

difference between religion and permissiveness of the respondents.

Last, the difference between course and extrinsic orientation of the respondents.

The computed value is 15.74. The tabulated value is smaller than the computed value

which suggests that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, there is a

significant difference between course and premarital permissiveness of the respondents.

In view of the fact that there is a significant difference between premarital sex

permissiveness and the demographic profile of the respondents, this suggests that

_____________________. As based on the study of Adeoye, Aliu, and Ola (2011) that

there is a significant difference between gender and age on youth premarital sexual

activities and this finding is in line with Egbochukwu (2007) who opines that gender and

age are determinants of premarital sex. Also, it is a common belief that male adolescents
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react in more sexual behaviour than their female counterpart. Furthermore, “A recent

national survey of the dating behaviour of college students reveals that young women

attending Catholic colleges and universities are almost four times more likely to have

engaged in casual sexual encounters than their counterparts at secular schools. The data

indicate that attending an institution of Catholic higher education dramatically increases

the possibility that female students will engage in casual sex during their college years.”

(Hendershott, 2011).

Moreover, a study conducted by Cardwell (2012) he concluded that the religious

commitment affect sexual standards and behaviour of a person. Similarly, religion was

also mentioned as one of the external factor in engaging in premarital sex and other

sexual risk taking. Various studies have shown that males yielded higher scores than

females; it is also found that adolescent males are more open than females in admitting

they have engaged in social media shaming.