TIMBOL, Maverick D.

CE163 A2 QUIZ1
1. Explain the different sources of earthquake. Differentiate them.

a.) FAULTING

A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are

associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's
tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's
crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can
cause earthquakes. Inactive faults had movement along
them at one time, but no longer move.

SOURCE: https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/fault.html

b.) SUBDUCTION

Subduction, Latin for "carried under," is a term used for a

specific type of plate interaction. It happens when one
lithospheric plate meets another—that is, in convergent
zones—and the denser plate sinks down into the mantle.
When two oceanic plates meet, the older plate
subducts. Once a plate begins to subduct, gravity takes over.
A descending plate is usually referred to as a "slab." Where
very old seafloor is being subducted, the slab falls almost
straight down, and where younger plates are being subducted, the slab descends at a shallow angle.

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-subduction-3892831

c.) TRENCHING

Some trenches are created as a result of erosion by running

water or by glaciers (which may have long since disappeared).
Others, such as rift valleys or more commonly oceanic
trenches, are created by geological movement of tectonic
plates.

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench

d.) BLOCKING

Blocking is wherein two plates are pushing towards each other.

2. What are the factors that affects the energy of earthquake that we experience?

The magnitude is dependent on the coefficient of friction in the rock (intrinsic quality), the rupture area
and the average displacement across the rupture area (how much movement occurs during the
earthquake). The highest magnitude earthquakes occur only at subduction zones along the shallow
thrust because there is a greater area that can be ruptured. Strike-slip faults generally produce
earthquakes with magnitudes lower than the potential at subduction zones.

The intensity felt from an earthquake is dependent on the distance from the earthquake, the
composition and structure of the ground that the earthquake waves travel through and at the location
in question, as well as the earthquake magnitude. Intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli Scale,
which assigns intensity by how much damage the earthquake causes at any area.

SOURCE: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/measure.php,
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag_vs_int.php

3) What are the surface waves of Earthquake and its corresponding effect to the structure?

Of the two surface seismic waves, Love waves—named after the British seismologist A.E.H. Love, who
first predicted their existence—travel faster. They are propagated when the solid medium near the
surface has varying vertical elastic properties. The energy of Love waves, like that of other surface
waves, spreads from the source in two directions rather than in three, and so these waves produce a
strong record at seismic stations even when originating from distant earthquakes. The other principal
surface waves are called Rayleigh waves after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh, who first
mathematically demonstrated their existence. Rayleigh waves travel along the free surface of an elastic
solid such as the Earth. Their motion is a combination of longitudinal compression and dilation that
results in an elliptical motion of points on the surface.

SOURCE: https://www.britannica.com/science/seismic-wave#ref275178

PROBLEM SOLVING [Draw the resulting equation of motion displacement (m) versus time (sec)]
A mass of 300 kg from an earthquake prone site is analyzed to determine the nature of horizontal
motion. Based on laboratory testing, it is found out that the damping constant is 3000 kg/s and the
stiffness is 7.5 kN/m. Ironically, when in the field, the soil stiffness is only 1.6 kN/m based on the test.
On the same field test, it was also found out that earthquake will initially generate a displacement of
0.25 m and velocity of -5 m/s If the earthquake is assumed to be free when generated,
A. Considering undamped motion,
1. What is the equation of motion based on lab test results?
2. What is the equation of motion based on field test results?
B. Considering damped motion,
3. What is the equation of motion based on lab test results?
4. What is the equation of motion based on field test results?
ANSWER: