Extended End Plate Moment Connections PDF

Steel Design Guide Series
ExtendedMoment
End-Plate
Connections
Steel Design Guide Series
Extended End-Plate
Moment Connections
Design Guide for Extended End-Plate Moment Connections
Thomas M. Murray, PhD, RE.
Montague-Betts Professor of Structural Steel Design
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
A M E R I C A N I N S T I T U T E OF S T E E L C O N S T R U C T I O N
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Copyright  1990
by
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof

must not be reproduced in any form without the
written permission of the publisher.
The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with rec-
ognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed
to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific appli-
cation without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy,
suitablility, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect.
The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation
or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other
person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use
or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this
information assumes all liability arising from such use.
Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed
by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be mod-
ified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The
Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate
it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition.
Printed in the United States of America
Second Printing: October 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4.2 Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4.2.1 Allowable Stress Design Examples . . . . . . 18
1.2 Overview of Design Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design
1.3 Brief Literature O v e r v i e w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2. RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES . . . 5
2.1 Basis of Design Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Limit States Check L i s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
APPENDIX A—ASD NOMENCLATURE,
3. UNSTIFFENED, EXTENDED END-PLATE DESIGN AIDS AND QUICK REFERENCE
CONNECTION D E S I G N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 The Four-Bolt Configuration Design A.1 ASD Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Procedures and E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A.2 ASD Design Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.1 Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A.3 ASD Quick Reference Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.2 Allowable Stress Design E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3 Load and Resistance Design Example . . . . 11
APPENDIX B—LRFD NOMENCLATURE,
3.2 Eight-Bolt Design Procedures and Allowable
DESIGN AIDS AND QUICK REFERENCE
Stress Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4. STIFFENED, EXTENDED END-PLATE B.1 LRFD Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
CONNECTION DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 B.2 LRFD Design Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.1 Design P r o c e d u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 B.3 LRFD Quick Reference Examples . . . . . . . . . . . 41

PREFACE
This booklet was prepared under the direction of the Com-

mittee on Research of the American Institute of Steel Con-
struction, Inc. as part of a series of publications on special
topics related to fabricated structural steel. Its purpose is to
serve as a supplemental reference to the AISC Manual of
Steel Construction to assist practicing engineers engaged in
building design.
The design guidelines suggested by the authors that are out-
side the scope of the AISC Specifications or Code do not
represent an official position of the Institute and are not in-
tended to exclude other design methods and procedures. It
is recognized that the design of structures is within the scope
of expertise of a competent licensed structural engineer, ar-
chitect or other licensed professional for the application of
principles to a particular structure.
The sponsorship of this publication by the American Iron
and Steel Institute is gratefully acknowledged.
The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineer-
ing principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should
not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verifi-
cation of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer or archi-
tect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on
the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. or the American Iron and Steel Institute, or
of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of
freedom infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability
arising from such use.

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND figuration are found in the 9th edition AISC Manual of Steel
Construction (1989a).
The use of moment end-plate connections in multi-story, As with any connection, end-plate connections have cer-
moment resistant frame construction is becoming more com- tain advantages and disadvantages. The principal advantages
mon because of advancements in design methods and fabri- are:
cation techniques, both of which have resulted in decreased (a) The connection is suitable for winter erection in that
costs. A typical moment end-plate connection is composed only field bolting is required.
of a steel plate welded to the end of a beam section with (b) All welding is done in the shop, eliminating field weld-
attachment to an adjacent member using rows of fully ten- ing associated problems.
sioned high-strength bolts. The connection may be between (c) Without the need for field welding, the erection pro-
two beams (splice plate connection) or between a beam and cess is relatively fast.
a column. End-plate moment connections are classified as (d) If fabrication is accurate, it is easy to maintain plumb-
either flush or extended with or without stiffeners and fur- ness of the frame.
ther classified depending on the number of bolts at the ten- (e) Lower total installed cost for many cases.
sion flange. A flush connection is detailed such that the end- The principal disadvantages are:
plate does not appreciably extend beyond the beam flanges (a) The fabrication techniques are somewhat more strin-
and all bolts are located between the beam flanges. An gent because of the need for accurate beam length and
extended end-plate is one which extends beyond the tension "squareness" of the beam end.
flange a sufficient distance to allow the location of bolts other (b) Column out-of-squareness can cause erection difficul-
than between the beam flanges. Extended end-plates may ties but can be controlled by fabricating the beams ¼
be used with or without a stiffener between the end-plate in. to in. short and providing "finger" shims.
and the beam flange in the plane of the beam web. Flush (c) End plates often warp due to the heat of welding.
end-plate connections are typically used in frames subject
to light lateral loadings or near inflection points of gable
frames. Extended end-plates are used for beam-to-column
moment connections. Only extended end-plates are consid-
ered in this design guide.
Four extended end-plate configurations are shown in Fig.
1.1. The four-bolt unstiffened configuration shown in Fig.
1.1(a) is probably the most commonly used in multi-story
frame construction. An allowable stress design (ASD) pro-
cedure for this connection is found in the 8th and 9th edi-
tions, American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Man-
ual of Steel Construction (1980, 1989a) and a load and
resistance factor design (LRFD) procedure is found in the
AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Manual of Steel
Construction (1986a). Assuming the full beam moment
capacity is to be resisted, A325 bolts and a maximum bolt
diameter of 1½ in. (maximum practical size because of tight-
ening considerations), this connection is limited because of
bolt capacity to use with less than one-half of the available
beam sections. The connection strength can be increased by
adding a stiffener, Fig. 1.1(b), or increasing the number of
bolts per row to four, Fig. 1.1(c). Formal design procedures
are not available for the former, and the latter requires a wide
column flange. The stiffened A325 eight-bolt connection
shown in Fig. 1.1(d) is capable of developing the full moment
capacity of most of the available beam sections even if bolt
diameter is limited to 1½ in. Design procedures for this con- Fig. 1.1. Extended end-plate configurations.

(d) End-plates are subject to lamellar tearing in the region "tee-stub" analogy. All of these methods resulted in design
of the top flange tension weld. procedures which predict a high degree of "prying action"
(e) The bolts are in tension, which can result in prying resulting in large end-plate thicknesses and large bolt
forces. diameters. One such method for the four-bolt, extended con-
A number of designers and fabricators in the United States figuration (Fig. 1.1(a)) is found in the 7th edition of the AISC
have successfully used moment end-plate connections for Manual of Steel Construction (1969).
building frames up to 30 stories in height. It is believed that, More recently, methods based on refined yield-line
in spite of the several disadvantages, moment end-plate con- analyses have been suggested. A number of configurations
nections can provide economic solutions for rigid frame con- have been studied in Europe (Zoetermeijer, 1974, 1981;
struction. Because very little research has been conducted Packer and Morris, 1977; Mann and Morris, 1979) as well
on the low cycle fatigue strength of end-plate connections, as in the United States (Srouji, 1983; Hendrick et al., 1985;
their use is not presently recommended in areas of high seis- Morrison, 1986). Most of this work has involved flush end-
mic activity. plate configurations.
Finite element methodology for the analysis of end-plates
was first developed by Krishnamurthy (1978, 1981). His
1.2 OVERVIEW OF DESIGN GUIDE exhaustive analytical study of four-bolt, unstiffened, extended
end plates (Fig. 1.1(a)), along with a series of experimental
The intent of this guide is to present complete design proce- investigations, led to the development of a design procedure
dures and examples for extended moment end-plate connec- first published in the 8th edition of the AISC Manual of Steel
tions suitable for fully restrained (or continuous frame) con- Construction.
struction. Chapter 2 presents the basic design procedures for More recently, Ahuja (1982) and Ghassemieh (1983) have
the end-plate configurations shown in Figs, 1.1(a), (c) and investigated the stiffened configuration with two rows of two
(d). Chapter 3 contains ASD and LRFD design examples bolts on each side of the tension flange (Fig 1.1(d)). They
for the four-bolt unstiffened configuration shown in Fig. 1.1 used regression analysis to develop design equations. Mur-
(a) and the eight-bolt unstiffened configuration shown in Fig. ray and Kukreti (1988) have developed a simplified design
1.1(c). Chapter 4 contains ASD and LRFD examples for the procedure using their regression results which appears in the
eight-bolt stiffened configuration shown in Fig. 1.1 (d). 9th edition AISC Manual of Steel Construction.
Appendix A includes allowable stress design (ASD) nomen- Bolt Design. Early end-plate design procedures (Douty and
clature, several design aids and quick reference examples. McGuire, 1965; Nair et al., 1969; Kato and McGuire, 1973)
Appendix B is similar to Appendix A except it is for load all involved the calculation of bolt prying forces based on
and resistance factor design (LRFD). The quick reference various assumptions. The assumed location of the prying
examples serve as a guide for designers who are thoroughly force was at or near the edge of the end-plate. Packer and
familiar with moment end-plate design. The following sec- Morris (1977), Phillips and Packer (1981), Mann and Morris
tion is a brief review of available literature for background (1979), and Zoetermeijer (1974, 1981) have all included pry-
purposes. ing action forces in their yield-line based design procedures.
The various recommendations range from rather complicated
analytical procedures to a simple increase in bolt force over
1.3 BRIEF LITERATURE OVERVIEW the applied tension (Mann and Morris, 1979).
Krishnamurthy (1978a) argues that even though prying
End Plate Design. Research starting in the early 1950s and action is present, it is overly conservative to assume it to be
continuing to the present has resulted in refined design pro- acting at the edge of the plate as this normally results in thicker
cedures for both flush and extended end-plate connections. than necessary end-plates. His studies describe prying force
The earlier design methods were based on statics and sim- as a pressure bulb which is formed under the bolt head due
ple assumptions concerning prying forces. These methods to the tensioning of the bolt and shifts towards the edge as
resulted in thick end-plates and large diameter bolts. Other the beam flange force increases. For any given loading, the
studies have been based on yield-line theory. The more recent pressure bulb is located somewhere between the edge of the
studies have used the finite element method and regression end plate and the bolt head. He states, for service load con-
analysis to develop design equations. Accurate solutions can ditions when the beam flange loads are small, the pressure
be developed using the latter technique; however, the pro- bulb is closer to the bolt head than to the plate edge, and
cedure is time consuming and the resulting design equations the plate moments are much smaller than those predicted
usually involve terms to odd powers which virtually by prying force formulas. Consequently, in his design pro-
eliminates "structural feel" from the design. cedure for four-bolt, extended, unstiffened end plates (Fig.
Early attempts (prior to about 1975) to develop design 1.1(a)), prying forces are ignored, that is, the bolt size is deter-
criteria for moment end-plate connections were based on the mined directly from the force delivered by the beam flange.

Kennedy et al. (1981) have presented a method for calcu- the beam flange through the column flange and fillet. If the
lation of prying forces as a function of plate "thickness" rela- stress at this critical section exceeds the yield stress of the
tive to applied load. They identified three types of end-plate column material, a column web stiffener is required oppo-
behavior. The first type is characterized by the absence of site the beam tension and compression flanges.
plastic hinges in the end plate. These end-plates are said to For the case of end-plate moment connections, the width
be "thick." Under low loading conditions all end plates fall of the stress pattern at the critical section may be consider-
into this category. The upper limit of this behavior occurs ably wider due to the insertion of the end plate into the load
at a load which causes flexural yielding in the end-plate at path. Hendrick and Murray (1983) conducted a number of
the beam flange. Once this load is exceeded, a plastic hinge column compression region tests using both stiffened and
is formed at the flange and the end-plate is said to be of unstiffened end plates and concluded that the slope of the
"intermediate" thickness. As the load is increased, a sec- stress path through the end plate can be taken as 1:1 and that
ond plastic hinge forms at the bolt lines. At this load, the in the column as 3:1. This recommendation is also found in
end-plate is considered to be a "thin" plate. Further, they Hendrick and Murray (1984) and in the AISC LRFD man-
consider bolt force to be the sum of a portion of the flange ual (1986a). Hendrick's recommendations, except for the 3:1
force plus prying force and identify three stages of prying slope, are also found in AISC Engineering for Steel Con-
action corresponding to the three phases of end-plate struction (1984), where 2½:1 is used.
behavior. For "thick" plates, the prying force is assumed Newlin and Chen (1971) recommend that an interaction
to be zero. When the end plate is considered as "thin," the equation be used to check combined web yielding strength
prying force is at its maximum. For "intermediate" plates, and web buckling. Possibly anticipating resistance to such
the prying force is somewhere between zero and the maxi- form, they also provided a simple check for web buckling.
mum value. They suggest that for ideal design, the end-plate This latter provision was adopted by AISC in their 1978 spec-
should be "thick" under service loads, "intermediate" under ification revision.
factored loads and function as a "thin" plate at ultimate Witteveen et al. (1982) found three modes of failure for
loads. bending of the column flange. The first mode prevails when
Srouji (1983), Hendrick et al. (1985) and Morrison (1986) the column flange is thick when compared with bolt diameter.
have modified the Kennedy et al. (1981) approach for use The second failure mode is when the stiffnesses of the bolts
with two- and four-bolt flush end plates; four-bolt, stiffened and flange are such that prying forces can develop because
extended end plates; and extended end plates with multiple yield lines form in the flange near the fillet, causing both
bolt rows below the tension flange. Each researcher has the flange and the bolts to fail. The third failure mode occurs
presented experimental evidence to verify the prediction when yield lines form in the flange near both the bolts and
equations. the fillet. Design procedures for each failure mode are
Ahuja (1982) and Ghassemieh (1983) have presented finite presented as well as test results to verify the analytical work.
element/regression analysis equations to predict bolt forces Mann and Morris (1979) present complete design proce-
above the pretension level for eight-bolt, stiffened, extended dures for the column side of end-plate connections. The
end plates. Ahuja's results are based on elastic material prop- recommendations are based primarily on the work of Packer
erties, but Ghassemieh's results include inelastic material and Morris (1977). However, only the case when the col-
properties. Both authors limit the use of their results to A36 umn flange is much less stiff than the end plate is consid-
steel and A325 bolts. ered. Three possible failure modes were found to exist. If
Beam-to-End-Plate Weld Design. Griffiths (1984) suggests the flange is very stiff, there are no prying forces and the
that either full penetration welds or fillet welds sufficient failure occurs when the bolts rupture. The second failure
to develop the beam flange in tension be used to connect mode occurs when the column flange is less stiff, which
the end plate to the beam. This recommendation holds even results in a combination of bolt fracture and flange yielding
if the full capacity of the beam is not being utilized because near the column web. The third failure mode is character-
of the large local deformations that occur along the end plate. ized by yield lines forming and causing double curvature in
Column Side Design. Relative to end-plate research, the the flange plate. Provisions to estimate the column flange
amount of effort devoted to the column side of end-plate capacity for each of the failure modes are provided. If the
moment connections is quite limited. Only a few papers have first failure mode governs, the total bolt force is equal to
been published which suggest design guidelines for the three the applied flange force. For the second failure mode, pry-
column side failure modes: column web yielding, column ing forces are accounted for by limiting bolt capacity to 80%
web buckling and column flange bending failure. of tensile capacity. Mann and Morris do not provide methods
The critical section for column web yielding is at the toe to estimate prying forces if the third failure mode governs.
of the column web fillet. For design of welded connections, Granstrom (1980) extended tee-hanger results to include
the present AISC Manual (1989a) criteria is based on a load column flanges. The procedure to determine the required col-
path which is assumed to vary linearly on a 2½:1 slope from umn flange thickness is the same as that used for tee-hanger

flange thickness except that an effective column flange length (1983) end-plate design procedure with an effective column
is used. Granstrom does not consider prying action effects. flange length and is therefore limited to A36 steel.
Hendrick and Murray (1983) conducted a limited series Curtis and Murray (1989) have modified both the Hen-
of tests to evaluate the methods suggested by Mann and drick and Murray (1983) and Curtis (1985) recommendations
Morris (1979), Granstrom (1980) and Witteveen et al. (1982) to ensure adequate column flange stiffness for use in fully
for use with North American rolled sections. They concluded restrained (continuous) construction.
that the method proposed by Mann and Morris (1979) is the Procedures for the design of column web stiffeners to pre-
most suitable for the evaluation of unstiffened column flanges vent web yielding or buckling have been suggested by Hen-
in the tension region of four-bolt, unstiffened end-plate con- drick and Murray (1984) and have the same form as for
nections. They also modified the Krishnamurthy (1978a) pro- welded beam-to-column connections in the 1989 AISC ASD
cedure for end plates by introducing an effective column Specification.
flange length to obtain the same results as found with the Mann and Morris (1979) have presented methods to esti-
Mann and Morris equations. Finally, they developed the mate the resistance of column flanges stiffened using stan-
"rule of thumb" found in the AISC Engineering for Steel dard web stiffeners. Zoetemeijer (1974) and Moore and Sims
Construction manual (1984) which states that, under certain (1986) have recommended the use of "flange washer plate
limitations, the column flange is adequate if its thickness is stiffeners." They have also provided design rules for the four-
greater than the required bolt diameter from the Krishnamur- bolt unstiffened end-plate configuration. Curtis (1985)
thy end-plate design procedure. All of his work applies only reported extensive analytical (yield-line) and experimental
to A36 steel. work on washer flange stiffening at both four-bolt unstiffened
Curtis (1985) has proposed design rules for column flange and eight-bolt stiffened, extended end plates.
strength in the tension region of eight-bolt, stiffened end- Some of the literature cited was used to develop the design
plate connections. His method is based on the Ghassemieh procedures presented in the following chapter.

Chapter 2
RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES
2.1 BASIS OF DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS (RCSC, 1985). This Commentary states: "Connections
of the type... in which some of the bolts lose a part
The recommended design procedures in Chapter 3 for the of their clamping force due to applied tension suffer
four- and eight-bolt unstiffened end-plate configurations, no overall loss of frictional resistance. The bolt ten-
Figs, 1.1(a) and (c), are based on the work of Krishnamur- sion produced by the moment is coupled with a com-
thy (1978a), "A Fresh Look at Bolted End-Plate Behavior and pensating compressive force on the other side of the
Design," and the procedures in the ASD and LRFD AISC axis of bending." Thus, the frictional resistance of the
manuals (1980, 1986a, 1989a). Column side design for the connection remains unchanged.
four-bolt configuration is based on the work of Hendrick and If very high shear forces exist, a bearing type con-
Murray (1984), "Column Web Compression Strength at End- nection may be necessary. In this case, the tension
Plate Connections," and Curtis and Murray (1989), "Col- bolts must be designed with a shear-tension interac-
umn Flange Strength at Moment End-Plate Connections." tion equation.
The eight-bolt stiffened end plate, Fig. 1.1(d), design pro- It is noted that shear is rarely a major concern in
cedures in Chapter 4 are based on the works of Ghassemeih the design of moment end-plate connections.
(1983), "Inelastic Finite Element Analysis of Stiffened End- 6. It is assumed that the width of the end plate which
Plate Moment Connections," and Murray and Kukreti (1988), is effective in resisting the applied beam moment is
"Design of 8-bolt Stiffened Moment End Plates," and the not greater than the beam flange width plus 1 in. This
procedures in the 9th edition ASD AISC Manual of Steel assumption is based on engineering judgment and is
Construction (1989a). Column side design procedures for this not part of any of the referenced end-plate design pro-
configuration are based on the previously cited works of Hen- cedures. Further, the writer is unaware of any end-
drick and Murray (1984) and Curtis and Murray (1989). plate connection tests conducted with end-plates sub-
In addition, the following assumptions or conditions are stantially greater in width than the connected beam
inherent to the design procedures: flange.
1. All bolts are tightened to a tension not less than that 7. The gage of the tension bolts (horizontal distance
given in the AISC ASD and LRFD specifications. between vertical bolt lines) should not exceed the beam
2. The design procedures for the 8-bolt, stiffened con- tension flange width, again based on engineering
figuration (Fig. 1.1(d)) are valid for use with A325 judgment.
bolts. A490 bolts should not be used in this configu- 8. Beam web to end-plate welds in the vicinity of the ten-
ration. sion bolts are designed to develop 0.6 of the beam
3. Only static loading is permitted. Temperature, wind web. This weld strength is recommended even if the
and snow loadings are considered static loadings full moment capacity of the beam is not required for
(AISC, 1986, 1989). The design procedures should not frame strength.
be used, pending further research, when seismic load- 9. Only the web to end-plate weld between the mid-depth
ing is a major design consideration. of the beam and the inside side face of the beam com-
4. The smallest possible bolt pitch (distance from face pression flange or between the inner row of tension
of beam flange to centerline of nearer bolt) generally bolts plus two bolt diameters and the inside face of
results in the most economical connection. The recom- the beam compression flange, whichever is smaller,
mended minimum pitch dimension is bolt diameter may be used to resist the beam shear. This assump-
plus ½ in. However, many fabricators prefer to use tion is based on the author's opinion. Literature was
a standard pitch dimension, usually 2 in., for all bolt not found to substantiate or contradict this assumption.
diameters. Column web stiffeners are expensive to fabricate and can
5. End-plate connections can be designed to resist shear interfere with weak axis column framing. Therefore, it is
force at the interface of the end-plate and column recommended that they be avoided whenever possible. If the
flange using either "slip critical" or "bearing" assump- need for a stiffener is marginal, it may be more economical
tions. If slip critical (type "SC") criteria are used, all to increase the column size rather than install stiffeners. If
bolts at the interface can be assumed to resist the shear column web stiffeners are required because of inadequate
force and shear/tension interaction can be ignored as column flange bending strength or stiffness, increasing the
explained in the Commentary on "Specification for effective length of the column flange may eliminate the need
Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts" for stiffening. This can be accomplished by increasing the

tension bolt pitch or by switching from a two row configu- 4. Failure of bolt, or slip of bolt in slip critical connec-
ration, Figs, 1.1(a), (b) or (c), to a four row configuration, tions, due to shear at the interface between the end
Fig. 1.1(d). Alternately, column flange washer plates (loose plate and column flange.
plates with holes, placed on the column flange opposite the 5. Plate bearing failure of end-plate or column flange
end-plate and connected with the end-plate connection ten- at bolts.
sion bolts) may be used. This approach is widely used in 6. Rupture of beam tension flange to end-plate welds or
Europe (Mann and Morris, 1979; Zoetemeijer, 1981; Moore beam web tension region to end-plate welds.
and Sims, 1986) and has been studied in the United States 7. Shear yielding of beam web to end-plate weld or of
(Curtis, 1985), but final design recommendations have not beam web base metal.
been formulated at this writing. 8. Column web yielding opposite either the tension or
compression flanges of the connected beam.
2.2 LIMIT STATES CHECK LIST 9. Column web buckling opposite the compression flange
Limit states (or failure modes) for moment end-plate beam- of the connected beam.
to-column connections are: 10. Column flange yielding in the vicinity of the tension
1. Flexural yielding of the end-plate material near the bolts. As with flexural yielding of the end plate, this
tension flange bolts. This state in itself is not limit- state in itself is not limiting but results in rapid
ing, but yielding results in rapid increases in tension increases in tension bolt forces and excessive rotation.
bolt forces and excessive rotation. 11. Column web stiffener failure due to yielding, local
2. Shear yielding of the end-plate material. This limit buckling or weld failure.
state is not usually observed, but shear in combina- 12. Column flange stiffener failure due to yielding or weld
tion with bending can result in reduced flexural capac- failure.
ity and stiffness. 13. Excessive rotation (flexibility) at the connection due
3. Bolt rupture because of direct load and prying force to end-plate and/or flange bending.
effects. This limit state is obviously a brittle failure 14. Column panel zone failure due to yielding or web plate
mode and is the most critical limit state in an end- buckling.
plate connection.

Chapter 3
UNSTIFFENED, EXTENDED END-PLATE CONNECTION DESIGN
3.1 THE FOUR-BOLT CONFIGURATION The term was originally defined and values tabulated
DESIGN PROCEDURES AND EXAMPLES in the AISC ASD manual. The same values were printed in
the AISC LRFD manual. However, to account for the differ-
3.1.1 Design procedures ences in weak axis bending strength between the AISC ASD
The following design recommendations for the extended, and LRFD specifications, the original values of must be
four-bolt, unstiffened, beam-to-column, end-plate connec- increased by (0.90/0.75) = 1.20 for use in LRFD. Further,
tion shown in Fig. 3.1 are based on the works of Krishnamur- the values printed in both manuals are for cases where the
thy (1978a), "A Fresh Look at Bolted End-Plate Behavior and end-plate and beam material have the same yield strengths,
Design"; Hendrick and Murray (1984), "Column Web Com- which is generally not the case except for A36 steel. Values
pression Strength at End-Plate Connections"; and Curtis and of for various combinations of beam and end-plate
Murray (1989), "Column Flange Strength at Moment End- material are found in Tables A.2 and A.3 for ASD use and
Plate Connections." The basic procedures for end-plate and in Tables B.2 and B.3 for LRFD use. Tables A.2 and B.2
bolt design are also found in the AISC ASD Manual of Steel are for A325 bolts and Tables A.3 and B.3 are for A490 bolts.
Construction (1989a) and the LRFD Manual of Steel Con- Values of for hot-rolled beam sections are found in
struction (1986a). Table A.4.
In Krishnamurthy's design procedure, prying action forces
are considered negligible and the tension flange force is con-
sidered to be distributed equally to the four tension bolts.
Possible local yielding of the tension flange and tension area
of the web is neglected. The required end-plate thickness
is determined using the tee-stub analogy with the effective
critical moment in the end plate given by
in ASD (3.1a)
or
in LRFD (3.1b)
with
unfactored beam flange force, kips
factored beam flange force, kips
a constant depending on the plate material yield

stress, the bolt material and the design method
(ASD or LRFD)
beam flange width, in.

effective end-plate width, in. (not more than
1 in.)
2
area of beam tension flange, in.
2
web area, clear of flanges, in.
effective pitch, in.
distance from center line of bolt to nearer surface

of the tension flange, in. + ½ in. is generally
enough to provide wrench clearance; 2 in. is a com-
mon fabricator standard)
fillet weld throat size or reinforcement of groove
weld, in.
nominal bolt diameter, in. Fig. 3.1. Four-bolt unstiffened end-plate connection geometry.

The required end-plate thickness, , is then determined with
from
column flange thickness, in.
in ASD (3.2a) required column flange thickness, in.
or
The required column flange thickness is determined using
in LRFD (3.2b)
Equation 3.2 modified as follows:
with
in ASD (3.5a)
the allowable bending stress for the end-plate mate- or
rial (0.75 times the specified yield stress), ksi in LRFD (3.5b)
specified yield stress of the end-plate material, ksi with
The column side limit states are to be checked as follows: effective column flange length, in.
1. To prevent column web yielding at either the beam ten- 2.5c
sion or compression flanges vertical spacing between rows of tension bolts, in.
in ASD (3.3a)
or
in LRFD (3.3b)
with and or are calculated using Equations 3.1a or
3.1b with for ASD and 1.36 for LRFD;
factored beam flange force equal to times the 1.0; and
beam flange force when the flange force is due to
live and dead loads only, or by when the flange
force is due to live and dead loads in conjunction with
with wind force, kips
specified yield stress of column material, ksi the column section distance, in.
column web thickness, in. If the selected criterion is not satisfied, standard col-
beam flange thickness, in. umn flange to web stiffeners or flange washer plate
distance from outer face of flange to web toe of stiffeners can be used to increase the flexural strength of
column fillet, in. the column flanges.
end-plate thickness, in. 4. To prevent column web shear yielding within the connec-
leg size of fillet weld or reinforcement weld, in. tion, column web reinforcement is required if
1.0
in ASD (3.6a)
If inequality 3.3 is not satisfied, column web stiffeners, or
capable of resisting a force equal to the difference between in LRFD (3.6b)
the left and right sides of the inequality, must be provided.
2. To prevent column web buckling at the beam compres- with connected beam end moments, ft-kips,
sion flange connected beam factored end moments, ft-
kips, and planar area of the column connection,
in ASD (3.4a) in.2 In the above equations, the effect of column shear
or has been conservatively ignored.
in LRFD (3.4b) The following examples illustrate the above design proce-
with dures for four-bolt, unstiffened extended end-plate connec-
tions. Examples 3.1 and 3.2 use the ASD format and Exam-
column web depth clear of fillets, in. ple 3.3 uses the LRFD format. For these examples, the beam
0.90 top flange is in tension and moment reversal is not a
consideration.
If inequality 3.4 is not satisfied, column web stiffeners
are required at the beam compression flange.
3. To prevent column flange yielding in the tension region
3.1.2 Allowable stress design examples
of the connection, the following must be satisfied assum-
EXAMPLE 3.1. Use ASD procedures to design a beam-to-
ing A36 material even if the column material yield stress
column end-plate connection for a moment of 200 ft-kips
is higher:
and a shear of 40 kips. The beam is a W24x55 and the col-
umn is a W14x159. A36 steel is used for all members and

plates. Bolts are ASTM A325. The end plate is to be shop
welded to the beam using E70XX electrodes.
W24x55 Check bolt bearing on end plate since it is less thick than
the column flange. Assume, conservatively, that the com-
pression side bolts resist all of the shear.
W14x159
Check end-plate shear

A. Bolt design, A325-SC bolts
The beam tension flange force, is
End-Plate Selection
The tension force per bolt, B, is then
From Table A.1, try diameter bolts (allowable capac-

ity is 26.5 kips). Assuming A325-SC bolts, the single shear C. Weld design, E70XX electrode
capacity from Table A.1 is 10.5 kips. The number of bolts
required to resist the applied shear is then i. Beam flanges to end-plate welds:
The flange weld must develop the force in the beam flange.
For E70XX electrodes the capacity of a 1-in. long
fillet weld is
Bolt Selection
Use A325-SC bolts
fully tightened, 4 at the ten-
sion beam flange and 2 at Use ½-in. fillet welds at both beam flanges. Note minimum
the compression beam flange. weld size from the AISC ASD Specification is ¼ in., which
could be used at the beam compression flange if desired.
B. End-plate design, A36 steel
Try edge distance = 1¼ in. ii. Beam web to end-plate weld:
gage, g = 5½ in. Minimum size fillet weld is ¼ in.
pitch, Required weld to develop the bending stress in the beam
Required end-plate width is 1¼ + 5½ + 1¼ = 8 in. Effec- web near the tension bolts is
tive end-plate width must be less than beam flange width
plus 1 in.
Use fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside

Determine from Equation 3.1a: face of beam flange to centerline of inside bolt holes plus
two bolt diameters.
The applied shear (40 kips) is to be resisted by weld
between mid-depth of the beam and the inside face of the
compression flange or between the inner row of tension bolts
plus two bolt diameters and the inside face of the compres-
sion flange, whichever is minimum. By inspection the former
governs for this example.
Determine from Equation 3.2a:

Use ¼-in. fillet weld (minimum size for ¾-in thick plate) column is a W14x90 A572 Gr50 steel. Only the column side
both sides of beam web below tension bolt region. limit states need to be checked. ASD procedures apply.
iii. Check beam web yielding
D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if nec- i. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.3a,
essary, A36 steel. 50 ksi:
i. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.3a:
Therefore, stiffeners are not required to prevent column web

yielding.
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam ten-
sion and compression flanges to prevent column web
yielding.
ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4a:
Therefore, web stiffeners are not required opposite the beam

compression flange to prevent column web buckling.
iii. Check column flange bending:
Equation 3.2(a) with the previously discussed modifications.
Therefore, neither column web or column flange stiffeners

are required for this design.
iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6a,
50 ksi:
Therefore, column web reinforcement is not required.

Final design details are shown in Fig. 3.2.
EXAMPLE 3.2. Using the data, bolt design and end plate
from Example 3.1, determine if stiffeners are required if the Fig. 3.2. Final design details, Example 3.1.
10

ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4a, = Try 2PL ½ x 4 x 0'-7
50 ksi:
Use ¾-in. x ¾-in. clips to clear column web fillets.
Column flange to stiffener weld:

Therefore, stiffeners are not required to prevent column web
buckling.
Minimum weld is ¼ in. Use fillet weld both sides.
iii. Check column flange bending: Column web to stiffener weld:
From Example 3.1, = 8.14 in., and from similar calcu-
lations = 1.66 in., =1.326, = 57.29 in.-kips and
= 1.25 in. Note that this check is made assuming the Minimum weld is To simplify detailing, use fil-
column material is A36 steel. Since is greater than let weld both sides.
0.710 in., a stiffener is required opposite the beam tension Check shear stress in stiffener base metal.
flange. Because of the expense and possibility of interfer-
ence with weak axis framing, the use of column web stif-
feners is not recommended. Possible solutions for this
example are: (1) to use an 8-bolt stiffened connection (Chap- Stiffener Selection
ter 4) which increases the effective column flange length,
(2) to increase the column flange thickness by using a heav- Use 2PL ½x4x0'-7 with
ier column or (3) to increase the bolt pitch which also fillet welds all around.
increases the effective column flange length. If the third
change is made, a thicker end-plate may be required. Obvi- iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6a,
ously, the suggested changes require additional expense; how- 50 ksi:
ever, the resulting connection may be more economical
because column web stiffeners are eliminated. If changes are
not practical, the following procedure can be used to deter-
mine stiffener size.
Curtis and Murray (1989) do not provide recommendations
for designing stiffeners when the column flange is inadequate. Therefore, column web reinforcement is not required.
Assuming that only force in excess of what the unstiffened Final design details are shown in Fig. 3.3.
column flange can resist need be resisted by the stiffener,
the capacity of the unstiffened column flange is first com-
puted by rearranging Equation 3.2a and then 3.1a: 3.1.3 Load and resistance factor design example
EXAMPLE 3.3. Using LRFD procedures, design a beam-
to-column end-plate connection for a factored moment of
260 ft-kips, an unfactored shear of 40 kips and a factored
shear of 52 kips. The beam is a W24x55 and the column
is a W14x90. A36 steel is to be used for all members and
plates. Bolts are A325. The end plate is to be shop welded
to the beam using E70XX electrodes.
Thus, the stiffeners will be designed for the unfactored beam
flange force less the capacity of the column flange:
With an allowable stress of
Stiffeners do not need to be full depth of the column web if

only one beam is connected to the column at a given elevation.
Since the stiffener is in tension, local buckling is not a limit A. Bolt design, A325-SC bolts
The factored beam tension flange force, is
state and AISC ASD Specification width and thickness rules
do not apply; however, good engineering practice requires
the stiffener to be proportioned to match the beam flange.
11

The factored tension force per bolt, is then B. End-plate design, A36 steel
Try edge distance = 1¼ in.
gage = 5½ in.
From Table B.1, try diameter bolts (design strength is pitch,
40.6 kips). Assuming A325-SC bolts, the single shear design
Required end-plate width is 1¼ + 5½ + 1¼ = 8 in. Effec-
strength from Table B.1 is 10.2 kips. The number of bolts
tive end-plate width must be less than beam flange width
required to resist the applied shear (unfactored) is then
plus 1 in.
Bolt Selection Determine from Equation 3.1b:

Use A325-SC bolts
fully tightened, 4 at the ten-
sion beam flange and 2 at
the compression beam flange.
Determine from Equation 3.2b:
Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thick-

ness is larger and, conservatively, only the compression side
bolts are considered).
in. Check end-plate shear:
End-Plate Selection
C. Weld design, E70XX electrode

i. Beam flanges to end-plate welds:
Flange weld must develop the force in beam flange. For
E70XX electrodes the capacity of a 1-in. long fillet
weld is
Use fillet welds at beam tension flange and minimum

weld size at beam compression flange. From the AISC LRFD
Fig. 3.3. Final design details, Example 3.2. Specification minimum weld size is ¼ in.
12

ii. Beam web to end-plate weld:
Minimum size fillet weld is ¼ in.
Required weld to develop maximum bending stress
in web near tension bolts is

Therefore, a stiffener is required opposite the beam tension
face of beam flange to centerline of inside bolt holes plus
flange. As was previously discussed, because of the expense
two bolt diameters.
and possibility of interference with weak axis framing, the
The factored shear (52 kips) is to be resisted by weld
use of column web stiffeners is not recommended. Possible
between mid-depth of the beam and the inside face of the
compression flange or between the inner row of tension bolts
solutions for this example are: (1) to use an 8-bolt, stiffened
end-plate (Chapter 4) which increases the effective column
plus two bolt diameters and the inside face of compression
flange length, (2) to increase the column flange thickness
flange, whichever is minimum. By inspection the former gov-
by using a heavier column or (3) to increase the bolt pitch
erns for this example.
which increases the effective column flange length and
decreases the required column flange thickness. If the third
change is made, a thicker end-plate may be required. Obvi-
ously, any change requires additional expense; however, the
resulting connection may be more economical if the column
web stiffeners are eliminated. If changes are not practical,
Use ¼-in. fillet weld (minimum size for ¾-in. thick plate) the following procedure can be used to determine stiffener
both sides of beam web below tension bolt region. size.
iii. Check beam web yielding: Assuming only force in excess of what the unstiffened col-
umn flange can resist need be resisted by the stiffener, the
capacity of the unstiffened column flange is first computed.
D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if nec-
essary, A36 steel
i. Check column web yielding using Inequality 3.3b:
Thus, the stiffener will be designed for
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam ten- The required stiffener area is then
yielding.
ii. Check column web buckling using Inequality 3.4b: Stiffeners do not need to be full depth of the column web
if only one beam is connected to the column at a given
elevation.
Since the stiffener is in tension, local buckling is not a limit
state and AISC LRFD specification width and thickness rules
Therefore, web stiffeners are not required opposite the beam do not apply; however, good engineering practice requires
compression flange to prevent column web buckling. the stiffener to be proportioned to be compatible with the
beam flange. Assume ¾-in. "clip" to clear column web
iii. Check column flange bending: fillets.
Equation 3.2b with the modifications that resulted in Equa-
tion 3.5b.
Column flange to stiffener weld:
Minimum weld is ¼ in. Use fillet weld both sides.
13

Column web to stiffener weld:
By inspection 8 bolts are required. The force per bolt, B,

Minimum weld is To simplify detailing, use
is then
fillet weld both sides.
Check shear force in stiffener base metal using AISC spec-
ification Equation J5-3 (length along flange governs).
From Table A.1, try 1-in. diameter bolts (allowable capac-
ity is 34.6 kips). Assuming A325-SC bolts, the single shear
capacity from Table A.1 is 13.7 kips. The number of bolts
required to resist the applied shear is then
Stiffener Selection
Use 2PL ½x4x0'-7 with
fillet welds. Bolt Selection
Use 12 1-in. diameter
iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6b:
A325-SC bolts fully tight-
ened, 8 at beam tension
flange and 4 at beam com-
pression flange.
3.2 EIGHT-BOLT DESIGN PROCEDURES

AND ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
EXAMPLE
The design procedures for unstiffened extended end-plates
in the AISC Manuals imply that the end-plate configuration
shown in Fig. 1.1(c) can be designed using the work of Krish-
namurthy (1978a). The work of Hendrick and Murray (1984)
can be used to evaluate column web yielding and buckling.
Column flange bending strength requires special considera-
tion. A suggested approach is given in the following ASD
example. Only slight modifications are required for LRFD
design (see Example 3.3).
EXAMPLE 3.4. Design a beam-to-column end-plate connec-
tion for a moment of 700 ft-kips and a shear of 90 kips using
ASD procedures. The beam is a W33x118 and the column
is a W14x311. All material is A36. Bolts are A325 and are
limited to 1-in. diameter. E70XX electrodes will be used for
all welding. The beam top flange is in tension and moment
reversal is not a consideration.

The beam tension flange force, is Fig. 3.4. Final design details, Example 3.3.
14

B. End-plate design, A36 steel Use fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside
of beam flange to centerline of bolt holes plus two bolt
Try edge distance = 1¼ in.
diameters.
gages = 6 in. and 12 in. (inside and outside bolts)
The applied shear is to be resisted by weld between mid-
pitch, depth of the beam and the inside face of the compression
Required end-plate width is 1¼ + 3 + 6 + 3 + 1¼ = 14½ flange or between the inner row of tension bolts plus two
in. (Note column flange width is 16¼ in.) Effective end-plate bolt diameters and the inside face compression flange, which-
width must be less than beam flange width plus 1 in. ever is minimum. By inspection the former governs for this
example.
Determine from Equation 3.1a:
Use fillet weld (minimum size for thick plate)

both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if nec-

essary, A36 steel
i. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.3a:
Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thick-

ness is larger and, conservatively, only the compression side Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam ten-
bolts are considered). sion and compression flanges to prevent column web yielding.
ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4a:
End-Plate Selection
iii. Check column flange bending

Design procedures are not available to assess the column
C. Weld design, E70XX electrode flange bending strength for this bolt pattern. However, the
strength can be evaluated if a small triangular stiffener
i. Beam flanges to end-plate welds: between the column flange and the column web is used since
By inspection, fillet welds will be impractical; therefore, use this pattern is similar to that of the eight-bolt stiffened end-
full penetration groove weld with reinforcement at plate discussed in Chapter 4. When this approach is used
beam tension flange. Use minimum weld at beam the column web is equivalent to the beam flange and the col-
compression flange. umn flange is equivalent to the end-plate. Since test data is
ii. Beam web to end-plate weld not available, it is recommended that the effective column
Minimum size of fillet weld is flange length (equivalent to the end-plate width) be taken
The required weld to develop the bending stress in the as that recommended for the four-bolt configuration (Curtis
beam web near the tension bolts is and Murray, 1989), e.g., 2.5c. With reference to Chapter 4,
for details of the design procedure, the column flange for
this example is now checked. (See ASD nomenclature for
definition of terms.) Details are shown in Fig. 3.5.
15
The equivalent gage and pitch are
From Equation 4.4a

and the equivalent beam flange and end-plate thicknesses are
and from Equation 4.5a
The effective end-plate width is equal to 2.5c or
The column flange-to-web stiffener should be approximately

equal to the beam flange thickness (0.740 in.) and extend
beyond the outside row of bolts, thus use a rectangular plate
¾ in. x 7 in. x 7 in. Since all limitations given in Chapter Since only 6 bolts are assumed effective, the capacity of the
4 are satisfied, the simplified method, Equation 4.4a, can stiffened flange is 6 x 106.4 = 638.4 kips which is greater
be used to determine the adequacy of the stiffened column than the applied beam flange force of 261.5 kips and the
flange. From Equation 4.7a stiffened column flange is adequate.
Conservatively, the stiffener to flange and web welds will
be designed for the applied beam flange force. Assuming a
with 1½ in. "clip" to clear the column fillet, the required fillet
weld size is
Use fillet welds both sides of stiffener. (Full penetra-

tion groove welds are not practical at this location.)
Stiffener Selection
Use 2PL ¾ x 7 x 0'-7
with fillet welds.
iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6a:

Fig. 3.5. Final design details, Example 3.4.
16

Chapter 4
STIFFENED, EXTENDED END-PLATE CONNECTION DESIGN
4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURES
The following ASD design recommendations for the
extended, four-bolt, stiffened, beam-to-column, end-plate with = minimum bolt tension as given in AISC specifi-
connection shown in Fig. 4.1 are based on the works of Mur- cations and reproduced here for A325 bolts in Tables A.1
ray and Kukreti (1988), "End-Plate Moment Connections— and B.1. Equation 4.3a includes a factor of safety of 2.0.
Their Use and Misuse," Hendrick and Murray (1984), "Col- Equation 4.3b does not include a resistance factor, thus the
umn Web Compression Strength at End-Plate Connections," specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt material must
and Curtis and Murray (1989), "Column Flange Strength at be used to determine the required bolt diameter.
Moment End-Plate Connections." The basic procedures for In the application of Equations 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, a prelimi-
end-plate and bolt design are also found in the 9th ed. AISC nary bolt diameter is selected assuming that 6.8 of the 8 ten-
ASD Manual of Steel Construction. sion bolts are effective. This ratio must often be decreased
Murray and Kukreti (1988) present two methods for deter-
mining end-plate thickness and bolt diameter. Both methods
are limited to use for A36 end-plate steel and A325 bolts
and both include bolt prying action effects. The first method
is a series of equations developed from regression analyses
of data generated by the finite element method. The finite
element model included both second order geometry effects
and inelastic plate and bolt material properties. With this
method, the required end-plate thickness is the larger of
and determined from (see Fig. 4.1 for definition of
terms):
in ASD (4.1a)
in ASD (4.2a)
or
in LRFD (4.1b)
in LRFD (4.2b)
The regression-based Equations 4.1 are stiffness criteria

which control end-plate flexibility for use in Type I construc-
tion. Equations 4.2 are strength criteria which limit maxi-
mum strain on the end-plate. Both ASD equations include
a factor of safety of 1.67 and both LRFD equations include
a resistance factor of 0.9.
Ultimate bolt force including prying action effects is esti-
mated from
Fig. 4.1. Eight-bolt stiffened end-plate connection geometry.
17

if Equation 4.3 shows the selected bolt diameter to be
inadequate.
The second method is a simplified approach which was
The following limitations, in addition to those given in
formulated because of the difficulty in using Equations 4.1,
Chapter 2, apply to the simplified method:
4.2 and 4.3, except for completely computerized designs. The
1. The connected beam section must be hot-rolled and
method was developed by first generating end-plate and bolt
included in the "Allowable Stress Design Selection
sizes using the above equations for all hot-rolled A36 steel
Table" in the AISC ASD Manual.
beam sections at various moment levels. An effective num-
2. The vertical pitch, from the face of the beam ten-
ber of bolts was then determined for each connection and
sion flange to the first row of bolts must not exceed
a conservative lower bound of six bolts established. Next,
2½ in. The recommended minimum pitch is bolt
it was assumed that plate thickness could be established from
diameter plus ½ in.
tee-stub analogy bending (see Fig. 4.2), that is,
3. The vertical spacing between bolt rows, must not
in ASD (4.4a) exceed
or 4. The horizontal gage, g, must be between 5½ and 7½ in.
in LRFD (4.4b) 5. Bolt diameter must not be less than ¾ in. nor greater
than 1½ in.
with force per bolt based on six effective bolts
The recommendations of Hendrick and Murray (1984) can
and an effective pitch. From the generated designs
be used to check column web yielding at either the beam
it was determined that
tension or compression flanges (inequality 3.3) and column
web buckling at the beam compression flange (inequality 3.4).
in ASD (4.5a) Since Type I construction is assumed for this connection,
or a stiff column flange is required. Thus, unless the column
flange is considerably thicker than the end-plate, flange to
in LRFD (4.5b) web stiffeners are required. If effective flange length effects
are neglected, the behavior of the column flange is identical
The required end-plate thickness is then determined from to that of the end-plate and, therefore, the column flange
must be at least as thick as the end-plate, and the column
in ASD (4.6a) stiffener must be as thick as the beam flange. Further, the
or stiffener to flange weld must be sufficient to develop the
in LRFD (4.6b) strength of the full thickness of the stiffener plate.
with If the column flange is substantially thicker than the end-
in ASD (4.7a) plate (1.5-2 times), stiffeners may not be necessary. Based
on the work of Curtis and Murray (1989), such an unstiffened
flange can be evaluated using Equation 3.5 with
(4.8)
The referenced work included only A36 steel. Therefore, it
is recommended that if the column material yield strength
is greater than 36 ksi, the column flange strength be checked
assuming A36 steel is being used.
Column web shear strength should be checked using in-
equality 3.6.
4.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES

4.2.1 Allowable stress design examples
The following three examples demonstrate the use of the
above ASD procedures. Example 4.1 uses the simplified
design method, Equation 4.6a. Example 4.2 uses the more
exact design method, Equations 4.1a, 4.2a and 4.3a. Exam-
ple 4.3 demonstrates the ASD procedures for checking the
column side of the connection. For all examples, the beam
Fig. 4.2. Tee-stub analogy moments. top flange is in tension and moment reversal does not occur.
18

EXAMPLE 4.1. Using the ASD procedures, design a beam- and the equivalent tee-stub analogy moment from Equation
to-column end-plate connection for a moment of 700 ft-kips 4.4a
and a shear force of 90 kips. The beam is a W33x118 and
the column is a W14x311. All material is A36 steel. Bolts
are A325. E70XX electrodes will be used for all welding. The required section modulus is then
Use Equation 4.6a to determine end-plate thickness and
assume only 6 bolts are effective.
And the required end-plate thickness from Equation 4.6a is

The beam tension flange force,
Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note that (1) column flange
thickness is larger and (2) conservatively only the compres-
sion side bolts are considered).
Assuming 6 bolts effective, the force per bolt is
From Table A.1, try diameter bolts (allowable capac-

ity is 43.7 kips). End-Plate Selection
Assuming A325-SC bolts, the single shear capacity from
Table A.1 is 17.4 kips. The number of bolts required to resist
the applied shear is then
C. Weld design, E70XX electrodes
Bolt Selection i. Beam flanges to end-plate welds:

By inspection, the fillet welds will be impractical. Use full
Use diameter penetration groove weld with reinforcement at beam
A325-SC bolts fully tight- tension flange and fillet weld (minimum for.1¼-in.
ened, 8 at beam tension plate at beam compression flange).
flange and 2 at compression
flange. ii. Beam web to end-plate weld:
Minimum size fillet weld is Conservatively, the
(Note if the four bolt unstiffened configuration shown in Fig. required weld to develop the bending stress in the beam web
1.1(a) is used, the required bolt diameter is near the tension bolts is
Try edge distance = 1½ in.
gage g = 6 in.
pitch Use fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside
pitch between bolt rows face of beam flange to centerline of innermost bolt holes plus
stiffener thickness two bolt diameters.
The applied shear is to be resisted by weld between the
Note that all of the specified limitations for the simplified
minimum of the mid-depth of the beam and the compres-
method are satisfied.
sion flange or the inner row of tension bolts plus two bolt
Minimum end-plate width is diameters and the compression flange. By inspection the
former governs for this example.
Effective end-plate width must be less than or equal to the
beam flange width plus 1 in., e.g.
12.48 in. Use 12½ in. end-plate width and
Determine effective pitch from Equation 4.5a,
Use fillet weld (minimum size for 1¼-in. thick plate)

both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
19

iii. Check beam web shear yielding:
Thus, diameter A325-SC bolts are satisfactory. Since

the end-plate thickness and bolt diameter are the same as
Column side limit states are checked in Example 4.3. in Example 4.1, the number of bolts required to resist the
EXAMPLE 4.2. For the conditions of Example 4.1, deter- shear force is the same and bolt bearing is adequate. Hence,
mine required end-plate thickness and bolt diameter using the final design using the regression based Equations 4.1a,
Equations 4.1a, 4.2a and 4.3a. ASD procedures apply. 4.2a and 4.3a is identical to that obtained using the split-tee
analogy method, Equation 4.6a. Column side limit states are
A. Trial bolt size, A325-SC bolts checked in Example 4.3.
From Example 4.1, the flange force is 261.5 kips. A trial bolt
size is selected assuming 6.8 bolts are effective. EXAMPLE 4.3. Using the data, bolt design and end-plate
from Example 4.1, determine if stiffeners are required if the
column is a W14x311 A36 steel. Only the column side limit
From Table A.1, try diameter bolts (allowable capac- states need to be checked. ASD procedures apply.
ity is 43.7 kips).
Try: edge distance = 1½ in.
gage g = 6 in.
pitch i. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.3a, A36 steel:
pitch between bolt rows
stiffener thickness
From Example 4.1, use 12½-in. wide end-plate with =
12.48 in.
Determine the required end-plate thickness from the stiff-
ness criterion, Equation 4.1a. Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam ten-
yielding.
ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4a, A36
steel:
Determine the required end-plate thickness from the strength

criterion, Equation 4.2a.
Therefore column web stiffeners are not required to prevent
column web buckling.
iii. Check column flange bending, A36 steel:
Since the column flange is significantly thicker than the end-
plate, column flange stiffeners may not be required. The
unstiffened column flange can be investigated using Equa-
Check adequacy of diameter bolts using Equation tion 3.2a with appropriate modifications. From Curtis and
4.3a. Murray (1989), the effective column flange length, which
is equivalent to the end-plate width in Equation 3.2, is
The ultimate bolt force must be less than the tensile strength
of the bolt which is twice the allowable capacity given in
Table A.1, that is
20

iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6a, A36
steel:
The required flange thickness from Equation 3.2 is Therefore, column web reinforcement is not required.
4.2.2 Load and resistance factor design examples

Therefore, column web stiffeners are not required for this The following three examples demonstrate the use of the
example. LRFD procedures. Example 4.4 uses the simplified design
method, Equation 4.6b. Example 4.5 uses the more exact
method, Equations 4.1b, 4.2b and 4.3b. Example 4.6 dem-
onstrates the LRFD procedures for checking the column side
of the connection. For all examples, the beam top flange is
in tension and moment reversal does not occur.
EXAMPLE 4.4. Using the LRFD procedures, design a beam-

to-column end-plate connection for a factored moment of
1050 ft-kips, an unfactored shear force of 90 kips and a fac-
tored shear force of 135 kips. The beam is a W33x118 and
the column is a W14x311. All material is A36 steel. Bolts
are A325. E70XX electrodes will be used for all welding.
Use Equation 4.6b to determine end-plate thickness and
assume only 6 bolts are effective.

The beam tension flange force, is
Assuming 6 bolts effective, the force per bolt is
From Table B.1, try diameter bolts (design tension load

is 67.1 kips).
Assuming A325-SC bolts, the single shear capacity from
Table B.1 is 16.9 kips. The number of bolts required to resist
the applied shear is then 90 / 16.9 = 5.3.
Bolt Selection
Use diameter
A325-SC bolts fully tightened,
8 at beam tension flange
and 2 at beam compression
flange.
Fig. 4.3. Final design details for eight-bolt stiffened end-plate (Note if the four bolt unstiffened configuration shown in Fig.
examples. 1.1(a) is used, the required bolt diameter is
21

B. End-plate design, A36 steel The applied shear is to be resisted by weld between the
From Example 4.1 use: minimum of the mid-depth of the beam and the compres-
sion flange or the inner row of tension bolts plus two bolt
gage g = 6 in.
diameters and the compression flange. By inspection the
pitch
former governs for this example.
pitch between bolt rows
stiffener thickness
end-plate width = 12½ in.
effective end-plate width
Note that all of the specified limitations for the simplified
method are satisfied. Use fillet weld (minimum size for 1¼-in. thick plate)
Determine effective pitch from Equation 4.5b. both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
iii. Check beam web yielding:
Column side limit states are checked in Example 4.6.

and the equivalent tee-stub analogy moment from Equation
4.4b
EXAMPLE 4.5. For the conditions of Example 4.4, deter-
mine required end-plate thicknesses and bolt diameter using
The required section modulus is then Equations 4.1b, 4.2b and 4.3b. LRFD procedures apply.
A. Trial bolt size, A325-SC bolts

From Example 4.4, the factored flange force is 392.3 kips.
And the required end-plate thickness from Equation 4.6b is A trial bolt size is selected assuming 6.8 bolts are effective.
From Table B.1, try diameter bolts (allowable capac-

Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thick- ity is 67.1 kips).
ness is larger and conservatively only the compression side
bolts are considered).
From Example 4.1 use:
End-Plate Selection
C. Weld design, E70XX electrode

i. Beam flanges to end-plate welds:
By inspection, fillet welds will be impractical. Use full Determine the required end-plate thickness from the stiff-
penetration groove weld with reinforcement at beam ness criterion, Equation 4.1b.
tension flange and fillet weld (minimum for 1¼-in.
plate at beam compression flange).
Minimum size fillet weld is Required weld to develop
maximum bending stress in web near tension bolts is
Determine the required end-plate thickness from the strength

criterion, Equation 4.2b.
face of beam flange to centerline of innermost bolt holes plus
two bolt diameters.
22

ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4b, A36
steel:
Check adequacy of diameter bolts using Equation

4.3b.
Therefore column web stiffeners are not required to prevent
column web buckling.
iii. Check column flange bending, , A36 steel:
Since the column flange is significantly thicker than the end-
plate, column flange stiffeners may not be required. The
unstiffened column flange can be investigated using Equa-
tion 3.2b with appropriate modifications. From Curtis and
Murray (1989), the effective column flange length, which
The ultimate bolt force must be less than the tensile strength is equivalent to the end-plate width in Equation 3.2b, is
of the bolt which is the design tension capacity given in Table
B.1, that is
Thus, diameter A325-SC bolts are satisfactory. Since

the end-plate thickness and bolt diameter are the same as
in Example 4.4, the number of bolts required to resist the
shear force is the same and bolt bearing is adequate. Hence,
the final design using the regression based Equations 4.1b,
4.2b and 4.3b is identical to that obtained using the split-tee
analogy method, Equation 4.6b. Column side limit states are
checked in Example 4.6.
EXAMPLE 4.6. Using the data, bolt design and end-plate

from Example 4.4, determine if stiffeners are required if the The required flange thickness from Equation 3.2b is
column is a W14x311 A36 steel. Only the column side limit
states need to be checked. LRFD procedures apply.
Therefore, column web stiffeners are not required for this

example.
iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6b, A36
steel:
i. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.3b, A36 steel:
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam ten- Therefore, column web reinforcement is not required.
sion and compression flanges to prevent column web Final design details are the same as for the ASD Example
yielding. 4.3 and are shown in Fig. 4.3.
23

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abolmaali, Ali (1984), "Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Model- Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1984.
ing and Analysis of a Flush End-Plate Connection," Master AISC (1986), "Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifi-
of Science Thesis, School of Civil Engineering and Environ- cation for Structural Steel Buildings," American Institute of
mental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1986.
1984.
AISC (1986a), Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resis-
Agerskov, H. (1976), "High-Strength Bolted Connections
tance Factor Design, First Edition, American Institute of
Subject to Prying," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1986.
Vol. 102, No. ST1, Jan. 1976, pp. 161-175.
AISC (1989), "Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,"
Agerskov, H. (1977), "Analysis of Bolted Connections Sub-
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1989.
ject to Prying," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
Vol. 103, No. ST11, Nov. 1977, pp. 2145-2163. AISC (1989a), Manual of Steel Construction, Ninth Edition,
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1989.
Agerskov, H. (1979), "Behavior of Connections Using Pre-
stressed High Strength Bolts Loaded in Tension," Reports Aribert, J. M., A. Lauchal and O. I. Nawawy (1981),
R55 (1974) and R106 (1979), Structural Research Laboratory, "Elastic-Plastic Modelization of the Resistance of a Column
Technical University of Denmark, Kobenhavn, Denmark. in the Compression Region," in French, Construction Metal-
Agerskov, H. (1979a), "Tests on High-Strength Bolted T-Stud lique, No. 2, June 1981.
Connections," Report No. R106, Department of Structural ASCE (1971), Plastic Design in Steel—A Guide and Com-
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, mentary, American Society of Civil Engineers Manuals and
Denmark, 1979. Reports on Engineering Practice, No. 41, New York, NY,
Agerskov, H., W. McGuire, J. D. Griffiths, J. M. Wooten, 1971.
N. W. Rimer, and N. Krishnamurthy (1979), Discussion of Astaneh, H. (1986), "Field Bolted Moment Connections,"
"A Fresh Look at Bolted End-Plate Behavior and Design," 1986 AISC National Engineering Conference Proceedings,
by Krishnamurthy, Engineering Journal, AISC, Vol. 16, AISC, Chicago, IL, 1986.
No. 2, Second Quarter, 1979, pp. 54-64. Avery, L. K. (1975), "Two-Dimensional Finite Element Anal-
Agerskov, H. and J. Bjornbak-Hasen (1982), "Bolted End- ysis and Tests of End-Plate Connections with Varying Bolt
Plate Connections in Round Bar Steel Structures," Report Areas and Pretension," Unpublished Thesis, Auburn Uni-
No. R147, Department of Structural Engineering, Technical versity, Auburn, AL, Dec. 1975.
University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Dec. 1982.
Bailey, J. R. (1970), "Strength and Rigidity of Bolted Beam
Aggarwal, A. K. and R. C. Coates (1985), "Damping in to Column Connections," Proceedings, Conference on Joints
Bolted Beam-Column Connections under Pulsating Loads," in Structures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England,
The Structural Engineer, Vol. 63B, No. 2, June 1985, pp. Vol. 1, Paper 4, July 1970.
27-33.
Barker, D. (1969), "New Design Concepts and Design Aids
Ahuja, V. (1982), "Analysis of Stiffened End-Plate Connec- for End-Plate Moment Connections," presented at breakfast
tions Using the Finite Element Method," Master of Science meeting No. 17, AISC Illinois Advisory Committee, Bismark
Thesis, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Hotel, Chicago, IL, Dec. 5, 1969.
Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1982.
Batho, C. and H. D. Rowan (1934), "Investigations of Beam
AISC (1969), Manual of Steel Construction, Seventh Edi- and Stanchion Connections," Second Report, Steel Structures
tion, American Institute of Steel Construction, New York, Research Committee, Dept, of Scientific and Industrial
1969. Research of Great Britain, His Majesty's Stationery Office,
AISC (1978), "Specification for the Design, Fabrication and London, England, 1934.
Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings," American Insti- Bickford, J. H. (1981), An Introduction to the Design and
tute of Steel Construction, New York, 1978. Behavior of Bolted Joints, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,
AISC (1980), Manual of Steel Construction, Eighth Edition, 1981.
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1980. Bijlaard, F. S. K. (1981), "Requirements for Welded and
AISC (1984), Engineering for Steel Construction, American Bolted Beam-to-Column Connections in Non-Sway Frames,"
25

Joints in Structural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons, New York- sis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 1979.
Toronto, 1981, pp. 2.117-2.137. Disque, R. O. (1962), "End-Plate Connections," National
Bose, S. K., G. M. McNeice and A. N. Sherbourne (1972), Engineering Conference Proceedings, AISC, 1962, pp. 30-37.
"Column Webs in Steel Beam-to-Column Connections Part Doornbos, L. M. (1979), "Design Method for the Stiffened
1—Formulation and Verification," Computers & Structures, Column-Flange, Developed with Yield Line Theory, Checked
Vol. 2, 1972, pp. 281-301. with Experimental Results," (in Dutch), Thesis, Delft Uni-
Bose, S. K., G. M. McNeice and A. N. Sherbourne (1972a), versity of Technology, Netherlands, 1979.
"Column Webs in Steel Beam-to-Column Connections—Part Douty, R. T. and W. McGuire (1963), "Research on Bolted
2—Design Recommendation," Computers & Structures, Vol. Moment Connections—A Progress Report," National Engi-
2, 1972, pp. 281-301. neering Conference Proceedings, AISC, 1963, pp. 48-55.
Bouwman, L. P. (1981), "The Structural Design of Bolted Douty, R. T. and W. McGuire (1965), "High Strength Bolted
Connections Dynamically Loaded in Tension," Joints in Moment Connections," Journal of the Structural Division,
Structural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons, New York-Toronto, ASCE, Volume 91, ST2, April 1965.
1981, pp. 1.3-1.16.
DSTV/DAST (1978), "Moment End Plate Connections with
Bresler, B., T. Y. Lin and J. B. Scalzi (1968), Design of Steel HSFG Bolts," (in German), IHE 1, 1978.
Structures, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
NY, 1968. E.C.C.S. (1971), "European Guidelines on the Use of High
Strength Bolts in Steel Connections," European Convention
Byers, C. D. (1979), "Validation Tests on End-Plate Connec- for Constructional Steelwork, Document CECM-X-70-8D,
tions," Master of Science Thesis, Vanderbilt University, 3rd ed., Rotterdam, Netherlands, April 1971.
Nashville, TN, 1979.
Fiesenheiser, E. I. and R. A. Dubek (1975), Discussion of
Chaudhari, V. N. (1975), "Finite Element Analysis of Mul- "High Strength Bolts Subject to Tension and Prying," by Nair,
tiple Bolt Row and Flush Type Connections," Unpublished R. S., Birkemoe, P. C., and Munse, W. H. (Proc. paper
Thesis, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, March 1975. 10373, Feb. 1974), Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
Chen, W. F. and I. J. Oppenheim (1970), "Web Buckling Vol. 101, No. ST1, Jan. 1975, pp. 337-341.
Strength of Beam-to-Column Connections," Fritz Engineer- Fisher, J. W., J. H. A. Struik and G. L. Kulak (1987), Guide
ing Laboratory Report No. 333.10, Lehigh University, Beth- to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints, 2nd Ed. John
lehem, PA, 1970. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
Chen, W. F. and K. V. Patel (1981), "Static Behavior of Frye, I. M. and G. A. Morris (1975), "Analysis of Flexibly
Beam-to-Column Moment Connections," Journal of the Connected Steel Frames," Canadian Journal of Civil Engi-
Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. ST9, September neering, Vol. 2, 1975, pp. 280-91.
1981. pp. 1815-1838.
Ghassemieh, M. (1983), "Inelastic Finite Element Analysis
Curtis, L. E. (1985), "Unstiffened and Washer Plate Stiffened of Stiffened End-Plate Moment Connections," Master of
Column Flanges at Moment End-Plate Connections," Mas- Science Thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Science,
ter of Science Thesis, School of Civil Engineering and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1983.
Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman,
Ghassemieh, M., A. Kukreti and T. M. Murray (1983),
OK, 1985.
"Inelastic Finite Element Analysis of Stiffened End-Plate
Curtis, L. E. and T. M. Murray (1989), "Column Flange Moment Connections," Research Report FSEL/AISC 83-02
Strength at Moment End-Plate Connections," Engineering submitted to the American Institute of Steel Construction,
Journal, AISC, 2nd Quarter, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1989. Fears Structural Engineering Laboratory, University of Okla-
Daniel, C. L. (1975), "Experimental Investigation of Bolted homa, Norman, OK, June 1983.
End-Plate Connections," Unpublished Thesis, Auburn Uni- Graddy, D. E., Jr., "Feasibility Study of Finite Element Anal-
versity, Auburn, AL, June 1975. ysis of Steel Splice-Plate Connections," Unpublished The-
DeBack, J. and P. Zoetemeijer (1982), "High Strength Bolted sis, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, March 1973.
Beam-to-Column Connections: The Computation of Bolts, Graham, J. D., A. N. Sherbourne and R. N. Khabbaz (1959),
T-Stub Flanges and Column Flanges," Stevin Laboratory Welded Interior Beam-to-Column Connections, American
Report 6-72-13, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, Institute of Steel Construction, 1959.
1982. Granstrom, A. (1979), "The Strength of Bolted End Plate
Dews, R. J. (1979), "Experimental Test Results on Exterior Connections," Report 15:13, Swedish Institute of Steel Con-
End-Plate Moment Connections," Master of Science The- struction, February 1979.
26

Granstrom, A. (1980), "Bolted End-Plate Connections," Ioannides, S. A. and T. S. Tarpy (1979), "Finite Element
Report 86.3, Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Sep- Analysis of Unstiffened Beam-to-Column End-Plate Connec-
tember 1980. tions," Proceedings of the Third International Conference in
Griffiths, J. D. (1984), "End-Plate Moment Connections— Australia on Finite Element Methods, The University of New
Their Use and Misuse," Engineering Journal, AISC, Vol. South Wales, New South Wales, Australia, July 1979, pp.
21, No. 1, 1st Quarter, 1984, pp. 32-34. 49-63.
Jeffrey, P. K. (1974), "Two-Dimensional Finite Element
Grundy, P., J. R. Thomas and I. D. Bennetts (1977), "Design
Parameter Study of Steel End-Plate Connections," Unpub-
of Beam-to-Column Moment Connections Using End-Plates
lished Thesis, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, Dec. 1974.
and High Strength Bolts," Proceedings of the Second Con-
ference on Steel Developments, Australian Institute of Steel Jenkins, W. M., C. S. Tong and A. T. Prescott (1985),
Construction and Monash University, Melbourne, May 1977, "Moment-Transmitting Endplate Connections in Steel Con-
pp. 76-84. struction, and a Proposed Basis for Flush Endplate Design,"
The Structural Engineer, Vol. 64A, No. 5, May 1985, pp.
Harrison, P. B., "Field Inspection of Bolted Connections,"
121-132.
Presented before the Texas Section, ASCE, El Paso, TX.
Jofriet, J. C., Y. Sze and J. C. Thompson (1981), "Further
Hendrick, D., A. Kukreti and T. M. Murray (1984), "Ana-
Studies of the Interface Boundary Conditions for Bolted
lytical and Experimental Investigation of Stiffened Flush
Flanged Connections," Journal of Pressure Vessel Technol-
End-Plate Connections with Four-Bolts at the Tension ogy Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 103, No. 3, Aug. 1981,
Flange," Research Report FSEL/MBMA 84-02, Fears Struc- pp. 240-245.
tural Engineering Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Nor-
man, OK, September 1984. Kato, B. and W. McGuire (1973), "Analysis of T-Stud Flange-
to-Column Connections," Journal of the Structural Division,
Hendrick, D., A. Kukreti and T. M. Murray (1985), "Unifi- ASCE, Vol. 99, ST5, May 1973, pp. 865-88.
cation of Flush End-Plate Design Procedures," Research
Report FSEL/MBMA 85-01, Fears Structural Engineering Kennedy, D. J. L. and M. A. Hafez (1984), "A Study of End-
Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, March Plate Connections for Steel Beams," Canadian Journal of
1985. Civil Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 1984, pp. 139-49.
Hendrick, R. A. and T. M. Murray (1982), "Column Web Kennedy, N. A., S. Vinnakota and A. N. Sherbourne (1981),
Compression Strength at End-Plate Connections—A Litera- "The Split-Tee Analogy in Bolted Splices and Beam-Column
ture Survey," Research Report FSEL/AISC 82-01, Fears Connections," Joints in Structural Steelwork, John Wiley &
Structural Engineering Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Sons, London-Toronto, 1981, pp. 2.138-2.157.
Norman, OK, May 1982. Krishnamurthy, N. (1973), "Finite Element Analysis of Splice
Plate Connections—A Feasibility Study," Report CE-AISC/
Hendrick, R. A. and T. M. Murray (1982a), "Column Flange
MBMA-1, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, Jan. 1973.
Strength at End-Plate Connections, A Literature Review,"
Research Report No. FSEL/AISC 82-02, Fears Structural Krishnamurthy, N. (1975), Discussion of "High Strength
Engineering Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Bolts Subject to Tension and Prying," by Nair, R. S., and
OK, August 1982. P. C. Birkemoe, and Munse, W. H. (Proc. Paper 19373, Feb.
1974), Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 101,
Hendrick, R. A. and T. M. Murray (1983), "Column
No. ST1, pp. 335-337, Jan. 1975.
Strength at End-Plate Connections," Research Report
FSEL/AISC 83-01, Fears Structural Engineering Laboratory, Krishnamurthy, N. (1975a), "Two-Dimensional Finite Ele-
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, February 1983. ment Analysis of Extended and Flush Connections with Mul-
tiple Rows of Bolts," Report CE-AISC-MBMA-6, Dept, of
Hendrick, R. A. and T. M. Murray (1984), "Column Web
Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, March
Compression Strength at End-Plate Connections," Engineer-
1975.
ing Journal, AISC, 3rd Quarter, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1984, pp.
161-169. Krishnamurthy, N. (1975b), "Tests on Bolted End-Plate Con-
nections and Comparisons with Finite Element Analyses,"
Ioannides, S. A. and T. S. Tarpy (1979), "Practical Applica- Report CE-AISC/MBMA-7, Auburn University, Auburn, AL,
tion of Semi-Rigid Beam-to-Column End-Plate Connections," May 1975.
Environmental Forces on Engineering Structures, Proceed-
ings of the International Conference held at Imperial Col- Krishnamurthy, N. (1975c), "Auburn University Research on
lege, London, England, Brebbia, C. A., Gould, P. L., and End-Plate Connections," Report No. CE-AISC/MBMA-9,
Munro, J., Editors, A Halsted Press Book, John Wiley and Auburn University, Auburn, AL, Aug. 1975.
Sons, New York, 1979, pp. 513-527. Krishnamurthy, N. (1976), "Design of End-Plate Connections,"
27

Report CE-AISC/MBMA-10, Vanderbilt University, Nash- Krishnamurthy, N. (1981), FEABOC (Finite Element Analy-
ville, TN, Nov. 1976. sis of Bolted Connections), Civil Engineering Dept., Uni-
Krishnamurthy, N. (1976a), "Steel Bolted End-Plate Connec- versity of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 1981.
tions," Proceedings of the International Conference on Finite Krishnamurthy, N. and D. Graddy (1976), "Correlation
Element Methods in Engineering, Adelaide, Australia, Dec. Between 2- and 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of
1976, pp. 23.1-23.16. Steel Bolted End-Plate Connections," Computers and Struc-
Krishnamurthy, N. (1977), Discussion of "High Strength tures, Vol. 6, 1976, pp. 381-389.
Bolted Connections Subject to Prying," by H. Agerskov Krishnamurthy, N., H. Huang, P. K. Jeffrey and L. K. Avery
(Proc. paper 11840, Jan. 1976), Journal of the Structural Divi- (1979), "Analytical Curves for End-Plate Connections,"
sion, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. ST1, Jan. 1977, pp. 299-300. Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. ST1,
January 1979, pp. 133-45.
Krishnamurthy, N. (1978), "Photoelastic and Finite Element
Investigation of Steel Bolted Tee Hangers," Report No. CE- Krishnamurthy, N. and R. E. Oswalt (1981), "Bolt Head and
MBMA-1903-1, Dept, of Civil Engineering, Vanderbilt Uni- Weld Effects in Steel Connection Behavior," Joints in Struc-
versity, Nashville, TN, March 1978. tural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons, New York-Toronto, 1981,
pp. 2.158-2.176.
Krishnamurthy, N. (1978a), "A Fresh Look at Bolted End-
Plate Behavior and Design," Engineering Journal, AISC, Vol. Krishnamurthy, N. and V. R. Krishna (1981), "Behavior of
15, No. 2, 2nd Quarter, 1978, pp. 39-49. Splice-Plate Connections with Multiple Bolt Rows," Report
submitted to the Metal Building Manufacturers Association,
Krishnamurthy, N. (1978b), "Effects of Bolt Heads and Welds
February 1981.
in Steel Bolted Tee-Type Connections," Report No. CE-AISC/
MBMA-1901-11, Dept, of Civil Engineering, Vanderbilt Uni- Kriviak, G. J. and D. J. L. Kennedy (1985), "Standardized
versity, Nashville, TN, November 1978. Flexible End Plate Connections for Steel Beams," Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 12, 1985, pp. 745-766.
Krishnamurthy, N. (1978c), "Analytical Investigation of
Bolted Stiffened Tee Stubs," Research Report CE-MBMA- Kukreti, A., V. Ahuja and T. M. Murray (1982), "Analysis
1902-1, Dept, of Civil Engineering, Vanderbilt University, of Stiffened End-Plate Connections with Multiple Bolt Rows
Nashville, TN, December 1978. at the Beam Flanges," Proceedings of the International Con-
ference of Finite Element Methods, Shanghai, China, August
Krishnamurthy, N. (1978d), Discussion of "Analysis of Bolted
2-6, 1982.
Connections Subject to Prying," by Agerskov, Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. ST12, Dec. 1978, Kukreti, A., M. Ghassemieh and T. M. Murray (1984),
pp. 1928-1930 . "Finite Element Analysis of Stiffened End-Plate Moment
Connections with Multiple Bolt Rows Considering Inelastic
Krishnamurthy, N. (1979), "Modeling and Prediction of Steel
Material Behavior," Proceedings, SECTAM XII, The South-
Bolted Connection Behavior," presented at the Second Inter-
ern Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,
national Conference of Computational Methods in Nonlinear
Auburn University, Auburn, AL, June 10-11, 1984, Vol. I,
Mechanics, Austin, TX, March 1979.
pp. 521-526.
Krishnamurthy, N. (1979a), "Experimental Validation of End- Kukreti, A., M. Ghassemieh and T. M. Murray (1984a),
Plate Connection Design," Report submitted to the Ameri-
"Inelastic Analysis for Plate Bending in Steel Structure,"
can Institute of Steel Construction, April 1979. Proceedings of the Fifth Engineering Mechanics Division Spe-
Krishnamurthy, N. (1979b), "Experimental Investigation of cialty Conference, ASCE, Laramie, WY, August 1-3, 1984,
Bolted Stiffened Tee Studs," Research Report CE-MBMA Vol. 2, pp. 1141-1144.
1902-2, Dept, of Civil Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Kukreti, A. R., T. M. Murray and A. Abolmaali (1987),
Nashville, TN, May 1979. "End-Plate Connection Moment-Rotation Relationship,"
Krishnamurthy, N. (1979c), "Loading and Evaluation of Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Elsevier Applied
Splice-Plate Connections," presented at the ASCE Annual Science Publishers Ltd., August 1987, pp. 137-157.
Convention, Atlanta, GA, Oct. 1979, Preprint No. 3696. Kukreti, A., T. M. Murray and M. Ghassemieh (1989),
Krishnamurthy, N. (1980), "Experimental Investigation of "Finite Element Modeling of Large Capacity Steel Tee-
Thin Splice-Plate Connections," Report submitted to the Hanger Connections," International Journal of Computers
Metal Building Manufacturing Association, May 1980. and Structures, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1989, pp. 409-422.
Krishnamurthy, N. (1980a), "Modelling and Prediction of Kulak, G. L., J. W. Fisher and J. H. A. Struik (1987), Guide
Steel Bolted Connection Behavior," Computers and Struc- to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints, 2nd Ed.,
tures, 11, 1980, pp. 75-82. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
28

Lim, E. B. (1982), "Effect of Prying on Bolted HSS End- Stiffened Moment End-Plates," Engineering Journal, Ameri-
Plate Connections," B.A. Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil can Institute of Steel Construction, Volume 25, No. 2, 2nd
Engineering, University of Toronto, 1982. Quarter, 1988, pp. 45-52.
Mann, A. P. (1968), "Plastically Designed End-Plate Con- Nair, R. S., P. C. Birkemoe and W. H. Munse (1969),
nections," Ph.D, thesis presented to the University of Leeds, "Behavior of Bolts in Tee Connections Subject to Prying
at Leeds, England, in 1968. Action," Civil Engineering Studies, University of Illinois,
Mann, A. P. and L. J. Morris (1979), "Limit Design of September 1969.
Extended End-Plate Connections," Journal of the Structural Nair, R. S., P. C. Birkemoe and W. H. Munse (1974), "High
Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. ST3, Proc. Paper 14460, Strength Bolts Subject to Tension and Prying," Journal of
March 1979, pp. 511-526. the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. 2, Feb. 1974,
Maxwell, S. M., W. M. Jenkins and J. H. Hewlett (1981), pp. 351-372.
"Theoretical Approach to the Analysis of Connection Naka, T., B. Kato and M. Watabe (1966), "Research on the
Behavior," Joints in Structural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons, Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Connections, Laboratory
London-Toronto, 1981, pp. 2.49-2.70. for Steel Structures, Dept, of Architecture, University of
McGuire, W. (1968), Steel Structures, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Tokyo, Japan 1966.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Nakao, M. (1973), "Experiments on the Behavior of Steel
Moore, D. B. and P. A. C. Sims (1986), "Preliminary Inves- Beam-to-Column Connections with Large Axial Force on
tigations into the Behavior of Extended End-Plate Steel Con- Column," Annual Report of the Engineering Institute, Fac-
nections with Backing Plates," Journal of Constructional ulty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Vol. 32, 1973.
Research, 6, 1986, pp. 95-122. Nethercot, D. A. (1985), "Joint Action and the Design of
Morrison, S. J. (1986), "Studies of Certain End-Plate Steel Frames," The Structural Engineer, Vol. 63A, No. 12,
Moment Connections," Master of Science Thesis, School of December 1985, pp. 371-379.
Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Newlin, D. E. and W. E. Chen (1971), "Strength and Stabil-
Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1986. ity of Column Web in Welded Beam-to-Column Connec-
Munse, W. H., K. S. Peterson and E. Chesson (1959), tions," Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Report No. 333.14,
"Strength in Tension of Rivets and High Strength Bolts," Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, May 1971.
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, No. ST3, Onderdonk, A. B., R. P. Lathrop and J. Goel (1964), "End-
Part I, March 1959, pp. 7-28. Plate Connections in Plastically Designed Structures," Engi-
Murray, T. M. (1984), "Beam-to-Column End-Plate Con- neering Journal, AISC, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan. 1964, pp. 24-27.
nections—Column Design Considerations," 36th Annual Oswalt, R. E. (1978), "Two-Dimensional Finite Element
AISC National Conference, Tampa Bay, PL, March 29-30, Analysis of the Effects of Bolt Heads and Welds in Steel End-
1984. Plate Connections," Unpublished thesis, Vanderbilt Univer-
Murray, T. M. (1985), "Bolted End-Plate Moment Connec- sity, Nashville, TN, May 1978.
tions in the USA," Symposium Proceedings, International Packer, J. A. (1975), "A Study of the Tension Region of Plasti-
Symposium on Structural Steel Design and Construction, Sin- cally Designed, Bolted Beam-to-Column Connections,"
gapore, July 3-4, 1985, pp. 43-57. Ph.D, thesis presented to the University of Manchester, at
Murray, T. M. (1988), "Recent Developments for the Design Manchester, England, in 1975.
of Moment End-Plate Connections," Journal of Construc- Packer, J. A. and L. J. Morris (1975), "Behavior and Design
tional Steel Research, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, of Haunched Steel Portal Frame Knees," Research Report
October 1988, pp. 133-162. M002, Simon Engineering Laboratories, University of Man-
Murray, T. M. and A. Kukreti (1984), "Large Capacity chester, England, 1975.
Moment End-Plate Connections for Offshore Construction," Packer, J. A. and L. J. Morris (1977), "A Limit State Design
Offshore Engineering, Vol. 4, Pentach Press, London, 1984. Method for the Tension Region of Bolted Beam-to-Column
Murray, T. M. and A. Kukreti (1985), "Design of 8-Bolt Connections," The Structural Engineer, Vol. 5, No. 10, Lon-
Stiffened End-Plate Moment Connections," Papers, Third don, October 1977, pp. 446-58.
Conference on Steel Developments, Australian Institute of Packer, J. A. and L. J. Morris (1978), Discussion of "A Limit
Steel Construction, Melbourne, Australia, May 20-22, 1985, State Design Method for the Tension Region of Bolted Beam-
pp. 145-149. to-Column Connections," The Structural Engineer, Vol. 56A,
Murray, T. M. and A. Kukreti (1988), "Design of 8-bolt No. 8, London, Aug. 1978, pp. 217-223.
29

Patel, K. V. (1981), Analysis of Steel Beam-to-Column Report 6-60-13, Stevin Laboratory, Delft University of Tech-
Moment Connections," Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to Pur- nology, Delft, Netherlands, 1969.
due University, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, May
Struik, J. H. A., A. O. Oyeledum and J. W. Fisher (1973),
1981.
"Bolt Tension Control with a Direct Tension Indicator," Engi-
Patel, K. V. and W. F. Chen (1984), "Nonlinear Analysis neering Journal, AISC, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1st Quarter, 1973.
of Steel Beam-to-Column Moment Connections," Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 8, August 1984. Surtees, J. O. and A. P. Mann (1970), "End-Plate Connec-
tions in Plastically Designed Structures," Proceedings Con-
Phillips, J. and J. A. Packer (1981), "The Effect of Plate ference of Joints in Structures, Vol. 1, Paper 5, University
Thickness on Flush End-Plate Connections," Joints in Struc- of Sheffield, England, July, 1970.
tural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons, London-Toronto, 1981,
pp. 6.77-6.92. Tall, L., Ed. (1974), Structural Steel Design, 2nd Ed., Ronald
Press, New York, 1974.
Punch, S. H. (1976), "A Finite Element Analysis of Column
Behavior in a Bolted Beam-to-Column End-Plate Moment Tarpy, T. S. and S. D. Lindsey (1975), "Experimental Test
Connection," Master of Science Thesis, Vanderbilt Univer- Results on End-Plate Moment Connections," Report No. CE-
sity, Nashville, TN, 1976. AISC-1, Dept, of Civil Engineering, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, June 1975.
RCSC (1985), "Specifications for Structural Joints Using
ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts," Research Council on Struc- Tarpy, T. S. and J. W. Cardinal (1981), "Behavior of Semi-
tural Connections of the Engineering Foundation, Novem- Rigid Beam-to-Column End-Plate Connections," Joints in
ber 13, 1985. Structural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons, London-Toronto,
1981, pp. 2.3-2.25.
Salmon, C. G. and J. E. Johnson (1971), Steel Structures,
Design and Behavior, Intext Educational Publishers, New Van Bercum, J. Th., F. S. K. Bijlaard and P. Zoetemeijer
York, 1971. (1978), "Design Rules for Bolted Beam-to-Column Connec-
tions," (in Dutch) Staalbouwkundig Genootschap, P.O.B.
Salmon, C. G. and J. E. Johnson (1980), Steel Structures, 20714, 3301 JA, Rotterdam, 1978.
2nd Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1980.
Van Douwen, A. A. (1981), "Design for Economy in Bolted
Saxena, K. (1978), Photoelastic and Finite Element Analysis and Welded Connections," Joints in Structural Steelwork,
of Steel Bolted Tee Hangers, Unpublished Thesis, Vander- John Wiley & Sons, London-Toronto, 1981, pp. 5.18-5.35.
bilt University, Nashville, TN, May 1978.
Witteveen, J., J. W. B. Stark, F. S. K. Bijlaard and P.
Schutz, F. W, Jr. (1959), "Strength of Moment Connections Zoetemeijer (1982), "Welded and Bolted Beam-to-Column
Using High Tensile Strength Bolts," Proceedings of the Connections," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol.
National Engineering Conference, American Institute of Steel 108, No. ST2, Proc. Paper 16873, February 1982, 433-455.
Construction, 1959, pp. 98-110.
Zoetemeijer, P. (1974), "A Design Method for the Tension
Sherbourne, A. N. (1961), "Bolted Beam-to-Column Con- Side of Statically Loaded, Bolted Beam-to-Column Connec-
nections," The Structural Engineer, Vol. 39, London, tions," Heron, Vol. 20, No. 1, Delft University, Delft, Nether-
England, June 1961. lands, 1974, pp. 1-59.
Srouji, R. (1983), "Yield-Line Analysis of End-Plate Con- Zoetemeijer, P. (1981), "Semi-Rigid Bolted Beam-to-Column
nections with Bolt Force Predictions," Master of Science The-
Connections with Stiffened Column Flanges and Flush End-
sis, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Plates," Joints in Structural Steelwork, John Wiley & Sons,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1983.
London-Toronto, 1981, pp. 2.99-2.118.
SSRC (1986), Connections Bibliography, Task Group 25,
Zoetemeijer, P. (1981a), "Bolted Connections with Flush
Structural Stability Research Council, September 1986. End-Plates and Haunched Beams, Tests and Computations,"
Sterling, G. H. and J. W. Fisher (1966), "A440 Steel Joints Stevin Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, 1981.
Connected by A490 Bolts," Journal of the Structural Divi-
Zoetemeijer, P. and M. H. Kolstein (1975), "Bolted Beam-
sion, ASCE, Proc. Paper 4845, No. ST3 (1966).
to-Column Connections with Flush End-Plates, Tests and
Struik, J. H. A. and J. DeBack (1969), "Tests on Bolted T- Computation Methods" (in Dutch), Report 6-75-20, Stevin
Stubs with Respect to Bolted Beam-to-Column Connections," Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, 1975.
30

Appendix A
ASD NOMENCLATURE, DESIGN AIDS,
AND QUICK REFERENCE EXAMPLES
A.1 ASD NOMENCLATURE

planar area of column connection, in.2 specified yield stress of the end-plate material, ksi
area of beam tension flange, in. 2 specified yield stress of column material, ksi
gross area of plate, in.2 horizontal spacing between vertical bolt lines, in.
2
column stiffener area, in. distance from outer face of flange to web toe of
2
area of beam web, in. fillet, in.
beam or column flange width, in. the column section distance, in.
effective end-plate width, in. (not more than unfactored effective end-plate moment, in.-kips
+ 1 in.) connected beam end moments, ft-kips
effective column flange length, in. required number of bolts to resist beam shear
unfactored tension force per bolt, kip s effective pitch, in.
allowable tension load in bolt, kips pitch, distance from center line of bolt to nearer
ultimate bolt force including prying action effects, surface of the tension flange, in. + ½ in. is
kips generally enough to provide wrench clearance)
vertical spacing between rows of tension bolts, in. factored beam flange force equal to times the
a constant depending on the plate material yield beam flange force when the flange force is due
stress, the bolt material and the design method to live and dead loads only, or by when the
flange force is due to live and dead loads in con-
depth of beam or column section, in. junction with wind or earthquake forces, kips
nominal bolt diameter, in. effective pitch, in.
column web depth clear of fillets, in. minimum bolt tension, kips
required fillet weld throat size, sixteenths required end-plate elastic section modulus, in.3
edge distance, in. beam flange thickness, in.
computed bearing stress, ksi column flange thickness, in.
computed shear stress, ksi required column flange thickness, in.
average yield stress for beam and end-plate mate- end-plate thickness, in.
rials, ksi required end-plate thickness from stiffness
allowable bending stress for the end-plate mate- criterion, in.
rial (0.75 times the specified yield stress), ksi required end-plate thickness from strength
allowable bending stress for column flange mate- criterion, in.
rial (0.75 times the specified yield stress), ksi end-plate to beam tension flange stiffener thick-
allowable tensile stress for bolt material, ksi ness (approximately equal in thickness to that of
specified minimum tensile strength for bolt mate- the beam web), in.
rial, ksi beam web thickness, in.
capacity of unstiffened column flange to resist column web thickness, in.
applied force, kips column web depth clear of fillets, in.
unfactored beam flange force, kips single shear capacity of bolt, kips
allowable bearing stress, ksi leg size of fillet weld or reinforcement weld, in.
specified minimum tensile strength, ksi
allowable shear stress, ksi
31

A.2 ASD DESIGN AIDS
Table A.1.
Allowable Tension and Single Shear Loads for A325 and A490 Bolts
(ASD Method)
a) A325 Bolts
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips) 13.5 19.4 26.5 34.6 43.7 54.0 65.3 77.7
Shear A325-SC (kips) 5.4 7.7 10.5 13.7 17.4 21.5 26.0 30.9
Shear A325-N (kips) 6.4 9.3 12.6 16.5 20.9 25.8 31.2 37.1
Shear A325-X (kips) 9.2 13.3 18.0 23.6 29.8 36.8 44.5 53.0
Minimum Bolt Tension (kips) 19 28 39 51 56 71 85 103
b) A490 Bolts
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips) 16.6 23.9 32.5 42.4 53.7 66.3 80.2 95.4
Shear A490-SC (kips) 6.7 9.7 13.2 17.3 21.9 27.0 32.7 38.9
Shear A490-N (kips) 8.6 12.4 16.8 22.0 27.8 34.4 41.6 49.5
Shear A490-X (kips) 12.3 17.7 24.1 31.4 39.8 49.1 59.4 70.7
All values from AISC ASD Manual (1980, 1989).
Table A.2.
ASD Values of for A325 Bolts
Table A.3.
ASD Values of for A490 Bolts
32

Table A.4.
Values of
Section Section Section Section
W36 x 359 0.899 W27x217 1.003 W18x143 1.204 W12x87 1.748
x328 0.903 x194 0.986 x130 1.186 x79 1.732
x300 0.887 x178 0.909 x119 1.082 x72 1.720
x280 0.882 x161 0.902 x106 1.059 x65 1.706
x260 0.850 x146 0.885 x 97 1.076 x58 1.631
x245 0.835 x129 0.710 x 86 1.056 x53 1.527
x230 0.818 x114 0.646 x 76 1.048 x50 1.281
x256 0.648 x102 0.635 x 71 0.741 x45 1.266
x 232 0.644 x 94 0.597 x 65 0.751 x 40 1.281
x210 0.588 x 84 0.545 x 60 0.751 x35 0.992
x194 0.587 x 55 0.722 x30 0.963
W24 x 176 1.021
x182 0.579 x 50 0.714 x26 0.936
x162 0.994
x170 0.573 x 46 0.604 x22 0.575
x146 0.959
x160 0.554 x 40 0.595 x19 0.520
x131 0.904
x150 0.530 x 35 0.504 x16 0.419
x117 0.877
x135 0.463 x14 0.390
x104 0.848 W16x100 1.170
W33x354 0.925 x103 0.711 x 89 1.152 W10x60 1.842
x318 0.926 x 94 0.683 x 77 1.146 x 54 1.882
x291 0.913 x 84 0.655 x 67 1.149 x49 1.859
x 263 0.909 x 76 0.616 x 57 0.789 x45 1.603
x 241 0.853 x 68 0.560 x 50 0.781 x39 1.516
x 221 0.829 x 62 0.428 x 45 0.768 x33 1.348
x 201 0.807 x 55 0.397 x 40 0.772 x 30 1.045
x169 0.667 x 36 0.679 x 26 1.033
W21 x 166 1.140
x152 0.612 x 31 0.589 x22 0.913
x147 1.011
x141 0.583 x 26 0.506 x19 0.672
x132 1.002
x130 0.541 x17 0.583
x122 1.003 W14x120 1.855
x118 0.492 x15 0.497
x111 0.994 x109 1.899
x12 0.463
W30 x 235 0.961 x101 0.995 x 99 1.859
x211 0.905 x 93 0.683 x 90 1.860 W 8x35 1.796
x191 0.887 x 83 0.686 x 82 1.348 x31 1.711
x173 0.861 x 73 0.683 x 74 1.394 x 28 1.495
x148 0.672 x 68 0.667 x 68 1.382 x 24 1.487
x132 0.606 x 62 0.641 x 61 1.364 x21 1.127
x124 0.590 x 57 0.532 x 53 1.141 x18 1.007
x116 0.558 x 50 0.465 x 48 1.115 x15 0.690
x108 0.516 x 44 0.423 x 43 1.103 x13 0.593
x 99 0.476 x 38 0.861 x10 0.635
x 34 0.824
W 6x25 1.580
x 30 0.734
x20 1.545
x 26 0.633
x15 1.238
x 22 0.557
x16 1.148
x12 0.890
x 9 0.911
W 5x19 1.867
x16 1.748
W 4x13 1.442
33

A.3 ASD QUICK REFERENCE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE A.1 (Same as Example 3.1)
4-bolt Unstiffened End-Plate
ii. Check bolt bearing, end-plate controls, compression bolts:
Beam W24x55 A36 steel
iii. Check end-plate shear:
Column W14x159 A36 steel
C. End-plate weld design, E70XX electrodes

i. Beam flanges to end-plate weld:

i. Tension:
ii. Shear,
i. Bending, Equation 3.1a: iii. Check beam web yielding
D. Column side, A36 steel and E70XX electrodes

i. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.3a,
34

ii. Check column web buckling, inequality 3.4a, A. Column side
i. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.3a:
iii. Check column flange bending,
ii. Check column web buckling, inequality 3.4a:
Calculations to be made with

Column web stiffeners are not required.
iv. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.6a:
Column web reinforcement is not required.

E. Final details:
Design stiffeners and welds for
Column flange to stiffener weld, E70XX electrodes:
Column web to stiffener weld, E70XX electrodes:
Check shear stress in stiffener base metal, A36 steel:
EXAMPLE A.2 (Same as Example 3.2)

Data is same as Example A.1, except
Column W14x90 A572 Gr 50 steel iv. Check column web yielding inequality 3.6(a),
35

B. Final details: ii. Shear,
i. Bending, Equation 4.4a:

EXAMPLE A.3 (Same as Examples 4.1 and 4.3)
8-Bolt Stiffened End-Plate
Use full penetration groove weld with reinforcement.
Simplified procedure

i. Tension: D. Column side, A36 steel and E70XX electrodes
i. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.3a,
36

ii. Check column web buckling, inequality 3.4a, Column web reinforcement is not required.
D. Final details:

iv. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.6a:
37

Appendix B
LRFD NOMENCLATURE, DESIGN AIDS,
AND QUICK REFERENCE EXAMPLES
B.1 LRFD NOMENCLATURE

= planar area of the column connection, in.2 = horizontal spacing between vertical bolt lines, in.
= area of beam tension flange, in.2 = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of
= gross area of plate, in. 2 fillet, in.
= column stiffener area, in.2 = the column section distance, in.
= area of beam web, in.2 = factored effective end-plate moment, in.-kips
= beam or column flange width, in. = factored beam moment, in.-kips
= effective end-plate width, in. (not more than = connected beam factored end moments, ft-kips
+ 1 in.) = required number of bolts to resist beam shear
= effective column flange length, in. = effective pitch, in.
= design tension capacity of bolt, kips = pitch, distance from center line of bolt to nearer
= factored tension force per bolt; ultimate bolt surface of the tension flange, in. + ½ in.
force including prying action effects, kips is generally enough to provide wrench clearance.)
= vertical spacing between rows of tension bolts, in. = effective pitch, in.
= a constant depending on the plate material yield = minimum bolt tension, kips
stress, the bolt material and the design method. = beam flange thickness, in.
= column flange thickness, in.
= depth of beam or column section, in. = required column flange thickness, in.
= nominal bolt diameter, in. = end-plate thickness, in.
= column web depth clear of fillets, in. = required end-plate thickness from stiffness
= required fillet weld throat size, sixteenths criterion, in.
= edge distance, in. = required end-plate thickness from strength
= average yield stress for beam and end-plate mate- criterion, in.
rials, ksi = end-plate to beam tension flange stiffener thick-
= 0.75 of end-plate material), ksi ness, in.
= ASD allowable tensile stress for bolt material, ksi = beam web thickness, in.
= specified minimum tensile strength for bolt mate- = column web thickness, in.
rial, ksi = column web depth clear of fillets, in.
= capacity of unstiffened column flange to resist = single shear bolt design strength, kips
applied force, kips = factored shear force, kips
= factored beam flange force, kips = leg size of fillet weld or reinforcement weld, in.
= specified minimum tensile strength, ksi = required end-plate plastic section modulus, in.3
= specified yield stress of the end-plate material,
ksi = resistance factor
= specified yield stress of column material, ksi
39

B.2 LRFD DESIGN AIDS
Table B.1.
Design Tension and Single Shear Strengths for A325 and A490 Bolts
(LRFD Method)
a) A325 Bolts
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips) 20.7 29.8 40.6 53.0 67.1 82.8 100.2 119.3
Shear A325-SC (kips) 5.22 7.51 10.2 13.4 16.9 20.9 25.2 30.0
Shear A325-N (kips) 10.8 15.5 21.1 27.6 34.9 43.1 52.1 62.0
Shear A325-X (kips) 14.4 20.7 28.1 36.8 46.5 57.4 69.5 82.7
b) A490 Bolts
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips) 25.9 37.3 50.7 66.3 83.9 103.5 125.3 149.1
Shear A490-SC (kips) 6.44 9.28 12.6 16.5 20.9 25.8 31.2 37.1
Shear A490-N (kips) 13.5 19.4 26.4 34.5 43.6 53.8 65.1 77.5
Shear A490-X (kips) 17.9 25.8 35.2 45.9 58.2 71.8 86.9 103.4
All values from AISC LRFD Manual (1986).
Table B.2.
LRFD Values of for A325 Bolts
Table B.3.
LRFD Values of for A490 Bolts
40

B.3 LRFD QUICK REFERENCE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE B.1 (Same as Example 3.3)
4-bolt Unstiffened End-Plate
in. Check end-plate shear:


i. Tension:
ii. Shear,
i. Bending, Equation 3.1b: D. Column side, A36 steel and E70XX electrodes
i. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.3b,
ii. Check column web buckling, inequality 3.4b,
41

iii. Check column flange bending, EXAMPLE B.2 (Same as Examples 4.4 and 4.6)
8-Bolt Stiffened End-Plate
Simplified procedure

Design stiffeners and welds for
Column flange to stiffener weld, E70XX electrodes:

Column web to stiffener weld, E70XX electrodes: i. Tension:
Check shear force in stiffener base metal, A36 steel:
ii. Shear,
iv. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.6(b):
E. Final details:
i. Bending, Equation 4.4b:
42

Use full penetration groove weld with reinforcement.

iv. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.6b:
Column web reinforcement is not required.

D. Final details:
D. Column side, A36 steel and E70XX electrodes

i. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.3b,
ii. Check column web buckling, inequality 3.4b,
43

DESIGN GUIDE SERIES
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
One East Wacker Drive, Suite 3100
Chicago, Illinois 60601-2001
Pub. No. D 8 0 4 (5M194)


Extended End Plate Moment Connections PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Extended End Plate Moment Connections PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Steel Design Guide Series

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof

Printed in the United States of America

Second Printing: October 2003

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4.2 Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

This booklet was prepared under the direction of the Com-

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

a constant depending on the plate material yield

beam flange width, in.

distance from center line of bolt to nearer surface

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

Check end-plate shear

From Table A.1, try diameter bolts (allowable capac-

Use fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside

Determine from Equation 3.2a:

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

Therefore, stiffeners are not required to prevent column web

Therefore, web stiffeners are not required opposite the beam

Therefore, neither column web or column flange stiffeners

Therefore, column web reinforcement is not required.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

Column flange to stiffener weld:

With an allowable stress of

Stiffeners do not need to be full depth of the column web if

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bolt Selection Determine from Equation 3.1b:

Determine from Equation 3.2b:

Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thick-

in. Check end-plate shear:

C. Weld design, E70XX electrode

Use fillet welds at beam tension flange and minimum

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

Use fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside

Thus, the stiffener will be designed for

Minimum weld is ¼ in. Use fillet weld both sides.

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

By inspection 8 bolts are required. The force per bolt, B,

3.2 EIGHT-BOLT DESIGN PROCEDURES

A. Bolt design, A325-SC bolts

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.

Determine from Equation 3.1a:

Use fillet weld (minimum size for thick plate)

iii. Check beam web yielding

D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if nec-

Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thick-

ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4a:

iii. Check column flange bending

From Equation 4.4a

and from Equation 4.5a

The effective end-plate width is equal to 2.5c or

The column flange-to-web stiffener should be approximately

Use fillet welds both sides of stiffener. (Full penetra-