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Abstract
Concrete gravity dam is a very important civil engineering structure from hydro power and irrigation point of view. It stores
a massive amount of water in its reservoir. Dam failure can cause enormous destruction in the downstream. That is why, the
safety of dam has paramount importance. The objective of this paper is divided into two categories. First of all a cost based
dam section optimization or design program, named “Optidam”, is presented. The Optidam program is able to design an
optimized concrete gravity dam section based on pseudo static analysis proposed in Indian standard. Then one dam section,
which is designed using the “Optidam”, is checked and analyzed by non-linear seismic analysis to ensure its safety. Finally, a
parametric analysis is performed to propose a dam design guidelines. Empirical relationships between the different geometric
parameters of an optimized concrete gravity dam section with cohesion and internal friction angle of soil/rock foundation are
evaluated after designing 1080 number of dams, having height ranges from 50-300 m, and situated on different foundation
characteristics.
Keywords: concrete gravity dam, optimization, Dam design guidelines, linear and non-linear seismic analysis, parametric analysis,
finite element analysis
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*Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aukland, Aukland 1010, New Zealand (Corresponding Author, E-mail: abanerjee24@
gmail.com)
**Emeritus Fellow, Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667,
Indi (E-mail: dpaulfeq@gmail.com)
***Assistant Engineer, Public Health Dept., Government of West Bengal, West Bengal 711315, India (E-mail: arijit.acharyya@gmail.com)
−1−
Arnab Banerjee, D. K. Paul, and Arijit Acharyya
( W – u )tanφ cA
---------------------------- + ------
Fφ Fc
F = ----------------------------------------- (1)
P
where, W is the total weight of the dam, u is the uplift force, c is
the cohesion, P is the total horizontal force, Fφ is the factor of Fig. 1. Typical Dam Section
safety against internal friction angle, Fc is the factor against
safety for cohesion. The values of and Fc are tabulated in Table 2.
The vertical stress (σ) in any section is calculated by: user, remains constant throughout the iteration process. All other
geometric parameters such as base (B), base width of upstream
W ΣM
σ = – ----- ± -------- (2) fold (Bu) and height of upstream fold (Hu) are changed in a
A Z
systematic manner to reach the optimized section.
where, M is the moment and Z is the section modulus. Calculated Prior to initiate the optimization iteration, a domain of possible
stress should be less than the permissible tensile stress for that values of each variable is determined according to the following
case as given in Table 2. formulas:
{ B } = [0.7H, 1.5H ]
3. Optimization of Dam Section and Optidam
{ Hu } = [ 0, ( H – 10 )] (4)
Programming
{ Bu } = [0.05Hu , 0.4Hu ]
Optimization of a concrete gravity dam is achieved by Optimization of these 3 variables has to satisfy a set of 14
minimizing the involved cost of construction. In this paper, the two inequalities to ensure it’s safety. In each step for every load
main costs related to the dam section geometry are considered for combination one safe dam section should pass the criteria of
example, the cost of concreting, and the cost of foundation Eqs. (1) and (2).
excavation. Due to simplicity cost of 1 m3 concerting is assumed to
be (Cc) a constant value, does not change with the elevation. 3.2 Optidam Programming
Similarly the cost of 1m excavation is also assumed constant (Cf). An excel-MATLAB based programming, named Optidam, is
So, the Total Cost (TC) of 1m thick dam monolith can be generated to optimize the dam section. To make the program
calculated by: user friendly Microsoft excel is used as an input for the Opti-dam
program. The program can take the input from that excel sheet
TC = Cc A + Cf B (3)
named ‘Optidam.xls’, ‘Sheet1’. The output is also come in the
So, the objective function of optimization is to minimize TC. same excel ‘Optidam.xls’, ‘out’. A screen shot of the input and
output is given in Fig. 2.
3.1 Geometric Parameter of a Dam Section The algorithm of Optidam is illustrated in Fig. 3.
A typical concrete gravity dam section, pointing all the geometric
parameters involved in this optimization study, is depicted in Fig. 1. 3.3 Numerical Example
In the Optidam program total height of the dam (H) is kept A 240 m high dam is to be designed for zone V. The cohesion
constant. And the crest width (C) and depth (Cd), can be given by (c) and the friction angle (φ) of the dam-foundation interface is
4. Validation of Optidam
Fig. 5. Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete: (a) Compressive Stress vs. Strain, (b) Tensile Stress vs. Strain
Fig. 13. Static Stresses: (a) Maximum Principal Stress, (b) Vertical Normal Stress
Fig. 16. Tensile Damage: (a) DBE + Static, (b) MCE + Static
4.3.4 Concluding Remarks (H, c, φ). 1080 no of dam sections of different heights, ranging
According to the previous discussion it can be concluded that from 50-300 m, internal friction angle, ranging from 350-500
the dam section generated by Optidam program is statically and with 2.50 interval, and cohesion of dam-foundation interface,
seismically safe. Stability of the dam is affected neither at MCE ranging from 100-600 kPa with 100 kPa interval, are designed
nor at DBE level of earthquake. using Optidam programing. Some assumptions made before
designing those sections are listed below.
5. Guideline to get an Optimized Section
a. Height of the upstream normal reservoir level is 0.95 times
The geometry of a concrete gravity dam depends on the height of the total dam height.
of a dam cohesion and internal friction angle of soil/rock b. Height of the upstream flood reservoir level is 0.975 times
foundation. A parametric analysis is performed on the different of the total dam height.
shape parameters of an optimized dam section such as base c. Tail water level is set to be zero for normal and 0.1 of the
width (B), base width of the upstream fold (Bu) and height of the total dam height for flood.
upstream fold (Hu). The main objective of the parametric d. Position of gallery is at one-sixth distance of the base from
analysis is to find empirical relationships between the unknown the heal
shape parameters (B, Bu, Hu) with the given constant parameters e. Height of the silt is half of the total height