ec„ = strain at which cover concrete is considered to have com-

pletely spalled and ceases to carry any stress;

e, = tensile rupture strain on concrete = f'JEc;
e„„ = reversal (unloading) strain in concrete model;
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ec = strain rate (per second);

p cc = ratio of area of longitudinal steel to area of core of section;
p^ = ratio of volume to transverse confining steel to volume of
confined concrete core; and
p, = ratio of area of longitudinal reinforcement to gross area of
column.

1826

J. Struct. Eng., 1988, 114(8): 1804-1826