Kenning – connection of two words to replace one word.

(Fish-home = sea)

Scops – old English word for professional poets.

Manuscripts – handwritten Works produced by monks on parchments (parchment = skin of the

domestic animal)

Fable - is a literary genre. A fable is a short story, main characters are animals.

Novel – is a fictious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and actions are
representations of real life and are portrayed in the plot of more or less complexity.

Gothic novel – contains a conflict which is represented by a protagonist. An antagonist is the

character who is opposed to the protagonist. The third element of the novel is setting – time and place.
Elements of gothic novel are imaginary tome in the past, supernaturally events, generally bad weather,
omens, curses and secrets. Main characters – mad scientist, villains, ghosts, monster.. Famous novels
are Frankenstein, Dracula, Wuthering Heights.

Composition of novel – characters, plot, setting (time and place).

Byronic character – intelligent but struggling with emotional conflicts, a troubled past, a strong
individual. Byronic character created George Byron.

Literature – is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, „literature“ is
used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific Works, but the term is
most commonly used to refer to Works of the creative imagination, including Works of poetry, drama,
fiction and non-fiction.

Connotation – what a word suggests to the reader. It can be negative (You are a snake.) or a positive
(You are an angel.)

Metaphor – figure of speech in which one thing is indirectly compared to another. Metaphors help
readers feel, taste, smell and hear thing that are being described.

Personification – is giving human or animal abilities and qualities to inanimate objects.

Alliteration – is the repetition of letters at the beginning of words; this creates and repetition of sound
within a lone of poetry. (Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright)

Simile – figure of speech in which one thing is directly compared to another by like or as. (like a rock;
as cool as ice)

Plot – the way in which the sequences of events of a story are told.
Setting – the background (place and time) of an action.

Narrator – the person, who tells a story. (third person narrator – first person narrator)

Characters – protagonist = the chief character in the story; antagonist = the character who is opposed
to the protagonist

Conflict – is a struggle between opposing forces. (External conflict = involves a struggle between
a character and an outside force, such as another person, society or nature.. Internal conflict = involves
a struggle that takes place within the mind of a character.)

Flashback - is a scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point of the story.

Flash forward - is a scene that takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story.

Symbol – is something that represents something else by association, resemblance or convention.

Characterization – when we analyze characterization, we look at how a character’s personality is

revealed. (Direct characterization = an author says something outright about what a character is like.
Indirect characterization = the author hints at a character’s traits by presenting a character’s words,
thought’s, or actions or the reactions of other characters to him or her.)

Genre - is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone,
content, or even. (comedy, drama, romance, tragedy, tragicomedy)

The short story – is a work of narrative fiction ranging in length from five hundred to fifteen
thousand words. It has relatively small number of characters involved in a single action focused on
a single conflict.

The horror story – is a short fictional narrative centered around an unusual experience, designed to
shock readers a cause feelings of alarm and fear. Typical characters – devils, vampires, werewolves..

The ghost story – is short fictional narrative focused in the manifestation of the spirit of a dead person
in a place that becomes haunted by its supernatural presence. The setting is important in creating its
typical atmosphere of mystery and expectation.

The crime story – includes detective stories, police stories, murder stories and thrillers. The detective
story is a genre of fiction in which a detective, either an amateur or a Professional, solves a crime or
a series of crimes. The most famous detectives – Auguste Dupin by Edgar Poe, Sherlock Holmes by
Arthur Doyle, Hercules Poirot by Agatha Christie.

The humorous story – is a short fictional narrative which aims to entertain and amuse readers. The
comic effect can be produced by funny characters or by series of misunderstanding.
The psychological story – is a short fictional narrative in which events are filtered through the mind
of the thinking character.

The science fiction story – is a short story narrative based on possible future scientific or
technological development.

Poetry – it is a form of writing that has following features: it varies in length, it is written in lines and
stanzas, it uses sound devices (rhyme, alliteration), it uses words to create images, it is meant to
express feeling and emotions. Form: poem, ballad, ode, song..

Prose – it is form of writing that has following features: it is written using paragraph, straightforward
language, no line breaks. Form: essay, novel, novella, fable, short story, folktale..

Drama – a prose or verse composition intended to be performed on the stage. It is written in the form
of a script (dialogue). It is divided into acts. Acts are divided into scenes. Form: tragedy, comedy,
melodrama, musical..

Fabliau – is a short verse tale with coarse humor and realistic descriptions that show a part of life in
middle or lower class people. The sitting is real and the plot is motivated by tricks.

Chivalric romance – is a tale of courtly love in which the knights exhibit nobility, courage, and
respect for the ladies and the ladies exhibit elegance and modesty.

Exemplum – is a short narrative verse or prose that teaches a moral lesson or reinforces religious
belief.

Arthurian Romance – is a type of work a knight in the age of the legendary King Arthur goes on
a quest.

Beast Fable – is a short story in verse or prose in which animals are the main characters. They exhibit
human qualities, and their activities underscore a universal truth.

Breton Lay – is fourteenth century English narrative poem about courtly love that contains the
elements of the supernatural. The English borrowed the Breton-Lay format from the French. A lay is
a medieval narrative poem originally intended to be dung. Breton is an adjective describing anyone or
anything from Brittany, France.

Soliloquy – is a reflection of characters thoughts and feelings, without addressing any other character.