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The RESON name is the hallmark of class leading sonar equipment, transducers, hydrophones,
and survey software that you can count on. Headquartered in Denmark, RESON has a global
presence with offices and representatives around the world.
No. 3264
Imagery-derived
Bathymetry and
Seabed Classifi-
cation Validated
14
UKHO Sponsors Pilot for
Satellite Imagery-based Survey
in Mediterranean
Editorial 5
News 7
Interview 11
Peter Harris
Cadden
The Hydrographic Services List of Advertisers 49 for hydrographic and
and Standards Committee terrestrial applications.
Insider’s View 50 (Image courtesy:
Products 40 Prof. Dr. Mohd Razali Mahmud
DigitalGlobe).
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 3
QINSy
Qastor
Fledermaus
www.qps.nl
For details contact: sales@qps.nl
No. 3211
HYD0113_Contents
3211_QPS.indd 1 4 14-01-2013
12-10-2012 11:41:01
10:14:51
Hydro INTERNATIONAL is an independent international magazine published 8 times
a year by Geomares Publishing. The magazine and related e-newsletter inform
worldwide professional, industrial and governmental readers of the latest news
and developments in the hydrographic, surveying, marine cartographic and
geomatics world. Hydro INTERNATIONAL encompasses all aspects, activities and
equipment related to the acquisition, processing, presentation, control and
Editorial Contributions
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INTERNATIONAL will be treated as unconditionally assigned for publication under copyright
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3258.indd 1
HYD0113_EditorialColofon 6 03-01-2013
14-01-2013 10:12:05
12:12:37
News
Training Course in of discovery with the hope of finding new land, a scientific party from the Univer-
sity of Sydney, Australia, has done the complete opposite. They have solved a mystery
Ivory Coast
regarding the existence of a supposed island in the Southwest Pacific. The Australian
Hydrographic Service has added a further explanation of the phenomenon.
http://su.pr/7hOQCq
The International Maritime Organization
(IMO), in collaboration with the Inter-
national Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
and the French Hydrographic Office
(SHOM), organised a two-week train-
ing course in Ivory Coast on hydrography
and nautical charting for French speaking
African countries, from 19 November to 1
December 2012.
http://su.pr/7DVzSR
AHS Chart of the Region AUS04602. Image courtesy: Australian Hydrographic Service.
Impressions of the training in Ivory Coast.
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 7
YOUMARES to
Continue
After a successful edition in 2012, a fourth
YOUMARES conference is scheduled
from 11 to 13 September 2013 in Olden-
burg (Germany). The slogan of this year’s
event is ‘From coast to deep sea: multi-
scale approaches to marine sciences’.
YOUMARES is an international confer-
ence of young marine researchers and
engineers organised by the study group of
the German Society for Marine Research
(DGM). Session leaders are called to apply.
This event addresses all young marine sci-
entists and engineers from all disciplines
of fundamental and applied research,
industry and other relevant fields coming
from Germany and the rest of the world.
http://su.pr/27sPP3
Mapping and Monitoring French Coastal Forum 2012 in Rostock, Germany. The
potential decision-makers and top sci-
Stretches
entists of the future had the chance
to interact with high-level profession-
als and a Resolution was adapted. The
Blom’s Italian-French subsidiary has signed a contract with the Finistère Department three-day event was organised by the
and the Provence-Alpes-Côtes d’Azur Region to map and monitor stretches of the Atlan- Baltic Sea Forum and the University of
tic and Mediterranean shores in France to produce a seamless DTM. Blom will use bathy- Rostock.
metric and topographic laser scanners to collect accurate data simultaneously from both http://su.pr/18kJRY
land and seabed terrain, delivering the response that 21st-century decision-makers need.
The contract is in the scope of the Litto3D project. Litto3D, a SHOM (Hydrographic and
Oceanographic Service of the Navy) and IGN (National Geographic Institute) programme,
aims to produce a seamless digital terrain model of the entire French coast, covering more More news
than 5,500km in length, and will feature at the core of all integrated coastal management www.hydro-international.com/news/
projects. news.php
http://su.pr/8y4beL
Met-ocean Equipment
Takeover
MIROS AS, Norway, has acquired Muir
Matheson in Aberdeen, UK. Muir Math-
eson, which has been in the market-
place for almost three decades, has a
well-known brand and has delivered
met-ocean systems all over the world.
Both companies are seeing an increased
demand for weather stations, meteoro-
logical and oceanographic systems able
to operate in harsh weather conditions
in offshore projects.
http://su.pr/2twzaw
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 9
www.sbg-systems.com
Advanced features:
ޓ 0.3 - 100 m (0.98 - 328.1 ft) depth capability
www.ceehydrosystems.com
Do mapping agencies have environ- conference Hydro12, the survey fleet oceanographic, environmental and
mental aspects on their agenda? worldwide is decreasing and thus hydrographic data collection, inte- Mark Pronk
Since the beginning of modern we have to become even more effi- grated into one programme. Technical Editor,
Hydro INTERNATIONAL
oceanographic exploration about cient with the available survey pro-
150 years ago we have learned much grammes in order to optimise the Will there be a closer focus of
about the oceans, but there is still use of data collected. Hydrography hydrography for benthic mappers?
much more to learn. It has been said provides an essential framework for The key is to map once and use the
many times; ‘we know more about the marine science. Without an accurate data in many different ways. The col-
surface of the moon or of Mars than bathymetric map of the seafloor, it is lection of data at sea is quite costly
we know of our own oceans’ and that impossible to design a sampling pro- and many organisations active in
statement is true. Given the impor- gramme or to know where to place an the marine industry still use the col-
tance of the oceans for humanity, this oceanographic mooring. Therefore, lected information only for their
gap in our knowledge is a concern it would be beneficial to integrate own specific purpose; the collected
and so the environmental aspects of marine science and hydrographic sur- data stays within the organisation
the oceans should be on everyone’s vey programmes as much as possible. itself. Benthic habitat mapping is
agenda! I think mapping agencies will need only one of the many possible appli-
As the president of IHO mentioned to involve themselves more in multi- cations hydrographic data could be
during his keynote address during the disciplinary surveys, that include used for; think of defence, wave and
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 11
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 13
Proteus FZC, EOMAP and DigitalGlobe have formed a partnership to bring satellite-derived bathymetry and
seabed classification to the hydrographic community. A pilot conducted by UKHO in the Mediterranean
confirms that the satellite-based process yields depth and seafloor information faster and more safely than
traditional hydrographic survey methods in the shallow-water environment.
IN SUMMER 2012, THE UNITED This high-resolution satellite captures in the shallow waters near the shore.
Kingdom Hydrographic Office eight multispectral bands of imagery, The satellite images a total coastline
(UKHO) contracted the Proteus-led and most notably includes the coastal length of over 100 kilometres with a
team in a pilot trial of satellite-derived blue band, see Figure 1. All bands are survey time of less than 10 seconds.
bathymetry and seabed classification utilised for bathymetry and determin-
to assess the quality and the potential ing seabed type through seabed clas- New Processing Technique
Helen Needham, for satellite-derived bathymetry as a sification extraction, however, the Imagery was downloaded from the
Hydrographic data gathering technique in the very introduction of the coastal blue band satellite within 6-24 hours of capture
director, Proteus
FZC, UAE shallow-water or nearshore envir- starting at 400nm has significantly and delivered to EOMAP for process-
onment. The UKHO are interested in improved this technology and brought ing. The imagery was quickly assessed
using new techniques to enable them this methodology as an alternative for quality and suitability for hydro-
to update charts in remote areas solution to the hydrographic sector. graphic purposes. In this instance,
more frequently and more efficiently excess cloud cover obscured the
than solely relying on waterborne DigitalGlobe has a vast library of northern section of Area A which
methods. multispectral imagery providing glo- required acquisition of another image.
bal coverage to the hydrographer. For
Dr. Knut Hartmann, Two project sites, one comprising a this project, participants decided to The UKHO chose to apply tidal cor-
Project manager, 50-km stretch of coastline (Area A) task the satellite by capturing a new rections itself using tidal gauge data
EOMAP, Germany
and another about half that size (Area image for the two survey areas. Dedi- available over the internet. This
B) were identified in the Mediterra- cated tasking parameters were cal- required the project technicians to
Graham Mimpriss, nean for the pilot. Per instructions culated and assigned to the project. deliver bathymetric results for the
United Kingdom from UKHO, the Proteus team was The angle of the satellite camera is an time collected. This actual tidal data
Hydrographic
Office, United required to work entirely remotely important variable when capturing improved the vertical accuracy of the
Kingdom with no access to horizontal and ver- an image for bathymetry applications, measurements.
tical ground truthing data and to so team members tasked the satellite
achieve depths from the zero contour to acquire images with a maximum EOMAP has developed an in-house
or surf zone to the maximum depth incidence angle of 30° from nadir. processing suite called the Modular
possible. Inversion and Processing system, or
Suitable imagery was captured for MIP. This proprietary program extracts
Coastal Blue Band Makes the the areas with minimal cloud cover seafloor reflectance and converts this
Difference and favourable environmental con- into water depth and seabed classifica-
This project and the process tested ditions. For this type of application, tion measurements. MIP is designed
were made possible by the launch of desired conditions include little or for the physical based recovery of
DigitalGlobe’s WorldView 2 satellite. no wind so as to minimise turbidity hydro-biological parameters from
The bathymetry processing flow line Figure 2: Scheme of the Modular and Inversion Program. Input: Satellite radiance image; Output: Water depth information and
is sensor independent, allowing dif- seafloor/bottom reflectance.
ferent hyperspectral and multi spec-
tral imagery to be used. WorldView-2
multispectral imagery has a resolu- Initial input image
tion of 2m and the eight-band multi-
spectral bands provide better vertical clustering Training spectral library
accuracy and depth penetration than
previously seen.
spectral classes
The seabed classification process-
ing line is based on either supervised
or unsupervised classification meth-
ods. For this project no ground truth Spectral
Data classification
data was made available for either
Processing
bathymetry or seabed classification, Image B, C,...
and hence extraction was undertaken
on an unsupervised basis.
In contrast to the land classifica- Spectral maps
tion, the satellite input image was not Transformation to
only corrected to atmospheric influ- habitat classes
ences, but also to the effects of sun Habitat maps
reflectance on the sea surface and
the effects of the water column. This Figure 3: Scheme of the unsupervised classification method. Input image: Seafloor/bottom reflectance.
unique semi-automatic approach
was developed and maintained by Faster, Safer Results historical single beam data from
EOMAP and implemented in MIP. The Proteus delivered bathymetry and acoustic devices to compare the
program processed radiance satellite seabed classification mapping, results.
imagery and outputs a bottom reflect- high-resolution satellite imagery,
ance image, which represent the quality mapping, metadata and tech- Bathymetry covered nearly 100% sea-
reflectance of the sea-surface bottom nical reporting to the UKHO where floor coverage, with the exception of
without the effects of water column they undertook a comprehensive surface objects e.g. vessels and navi-
and atmosphere, see Figure 3. review of the results. The UKHO used gation marks. Objects with the size
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY/ F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 15
www.caris.com
No 3255
Malta, the smallest European Union state, has carried out a country-wide
hydrographic survey which was initiated in Q1 2012 and completed in Q4 of the
same year. Aimed at acquiring baseline information that satisfies a number of key
National and European Directives including the Water Framework Directive, the
central Mediterranean state took the ambitious step of employing different
technologies within one project in order to ensure compliance.
AN INABILITY TO COLLECT BASE data which were both lacking and hindering land use planning, environ-
physical data on which to build reli- where available in low resolution and mental monitoring and management
able thematic environmental data dated currency. No comprehensive processes that rely on such data. The
would not only make Malta more and detailed terrestrial and bathy- target to address this lacuna was
exposed to various environmen-
tal pressures due to poorly informed
Saviour Formosa
PhD, Faculty for
Social Wellbeing,
policy decisions, but also subjects
the Islands to heavy economic pen- Nautical charts can now be
University of
Malta, Malta
alties for non-compliance with EU
reporting obligations. As part of the created in high definition
process to implement the EU legis-
lative framework in the fields of air,
water, noise, soil and radiation, Malta metric 3D surveys have ever been car- actuated through the delivery of high-
sought to enhance the quality of the ried out in Malta. The resulting lack resolution 3D terrestrial data cover-
environmental data and its interpre- of high-quality 3D spatial data was age for the Maltese Islands using a
tation. This depends to a large extent
on the underlying spatial base data, as
Figure 1: Areas this underpins the operation of envir-
under study. The onmental monitoring programmes
Blue area depicts
the bathymetric and is essential to the analytical and
side-scan zone, the decision-making processes. This was
brown depicts the
bathymetric Lidar deemed true for both terrestrial and
zone and the green bathymetric data acquisition related
depicts the to environmental monitoring.
terrestrial Lidar
zone.
Data Dearths
A base study identified that whilst
some basic bathymetric data was
available from legacy nautical charts,
such data needed to be updated to
higher resolutions so as to be suita-
ble for environmental modelling and
EU reporting purposes. This was also
the case for terrestrial high-definition
combination of Light Detection and Group. The main acquisitions pertain- between the coast and the deeper
Ranging (Lidar) data and oblique ing to the geo-information were com- sea as reached by boat-based sur-
aerial imagery, as well as through a prised of 4 activities. Activities 1 and veys is captured. The requirements
bathymetric survey of coastal waters 2 targeted a terrestrial Lidar survey stipulated a minimum 5m overlap
within 1 nautical mile (nm) radius off and imagery in addition to oblique between bathymetric airborne Lidar
the coastline, using a combination of imagery which rendered high-reso- and the swath bathymetric survey for
aerial Lidar surveys, acoustic scans lution data for land cover and land quality assurance purposes as well
and a physical grab sampling survey use analysis for forward planning. as delivery of post-processed data in
(Figure 1). The Lidar exercise resulted in a DSM fulfilment of the IHO requirements.
Acquisition Vehicle
This was made possible by imple-
menting a EUR 4.6 million project, The integration of a huge
entitled Developing National Envir-
onmental Monitoring Infrastructure dataset into a single system
and Capacity, a project co-financed by
the European Regional Development
that spans multi-domains
Fund, which provides 85% of the
project’s funding and the Government
of Malta, which finances the remain- and DTM aimed at a 1 points/m2 The technology used was based on
der under Operational Programme 1 - but actually resulted in a surprising HawkEye IIb (AHAB) that operated
Cohesion Policy 2007-2013 - Investing 4.3 points/m2 and a height accuracy at 1Khz frequency for the bathymet-
in Competitiveness for a Better Qual- >5cm (Figure 2). This was enhanced ric area and 8Khz for the topographic
ity of Life. Whilst the project focused by an image acquisition employing zones. Interestingly, what was origi-
on strategies in the different environ- an IGI DigiCam with a GSD of 16cm, nally requested up to a depth of 15m
mental domains, the scans played whilst the oblique imagery had a spa- resulted in a 50m depth return with a
a major role in acquiring the main tial resolution of 15cm and employed post spacing of 2 x 2m (Figure 3). Data
baselines. a VisionMap A3 camera. was delivered in ASCII XYZ format
file and a DSM. The final activity con-
Aerial Conveyors Bathymetric Conveyors sisted of an acoustic and bathymet-
The four main activities emanat- Activity 3 comprised a bathymetric ric survey from a sea-going vessel. The
ing from this project were entrusted Lidar survey which was deemed nec- main aim being the Water Framework
to Terraimaging, with subcontrac- essary to ensure that the data lacu- Directive specifying studies within
tors Pelydryn (UK) and AquaBioTech nae experienced in the nether zone 1 nautical mile from the Maltese
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 19
Figure 4: Shared
Environmental
Information
System Interface.
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 21
Ships are getting larger, dredging costs for maintenance are increasing and permits for disposing harbour sludge are
increasingly difficult to obtain. An objective evaluation of harbour maintenance practices is therefore justified. Siltation of
harbour basins decreases the nautical depth and maintenance is required to ensure safe shipping. The present techniques
usually consist of dredging or other methods for removing sediments. Scientific research over the past decades and
experience in seaports in the north of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany have shown that a different approach, based
on physical characteristics of mud layers, innovative surveying tools and strategies is feasible. This article presents an
approach for determining the nautical depth for a sea harbour with fluid mud and or a muddy bottom layer which can be
successfully related to a ‘Keep Sediments Navigable’ strategy of the PIANC Report 102 ‘Minimising Harbour Siltation’.
IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD Safe navigation depends on a combi- that allows harbour pilots to practice
fluid-mud suspensions occur above nation of ship characteristics, harbour with the effects of different fluid mud
the bottom of shipping routes creat- lay-out, flow and wind conditions as conditions in a realistic virtual envi-
ing difficulties in defining the navi- well as thickness and the rheological ronment of their harbour.
gational depth. When lead lines were characteristics of the fluid mud layer.
used, the depth was recorded to the Case study
Jannes Kamphuis fairly solid bottom and any overlying Since 1983, a substantial amount of The case study was carried out in the
Manager Dredging mud layer was usually not detected. scientific research has been carried Dutch harbour of Delfzijl. The harbour
& Maintenance, By introducing echo sounders, the out by institutes in Belgium, Ger- is located in the north of the Neth-
Groningen
Seaports water-mud interface was not always many and the Netherlands to gain erlands close to the eastern German
clearly defined. The interface shown more insight into the behaviour and border, and bordering on an impor-
on the records may depend on the physical characteristics of fluid mud. tant marine nature reserve and World
instrument and the frequency used. Emden Harbour in Germany has 25 Heritage area, the Wadden Sea. The
The lack of a clearly defined water- years of practical experience in condi- harbour board, Groningen Seaports,
mud interface can cause unnecessary tioning fluid mud, a process whereby wants to optimise harbour mainte-
depth restriction and possibly exces- they radically changed the harbour nance. One of the aspects to be cov-
sive dredging. maintenance from dredging and dis- ered is to define and prove the optimal
Jeroen Verwilligen posing to keeping mud navigable. Of nautical depth. The following para-
Nautical During the 25th PIANC Congress in great importance is also the scien- graphs present the approach chosen
researcher, Edinburgh, in May 1981, a working tific research carried out by Ghent and the results. A word of caution
Flanders Hydraulics
Research group was formed under the auspices University (Belgium) and Flanders based on experience; for acceptance
of the Permanent Technical Com- Hydraulics Research (Belgium) on of results of this kind of studies and
mittee II to prepare a short report ship manoeuvrability in relation to for swift implementation of changes,
which was to include: A definition fluid mud. This resulted in a validated open communication and participa-
of the term Nautical Depth, Meth- computer model for ship simulations tion of other stakeholders is required.
ods of measuring the characteristics
of bottom layers and a description
of the effect of muddy layers on the
Reinder Meinsma manoeuvrability of ships. The results
Senior project were presented in 1983 (Navigation in
engineer, muddy areas, Supplement to Bulletin
Wiertsema &
Partners no. 43, PTC2 report of WG 03 - 1983
issue, MarCom Working Group 03). Figure 1: Definition nautical depth for different types of situations (Source: PIANC 1983).
Fluid mud
-7.5
-12.5
-17.5
Figure 3: Parametric echo profile outer harbour showing the fluid mud body.
The harbour of Delfzijl associated with specific critical den- Delfzijl. The measurements con-
The harbour of Delfzijl consists of an sity, could be considered as the nau- sisted of surveys (parametric echo
outer part subdivided into three sec- tical bottom. Density is the most sounder+dual frequency single beam
tions and an inner part linked by sea practical measurable parameter for (201kc and 33kc) and vertical profiling
locks. The total surface is approxi- indicating the position of the nau- (Multisampler for turbidity+EC+Ph,
mately 1,500 hectares, the depth of tical depth, however, not the most DRDP for density and dynamic
the seaports is 9m, the depth of the relevant. Investigations (Vantorre, penetrometer measurements).
inner harbour is 5m. The outer har- 1994) have shown that the nautical
bour is parallel to the shore and has depth was found in mud layers with The dark blue line clearly shows the
a length of approximately 5.5km. The densities varying between 1.15kg/l top of the fluid mud layer in the har-
range between low tide and high tide and 1.24kg/l to 1.3kg/l and that not bour entrance. Near the entrance is
is approximately 3m. density is decisive, but viscosity is a a mud trap. In the harbour entrance
measure for the nautical depth. Inves- a sand bar is present before the bot-
Nautical Depth tigations in the German harbour of tom layer descends into the deeper
According to PIANC (1997) the nauti- Emden (Greiser and Wurpts) also entrance channel.
cal depth can be defined as ‘the level conclude that the critical density is
where physical characteristics of the not the best parameter to define the During each survey at predefined
bottom reach a critical limit beyond nautical depth. According to the lat- locations undisturbed samples were
which contact with a ship’s keel est investigations, the nautical depth taken for laboratory analyses. For this
causes either damage or unacceptable can best be defined by a physical purpose a dedicated piston sampler
effects on controllability and manoeu- parameter as the yield point (yield was developed with an air operated
vrability.’ Accordingly, nautical depth stress). At present, fluid mud agitation tube valve at the bottom. The maxi-
can be defined as: the instantaneous in the Emden harbour must be car- mum sample length was 2m. Based
and local vertical distance between ried out when the following criteria on the coupled density measurements
the nautical bottom and the undis- are exceeded: maximum yield point and depth, sensor samples can be
turbed free water surface. 100Pa, maximum fluidisation viscos- taken at various depth intervals. Dur-
ity 100Pa.s, Newtonian behaviour at ing the field investigations 10 surveys
Within the muddy bottom layer the shear stresses of maximum 500Pa.s. were carried out and approximately
physical properties such as density 1000 samples were collected for
and apparent viscosity increase with Field survey further laboratory analyses.
depth. At a certain depth a transi- Over a period of approximately one
tion between the ‘liquid’ and ‘solid’ year regular measurements were Laboratory tests
can be established. This transition, carried out in the outer harbour of A large number of tests were carried
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 23
Figure 5:
Impression
simulation study.
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY/ F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 25
Taut-wire machine
IN 1939, THE CHARTING AGENCY network of the southern Philippine with the need to improvise, as not
for the Philippines was the United Islands and northern Borneo. only were they planning on complet-
States Coast and Geodetic Survey ing the polygon enclosing the Sulu
(USC&GS). The Survey had been Not coincidentally, completion of Sea, but they also wished to better
working in the Philippine Islands for the triangulation of northern Bor- position Cagayan Sulu for control of
nearly 40 years at this time and had neo would have allowed a relatively hydrographic surveys in the southern
completed the triangulation of the easy tie to Cagayan Sulu. Accordingly, Sulu Sea. An accurate geodetic pos-
main islands on the north, through a request was made to the British ition would have to wait until after
the Sulu Archipelago on the east and Admiralty to complete the north- the war, but a sufficiently accurate
down the spine of Palawan, across ern Borneo triangulation which was method to determine the position of
Balabac Strait, to Balabac Island on gladly agreed to. Orders were issued these small islands for hydrographic
the west. Thus three sides of a great for the East Indies survey ship HMS surveying purposes was within the
polygon enclosing the Sulu Sea had Scarborough to execute this work. realm of possibility. This method was
been completed. What remained was However, World War II intervened, the taut-wire sun-azimuth method
for the British to complete the tri- and more important issues than the of measuring distance and direction
angulation of northern Borneo to triangulation of northern Borneo between anchored survey buoys.
enclose the Sulu Sea in a great trig- determined that the ship and its crew
onometric figure and allow for the would return to the Atlantic for con- The taut-wire machine was invented
adjustment of the total triangulation voy escort duty. This left the C&GS by the English firm Telegraph
Construction and Maintenance Com- pelorus attendant reading directions Sulu Sea was to purchase and install
pany and it was first used by British of on-range buoys off compass stand on the ship Research ( formerly the Example of taut-
hydrographers in 1921. The machine ( for a gross check on observed sun Pathfinder) a taut-wire device and wire buoy array
established on the
was originally used to determine azimuth), a helmsman, and a fathom- two reels of wire, each reel contain- Texas coast in
the geographic positions of buoys eter attendant for recording depths. ing 140 nautical miles of piano-wire. 1938. Over 250
buoys were
that would provide visual control Two plans were considered for posi- established in this
for surveys far offshore. Conceptu- As practiced in the United States dur- tioning an ‘initial’ buoy. The first of area for visual
ally, the method was quite simple: a ing the 1930s, taut-wire surveys were these considered placing it in a loca- control of surveys
on the continental
wire measured the distance between used extensively to establish buoy tion where a three-point sextant fix shelf while radio-
buoys and sextant observed sun azi- locations for visual control of sur- could be observed between triangu- acoustic-ranging
buoys were
muths provided azimuth control for veys along the mid-Atlantic coast lated peaks on Palawan, Balabac, and established past
determining position. In practice, this and Gulf coast of the United States. Banguey islands. A second plan was the shelf break for
deepwater
was a relatively complicated opera- These were areas of wide continental developed to position the initial buoy operations.
tion involving a high degree of team- shelf with low coastlines that made it somewhere on the line of position
work. While conning the ship to stay impossible to carry traditional land- determined by measuring the single
on range with two buoys of an array, based visual control to the edge of the angle between the peaks on Balabac
the sun’s altitude was observed simul- shelf. Radio acoustic ranging was also and Banguey islands near the limit of
taneously with the inclined angle infeasible as the acoustic signal gen- their visibility and measuring a sun
between the sun and a two-buoy erally dissipated in the shallow water. azimuth to one or both of these peaks
range to obtain the direction between The buoy arrays established in these from the location of the initial buoy.
the buoys. In practice, this involved areas were quite extensive. One array This plan had the advantage of shorter
many personnel including an officer- on the Texas coast had over 250 buoys traverse length coupled with a belief
in-charge conning the ship to stay on planted in 1938 during the course of that this shorter length would afford
range between buoys, an assistant a survey season. When reaching the greater overall accuracy. The first plan
on the bridge recording various asso- edge of the continental shelf, radio- had the following disadvantages:
ciated data, observers reading and acoustic ranging sono-buoys would 1. because of clouds shrouding its
checking the taut-wire sheave, the then be placed for surveying in the high peaks, there would be an
inclined angle observer measuring deeper offshore waters. uncertain wait for observing the
the angle between sun and buoys on high Palawan peaks;
range, vertical angle observer meas- The first step in implementing a 2. use of the Palawan peaks would
uring altitude of sun, angle recorder, taut-wire survey in the southern necessitate placing the initial
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 27
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NOW The hands-on ocean technology exhibition and training forum
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK • 9 – 11 April 2013
www.oceanbusiness.com
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HYD0113_History
3261.indd 1 Sec1:30 14-01-2013
08-01-2013 11:35:32
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Visited for You
Survey Talk on a
Cruise Vessel
The hydrographic conference Hydro12 took place from 13 to 15 November 2012 on board the
permanently moored former cruise vessel SS Rotterdam in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. This venue
proved to offer a great environment for the conference, networking, demos in the Port of Rotterdam and
more. The conference attracted over 400 delegates and the trade show had more than 40 companies
exhibiting technical developments in the hydrographic market.
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 31
Worldwide
Sandblasted
service and spares
titanium housing
Worldwide solutions
Denmark Norway United Kingdom USA France
The Netherlands Germany Brazil Bahrain Australia Singapore
No. 3265
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11:51:57
“In a world of an exponen- that in recognition of devel-
tially growing economy, with opments, also within major
a breathtaking increase in international institutions
demands for energy and com- like the International Mari-
modities the oceans have time Organisation (IMO), the
come into focus as the basis International Hydrographic
for nations’ future develop- Organisation (IHO) and the
ment and well-being. Today International Association
a multitude of different users of Marine Aids to Naviga-
and applications are seeking tion and Lighthouse Authori-
for the continuous provision ties (IALA), the International
of precise, reliable and just- Federation of Hydrographic
in-time ocean data and nauti- Societies (IFHS) must take a
cal information - not only for more prominent role in con-
the safety of maritime traf- tributing to and driving such Trade show in the Glass Enclosed Promenade of the SS Rotterdam emphasised the character of
fic. Hydrography therefore initiatives. Promotion of the the vessel. (Image courtesy: Camiel Hinderink).
has to reconsider its role and community’s interests must
position in the wider mari- address this challenge on a common views and positions
time community. Added to truly global basis with a clear on ocean policies, econom-
safe navigation, other disci- focus on both public chart- ics, science and technology in
plines like the offshore oil and ing and the survey industry close dialogue with the cur-
gas industry, deep-sea mining perspective. And it is for this rent and future users of IFHS
activities, global fisheries, off- reason that the HYDRO con- services.
shore energy production and ference and exhibition series
the tourism and leisure indus- has been created for the spe- Leendert Dorst,
try compete for maritime cialists’ community, as well Hydro international
space and are therefore in as for the wider benefit of the
urgent need of hydrographic maritime industry. This serves Holger Klindt,
services.” as the platform to exchange, International Federation of www.hydro12.com
w
Mr Klindt continues by stating discuss and shape our Hydrographic Societies
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY/ F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 33
The IHO S-44 standard is explicitly aimed at ‘hydrographic surveys for the collection of data which will primarily be used
to compile navigational charts to be used for the safety of surface navigation and the protection of the marine environ-
ment.’ (Introduction to IHO S-44 5th edition). For this use, I firmly believe that the minimum 2m THU required to achieve
the special order accuracy remains valid.
Although modern precise positioning can certainly achieve better THUs, there is little point in doing so for charting use
only because a) the symbolisation of the feature on charts will be much larger than the 2m on the ground THU and b)
navigators of ships will not be interested in positioning themselves so close to charted dangers that the 2m THU becomes
an issue. Indeed, as was discussed at length during the S-44 work, a single beam/side-scan survey is perfectly adequate
for navigational use! S-44 is a minimum standard which, if met, will produce data that can be safely used in chart pro-
duction. This does not in any way imply that organisations who specify surveys should limit their requirements to those
detailed in S-44 and surveyors can be directed to use tighter THUs in part or all of the survey area if such a difference will
allow the data to be used for other purposes. With ever decreasing resources and budgets the maxim of ‘survey once, use
many times’ needs to be constantly in mind.
What I think Mike is actually stating is that the IHO S-44 special order is inadequate for hydrographic surveys intended
for the large-scale visualisation of seafloor features and I would fully agree with this since features sampled on multi-
ple lines each with a potential 2m THU can, and do, look blurred. Also, any deformation survey will be of little use if the
expected deformation is smaller than the THU of the survey attempting to measure it. In all cases, users must implement
standards that are applicable to their task and if large scale visualisation is required then tighter THUs must be specified.
I agree with his assertion that high accuracy x/y is equally applicable to surveys as z and that the x/y has largely been sub-
servient to the z. However, improvements in charting surveys are probably best served by improving object detection
rather than maximum THU since undetected tall thin features rising from the seafloor present a much greater danger to
surface navigation than do detected features that are 2m away from their true position and this topic will be considered
carefully in the future development of the IHO survey standards.
In conclusion, therefore, I suggest that even for high-resolution shallow-water surveys where feature detection is a prior-
ity (which is true for S-44 special order) DGPS remains a viable positioning method providing it is detection and not visu-
alisation of the feature that is the aim. The high-resolution equipment ensures feature detection while the uncertainties
in position are not an issue normally for navigational surveys. If the desire is to visually inspect the feature and hence the
high-resolution data is for visualisation and multiple passes will be required (either to cover the feature or to give a time
series) then a more precise form of positioning must be used.
The views of Hydro International readership on whether the time has come to reconsider broadening the scope of S-44
to non-navigational applications are welcome. Meanwhile, there are legitimate applications of shallow-water MBES sur-
veys for which DGPS is perfectly suitable. HOs should not be discouraged to use this cost-effective combination.
Chris Howlett,
Chairman of the former IHO Working
Group which created S-44 edition 5.
Fluvial Hydrography
Workshop in Peru
The 2nd Fluvial Hydrography Workshop, organised and hosted by
the Peru Hydrographic Service for Navigation of the Amazon
(SHNA), was held in Iquitos, Peru, from 12 to 13 November 2012.
Moderated by CDR Hugo Montoro (Commander, SHNA), this was a
follow-on to the 1st Workshop which was held in Iquitos in
November 2007.
OVER 45 PEOPLE ATTENDED The workshop included a series and fluctuations that occur in on field observations, experi-
the workshop including repre- of seminars and on-water dem- Peru and Brazil. Another series mental measurements, and
sentatives from hydrographic onstrations aimed at increas- of presentations by Mr Kevin numerical modelling in order to
offices, inland waterway trans- ing the level of knowledge on Oberg (US Geological Sur- better predict changes in river
portation agencies and com- the hydro-dynamic processes vey) provided both a theoreti- configuration that continually
panies who conduct inland/ that influence dynamic changes cal background and practical occur. When conducting fluvial
river hydrographic surveys. in South American river sys- advice on the use of Acous- hydro surveys, various types of
Attendees included people from tems. Presentations by Dr Jorge tic Doppler Current Profilers equipment and procedures are
Hydrographic Offices of Bra- Abad (University of Pittsburgh, (ADCPs). required that are not often used
zil, Ecuador and Peru, and rep- Pennsylvania, USA) explained when conducting hydrographic
resentatives from commercial how parameters such as vol- This workshop had several surveys in ocean and coastal
companies in Canada, Peru and ume and velocity of water flow, take-home messages related regions. In this regard, it was
the United States. There were sediment transport, and river to conducting fluvial hydro- recommended that there may
also observers from the Inland bed composition/morphol- graphic surveys. In addition to be a need to review existing
ENC Harmonization Group ogy are the primary factors. using satellite images to moni- IHO standards on hydrographic
(IEHG) which met in Iquitos He also provided examples of tor changes in river configura- surveying in terms of their
later that week. complex river meander shapes tion, there is also a need to rely application and adequacy for
conducting hydrographic sur-
veys in dynamic, river systems.
In particular, this includes IHO
Standards for Hydrographic
Surveys (S-44) and the Manual
on Hydrography (C-13).
Lee Alexander
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 35
Going International
Cadden
Based in Nantes, France, Cadden 2. In late 2011, they created their among the France Sales/Export
Export department. department, R & D, technical support
specialises in electronic solutions for and administration. For the year
geopositioning and hydrography. As a “After a series of successes outside 2011/2012, the company posted sales
France, we wanted to move away of EUR 3.8 million , with a 14% export
full-service integrator, distributor and from simply responding to opportu- share.
Frederick Clement designer, the company’s global vision nities and instead develop a real
Export sales international strategy,” explains Export: a Turning Point for the
manager, Cadden, has become its trademark. This Cadden’s director Mr. Gilles Dandec. Company
France
French SME is now entering a new Within the river and maritime
A Solution for Every Need community, Cadden’s customer base
growth phase. Since its inception, Cadden’s mission is diverse and constantly expanding:
statement has remained the same: to engineering companies, scientific
provide customers with the most organisations, major seaports,
IN 1999, GILLES DANDEC, FORMER advanced technologies and offshore service companies,
sales executive with Thales Navigation, customised technical solutions shipyards, territorial authorities and
formed Cadden in Nantes, France. tailored to any situation in the field. more.
Initially a distributor of GPS systems Its products now cover a broad
and inertial measurement units for spectrum of specialised sensors, While continuing its growth in
the maritime sector, the company available for sale or lease, alone or as France, Cadden is pursuing a strong
continued to expand its range of prod- integrated solutions, with or without export policy. The company is aiming
ucts and services. Its steady growth support services. for 30% of its sales outside France
was marked by two key events: within two years, doubling the current
1. In mid-2010, Cadden developed and Internally, the company cultivates a export share. To achieve this progress,
introduced Geod, a range of smart culture of teamwork and innovation. the French integrator will rely on two
GPS antennas, and Its workforce of nine people is divided strengths:
1. Its range of products and services generally the maritime sector, is Cadden is already experiencing the
for international markets: shaped by three basic trends. positive effects of the ‘green wave’ in
- The Geod range of smart France.
antennas, featuring the PPU, Bali The first is technological. The systems
and Tracking units. The new are becoming increasingly sophisti- Consistent with its approach, Cadden
Pilotstar system proposed by cated and integration requires more is already preparing solutions for
Fugro to help tankers dock and more expertise. Customers need tomorrow. In the near-term, they are
alongside an FPSO (Floating specialists they can count on to build developing a ‘portable’ version of their
Production Storage and complete, reliable operational solutions, Integrated Hydro Pack solution: a
Offloading) is also built around
the Geod PPU.
- The Integrated Hydro Pack is a
turnkey solution for hydrographic The hydrography market is
survey vessels built by shipyards.
- Cadden also offers equipment shaped by three basic trends
rentals - single or multi-beam
echo sounders, 3D Lidar sensors,
inertial measurement units, etc.- and demand for these services will compact system on a pole, consisting
as well as integration services as surely increase. In this regard, Cadden is of a multi-beam echo sounder, an
needed for specific projects. in an excellent position. inertial measurement unit and a GPS
(early 2013).
2. The experienced export sales The second trend involves overall
manager, hired in late 2011, whose market demand. Customer needs are In parallel, the company intends to
primary mission is to establish a becoming more complex and specific. pursue the commercial development
network of distributors. Europe and For these niche markets, sales of the Geod range, including Geod
Africa are already covered, and volumes are low, and large companies Survey, a small autonomous
India should follow soon. are not organised to bid on small catamaran equipped with multiple
projects. This provides very inter- sensors, which will successfully serve
“In just twelve years, Cadden has esting perspectives for Cadden, whose light hydrographic applications.
become a key player on the French mission is precisely to develop such
hydrography market as an integrator solutions. f.clement@cadden.fr
and distributor of high-tech solutions.
Our goal for the future is to extend The third trend relates more particu-
this recognition beyond our borders,” larly to the European market, where
says Cadden’s director. the renewable maritime energy sector
is booming. Ocean currents, offshore
A Promising Future wind energy and ocean thermal www.cadden.fr
The hydrography market, and more energy offer a huge potential, and
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 37
HYD0113_Business
Adv. 38
Hydro 1-1 pag. 210x297.indd 1 14-01-2013 10:32:48
21-10-2009 11:55:23
IHO Publications
1. http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/
com_wg/HSSC/HSSC4/HSSC-
4Docs.htm
The meeting discussed standards and data models.
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 39
System
georeferenced marine place names, areas,
regions, marine and maritime boundaries,
has been launched. It is an integration of
the VLIMAR Gazetteer and the VLIZ Mar- RESON will provide a SeaBat
itime Boundaries Geodatabase. Marine 7125 sonar system for a new
Regions is managed by the Flanders Marine breakwater mapping system
Institute. GEOSUB 3DTM developed
http://su.pr/9tS51x by the company MESURIS in
France. It is a high-resolution
3D real-time bathymetric and
topographic system designed
to provide marine engineer-
ing data both above and below
the water’s surface, deployable
either from a land or barge
crane.
http://su.pr/26U0u7
Overview of the maritime boundaries mapped. The multi-beam image of the breakwater.
Light Construction and Survey Services package, QINSy Premium. One application
is ArcGIS for Maritime: Bathymetry, which
indexes, searches, and models bathymet-
Monitoring Environmental
ViSea DPS
Concerns in Lake Victoria DATA PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
UK-based OSIL recently completed the installation of two To validate, visualize and manage your ADCP data
data buoys along Lake Victoria in Kenya to help manage the
local environment. The buoys will be used to monitor vari-
ous environmental concerns including hyacinth menace
and contamination of the lake water. In addition to moni-
toring atmospheric components of the lake, such as mois-
ture, oxygen levels and temperature, the sensors on the data
buoys will also measure wind direction and levels of poten-
tially harmful chemicals in the lake.
http://su.pr/2JOYCf
No 3254 |w
www.aquavisi
www.aquavision.nl
ion.nl | iinfo@aquavision.nl
nfo@
@aquavision.n
nl |
Figure 2: Cruise to
measure the
different
parameters for
coastal
engineering;
sediment
transport, currents,
waves, CTD typical
data, etc. The main
purpose of the
cruise was to
calibrate several
numerical models
for coastal
engineering.
Sciences at the University of Las Pal- on the Canary island of El Hierro, temperatures and high concentra-
mas de Gran Canaria develop their conducted by researchers from the tions of copper, which significantly
research work in the field of research Spanish Institute of Oceanography increased their populations, to mas-
groups, including Applied Marine and (IEO) and the Faculty of Marine Sci- sive fish kills.
Fisheries Ecology, Applied Marine ences (ULPGC) aboard the research
Physics and Remote Sensing, Obser- vessel Ramon Margalef. Research- The Spanish Institute of Oceanogra-
vation and modelling of geophysical ers from the FCM are assigned to the phy, co-operating with the Commis-
phenomena and Marine Processes Institute of Oceanography and Glo- sion for Coordination and Monitoring
(with research areas: Mixing and bal Change, IOCAG, and the Spanish of Activities of Research Vessels
boundary layer; Ocean circulation Bank of Algae, BEA. (COCSABO ) has given permission to
and coastal upwelling; Applied Geo- degree, bachelor and master of oce-
physics; Circulation and Coastal and The study shows a warming, acidi- anography students to use the new
Estuarine Pollution – the latter led by fication and very significant oxy- research vessel Alvariño Angeles for
the author of this article); Biological gen depletion in waters affected by 10 days in April 2013 to carry out field
Oceanography, and Physical Ocean- volcanic emissions. Specifically, the work.
ography and Satellite Oceanography water temperature rose to 18.8° C,
(with research areas Marine and the pH decreased to 3-equivalent
Coastal Meteorology Physics Applied, units of acid at a concentration 1,000
Applied Remote Sensing). times higher than normal values and
down-dissolved oxygen concentra-
One of the research projects has been tion up to 90-100%. These extreme
published in the journal Scientific environmental changes caused differ-
Reports, part of the prestigious Nature. ent responses in marine organisms:
It included the first scientific results from the selection of phytoplank- 1. www.fcm.ulpgc.es
of the effects of the volcanic eruption ton species adapted to living in high
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 45
Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 47
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Hydro I N T E R N AT I ON A L | JA N U A RY / F EB R U A RY 2 0 1 3 | 49
EAB
The Editorial Advisory Board (EAB) of IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT sub-committee will be reported to the training, most educational institu-
Hydro INTERNATIONAL consists of
professionals, from various fields, maritime nations should consider NHC who will then decide whether a tions also conduct research and devel-
who independently make
recommendations on potential authors establishing an NHC to co-operate in working group should be set up to fur- opment. The NHC can support and
and specific topics. The EAB members
also contribute to this column. The the development and sustainability ther investigate the issue and produce assist the education institutions in
EAB is served on a non-committal of marine and hydrographic indus- a standard, guideline, circular, report, providing the facilities and resources
basis.
tries. The members of an NHC are etc. NHC can play a role in enabling available such as survey vessels for
Doug Brown comprised of agencies and education data sharing, exchange of informa- research expeditions.
Deputy director, National Geodetic
Survey, National Oceanic & institutions related to these indus- tion and consultation between the
Atmospheric Administration (USA)
tries. The National Hydrographic hydrographic services especially for The communication among mem-
Rear admiral Dr Neil Guy (retd)
Maritime affairs and hydrographic Office (NHO) should be appointed as the development of marine geospa- bers of the NHC can establish a strong
consultant (South Africa)
chairman of the NHC, responsible as tial data infrastructure. In addition, interconnection and networking for
Dr John K. Hall (retd) the representative of the committee the NHC can serve as the authority to the marine and hydrographic indus-
Geological Survey of Israel (Israel)
to preside the meetings or any other ensure the hydrographic survey fees tries that provide positive benefits to
Andrew Leyzack C.L.S.
Canadian Hydrographic Service activities. The annual meetings of are standardised to reflect the profes- the country. Hence, the establishment
(Canada); chair of FIG Commission 4
(Hydrography) NHCs can be conducted twice a year. sional service accomplished. of a National Hydrographic Commit-
Prof. Dr Mohd Razali Mahmud
Members of an NHC are encouraged tee should be seen as a way of gath-
Director of the Centre for to report their hydrographic activi- Collaboration between the NHC and ering all the related agencies and
Hydrographic Studies, Faculty of
Geoinformation Science and ties during the meeting. Such report- educational institutions can ben- education institutions in marine and
Engineering of the Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (Malaysia) ing includes the updating of nautical efit the industry. The co-operation hydrographic industries so as to pro-
Rear admiral Chris Andreasen charts and information on new hydro- between NHC and education insti- vide a significant contribution to the
(retd) graphic survey projects that have tutions is necessary to ensure the country.
NGA Maritime Safety Office (USA)
been carried out since the last NHC hydrographic education provides
Captain Robert Ward meeting. Any consequential issues in comprehensive knowledge in line
President, Directing Committee of the
International Hydrographic Bureau marine and hydrographic matters can with hydrographic development and
(Monaco)
be addressed and discussed during requirements. For instance, NHC can
Edward J. Saade
President/Managing Director, Fugro the meeting. provide the input to the syllabus and
Earth Data, Inc. (USA)
training of hydrographic education
Luis Salgado NHC members are expected to pro- to meet the criteria and the require-
President, Desmar Ltd (Chile)
vide the solution and give their rec- ments of the hydrographic industry in
Mark Sinclair
Managing Director Fugro LADS ommendation with regard to the order to produce competent hydro-
Corporation (Australia), and President
Fugro LADS Incorporated (USA) hydrographic and marine issues. graphic surveyors and nautical car-
Example of such an issue is the data tographers. Furthermore, the NHC
David Whitcombe
Chief surveyor for Europe, Shell (UK) sharing among agencies. Perhaps, a can support and assist the education
Rear admiral Jonathan White sub-committee can be set up to look institutions by providing expertise as
Hydrographer of the US Navy
at this specific issue and any other an advisor and in the placement of
Prof. Dr. Mohd Razali Mahmud,
Michael Bergmann related issues such as national datum industrial training for the students. In Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Director Maritime Industry
Affairs and Services, Jeppesen standardisation. Any findings by the addition to providing education and
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www.valeport.co.uk
No. 3253