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org/wiki/Notation_for_differentiation
In differential calculus, there is no single uniform notation for differentiation. Instead, several different notations
for the derivative of a function or variable have been proposed by different mathematicians. The usefulness of each
notation varies with the context, and it is sometimes advantageous to use more than one notation in a given context.
The most common notations for differentiation (and its opposite operation, the antidifferentiation or indefinite
integration) are listed below.
1 Leibniz's notation
1.1 Leibniz's notation for antidifferentiation
2 Lagrange's notation
2.1 Lagrange's notation for antidifferentiation
3 Euler's notation
3.1 Euler's notation for antidifferentiation
4 Newton's notation
4.1 Newton's notation for antidifferentiation
5 Partial derivatives
6 Notation in vector calculus
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
This is a suggestive notational device that comes from formal manipulations of symbols, as in,
Logically speaking, these equalities are not theorems. Instead, they are simply definitions of notation.
The value of the derivative of y at a point x = a may be expressed in two ways using Leibniz's notation:
Leibniz's notation allows one to specify the variable for differentiation (in the denominator). This is especially helpful
when considering partial derivatives. It also makes the chain rule easy to remember and recognize:
Leibniz's notation for differentiation does require assigning a meaning to symbols such as dx or dy on their own, and
some authors do not attempt to assign these symbols meaning. Leibniz treated these symbols as infinitesimals. Later
authors have assigned them other meanings, such as infinitesimals in non-standard analysis or exterior derivatives.
One of the most common modern notations for differentiation is due to Joseph Louis
Lagrange. In Lagrange's notation, a prime mark denotes a derivative. If f is a function, then
its derivative is written
Lagrange first used the notation in unpublished works, and it appeared in print in 1770.[1]
Higher derivatives are indicated using additional prime marks, as in for the second
derivative and for the third derivative. The use of repeated prime marks eventually becomes unwieldy. Some
authors continue by employing Roman numerals, as in
to denote fourth, fifth, sixth, and higher order derivatives. Other authors use Arabic numerals in parentheses, as in
This notation also makes it possible to describe the nth derivative, where n is a variable. This is written
When there are two independent variables for a function f(x,y), the following convention may be followed:[2]
for the first integral (this is easily confused with the inverse function ),
for the second integral,
for the third integral, and
for the nth integral.
Leonhard Euler's notation uses a differential operator suggested by Louis François Antoine
Arbogast, denoted as D (D operator)[3] or D̃ (Newton–Leibniz operator)[4] When applied
to a function f(x), it is defined by
Euler's notation leaves implicit the variable with respect to which differentiation is being done. However, this variable
can also be notated explicitly. When f is a function of a variable x, this is done by writing[2]
This notation is particularly handy when f is a function of several variables, in which case the subscript denotes the
derivatives that are being taken. For example, the second partial derivatives of a function f(x, y) are:[2]
Euler's notation is useful for stating and solving linear differential equations, as it simplifies presentation of the
differential equation, which can make seeing the essential elements of the problem easier.
Newton's notation for differentiation (also called the dot notation for differentiation) places a dot over
the dependent variable. That is, if y is a function of x, then the derivative of y with respect to x is
U+20DB ◌⃛ COMBINING THREE DOTS ABOVE (third derivative) ← replaced by "combining diaeresis" + "combining dot
above".
U+20DC ◌⃜ COMBINING FOUR DOTS ABOVE (fourth derivative) ← replaced by "combining diaeresis" twice.
U+030D ◌̍ COMBINING VERTICAL LINE ABOVE (integral)
U+030E ◌̎ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE ABOVE (second integral)
U+25AD ▭ WHITE RECTANGLE (integral)
U+20DE ◌⃞ COMBINING ENCLOSING SQUARE (integral)
U+1DE0 ◌ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER N (nth derivative)
Newton's notation is generally used when the independent variables denotes time. If x is a function of t, then denotes
velocity[7] and denotes acceleration.[8] This notation is popular in physics and mathematical physics. It also appears
in areas of mathematics connected with physics such as differential equations. It is only popular for first and second
derivatives, but in applications these are usually the only derivatives that are necessary.
When taking the derivative of a dependent variable y = f(x), an alternative notation exists:[9]
Newton developed the following partial differential operators using side-dots on a curved X ( ⵋ ). Definitions given by
Whiteside are below:[10][11]
To denote multiple integrals, Newton used two small vertical bars or primes (y̎ ), or a combination of previous symbols
▭y̍ y̍ , to denote the second time integral (absity).
This mathematical notation didn't become widespread because of printing difficulties and the Leibniz–Newton
calculus controversy.
When more specific types of differentiation are necessary, such as in multivariate calculus or tensor
analysis, other notations are common.
For a function f(x), we can express the derivative using subscripts of the independent variable:
This type of notation is especially useful for taking partial derivatives of a function of several variables.
Partial derivatives are generally distinguished from ordinary derivatives by replacing the differential
operator d with a "∂" symbol. For example, we can indicate the partial derivative of f(x, y, z) with
respect to x, but not to y or z in several ways:
Other notations can be found in various subfields of mathematics, physics, and engineering, see for
example the Maxwell relations of thermodynamics. The symbol is the derivative of the temperature T with
respect to the volume V while keeping constant the entropy (subscript) S, while is the derivative of the
temperature with respect to the volume while keeping constant the pressure P.
Vector calculus concerns differentiation and integration of vector or scalar fields. Several notations specific to the case
of three-dimensional Euclidean space are common.
Assume that (x, y, z) is a given Cartesian coordinate system, that A is a vector field with components
, and that is a scalar field.
The differential operator introduced by William Rowan Hamilton, written ∇ and called del or nabla, is symbolically
defined in the form of a vector,
where the terminology symbolically reflects that the operator ∇ will also be treated as an ordinary vector.
Many symbolic operations of derivatives can be generalized in a straightforward manner by the gradient operator in
Cartesian coordinates. For example, the single-variable product rule has a direct analogue in the multiplication of
scalar fields by applying the gradient operator, as in
Further notations have been developed for more exotic types of spaces. For calculations in Minkowski space, the
d'Alembert operator, also called the d'Alembertian, wave operator, or box operator is represented as , or as when
not in conflict with the symbol for the Laplacian.
Analytical Society
Derivative
Jacobian matrix
Hessian matrix
1. Lagrange, Nouvelle méthode pour résoudre les équations littérales par le moyen des séries (1770), p. 25-26.
http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PID=PPN308900308%7CLOG_0017&physid=PHYS_0031
2. The Differential and Integral Calculus (Augustus De Morgan, 1842). pp. 267-268
3. http://www.codecogs.com/library/maths/calculus/differential/the-d-operator.php
4. Weisstein, Eric W. "Differential Operator." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DifferentialOperator.html
5. Weisstein, Eric W. "Repeated Integral." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RepeatedIntegral.html
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