HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Hazardous Materials & Pipeline

Preparedness for Community Officials

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Course Logistics
• Restrooms
• Emergency Exits
• Cell Phones
• Food
• Sign In

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Who Are We?

• Nashua Regional Planning Commission
• Nashua Office of Emergency Management &
Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)

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About This Program

• NRPC was 1 of 22 local governments and pipeline safety
groups to receive grant support to advance pipeline safety and
education initiatives through the PHMSA Technical Assistance
Grant (TAG) program.
• Goals:
• Promote existing best-practice guidance for land-use
planning around existing and planned pipeline as well as
general Dig-Safe awareness.
• Open Data portal where stakeholders can access curated,
authoritative, and up-to-date GIS data and mapping
information related to pipeline planning and safety.
• Local incident training workshops for local fire and other
first responders

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Agenda
• Hazmat/Pipeline Emergency Planning
• EPCRA
• Local Emergency Planning Committee
• Pipeline Emergency Awareness
• Hazmat/Pipeline Emergency Response
• Incident Command System
• The Eight Step Process
• Next Steps

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Introductions
• Name
• Organization
• Role during an incident involving hazardous
materials?

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Emergency Planning & Community

Right to Know Act (EPCRA) & Local
Emergency Planning Committees
(LEPC)

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CERCLA Established
1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response
Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)

• Also known as “Superfund”

• Creates fee on Chemical Manufacturers
• Intended for cleanup of abandoned sites
• Requires notification of release
• Liability for the release
• Enhanced EPA authority

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Catastrophic Events
December 3, 1984 - Bhopal India
– 40 tons of Methyl Isocyanate Leak from Union
Carbide pesticide facility
– Over 3,800 die
– Over 11,000 disabled

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Catastrophic Events
August 11, 1985 - Institute West Virginia
• Similar leak of Adicarb Oxime
• No deaths, several hundred injured

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EPCRA Established
1986 – CERCLA Amended
• Superfund Amendment & Reauthorization Act
(SARA Title III)
• Reauthorized fee on chemical manufacturers
• Increased state involvement
• Increased enforcement authority
Establishes Emergency Planning
& Community Right to Know Act
(EPCRA)

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EPCRA Goals
EPCRA has two main goals
• Require and support emergency planning for
chemical releases
• Provide local government and citizens with
information about hazardous substances in
their communities
Goals achieved through four major provisions

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EPCRA Provisions
Emergency Planning
(Sections 301-303)
Emergency release notification
(Section 304)
Chemical storage reporting requirements
(Sections 311-312)
Toxic chemical release inventory
(Section 313)

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EPCRA Section 301

• Establish State Emergency Response Commission
(SERC)
• Designate Local Emergency Planning Districts
• Appoint Local Emergency Planning Committee
(LEPC) for each district

Planning District LEPC

SERC

Planning District LEPC

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EPCRA Section 301

• Required disciplines on an LEPC
• Emergency Responders (police, fire, etc.)
• Emergency Management
• Hospital / emergency medical
• Industry
• Elected officials
• Broadcast/print media
• Academia
• Public Works
• Transportation
• Environmental Groups
• Public

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EPCRA Section 302

• EPA designates 356 substances as
Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS)
• Sets a Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) for each
substance
• Sets requirements for facilities possessing a TPQ
of EHS
• Must notify SERC / LEPC
• Must participate with LEPC

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EPCRA Section 302

TITLE 42 > CHAPTER 116 > SUBCHAPTER I > § 11003
(d) Providing of information
For each facility subject to the requirements of this subchapter:

Within 30 days after establishment of a local emergency planning

committee for the emergency planning district in which such
facility is located, or within 11 months after October 17, 1986,
whichever is earlier, the owner or operator of the facility shall
notify the emergency planning committee (or the Governor if
there is no committee) of a facility representative who will
participate in the emergency planning process as a facility
emergency coordinator. et.seq

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EPCRA Section 303

• Development of community emergency response
plans
• Must include the 9 planning elements
• Focused on, but not limited to
facilities with EHS

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EPCRA Section 303

The 9-Planning Elements

1. Identify facilities and transport routes of

extremely hazardous substances within the
planning district
2. Describe onsite and offsite emergency response
procedures
3. Designate a community emergency coordinator
and a facility coordinator
4. Outline emergency notification procedures

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EPCRA Section 303

5. Methods for determining the occurrence of a
release, and the areas that will be affected
6. Description of emergency equipment at each
facility subject to these requirements
7. Description of evacuation plans
8. A training program for emergency responders
9. Methods and schedules for exercising the
emergency plan

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EPCRA Section 304

Emergency Release Reporting

• Provides for timely notification of releases to

appropriate entities
• Facilities must notify the SERC and LEPC about
release of a reportable quantity (RQ) of a regulated
substance
• Immediate initial notification (within 15 minutes)
• Written follow-up notification (within 2 weeks)
• Notification to the National Response Center
(NRC) also required

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EPCRA Section 304

Initial Notification (15 minutes)

• Chemical name
• Whether it was an Extremely Hazardous
Substance
• Approximate quantity released
• Time and duration of release
• Medium it was released into (soil, water, air)
• Acute/Chronic health risks
• Precautions to be taken (evacuation/shelter-in-
place)
• Name and telephone number of a contact person
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EPCRA Section 304

Written Follow-up (Within 2 Weeks)

• Updates the initial notification information

• In addition, it includes the following:
• Actions taken to respond to and contain the
release
• Any known or anticipated acute/chronic health
risks associated with the release
• Advice regarding medical attention necessary
for exposed individuals

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Sections 311, 312, & 313

Section 311 / MSDS Chemical List Reporting
• Requires facilities to submit an MSDS for all
Extremely Hazardous Substances
Section 312 / HazMat Inventory Reporting
• Facilities comply with EPCRA 312 by
completing the Tier II Report
Section 313 / Toxic Release Inventory Reporting
• Must submit an annual toxic chemical release
report (Form R) by July 1 of each year to:
• EPA
• Designated State Agency

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CAMEO Tools
Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations
• CAMEO
• CAMEOfm
• CAMEO Chemicals
• MARPLOT
• ALOHA
• Facility Hazard Analysis Planning

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Other Tools & Apps

• Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER)
• First Responder Support Tools (FIRST)
• Emergency Response Guidebook App

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Pipeline Emergency Response

First Responder
Training

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Course Objectives
At the completion of this training, individuals will possess the following knowledge,
skills, and abilities:
1. Awareness of the different types of pipelines and their purposes
2. Ability to recognize a pipeline right-of-way
3. Knowledge of the information contained on pipeline markers
4. Awareness of information available through various mapping systems
5. Ability to recognize a pipeline leak
6. Awareness of the potential hazards associated with a pipeline leak
7. Understanding of the actions to take in response to a pipeline leak, including
the essential communications that may be necessary
8. Knowledge of the actions operators take to protect and maintain the integrity
of pipelines
9. Awareness of the additional resources that are available

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Introduction
● Pipelines are the safest and most reliable
way to transport energy products
● Pipeline operators regularly monitor the
integrity of their pipelines to ensure safe
operations
● Even with these efforts, an unintended
release is possible and responding agencies
must be prepared to act
● This guide provides a general set of
interoperable emergency response
procedures and gives responders the basic
information needed to safely handle a
pipeline incident

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Pipeline Basics
● There are over 2.1 million miles of pipelines in the United
States
● Pipelines are facilities through which hazardous liquids or
gas move in transportation, and include:
● Pipelines
● Valves
● Compressor stations
● Pumping units
● Meter stations
● Storage tanks

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Pipeline Basics
Pipelines in Your Community
● Gathering Pipelines
● Transport crude and natural gas from the well-
head to processing facilities
● Transmission Pipelines
● Transport natural gas and refined products from
refineries to marketing or distribution centers
through larger diameter higher pressure pipelines
● Distribution Pipelines
● Transport natural gas from transmission pipelines
to customers through lower pressure smaller
diameter pipelines

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Pipeline Basics
Pipeline Right-of-Way (ROW)
● All pipelines are constructed along a
clear corridor of land called the right-of-
way (ROW)
● The ROW may contain one or more
pipelines, may vary in width, and will
cross through public and private
property
● Enables pipeline personnel to gain
access for inspection, maintenance,
testing or emergencies
● The ROW should be free of permanent
structures (encroachments) and large
trees

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Pipeline Basics

Pipeline Marker Signs

Aboveground signs and markers identify the
approximate location of underground
pipelines. Markers may look different, but
every sign tells you the same information:
Product Transported

24 Hour Emergency Phone Number

Pipeline Company Name

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Pipeline Basics
ROW
Vent Pipes
Aerial Marker

Approximate Locations

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Pipeline Basics
Pipeline Control Center
When you call the 24-hour emergency phone number on a marker sign,
you will speak with someone at the pipeline operator’s control center.
● The control center is the heart of
pipeline operations.
● 24 hours per day / 7 days a week
free of charge
● The quickest way to get operator help
● Pipeline Specific Information
● Product
● Pressure
● Resources
● Additional Hazards

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Pipeline Basics
National Pipeline Mapping System
● NPMS contains information for all
transmission pipelines
● Hazardous Liquids Pipelines
● Breakout tanks
● Natural Gas Pipelines
● LNG Plants
● Does NOT include gathering or local
https://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov/
distribution pipelines
● Data is displayed by county
● Agencies can obtain this information in
digital format
● Includes non-emergency contact
information
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Pipeline Basics
High Consequence Areas
● Pipeline safety regulations use the term
“High Consequence Areas” (HCAs), to
identify specific locations and areas where
a release could have the most significant
consequences
● Once identified, operators are required to
perform additional inspections and
analysis to ensure the integrity of pipelines
● “Identified Sites” are locations normally
occupied by 20 or more people on a
regular basis and may create an “HCA” if
close enough to the pipeline

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Pipeline Basics

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●

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Pipeline Basics
Identified Site Emergency Planning Application
(ISEPA)
• Pipelines
• Evacuation
areas
• Identified sites

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Pipeline Basics
Identified Site Emergency Planning Application
(ISEPA)
Click on pipeline for additional information:

● Product
● Pipeline Size
● Evacuation Distance
● Emergency Telephone #
● Company Name
● Contact Person
● Documents

http://isepa.pipelineawareness.org/
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Products Transported
Common Products:
● Natural Gas
● Petroleum Gas
● LPG, HVL, NGL
● Petroleum Liquids
● Crude oil
● Refined products
● Anhydrous Ammonia
● Carbon Dioxide
● Ethanol
● Hydrogen Gas
● Sour Crude Oil
● Sour Gas

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Natural Gas (DOT ERG 115)

● Natural gas is the predominant product found in gas distribution
pipelines, and is transported via pipelines in its gaseous form
● It is transported through transmission pipelines to distribution centers
(or distribution pipeline systems)
● The main ingredient in natural gas is methane (94%)
● At ambient temperatures it remains a lighter than air gas; however, it
can be compressed (CNG) under high pressure to make it
convenient for use in other applications or liquefied (LNG) under
extremely cold temperatures (-260° F) to facilitate transportation
● Natural gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless and nontoxic in its
natural state.
● When transported via transmission pipelines, natural gas typically
does not have odorant added.
● An odorant is added when it is delivered to a distribution system

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Basic Natural Gas Operations

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Natural Gas (DOT ERG 115)

Compression Station
Well Head Processing Plant

Customer Service Meter and

Gate Station Shutoff Valve

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Natural Gas (DOT ERG 115)

Indications of a Leak:
● An odor like rotten eggs or a burnt match
(odorized natural gas only)
● A loud roaring sound like a jet engine
● A hissing or whistling noise
● Fire coming out of or on top of the ground
● Dirt blowing from a hole in the ground
● An area of frozen ground in the summer
● An unusual area of melted snow in the
winter
● An area of dead vegetation
● Bubbling in pools of water

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Natural Gas (DOT ERG 115)

Hazards of a Release:
● Highly flammable and easily ignited by
heat or sparks
● Will displace oxygen and can cause
asphyxiation
● Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic
gases
● Vapors may form an explosive mixture
with air
● Vapors may cause dizziness or
asphyxiation without warning (non-
odorized gas)
● Is lighter than air and can migrate into
enclosed spaces
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Natural Gas (DOT ERG 115)

Odorization:
● In all natural gas distribution
pipelines, and often in
transmission pipelines located
in heavily populated areas, the
natural gas must be odorized
● Mercaptan products are added
for leak recognition (smells like
rotten eggs or a burnt match)
● Remember, anytime anyone
smells the distinct mercaptan
odor, they should be very
cautious

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Emergency Preparedness
● Pipeline emergencies are some
of the most dangerous
situations an emergency
responder can encounter.
● Advance knowledge of
pipelines in your community
along with knowing how to
contact and work together with
the pipeline operator are key
factors to an effective and safe
response

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Emergency Preparedness
What you should know before and incident:
● Names of the Companies operating pipelines
in your community
● Emergency and non emergency contact
information for all pipeline operators
● Approximate location of the pipelines
● Products transported in the pipelines
● Physical indications of a leak
● Possible hazards associated with a release
● Potential impact on the community
● Steps that should be taken to protect the public
● Response capabilities of the pipeline operator

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Emergency Preparedness
Emergency Response Capabilities
The Emergency Response Capabilities Database & Reporting
Tool is a free, web-based resource developed to enhance
emergency preparedness and response planning in communities
with pipeline infrastructure.
● Response capabilities for:
● Responding Agencies
● Pipeline Operators
● Personnel training
● Responding units
● Cooperative agreements

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Incident Response Steps

● Responders must understand the hazards
and risks associated with the incident
● Seek additional information about the
pipeline in question as soon as possible by
calling the 24-hour emergency phone
number for the pipeline operator
● Every incident is different - each will have
special problems and concerns
● Refer to information contained in the North
American Emergency Response
Guidebook (NAERG)
● Continue to gather information and monitor
the situation until the threat is removed

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Emergency Response Guidebook

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Incident Response Steps

● Use what you know - pipelines
release hazardous materials
● The NAERG provides actions for the
first moments of any Haz-Mat
emergency
● The NAERG white page guidance:
● Approach Cautiously
● Secure The Scene
● Identify the Product and Hazards
● Assess the Situation
● Call for Help
● Respond Appropriately
● Do NOT assume gasses or vapors are
harmless due to lack of smell!
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Incident Response Steps

NAERG PERG

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Step 1 - Assess the Situation

● Approach with Caution
● From upwind if possible
● Do not get too close
● Do not park vehicles over manholes
● Establish extent of vapor travel and
continue monitoring
● Secure the scene
● Isolate the area
● Initiate evacuations
● Employ NIMS and the Incident
Command System

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Step 1 - Assess the Situation

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Step 1 - Assess the Situation

● Identify
● Markers
● Telephone Numbers
● Product
● Refer to NAERG

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Step 2 - Protect People, Property, Environment

● Deny Entry, Establish Zones and Set Up Barricades
● Initial and Extended
● Public Protective Actions
● Rescue
● Evacuation – Shelter in Place
● First Aid
● Hazards – See Appendix A of PERG
For chemical hazards
● Fire - eliminate ignition sources
● Toxic
● Asphyxiation
● PPE and Respiratory Protection Mandatory

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Recommend Minimum Evacuation Distances – Natural Gas

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Step 2 - Protect People, Property, Environment

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Step 2 - Protect People, Property, Environment

● Leak control
● Transmission pipelines
● High risk operations with liquids - wait
for the pipeline operator
● DO NOT ATTEMPT TO
OPERATE PIPELINE VALVES!
● Natural gas distribution pipelines
● Acceptable offensive operations is
controlling the gas at the customer
meter - if trained and understand the
valve

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Step 3 - Call for Assistance

● Contact Your Organization and initiate the local emergency
response plan
● Call The Pipeline Operator and have:
● Call Back numbers, contact name
● Detailed Location and address
● Type of Emergency (Fire, Leak, Gas)
● Time of release
● Known injuries
● Exposures
● Any special situations
● Initiate Emergency Response

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Step 4 - Work Together – Unified Command

911 Centers and Pipeline Control
Centers
● Receive initial notifications and collect
critical information
● Dispatch personnel and equipment to
the scene
● Disseminate information to other
agencies or organizations
● Establish a point of contact for
ongoing communications

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Step 4 - Work Together – Unified Command

Pipeline Operator’s Representative
● Serves as the primary contact for
communication between the operator’
s team and emergency responders
● Establishes contact with the Incident
Commander before and upon arrival
● Recommends actions to take
especially as they relate to
containment and control of the
pipeline product

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Step 4 - Work Together – Unified Command

Pipeline Operator’s Representative
● Knows how to shut off the supply of
gas or liquid
● Only the operator’s representative is
trained to operate pipeline
equipment
● The Pipeline Representative is the
primary contact the ultimate subject
matter expert of the product being
released

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Step 4 - Work Together – Unified Command

Emergency Responders
● Maintain site control and act as
Incident Commander (IC)
● Eliminate ignition sources and
suppress vapors
● Provides standby rescue personnel to
pipeline operator personnel entering
the incident area to stop the release
● Monitor the atmosphere in the repair
and containment areas

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Step 4 - Work Together – Unified Command

Emergency Responders and Pipeline
Operators Together
● Identify public health hazards and
additional protective actions to be taken
● Participate in Unified Command
● Determine when the operator’s personnel
can safely enter the area
● Determine when the zone of influence
needs additional diking
● Coordinate public information needs
● Decide when it is safe for the public to re-
enter the area
● Share any “after action” reports and
cooperate on improvements

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Damage Prevention
Pipeline Integrity
● The pipeline industry uses a wide range of tools and technologies to
maintain safe operations by visually inspecting aboveground pipes
and related equipment for corrosion and damage
● On a regular basis, personnel walk, drive and fly over pipeline right-
of-ways inspecting them for unauthorized activities, leaks, and other
conditions that might endanger the pipeline
● Pipeline operators also use in-line inspection tools known as “smart
pigs” to inspect below grade pipe and equipment by hydrostatic
testing, electro-magnetic testing, and other techniques to identify
defects which could threaten pipeline integrity
● When inspection efforts identify any integrity-threatening conditions,
the operator takes corrective action to maintain safe operations

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Damage Prevention
Pipeline Integrity
● Right of Way Inspections
● 24/7 Monitoring
● Cathodic Protection
● Pipeline Coatings
● ILI tools – Smart Pigs

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Damage Prevention
Pipeline Integrity
● Internal Inspection Devices (Smart Pigs)
are mechanical devices moved through a
pipeline to inspect the pipe for defects
and corrosion

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Damage Prevention
One-Call Centers and Calling 811
● Many types of emergency situations can affect
buried pipelines
● Pipeline companies should be notified so they
can monitor and verify the integrity of nearby
pipelines
● Responders may be able to notify pipeline
operators of the emergency by calling 811 and
informing the One-Call Center of the situation
● Coordination with pipeline operators during will
ensure the safety of the response team and
also the surrounding community

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Damage Prevention
Dig Safe New England
● Who should call before digging?
• EVERYONE
● The Process
• Pre-mark area planned to be used
• Collect information needed for data
collection form
• Call 811 72 hours before digging
• If markings from the utility company
fade, call back Dig Safe at 811

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Damage Prevention
Damage Reporting
● In our nation’s time of heightened
security, Homeland security and
infrastructure protection is a shared
responsibility.
● Report any damages unusual or
suspicious activities along a pipeline
right-of-way to the pipeline operator
● The operator will immediately investigate
and repair any damage

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Summary
● Responding to pipeline emergencies is
as detailed as any hazardous
materials event
● Responders must understand the
hazard and risks of the products
● They must be well acquainted with the
transmission, distribution and service
systems
● They also have to have a strong
knowledge base to operate safely at
these incidents

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Appendices
A. Leak, Hazard and Emergency Response
Information
B. General Product Characteristics
C. Recommended Minimum Evacuation
Distances For Natural Gas Pipeline Leaks
and Ruptures
D. Natural Gas Escaping Inside a Building
E. Additional Resources
F. Emergency Response Capabilities
G. Incident Response Checklist (Inside of
Back Cover)

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Scenarios – www.pipelineawareness.org

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For Additional Information

For more information go to:

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Hazmat Emergency Response Operations

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Introduction
• On-scene Response Operations Must Always Be
Based Upon A Structured And Standardized
System Of Protocols And Procedures.
• Incident Command System (ICS)
• Fundamentals Of Strategy And Tactics
• The Eight Step Process©

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The Incident Command System

• Hazmat Emergencies Require Coordination Of
Information And Resources Among The Various
Players In Order To Safely And Efficiently Resolve
The Situation.
• OSHA 1910.120(q) Requires That Public Safety
And Industrial Emergency Response Organizations
Use A “Nationally Recognized Incident Command
System (ICS)”

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The Incident Command System

• ICS Is An Organized System Of Roles,
Responsibilities, And Procedures For The
Command And Control Of Emergency Operations.
• National Incident Management System
Documentation Developed Through The
Department Of Homeland Security.

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ICS Principles
• ICS Has Common Characteristics That Permit Different
Organizations To Work Together Safely And Effectively In
Order To Bring About A Favorable Outcome To The
Emergency
• Division Of Labor
• Lines Of Authority
• Unity Of Command
• Optimum Span Of Control
• Establishment Of Line And Staff Functions Within The
Organization.

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ICS Organization

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ICS Principles
• Common Terminology
• Incident Commander (IC)
• General Staff (I.E., Sections)
• Command Staff Officers
• Modular Organization
• Management By Objectives
• Establishing Overarching Objectives;
• Developing And Issuing Assignments, Plans, Procedures,
And Protocols;

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ICS Principles
• Establishing Specific, Measurable Objectives For Various
Incident Management Functional Activities, And Directing
Efforts To Attain Them In Support Of Defined Strategic
Goals; And
• Documenting Results To Measure Performance And
Facilitate Corrective Action.
• Incident Facilities
• Incident Command Post (ICP)
• Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
• Staging Area
• Integrated Communications

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ICS Principles
• Unified Command Structure
• Determining Overall Incident
Priorities And Strategic Goals
• Selection Of Tactics For Achieving Those Incident Priorities And
Strategic Goals
• Ensuring Joint Planning For Tactical Activities
• Ensuring That Integrated Tactical Operations Are Conducted
• Maximizing Use Of All Assigned Resources
• Resolving Conflicts Between The Players

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ICS Principles
• Consolidated Plan Of Action
• A Consolidated Action Plan Is Used To Ensure
That:
• Everyone Works Together Toward A Common
Emergency Response Goal
• Individual Response Agendas Are Coordinated So
That Personnel And Equipment Are Used Effectively
And In A Spirit Of Cooperation And Mutual Respect.
• Everyone Works Safely At The Scene Of The
Emergency.

• Comprehensive Resource Management

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Developing The IAP: Strategies And Tactics

• The Incident Action Plan Is Developed Based Upon

Emergency Responders Assessment Of
• Incident Potential (I.E., Visualizing Hazardous Materials
Behavior And Estimating The Outcome Of That Behavior),
• The Initial Operational Strategy
• The IAP Will Be Developed Based Upon A Number Of “Input”
Factors, Including:
• Size And Type Of Pipeline or Container
• Product(s) Involved
• Nature Of The Incident
• Exposures

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Developing The IAP: Strategies And Tactics

• Environmental Conditions
• Safety Considerations
• Isolation Of The Pipeline or Container
• Incident Potential
• Infrastructure Impacts
• Strategic Goals Are The Broad Game Plan
Developed To Meet The Incident Priorities (Life
Safety, Incident Stabilization, Environmental And
Property Conservation)

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Developing The IAP: Strategies And Tactics

• Examples Of Common Strategic Goals At Hazmat

Incidents Include The Following:
• Rescue
• Public Protective Actions (Evacuation Vs. Protection-in-
place)
• Spill Control (Confinement)
• Leak Control (Containment)
• Fire Control
• Recovery
• Tactical Objectives

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Developing The IAP: Strategies And Tactics

Operational Modes

• Offensive Mode

• Defensive Mode

• Nonintervention Mode

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The Eight Step Process ©

• Hazmat Emergencies Are Handled Safely And Effectively
When Responders Are Dependent On A Predetermined And
Approved System For Managing The Event
• The Eight Step Process© Outlines The Basic Tactical
Functions To Be Evaluated And Implemented At Incidents
Involving Hazardous Materials. The Eight Step Process©
Should Be Viewed As A Flexible Guideline And Not As A Rigid
Rule.
• The Eight Step Process© Can Serve As A General
Framework For Systematically Resolving A Hazmat
Emergency.

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The Eight Step Process©

• Essentially, There Are Eight Basic Functions That Must Be
Evaluated At Pipeline Emergencies & Hazardous Materials
• Site Management And Control
• Identify The Problem
• Hazard And Risk Evaluation
• Select Personal Protective Clothing And Equipment
• Information Management And Resource Coordination
• Implement Response Objectives
• Decontamination And Clean-up Operations
• Terminate The Incident

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 1: Site Management And Control

• Function:
• Site Management And Control Involves
Managing And Securing The Physical
Layout Of The Incident.
• Goal:
• To Establish The Playing Field So That All
Subsequent Response Operations Can
Be Implemented Both Safety And
Effectively.
• During The Approach To The Incident Scene,
Avoid Committing Or Positioning Personnel
And Units In A Hazardous Position.
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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 1: Site Management And Control

• Assess The Situation And Consider Having An
Escape Route Out Of The Area If Conditions
Should Suddenly Deteriorate. Control Ignition
Sources.
• Establish Command Of The Incident And Establish
An Incident Command Post (ICP).
• Establish A Staging Area
• Establish An Isolation Perimeter
• Establish A Hot Zone
• Initiate Public Protective Actions (PPA).

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Site Management establishes the playing field for
the overall response.
• The initial 10 minutes of the incident will determine
operations for the next 60 minutes, and the first 60
minutes will determine operations for the first 8
hours.
• Don’t try to control more real estate than you can
effectively isolate and control. Smaller and tighter
may be better than bigger and looser.
• Remember the basics. The more time, distance and
shielding between you and the material, the lower
the risk will be.
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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Designate An Emergency Evacuation Signal And
Identify Rally Points If Emergency Evacuation Is
Necessary.
• Remember The First Law Of Hot Zone Operations
When Dealing With Hazardous Materials: To Play
In The Game You Must:
• Be Trained To Play
• Be Dressed To Play
• Have A Buddy System With Back-up Personnel
• Have Decon Established
• Coordinate With Command And Safety

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 2: Identify The Problem

• Function:
• Identify The Scope And Nature Of The
Problem
• Goal:
• To Identify The Scope And Nature Of The
Problem, Including The Type And Nature Of
Hazardous Materials Involved As
Appropriate.
• Survey The Incident - Identify The
Nature And Severity Of The Immediate
Problem

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 2: Identify The Problem

• Clues For Determining The Identity Of The
Materials
• Pipeline Markers
• Placards
• Labels
• Facility Documents
• Monitoring And Detection Equipment
• Senses, Including Physical Observations, Smell, Etc.
• Conduct Offensive Or Defensive Reconnaissance,
As Necessary

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• A problem well-defined is half-solved.
• Assume that initial information is not correct.
Always verify your initial information.
• Verify – Verify – Verify
• Conduct reconnaissance operations, as necessary.
• Defensive Recon
• Offensive Recon

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Never permit response personnel to perform
activities in areas where unignited gases or vapors
may have accumulated.
• Always verify flammable gas concentrations
through continuous air monitoring.
• Always be alert for the presence of improvised
explosive devices (IED) and secondary events.

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Street Smart Tips

• IED clues can include:
• Abandoned container out of place for the surroundings
• Obvious explosive device components, such as batteries,
timers, blasting caps, charges, etc.
• Partially exploded devices found
• Unusual or foreign devices attached to hazmat containers
• Unattended vehicles not appropriate to the immediate
environment

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 3: Hazard And Risk Evaluation

• Function:
• The Primary Objective Of The Risk Evaluation
Process Is To Determine Whether Or Not
Responders Should Intervene, And What
Strategic Objectives And Tactical Options
Should Be Pursued To Control The Problem At
Hand
• GOAL:
• To Assess The Hazards Present, Evaluate The
Level Of Risk, And Establish An Incident Action
Plan (IAP) To Make The Problem Go Away
• Assess The Hazards Posed By The Problem
(Health, Physical, Chemical, Other)

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 3: Hazard And Risk Evaluation

• Collect, Prioritize. And Manage Hazard Data And
Information From All Sources, As Appropriate,
Including:
• Technical Reference Manuals (E.G., Emergency
Response Guidebook)
• Technical Information Sources
• Hazmat Databases
• Technical Information Specialists (E.G., Pipeline Industry
Or Facility Representatives)
• Material Safety Data Sheets or Safety Data Sheets
• Monitoring And Detection Equipment

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 3: Hazard And Risk Evaluation

• Primary Technical Information Centers Available To Public
Safety Personnel Include:
• Pipeline Operator And Emergency Point-of-contact Numbers
• CHEMTREC, CHEMTEL, INFOTRAC, and 3E COMPANY
• National Response Center (NRC) Serves As The Federal Single
Point-of-contact For Accessing Federal Assistance
• State Single Point-of-contact
• Based Upon The Risk Evaluation Process, Develop Your IAP
• Offensive Operations
• Defensive Operations
• Non-intervention Operations

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Look At Where The Problem Is Now – AND Where
It Is Going! Consider The Travel Of Both Liquid And
Vapors.
• Focus On Those Things That You Can Change And
That Will Make A Positive Difference To The
Outcome.
• Every Incident Will Arrive At Some Outcome…with
Or Without Your Help. If You Can’t Change The
Outcome, Why Get Involved?

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• There’s Nothing Wrong With Taking A Calculated
Risk. If There Is Much To Be Gained, There Is
Much To Be Risked. If There Is Little To Be Gained,
Then Little Should Be Risked.
• Public Safety Personnel Should View Their Roles
As That Of Risk Evaluators, Rather Than Risk
Takers Where Hazardous Materials Are Involved.
• Bad Risk Takers Get Buried; Effective Risk
Evaluators Come Home.

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Street Smart Tips

• Hour One Priorities Within The IAP Are:
• Establish Site Management And Control
• Notify The Pipeline Operator or Facility Contact
• Determine The Materials Involved
• Ensure The Safety Of All Personnel From ALL Hazards
• Ensure That PPE Is Appropriate For The Hazards
• Initiate Tactical Objectives To Accomplish Initial Rescue,
Decon, Medical, And Public Protective Action Needs
• If Criminal Activities Are Involved (E.G., Terrorism
Incidents), Maintain The Integrity Of Potential Evidence

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES
Step 4: Select Personal Protective
Clothing and Equipment
• Function:
• Based Upon The Results Of The Hazard
And Risk Evaluation Process, Emergency
Response Personnel Will Select The
Proper Level Of Personal Protective
Clothing And Equipment.
• Goal:
• To Ensure That All Emergency Response
Personnel Have The Appropriate Level Of
Personal Protective Clothing And
Equipment For The Expected Tasks.

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES
Step 4: Select Personal Protective
Clothing And Equipment
• In Evaluating The Use Of Specialized Protective
Clothing, The Following Factors Must Be
Considered:
• The Hazard To Be Encountered, Including The Specific
Tasks To Be Performed
• The Tasks To Be Performed (E.G., Entry, Decon, Support)
• The Level And Type Of Specialized Protective Clothing To
Be Utilized
• The Capabilities Of The Individual(s) Who Will Use The
PPE In A Hostile Environment. Remember - Specialized
Protective Clothing Places A Great Deal Of Both
Physiological And Psychological Stress On An Individual.

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Step 4: Select Personal Protective
Clothing And Equipment
• The Following Levels Of Personal Protective
Clothing Are Typically Utilized By Emergency
Responders At Hazmat Incidents, As Appropriate:
• Structural Firefighting Clothing
• Chemical Vapor Protective
• Clothing Chemical Splash Protective Clothing

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Street Smart Tips

• Remember That Structural Firefighting Protective
Clothing Is Not Designed To Provide Protection
Against Chemical Hazards.
• There Is No One Single Barrier That Will Effectively
Combine Both Chemical And Thermal Protection.
• Wearing ANY Type And Level Of Impermeable
Protective Clothing Creates The Potential For Heat
Stress Injuries.
• Personal Protective Clothing Is Your LAST Line Of
Defense!!!!

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Step 5: Information Management &
Resource Coordination
• FUNCTION:
• Refers To Proper Management, Coordination,
And Dissemination Of All Pertinent Data And
Information Within The ICS In Effect At The
Scene
• GOAL:
• To Provide For The Timely And Effective
Management, Coordination, And Dissemination
Of All Pertinent Data, Information And
Resources Between All Of The Players.
• Confirm That The ICP Is In A Safe Area.
• Confirm That There Is A Representative Of The
Pipeline Operator or Facility Present At The ICP

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES
Step 5: Information Management &
Resource Coordination
• Confirm That A Unified Command Organization Is
In-place
• Ensure That All Appropriate Internal And External
Notifications Have Been Made.
• Confirm Emergency Orders And Follow Through To
Ensure That They Are Fully Understood And
Correctly Implemented

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Step 5: Information Management &
Resource Coordination
• Make Sure That There Is Continuing Progress
Toward Solving The Emergency In A Timely
Manner
• If Activated, Provide Regular Updates To The Local
Emergency Operations Center (EOC).
• Expand The ICS And Create Additional Branches,
Divisions Or Groups, As Necessary.

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Consider The Security Of The ICP And All Other
Incident Response Areas (E.G., Staging, Rehab) Of
The Incident.
• Don’t Look Stupid Because You Didn’t Have A
Plan.
• Bad News Doesn’t Get Better With Time. If There’s
A Problem, The Earlier You Know About It The
Sooner You Can Start To Fix It!

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Don’t Allow External Resources To “Free-lance” Or
Do The “End Run.”
• Don’t Let Your Lack Of A Planning Section Become
The Achilles Heel Of Your Response. Establish It
Early, Particularly If The Incident Has The Potential
To Become A “Campaign Event.”
• Work Together To Solve The Problem!

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Step 6: Implement Response Objectives

• Function:
• The Phase Where Responders Implement
The Best Available Strategic Goals And
Tactical Objectives, Which Will Produce
The Most Favorable Outcome
• Goal:
• To Ensure That The Incident Priorities (I.E.,
Rescue, Incident Stabilization,
Environmental And Property Protection) Are
Accomplished In A Safe, Timely And
Effective Manner.

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Step 6: Implement Response Objectives

• Implement Response Objectives
• Offensive Operations
• Defensive Operations
• Non-intervention Operations
• Ensure That Properly Equipped Back-up Personnel
Wearing The Appropriate Level Of Personal
Protective Clothing Are In-place Before Initiating
Operations

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Step 6: Implement Response Objectives

• Ensure That Entry Teams Have Been Briefed Prior
To Being Allowed To Enter The Hot Zone
• Objectives Of The Entry Operation
• Safety Procedures, Including Radio Communications,
SCBA And PPE Checks
• Emergency Procedures, Including Placement Of Back-up
Teams, Escape Signals And Escape Corridors
• Decontamination Area Location, Set-up And Procedures
• Conduct Regular Monitoring Of The Hazard Area
To Determine If Conditions Are Changing

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Street Smart Tips

• What Will Happen If I Do Nothing? Remember –
This Is The Baseline For Hazmat Decision-making
And Should Be The Element Against Which All
Strategies And Tactics Are Compared.
• Remember The Basic Principles Of Spill Control:
• Divert The Spill To An Open Area, If Possible.
• If Flammable Liquids Are Involved, Use Class B
Firefighting Foams For Vapor Suppression.
• Conduct Air Monitoring – The Fire Threat Takes Priority
Over The Environmental Threat!
• Cover Storm Drains And Sewers Ahead Of The Release.

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Street Smart Tips

• Prevent The Entry Of Liquid Products Into Waterways,
Sewers, Basements Or Confined Areas.
• Booms, Pads And Other Absorbent Materials Will NOT Be
Effective In Confining Large Liquid Spills, Or Spills That
Have Had Class B Aqueous Film-forming Foams (AFFF)
Applied.
• Underflow Dams May Be Used To Control Hydrocarbon
• Liquids Released Into Creeks And Streams.

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Street Smart Tips

• Remember The Basic Principles Of Fire Control:
• Flammable Liquids And Gases Will Give Off A
Tremendous Amount Of Radiant Heat. Protect Exposures,
As Appropriate.
• Never Extinguish A Flammable Gas Fire. Always Control
Or Isolate The Source Of The Leak.
• If You Can’t Isolate The Source, Then Attempt To Reduce
The Operating Pressure Of The Pipeline.
• Permit The Fire To Self-extinguish And Consume Any
Residual Fuel That May Remain Inside Or Around The
Pipeline.

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Street Smart Tips

• Remember The Basic Principles Of Leak Control:
• Emergency Responders Should NEVER Attempt To Isolate Any
Pipeline Valves On Large-diameter Transmission Or Distribution
Lines Unless Under The Direction Of Pipeline Operations
Personnel. Failure To Do So May Actually Create Additional
Problems That Are Worse Than The Original Event.
• Don’t Touch Natural Gas Plastic Piping, As It May Generate A
Static Spark That Could Act As An Ignition Source.
• Shutting Off The Main Natural Gas Supply To Large Commercial
Or Industrial Facilities May Actually Create Secondary Or Tertiary
Problems Worse Than The Original Incident.

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Street Smart Tips

• Remember The Basic Principles Of Leak Control:
• Once A Flammable Gas Supply Is Shutoff, NEVER Turn
The Service Valve ON Again. Service Restoration Should
Only Be Conducted By Gas Utility Representatives.
• Don’t Fill Up An Open Hole Or Trench With Water. It Won’t
Stop The Flow Of Natural Gas, May Delay Efforts To
Control The Problem, And Won’t Make The Pipeline
Workers Who Have To Fix The Problem Happy.
• Surprises Often Occur On The Emergency Scene. Always
Have A Plan B In Case Plan A Doesn’t Work!

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES
Step 7: Decontamination And Clean-up
Operations
• Function:
• Decontamination (Decon) Is The Process Of
Making Personnel, Equipment, And Supplies
“Safe” By Reducing Or Eliminating Harmful
Substances That Are Present When Entering And
Working In Contaminated Areas
• All Personnel Trained To The First Responder
Operations Level Should Be Capable Of
Delivering An Emergency Decon Capability.
• Goal:
• To Ensure The Safety Of Both Emergency
Responders And The Public By Reducing The
Level Of Contamination On-scene And Minimizing
The Potential For Secondary Contamination
Beyond The Incident Scene.
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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES
Step 7: Decontamination And Clean-up
Operations
• Ensure That The Decon Operations Are
Coordinated With Tactical Operations
• The Decontamination Area Is Properly Located Within The
Warm Zone, Preferably Up-slope And Upwind Of The
Incident Location.
• The Decontamination Area Is Well-marked And Identified.
• The Proper Decontamination Method And The Type Of
Personal Protective Clothing To Be Used By The Decon
Team Have Been Determined And Communicated, As
Appropriate.

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Step 7: Decontamination And Clean-up
Operations
• All Decon Operations Are Integrated Within the ICS
Organization.
• Ensure Proper Decon Of All Personnel Before They
Leave The Scene
• Establish A Plan To Clean-up Or Dispose Of
Contaminated Supplies And Equipment Before
Cleaning Up The Site Of A Release

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Establishing An Emergency Decon Capability
Should Be Part Of The Incident Action Plan For Any
Incident Where Hazardous Materials Are Involved.
• Remember That Flammable Gases May Be
Absorbed Into Structural Firefighting Clothing And
Be Carried Into “Safe” Areas.

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Street Smart Tips

• Decon Involving Large Numbers Of People Will Be
A Challenge And Will Make For A Long Day.
Remember The Basics – Separate People From
The Problem And Keep Them Corralled Until
Emergency Decon Is Established.
• Never Transport Contaminated Victims From The
Scene To Any Medical Facility Without Conducting
Field Decon. At Best, The Hospital Folks Will Be
Pretty Mad At You; At Worst, You Will Completely
Shutdown The Emergency Room And The Hospital.

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Step 8: Terminate The Incident

• Function:
• This Is The Termination Of Emergency
Response Activities And The Initiation Of
Post-emergency Response Operations
(PERO), Including Investigation, Restoration,
And Recovery Activities
• Goal:
• To Ensure That Overall Command Is
Transferred To The Proper Agency When
The Emergency Is Terminated, And That All
Post-incident Administrative Activities Are
Completed Per Local Policies And
Procedures
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Step 8: Terminate The Incident

• Ensure That The Following Elements Are Documented:
• All Operational, Regulatory, And Medical Phases Of The
Emergency, As Appropriate.
• All Equipment Or Supplies Used During The Incident.
• Obtain The Names And Telephone Numbers Of All Key
Individuals. This Should Include Contractors, Public Officials,
And Members Of The Media.
• Ensure That All Emergency Equipment Is Re-serviced, Inspected
And Returned To Proper Locations.
• Conduct A Critique Of All Major And Significant Incidents Based
Upon Local Protocols.

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Street Smart Tips

• Although Every Organization Has A Tendency To
Develop Its Own Critique Style, Never Use A
Critique To Assign Blame (Public Meetings Are The
Worst Time To Discipline Personnel).
• Organizations Must Balance The Potential
Negatives Against The Benefits That Are Gained
Through The Critique Process.
• Remember – The Reason For Doing The Critique In
The First Place Is To Improve Your Operations!

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Street Smart Tips

• Most Critiques Fall Into One Of Three Categories:
• We Tell Each Other That We Did A Great Job –
Whether We Actually Did Or Not
• We Beat Up On Each Other For Making Bad
Decisions
• We Focus On The Lessons That Were Learned
And The Changes/Improvements That Must Be
Made To Our Response System.

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Summary
• Emergency Response Operations At Incidents Involving
Hazardous Materials Must Always Be Based Upon A
Structured And Standardized System Of Protocols And
Procedures
• The Incident Command System (ICS) Is An Essential Tool For
Organizing And Coordinating Emergency Responders At Any
Hazmat Incident
• The Incident Action Plan (IAP) Is Developed Based Upon
Emergency Responders Assessment Of:
• Incident Potential (I.E., Visualizing Hazardous Materials
Behavior And Estimating The Outcome Of That Behavior),
• The Initial Operational Strategy

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Summary
• IAP Input Factors Include:
• Type Of Pipeline or Container
• Product(s) Involved
• Nature Of The Incident
• Exposures
• Environmental Conditions
• Safety Considerations
• Isolation Of The Pipeline or Container
• Incident Potential
• Infrastructure Impacts

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HAZMAT EMERGENCIES

Summary
• Strategic Goals And Tactical Objectives At A
Pipeline Incident Can Be Implemented From Three
Distinct Operational Modes:
• Offensive Operations
• Defensive Operations
• Nonintervention Operations
• The Eight Step Process© Is A Tool Used For The
Tactical Management Of Hazardous Materials
Emergencies.

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Summary
• The Eight Functions Are:
• Site Management And Control
• Identify The Problem
• Hazard And Risk Evaluation
• Select Personal Protective Clothing And Equipment
• Information Management And Resource Coordination
• Implement Response Objectives
• Decontamination And Clean-up Operations
• Terminate The Incident

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Next Steps
• EPCRA Compliant Emergency Response Plan
Development
• Annex to Local Emergency Operations Plan (LEOP)
• Standard Operating Guidelines
• Land Use Planning Guidelines
• Technical Assistance Visits

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Questions?
Justin Kates - Director of Emergency
Management - katesj@nashuanh.gov - 603-722-
0288
Brianna Barbaro - Emergency Management
Coordinator - barbarob@nashuanh.gov - 603-
589-3260
Nashua Regional Planning Commission (NRPC)
www.nashuarpc.org
603-424-2240

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