Asian Eye Institute

Welcome to Asian Eye Institute
Copyright © 2001 Asian Eye Institute. All rights reserved.
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About Us - Asian Eye Institute
The Asian Eye Institute is a total eye care center that provides specialized
medical services for a full range of eye diseases and visual disorders. Our team of
highly competent ophthalmologists, all fellowship-trained at the Harvard Medical
School, is led by the renowned Dr. Felipe I. Tolentino.
We maintain the most comprehensive and advanced diagnostic, laser and surgical
facilities under one roof. Ideally located at the Rockwell Center in Makati City,
Philippines, our Institute is designed to ensure a pleasant, comfortable and safe
environment for our patients.
Our shareholders include the most respected names in Philippine and international
scenes, known not only for their achievements in their respective fields but also for
their social consciousness and humanitarian spirit.
Subspecialty Services
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia
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Our Services - Asian Eye Institute
General Eye Service
Glaucoma
Retina and Vitreous Diseases
Cornea and Refractive Surgery
Pediatric Eye Diseases and Adult Strabismus
Immunology and Uveitis
Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery
Low Vision and Visual Rehabilitation
Anesthesia Service
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia
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Contact Us - Asian Eye Institute
We are located at:
Asian Eye Institute

9th and 10th Floors
Phinma Plaza
39 Plaza Drive
Rockwell Center
Makati City
Philippines
Tel. No.: (632)898-2020

Fax No.: (632)898-2002
Clinic days and hours : Monday 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Tuesday thru Saturday 8:30 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
For your convenience, please call us at least one day in advance for an appointment.
You may also contact us by:
Email : eyehelp@asianeyeinstitute.com
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
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News and Updates - Asian Eye Institute
ASIAN EYE INSTITUTE JOINS HERWORD.COM'S REVITALIZE EVENT
About a hundred women went to Discovery Suites last June 2002 to attend
"Revitalize", an event organized by Herword.com and presented by Asian Eye
Institute and Discovery Suites. The event is organized for the benefit of learning
from respected health and fitness practitioners on ways to stay in the pink of
health.
Dr. Bobby Ang, one of the distinguished doctors of the Asian Eye Institute (AEI),
provided a ray of hope for members frustrated with contact lenses and glasses.
Explaining what LASIK (Laser Refractive Surgery) was all about, accompanied by a
video demonstrating the procedure, Dr. Ang stated that many patients have been
able to enjoy 20/20 vision, should they desire to do so. He further explained during
the open forum that he sometimes does not perform the 20/20 procedure if his
patient needs to properly read documents. Furthermore, for those who wish to
undergo the procedure but balk at the cost, Dr. Ang mentioned that AEI will be
tying up with prestigious banks for an installment plan -- allowing patients to pay
with their credit cards.
Aside from Dr. Ang, the event was also graced by other health and fitness experts,
Mr. Norman Encarnacion, a personal fitness trainer who gave tips on active living.
Dr. Perry dela Cruz, a cosmetic surgeon from the Medical Center Manila, Dr. Malu
Mangubat an Obstetrician-Gynecologist who talked about menopause, osteoporosis
and other women's health concerns, Shiseido Brand Manager Trish Briones who
demonstrated how to put-on a proper make-up and Ms. Cory Quirino who gave tips
on leading a healthier life.
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Packed with information, the audience also enjoyed prizes which includes free eye
exams from the Asian Eye. But the real prize was knowing better ways to keep
oneself in the prime of life.
ARCHIVES:
REFRACTIVE SURGERY
By Robert T. Ang M.D.
August 2001
New Treatments for Age-related Macular Degeneration

By Harvey S. Uy, M.D.
November 11, 2001
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia
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Felipe I. Tolentino, M.D.
Dr. Felipe Tolentino is AEI’s President and Medical

Our Medical Team
Director. He is a member of the Harvard Medical School
Dr. F. I. Tolentino faculty, Senior Clinical Scientist at the Schepens Eye
Dr. R. T. Ang Research Institute at Harvard, and Senior Surgeon in
Dr. A. Ching-Costa Ophthalmology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Dr. E. U. Leuenberger Infirmary in Boston. He has authored over 100 peer-
Dr. H. D. Remulla reviewed papers in Ophthalmology, published in
Dr. H. S. Uy prestigious medical journals in the U.S. He is also well
known for his inventions, and is an internationally
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
recognized teacher.
Dr. A. A. S. Veloso, Jr.
Dr. M. I. Yap-Veloso
Dr. M. J. Ang In addition to his medical and scholarly pursuits, Dr.
Dr. J. B. Caguioa Tolentino has actively participated in charitable
endeavors for the poor in the Philippines. He founded the
Ophthalmological Foundation of the Philippines, and,
together with Mr. Oscar M. Lopez and the First Philippine
Holdings Corporation, established a Mobile Eye Clinic that
has served thousands of cataract surgery patients. In
addition, he initiated the establishment of the Miyake Eye
Operating Room at the Philippine General Hospital, and
the Eye Clinic at Gat Andres Bonifacio Medical Center in
Tondo. He is the President of Restoring Sight
International, Inc., an organization that raises funds from
the U. S. for the improvement of eye care in developing
countries, including the Philippines.
Dr. Tolentino has received numerous awards from

professional organizations and associations, including a
Philippine Presidential Award for humanitarian
achievements in 2000 and Filipinas Magazine Award in
Medicine in 2001.
Practice :Retina and Vitreous; Comprehensive

Ophthalmology
Academic Positions:
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1984
Associate Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
1975-1984
Assistant Clinical Professor
1971
Associate Scientist
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
1966-1971
Visiting Research Ophthalmologist
Institute of Ophthalmology
University of the Philippines
1968-1971
Assistant Professor
1965-1968
Instructor
Education and Medical Training:

1964-1965
Senior Research Fellow
1962-1964
Research Fellow in Retina and Vitreous
1962-1965
Clinical Fellow in Retina and Vitreous
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
1961-1962
Resident in Ophthalmology
Homer G. Phillips Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri, USA
1959-1961
St. Mary’s Hospital
Rochester, New York, USA
1957-1959
Philippine General Hospital
1956-1957
Rotating Internship
1957
Doctor of Medicine
College of Medicine
1952
Pre-medical degree
Associate in Arts
Licensure and Certification:
1972
Pennsylvania State Board
1971
Massachusetts State Board
1964
American Board of Ophthalmology
1959
Education Council for Foreign Medical Graduates
1957
Philippine Board of Medicine

Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia

Robert Edward T. Ang, M.D.
Dr. Robert Ang is AEI’s refractive surgeon. He is the only

Our Medical Team
doctor in the Philippines to have finished two
Dr. F. I. Tolentino subspecialty fellowship programs at the Massachusetts
Dr. R. T. Ang Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
Dr. A. Ching-Costa (Glaucoma and Cornea and Refractive Surgery). He has
Dr. E. U. Leuenberger authored several book chapters and international
Dr. H. D. Remulla publications on refractive surgery and glaucoma. He
Dr. H. S. Uy completed his medical degree through the highly
selective seven-year INTARMED course at the University
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
of the Philippines. His special interests include PRK,
LASIK, corneal transplantation and complicated anterior
segment surgeries.
Dr. M. J. Ang
Dr. J. B. Caguioa
Practice :Cornea and Refractive Surgery; Glaucoma;
Cataract; Comprehensive Ophthalmology

2000-2001
Research Fellow in Cornea and Refractive Surgery
1998-1999
Clinical Fellow in Glaucoma
1995-1996
Assistant Chief Resident
1994-1996
1992-1993
Rotating Internship
1993
Doctor of Medicine
1988
Pre-medical degree
Integrated Arts and Medicine Program
1998-1999
Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine
1997
Diplomate, Philippine Board of Ophthalmology
1993
Facilities
Our Medical Team

Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia

Annabelle A. Ching-Costa, M.D.
Our Medical Team

Dr. Annabelle Ching-Costa is one of AEI’s glaucoma
Dr. F. I. Tolentino specialists. She graduated valedictorian of her class at
Dr. R. T. Ang the University of the East - Ramon Magsaysay Memorial
Dr. A. Ching-Costa Medical Center, and finished 5th in the Medical Licensure
Examination in 1994. She is currently pursuing a masters
Dr. E. U. Leuenberger
degree in hospital administration at the University of the
Dr. H. D. Remulla
Philippines. Her special interests lie in the diagnosis,
Dr. H. S. Uy
laser and surgical management of glaucoma, the
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
treatment of cataract, and anterior segment surgery.
Practice :Glaucoma; Cataract;
Dr. M. J. Ang
Comprehensive Ophthalmology
Dr. J. B. Caguioa
1998-1999
1995-1997
1993-1994
Rotating Internship
University of the East
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center
1993
Doctor of Medicine (Cum Laude)
1988
Pre-medical degree
Bachelor of Science (Magna Cum Laude)

2000
1998-1999
1994
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia

Edgar U. Leuenberger, M.D.
Our Medical Team

Dr. Edgar Leuenberger is one of AEI’s glaucoma
Dr. F. I. Tolentino specialists, trained in adult and pediatric glaucoma under
Dr. R. T. Ang the world-renowned expert Dr. David Walton. He
Dr. A. Ching-Costa returned to the Philippines as a Balik-Scientist Awardee
of the Department of Science and Technology. At
present, he is an assistant professor in Ophthalmology at
Dr. H. D. Remulla
the University of the East - Ramon Magsaysay Memorial
Dr. H. S. Uy
Medical Center. He is also a recipient of a research grant
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
from the DOST and St. Luke’s Medical Center for the
Dr. A. A. S. Veloso, Jr. development of the first Philippine Glaucoma Valve
Dr. M. I. Yap-Veloso implant device. His clinical interests are micro-incision
Dr. M. J. Ang cataract and glaucoma surgery. His research activities
Dr. J. B. Caguioa and international publications focus on the improvement
of glaucoma care and the development of better
glaucoma drainage devices.
Practice :Glaucoma; Cataract; Comprehensive

Ophthalmology

1997-1998
1995
Chief Resident
1992-1995
1991-1992
Rotating Internship
1991
Doctor of Medicine
1987
Pre-medical degree
Bachelor of Science
1997-1998
1996
1992
1988
Philippine National Pharmacy Board - 2nd Place
Facilities
Our Medical Team

Heidi C. Domingo-Remulla, M.D.
Dr. Heidi Remulla is AEI’s ophthalmic plastic surgeon.

Our Medical Team
After her fellowship training in Boston, she became an
Dr. F. I. Tolentino instructor in Ophthalmology at the Harvard Medical
Dr. R. T. Ang School, and assistant surgeon and active staff member of
Dr. A. Ching-Costa the Oculoplastic, Orbital and Cosmetic Surgery Service of
Dr. E. U. Leuenberger the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. She is the
Dr. H. D. Remulla author of several international publications. She is
Dr. H. S. Uy currently affiliated with the Manila Doctors Hospital and
St. Dominic Medical Center in Cavite. Her interests
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
include eyelid reconstruction, orbital tumors, dysthyroid
orbitopathy, lacrimal surgery, and periocular and orbital
trauma.
Dr. M. J. Ang
Dr. J. B. Caguioa
Practice :Oculoplastics and Orbit Diseases

1994-1996
Clinical Fellow in Oculoplastics and Orbit
1993-1994
Research Fellow in Oculoplastics and Orbit
1991-1992
Preceptorship in the Orbit Subspecialty
(under Prospero Ma. Tuaño, M.D.)
1988-1990
1986-1987
Rotating Internship
1986
Doctor of Medicine
College of Medicine
1982
Pre-medical degree
Bachelor of Science
1997
1991
1988

Harvey Siy Uy, M.D.
Dr. Harvey Uy is AEI’s immunology specialist, and one of

Our Medical Team
AEI’s retina specialists. He obtained his clinical fellowship
Dr. F. I. Tolentino in Ocular Immunology and Uveitis under the tutelage of
Dr. R. T. Ang the world-renowned Dr. C. Stephen Foster of the Harvard
Dr. A. Ching-Costa Medical School. He received a Balik Scientist Award from
Dr. E. U. Leuenberger the Department of Science and Technology in 1998.
Dr. H. D. Remulla Currently, he is an associate clinical professor at the
Dr. H. S. Uy University of the Philippines College of Medicine, and an
active researcher at the Research and Biotechnology
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
Division of St. Luke’s Medical Center. He has authored
numerous international publications and presented many
papers at international meetings. His special interests
Dr. M. J. Ang
include diabetic retinopathy, macular hole surgery, age-
Dr. J. B. Caguioa related macular degeneration, eye inflammation, and
infection.
Practice :Retina and Vitreous; Uveitis and

Immunology; Cataract; Comprehensive
Ophthalmology

1997-1998
Clinical Fellow in Ocular Immunology and Uveitis
1995-1996
Clinical Fellow in Medical and Surgical Retina
St. Luke’s Medical Center
1993-1994
Assistant Chief Resident
1992-1994
1990-1991
Rotating Internship
1991
Doctor of Medicine
College of Medicine
1986
Pre-medical degree
1997-1998
1995
1991
Facilities
Our Medical Team

Pik Sha T. Chan-Uy, M.D.
Dr. Chan is AEI’s pediatric ophthalmologist and

Our Medical Team
strabismus specialist, and is also one of its retina
Dr. F. I. Tolentino specialists. She has the distinction of being the first
Dr. R. T. Ang clinical fellow ever to complete training in Pediatric
Dr. A. Ching-Costa Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus under Dr. Nathalie
Dr. E. U. Leuenberger Azar of the Harvard Medical School. She has conducted
Dr. H. D. Remulla several research projects in eye diseases and has given
Dr. H. S. Uy numerous lectures on retinal diseases in the Philippines
and in the United States. Her special interests include
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
children’s eye diseases, diseases of premature babies
(retinopathy of prematurity), misalignment of eyes,
diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment and macular
Dr. M. J. Ang
surgery.
Dr. J. B. Caguioa
Practice :Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus;

Retina and Vitreous; Cataract;

2000-2001
Clinical Fellow in Pediatric Ophthalmology and
Strabismus
1996-1998
Clinical Fellow in Medical and Surgical Retina
University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
1992-1994
1990-1991
Medical Internship
Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
University of Santo Tomas
1990
Doctor of Medicine (Cum Laude)
1985
Pre-medical degree
2000-2001
1996-1998
Wisconsin Board of Registration in Medicine
1996
1991
1985
Philippine Board of Medical Technology
Facilities
Our Medical Team

Amadeo A. S. Veloso, Jr., M.D.
Our Medical Team

Dr. Amadeo Veloso, Jr. is one of AEI’s retina specialists,
Dr. F. I. Tolentino trained under the world-renowned Dr. Felipe I. Tolentino.
Dr. R. T. Ang He has authored several pioneering research publications
Dr. A. Ching-Costa in international journals. At present, he is Chairman of
the Department of Ophthalmology of the Gat Andres
Bonifacio Medical Center, Medical Director of the
Dr. H. D. Remulla
Ophthalmologic Foundation of the Philippines (OFPHIL),
Dr. H. S. Uy
Retina Consultant at the St. Luke’s Medical Center, and
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
founding member of the Vitreo Retina Society of the
Dr. A. A. S. Veloso, Jr. Philippines. His special interests include retina and
Dr. M. I. Yap-Veloso vitreous surgery, diabetic retinopathy, and macular
Dr. M. J. Ang degeneration.
Dr. J. B. Caguioa
Practice :Retina and Vitreous; Cataract;

1995-1997
Research Fellow in Retina and Vitreous
Schepens Eye Research Institute
1995-1997
Clinical Fellow in Ophthalmology
Retina Specialists of Boston
1997
Medical and Surgical Retina Course
Centro Basiliero de Cirurgia de Olhos, Brazil
1995
Clinical Fellow in Medical and Surgical Retina and
Vitreous
1994-1995
Chief Resident
1992-1995
1990-1991
Rotating Internship
1991
Doctor of Medicine
1986
Pre-medical degree
Bachelor of Science
1997
1991

Maria Imelda R. Yap-Veloso, M.D.
Our Medical Team

Dr. Imelda Yap-Veloso is one of AEI’s glaucoma
Dr. F. I. Tolentino specialists. She completed her Glaucoma Clinical
Dr. R. T. Ang Fellowship under the world-renowned glaucoma
Dr. A. Ching-Costa specialist, Dr. Richard J. Simmons of the Harvard Medical
School. She has conducted various research projects and
given numerous lectures in eye diseases and surgery
Dr. H. D. Remulla
both locally and internationally. She is the author of
Dr. H. S. Uy
several local and international publications in glaucoma,
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
and is a founding member of the Philippine Glaucoma
Dr. A. A. S. Veloso, Jr. Society. At present, she is a Clinical Associate Professor
Dr. M. I. Yap-Veloso at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine
Dr. M. J. Ang and Glaucoma Consultant at the Philippine General
Dr. J. B. Caguioa Hospital. Her special interests include glaucoma,
cataract, and anterior segment diseases, laser and
microsurgery.
Practice :Glaucoma; Cataract; Comprehensive

Ophthalmology

1996-1997

Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston
Research Fellow in Glaucoma

Schepens Eye Research Institute
1995-1996
Glaucoma, Cataract, Anterior Segment Fellow
New England Glaucoma Foundation
Simmons Eye Associates
1992-1994
1990-1991
Rotating Internship
1991
Doctor of Medicine
1986
Pre-medical degree
1997
1995-1997
1991

Mary Jocelyn U. Ang, M.D.
Our Medical Team

Dr. Jocelyn Ang is AEI’s anesthesiologist. She is the
Dr. F. I. Tolentino author of several local publications, and is a contributing
Dr. R. T. Ang author of the Handbook of Pediatric Bedside Procedures,
Dr. A. Ching-Costa used by medical practitioners for the management of
pediatric patients. She is currently affiliated with St.
Luke’s Medical Center, the Fe Del Mundo Children’s
Dr. H. D. Remulla
Hospital, and the Jose Reyes Memorial Medical Center.
Dr. H. S. Uy
Her special interests include monitored anesthesia care in
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
support of both topical and local anesthesia, and general
Dr. A. A. S. Veloso, Jr. anesthesia.
Dr. M. J. Ang
Practice :Pediatric Anesthesia; Local, Regional and
Dr. J. B. Caguioa
General Anesthesia
1996-1997
Clinical Fellow in Pediatric Anesthesia
1991-1993
Resident in Anesthesia
1989-1990
Medical Internship
Chinese General Hospital
1989
Doctor of Medicine
1985
Pre-medical degree
Bachelor of Science (Cum Laude)
1996
Diplomate, Philippine Board of Anesthesia
1990

Jesse B. Caguioa, O.D.
Our Medical Team

Dr. Jesse Caguioa is AEI’s Low Vision Specialist and Head
Dr. F. I. Tolentino of AEI’s Diagnostic Section. He is a fellow of the
Dr. R. T. Ang Philippine College of Optometrists and President-elect of
Dr. A. Ching-Costa the Optometric Association of the Philippines. He was a
clinical instructor at the Manila Central University College
of Optometry, and currently an Assistant Professor at the
Dr. H. D. Remulla
Cebu Doctors College of Optometry. In 1997, he was
Dr. H. S. Uy
appointed by the Commission on Higher Education as
Dr. P. S. Chan-Uy
Faculty Representative of the Technical Panel on
Dr. A. A. S. Veloso, Jr. Optometric Education, responsible for the formulation of
Dr. M. I. Yap-Veloso the new 6-year Optometry curriculum. His clinical
Dr. M. J. Ang interests include low vision, contact lenses and ocular
Dr. J. B. Caguioa prosthetics. His research involvements include
keratoconus and visual standards for drivers and seamen
in the Philippines.
Practice: Contact Lens and Ocular Prosthetics;

Low Vision
2000
Fellow in Contact Lens and Ocular Prosthetics
Contact Lens and Ocular Prosthetic Training and
Research Center
1999
Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Agent
Central Colleges of the Philippines
1993
Master of Science in Optometry (units earned)
Manila Central University
1991
Doctor of Optometry
Manila Central University

2000
Philippine Board of Optometry
(Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Agent Special License)
1992
Philippine Board of Optometry
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia

Our Facilities
Our diagnostic and surgical floors promote optimal delivery of care for eye patients.
Designed by Rothman Partners, Inc. of Boston and Palafox Associates of Manila, the
facility was built to meet the exacting standards of top eye centers in the United
States.
Fourteen examination rooms, including a children’s examination room and play

area, to ensure privacy and confidentiality.
Four operating rooms for outpatient surgeries.
A laminar flow air-handling unit, the first of its kind in an eye laser and surgical
center in the country, ensuring the most sterile surgical environment and
preventing bacterial contamination of the surgical field.
Diagnostic center with state-of-the-art equipment for screening and detecting

abnormal conditions such as early and late glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy,
corneal irregularities and eye tumors.
Laser center for the treatment of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases.
A spacious patient-friendly recovery room for the safety and comfort of post-
operative patients.
Refractive and LASIK surgery suite with the most advanced excimer laser
capable of customized treatment for the full range of refractive errors, including
astigmatism, nearsightedness and farsightedness.
Fully computerized medical records, imaging and appointment scheduling

system with telemedicine capability to facilitate and expedite consultations and
educational and research activities.
Pleasant and comfortable reception lounges.
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Our Medical Team
Our ophthalmologists are trained in state-of-the-art technology at the Harvard

Medical School. Their focus on each subspecialty ensures our Institute's ability to
handle even the most difficult eye diseases. Our Anesthesiologist and low vision
specialist provide critical support for the safety and visual aid needs of our patients.
Felipe I. Tolentino, M.D.

Medical Director
Retina and Vitreous
Robert Edward T. Ang, M.D.
Cornea and Refractive Surgery
Glaucoma
Annabelle A. Ching-Costa, M.D.
Glaucoma
Edgar U. Leuenberger, M.D.

Glaucoma
Heidi C. Domingo-Remulla, M.D.

Oculoplastic and Orbit Disease
Harvey S. Uy, M.D.

Uveitis and Ocular Immunology
Retina and Vitreous Disease
Pik Sha Chan-Uy, M.D.

Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Amadeo A. S. Veloso, Jr., M.D.
Maria Imelda R. Yap-Veloso, M.D.
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Glaucoma
Mary Jocelyn U. Ang, M.D.

Anesthesiology
Jesse B. Caguioa, O.D.

Chief Optometrist
Low Vision Specialist
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia
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Our Mission
To deliver to all our patients the highest quality eye care at par with the best in
the world;
To advance the science and practice of ophthalmology in the Philippines and Asia;
and
To make high quality eye care available and accessible to the Filipino people.
Our Vision
We will be a center of excellence in the delivery of high quality eye care and
services in Asia and the Pacific Rim; and
We will be a vital national and international resource in the diagnosis and

treatment of eye diseases and visual impairment.
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia
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The Asian Eye Institute is born of the vision of two men recognized as leaders in
their respective fields: Mr. Oscar M. Lopez and Dr. Felipe I. Tolentino.
Mr. Lopez, Chairman and CEO of the Lopez Group of Companies, has been traveling
to Boston for the past ten years to avail of the world’s best specialized eye care
facilities and doctors for his glaucoma. In that period, he developed an enduring
friendship with Dr. Tolentino, the world-renowned Filipino-American
ophthalmologist.
In the course of his eight surgeries in a decade, Mr. Lopez recognized the need to
bring U.S. quality eye care to the Philippines, and persuaded his Boston friend to
consider giving something back to his old country. Their friendship led to the
construction in 1996 of a “cataract surgical clinic on wheels” which has helped over
3,000 indigent patients.
Their exchange of ideas also led to a far-reaching concept-that of establishing a

center of excellence in eye care in the Philippines. This idea was formalized at a
dinner with Dr. Tolentino and his colleagues in Boston on September 18, 1999. Mr.
Lopez announced that within two years, an eye institute would be organized and
built in Manila.
Exactly one year later, the project team invited business and government leaders to
participate in this noble undertaking. And with the support of public-spirited people
who shared this vision, the dream of the two men is now a reality.
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
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Board of Directors:
Mr. Oscar M. Lopez - Chairman & CEO
Dr. Felipe I. Tolentino - President & Medical Director
Amb. Alfonso T. Yuchengco
Mr. Eliseo B. Santiago
Mr. Eugenio L. Lopez III
Mr. Manuel M. Lopez
Mr. Jesus Verne Quiazon
Mme. Kazuko T. Siazon
Mr. Washington Z. SyCip
Mr. Christian S. Monsod
Dr. Robert T. Ang
Shareholders:
ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation
First Philippine Industrial Corporation
Manila Electric Company
Pan Malayan Management and Investment Corporation
The Philippine American Life and General Insurance Company
Sumitomo Corporation
Pilipinas Shell Retirement Fund
First Philippine Holdings Corporation
Rustan Group of Companies
Rustan Marketing Corporation
Mr. Willie Chua
Mr. Peter Ng
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Mr. & Mrs. Jaime Zobel de Ayala
Mr. Luis Aboitiz, Jr.
Mr. Manuel Pangilinan
Mme. Kazuko Siazon
Mr. Washington Sycip
Facilities
Our Medical Team
Mission/Vision
History
Board of
Directors/
Shareholders
Eye Tips and Trivia
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Eye Tips and Trivia
Did you know that . . . the first spectacles were invented in the 13th century in
northern Italy? For centuries after their invention, eyeglasses were costly but crude.
A person who needed them could only try out various lenses until he found some
that served his purpose. They were also considered an object of ridicule. As late as
the 18th century, it was considered a breach of etiquette to wear them in public.
Did you know that . . . the image focused by the cornea and lens on the retina is
actually upside down and two-dimensional? This upside down image is transmitted
to the brain as electrochemical signals, where it is properly analyzed, partly through
inherited ability and partly through experience, and translated into a right side up,
three-dimensional picture. This is just one example of the amazing way our eyes
and brain work together to compose our visual experience!
Tip of the week:
When you are diagnosed with an eye infection, make sure you throw out all your
eye makeup, eye cream, face powder, contact lens cleaner and solution, and all
other items that come into contact with your eyes, eyelids and surrounding areas. It
is possible that one of these items either caused the infection in the first place, or
subsequently became contaminated with it. Replace them with new ones when the
infection is eliminated, and sterilize your contact lenses and containers.
Facilities
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History
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REFRACTIVE SURGERY WEBSITE UPDATES
Not A Candidate for LASIK? There is an alternative…. LASEK.
LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis) involves the creation of a corneal flap prior to
laser treatment. The flap is then returned and allowed to heal naturally without the
need for stitches. Patients who have thin corneas or who have professions or
lifestyles that predispose them to trauma such as contact sports athletes or
military/police personnel may not be good candidates for LASIK. In this situation,
performing PRK (photorefractive keratectomy) may be the better alternative.
LASEK (laser epithelial keratomileusis) is an innovation of PRK that combines the

advantages of both LASIK and PRK. In LASEK, instead of scraping off or removing
the surface layer (epithelium) of the cornea as is routinely done in conventional
PRK, a thin epithelial flap is peeled using 18% alcohol and is returned after the laser
treatment is done. LASEK offers the potential advantage of avoiding flap-related
complications and limitations associated with LASIK and decreasing postoperative
pain and corneal scarring associated with conventional PRK.
The full text of the article entitled "Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK): electron
microscopy and visual outcomes of flap Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)"by Azar
DT, Ang RT, Lee JB, Kato T, Chen CC, Jain S, Gabison E, Abad JC appears in the
August 2001 edition of Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. Dr. Robert Ang, Asian
Eye Institute's refractive surgeon, is the second author in the article. Dr. Ang
regularly performs LASIK, PRK and LASEK at Asian Eye.
Dry Eye is a common complaint after refractive laser surgery.
PRK (Photorefractive keratectomy) and LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis) can

induce or worsen dry eye after laser surgery. The cause mainly involves decreased
corneal sensation, resulting in decreased feedback to the lacrimal gland and
reduced tear production. Symptoms include dryness, foreign body sensation,
difficulty in opening eyelids upon waking, scratchy sensation and when severe, eye
redness and blurring of vision because of dry spots in the corneal flap. Patients
should be warned of this distressing complication. During the period of dry eye,
which can last for up to 6 months after surgery, artificial tears and punctual plugs
are helpful in alleviating the discomfort.
The full text of the article entitled "Dry eye after refractive surgery" by Ang RT,
Dartt DA, Tsubota K appears in the August 2001 edition of Current Opinion in
Ophthalmology. Dr. Robert Ang is the main author of the article.
< Return to News and Updates
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New Treatments for Age-related Macular Degeneration

By Harvey S. Uy, M.D.
Asian Eye Institute
What is AMD?
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of adult legal
blindness in developed countries and affects people over the age of 40. AMD is a
progressively worsening condition that damages the light-sensitive film of the eye
called the retina. This leads to blurred central vision and loss of fine detail such as
recognizing faces or reading small print.
There are two types of this condition: dry AMD and wet AMD.
In dry AMD, there is thinning of the macula and

appearance of drusen which are small round lesions
beneath the retina (Figure 1). Previously, there was no
effective treatment for this type. Low vision devices could
help people see better.
In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the

retina. These blood vessels leak fluid and blood into the
tissue in the back of the eye (Figure 2). Scar tissue may
form later. Vision loss usually occurs.
How is AMD Treated?
There are now several treatment options available for wet AMD.
1. Laser photocoagulation
Laser photocoagulation is a standard treatment which seals leaky blood and

inhibits their growth. This process does not restore vision but prevents
further vision loss in a small number of wet AMD patients. This is sometimes
referred to as a "HOT" laser because when the laser beam comes in contact
with the abnormal vessels, it turns to intense heat and destroys these
abnormal vessels. After treatment, the patient usually experiences a "blind

spot" because this treatment also destroys overlying normal retina tissue.
Because of this, it is not advisable to treat some lesions in the exact center of
the retina (Figure 3).
2. Photodynamic therapy
A new treatment for wet AMD is photodynamic therapy or PDT. In this

procedure, a drug called Verteporfin (Novartis Ophthalmics) is injected into
the patient's bloodstream. When this drug reaches the retina, a non-thermal
or "COLD" laser is activated causing the drug to form a clot that closes the
abnormal vessels. This treatment does not damage the surrounding normal
retina and can be applied to lesions in the exact center of the retina. PDT has
been approved for use by the United States FDA and has been applied to
thousands of patients worldwide.
3. Transpupillary thermoplasty
Another new treatment for wet AMD is transpupillary thermoplasty. This is

sometimes called a "SEMI-HOT" laser because the heat produced is not as
much as the photocoagulation laser. It is believed that the low heat induces
the abnormal blood vessels to heal without damaging the overlying healthy
retina an thus can be used to treat central lesions. This treatment is currently
undergoing a large clinical trial in the United States.
4. Vitamins and antioxidants
A nationwide trial done in the United States recently reported that

antioxidant vitamins and zinc can useful in slowing the progression of age-
related macular degeneration and reduce the risk of vision loss. This research
is the first to conclusively show benefits of vitamin treatment for macular
degeneration.
5. Low vision devices
Low vision aids or devices consist of special eye glasses, magnifiers,

telescopes, and video equipment that help people with impaired vision (eg.
AMD patients) see better and live more normal and independent lives. These
are usually fitted according the to patients' visual requirements and visual
status.
What Should You Do If Think You Have AMD?
1. See your eye doctor immediately if you are over 40 and you think your vision
is impaired. At present, the treatments are not usually able to restore vision
fully. Current treatment can preserve vision or slow down the rate of visual
loss so it is important to get treatment early.
2. Your doctor may request for a fluorescein or indocyanine angiogram help
detect and visualize abnormal vessels beneath the retina. This involves
injection of a dye then picture taking using a retinal camera.
3. Eat lots of green leafy vegetables. These contain some of the vitamins that
may be helpful in slowing down vision loss in AMD patients.
4. Avoid direct sunlight. Some of the light from the sun (UV light) may be
harmful to the retinas of susceptible persons. It may be advisable to wear UV
coated glasses or other protective caps or hats to minimize UV light
exposure.
5. Monitor your vision. Your eye doctor may provide you with a card so that you
can check your vision at home and detect early visual changes from AMD. If
you see any changes, you should go see your eye doctor immediately.
For questions regarding macular degeneration or any other eye problems, please
direct your queries to: eyehelp@asianeyeinstitute.com

Subspecialty Services General Eye Service

General Eye Services
Glaucoma The General Eye Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers comprehensive eye
Retina examinations for an initial assessment of a patient’s eye condition. Our
Cornea and Refractive ophthalmologists then determine whether a patient needs further evaluation and
Surgery
treatment by a subspecialist, thereby ensuring that he will be cared for only by the
one most qualified to do so.
Pediatric and Strabismus
Ophthalmic Plastic General Eye Service also handles the treatment and management of the more
Surgery common eye problems such as errors of refraction, simple eye infections and
Low Vision cataracts. The service offers immediate treatment and management of eye trauma
Anesthesia Service
caused by eye burns, foreign bodies, lacerations, contusions, corneal abrasions and
other injuries.
What are errors of refraction? How are they treated?

What are common eye infections?
What is a cataract? How is it treated?
Why do I need to have my eyes checked after an eye injury?
What are eye burns? What are other forms of eye injuries?
Why are regular eye examinations important?
What are errors of refraction?
The process of vision begins with light entering the eye and bringing with it
information it picks up as it touches or passes through objects in its path. These
light patterns (image) pass through the various parts of the eye until it reaches the
back wall of the eye (retina), where it is transformed into electrical impulses. The
impulses are then transmitted by nerve cells to the brain.
When the image passes through the different parts of the eye on its way to the
retina, the light rays must be bent to come to a focus and provide a sharp image.
This process is called refraction, and parts of the eye primarily responsible for this
are the cornea and the lens.
Error of refraction may occur when the cornea and lens fail to bring the focus point
directly on the retina, usually because the eyeball is too long or too short. In
nearsightedness or myopia, the focus point falls in front of the retina and the
patient has difficulty seeing objects that are far away. In farsightedness or
hyperopia, the focus point falls behind the retina and the patient has difficulty
reading or looking at objects that are close. In presbyopia, the lens loses its
elasticity and has a difficult time focusing for near vision.
Astigmatism is another error of refraction. It is usually caused by an imperfectly

shaped cornea, which distorts images by refracting light rays unevenly on the
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horizontal and vertical planes.
How are errors of refraction treated?
For the most part, a simple error of refraction can be addressed by a pair of glasses
or contact lenses. Our doctors are complemented not only by a team of specialized
optometrists but also a complete array of eye instruments capable of determining
the eye wear needs of our patients.
Today, however, most patients prefer to reduce their dependency on glasses or

contact lenses and opt for refractive surgery or laser vision correction. The Cornea
and Refractive Surgery Service of the Asian Eye Institute has a variety of
options for patients who may want to consider this type of treatment.
What are common eye infections?
Common eye infections include “sore eyes,” and are characterized by eye itchiness,
redness, tearing, and at times, pain. A comprehensive eye exam is conducted to
rule out any serious eye conditions. In general, common eye infections are treated
using medications such as eye drops.
What is a cataract?
A cataract is a partial or total opacity of the lens of the eye. It is the most common
cause of blurred vision for the older population. A cataract should not be viewed as
a disease condition. It is simply part of the aging process. The lens, which is
normally clear at birth, grows continuously as we age. By the time an individual
reaches 60 or so, it has become opaque enough so that light cannot pass freely
through it, resulting in blurred vision. Some individuals may develop cataracts at an
earlier age, especially if there has been prior use of steroids for a significant amount
of time, if they are suffering from diabetes, or if they have a family history of early
cataracts.
How is a cataract treated?
The only definitive treatment for a cataract is surgical. This entails removing the
lens of the eye and replacing it with an intraocular lens. This intraocular lens is man-
made; it does not dissolve in time and when implanted correctly inside the eye
normally lasts a lifetime. In fact, its power can be calculated in a way to change a
patient’s need for glasses after the surgery.
There are several ways to remove a cataract, depending on the state of maturity of
the cataract. A cataract taken out at the right time can be removed by a procedure
known as phacoemulsification. This entails breaking up the cataract into small
component pieces, thereby allowing it to be removed through a smaller wound
incision. A smaller wound allows for a quicker recovery period and a faster return to
normal activity.
Why do I need to have my eyes checked after an eye injury?
It is important to have your eyes examined by an ophthalmologist after an eye

injury. There may be damage to your eye that can only be seen by an eye doctor
using special instruments. Although you may not feel anything after an eye injury,
the damage that might have happened to your eye may later on lead to blindness.

What are eye burns?
Eye burns can arise from chemicals, excessive heat, radiation, or electricity. Burns
caused by chemicals are considered an emergency. Chemical eye burns can be
caused by an acid or alkali. Alkali burns do more damage to the eye than acid burns
because they penetrate and melt eye structures upon contact. Alkalis are usually
found in household cleaners and drain decloggers. Examples of acids are battery
acid, bleaching agents, and refrigerants.
The first thing to do in case of a chemical eye injury is to flush out the chemical by
exposing the eye to clean running water such as from a faucet. Immediate
examination by an ophthalmologist is needed.
What are other forms of eye injuries?
Penetrating eye injuries include lacerations (open wound), usually involving a break
through the different layers of the eye. Some wounds also cause foreign bodies to
lodge within the eye. In these types of injuries, it is important not to put any
pressure on the eyeball and to see an ophthalmologist as soon as possible.
Blunt or contusion injuries usually involve a direct blow to the eye by a blunt object
like a squash ball, champagne cork or by a clenched fist. Injuries may range from a
superficial hemorrhage to more serious injuries like dislocation of the lens, iris
tears, retinal swelling or edema. Again, an eye examination by a specialist should
be done as soon as possible.
More common but less serious eye trauma includes a corneal abrasion and a corneal
foreign body. A corneal abrasion is a superficial defect in the outer surface of the
eye. It may come with intense pain, tearing and foreign body sensation. Contact
lens users may be prone to corneal abrasion when handling their eyes. A corneal
foreign body, on the other hand, is a fragment of an object which can adhere to the
cornea. Symptoms may be similar to a corneal abrasion. Removal of the foreign
body by an eye specialist is required.
A final eye emergency requiring special mention is central retinal arterial

occlusion (CRAO). It is characterized by a sudden painless blurring of vision. This
is caused by loss of blood supply to the retina. CRAO is an ophthalmic emergency,
and prompt treatment is essential because the retina is irreversibly damaged in
about one hour.
Why are regular eye examinations important?
Eye diseases and disorders may develop at any age. At times, symptoms of serious
eye disease appear only when enough damage has occurred to affect vision. It is
best to see an ophthalmologist at least once a year even if you have no medical
predisposition for eye diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension or any family history
of eye disease.
For a child, it allows detection of any refractive errors or eye muscle imbalance
during a period when intervention would produce the best possible result.
For the adolescent, it allows detection of refractive errors during this stage of rapid
growth and change. A lot of errors of refraction begin during this period of puberty.
For the adult, it allows screening for eye diseases that usually accompany other
medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and inflammatory diseases (e.g.

arthritis, back pains, kidney inflammation). It also allows screening for eye diseases
that normally begin in adulthood or are caused by aging, such as glaucoma or
retinal detachment.
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Eye Tips and Trivia

Subspecialty Services Glaucoma

Glaucoma The Glaucoma Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers comprehensive diagnoses,
Retina treatment and management of the various types of glaucoma. Our diagnostic
Cornea and Refractive services include applanation tonometry, optic nerve photography, gonioscopy,
Surgery
visual field tests and nerve fiber analysis. Our glaucoma laser services include
Argon, YAG, and Diode lasers. Glaucoma surgery for adult and pediatric glaucomas
include trabeculectomy, goniotomy and implantation of glaucoma drainage devices.
Ophthalmic Plastic
Surgery What is Glaucoma?
Low Vision What causes Glaucoma?
Anesthesia Service What are the types of Glaucoma?
Who is most likely to get Glaucoma?
What are the symptoms of Glaucoma? How is it detected? How is it treated?
What can I do to protect my vision?
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can affect the optic nerve. The optic nerve is
like a “telephone cable” containing nerve fibers or wires. These nerve fibers carry
messages from the eye to the brain, and these messages when put together create
vision. In glaucoma, the pressure in the eye is higher than that particular eye can
tolerate. As a result, the nerve fibers and blood vessels in the optic nerve become
compressed and can be damaged or destroyed. Damage to the nerve fibers impairs
vision.
What causes Glaucoma?
At the front of the eye there is a small space called the anterior chamber. Clear fluid
(aqueous humor) continuously flows in and out of the chamber to bathe and nourish
nearby tissues. In glaucoma, the fluid drains too slowly out of the eye. As the fluid
builds up, the pressure inside the eye rises. Unless this pressure is controlled, it
may cause damage to the optic nerve and other parts of the eye, resulting in loss of
vision.
What are the types of Glaucoma?
Glaucoma can be separated into two major categories.
In open-angle glaucoma, the “drainpipe” of the eye (trabecular meshwork or

drainage angle) is visible to an eye doctor upon examination. Although it appears

normal, for still unknown reasons it no longer functions efficiently, resulting in a

gradual increase of pressure within the eye. Because the trabecular meshwork is
open and visible, the glaucoma is called open-angle.
In angle-closure glaucoma, the aqueous humor has difficulty passing normally

from behind the iris (the colored part of the eye) where it is produced, to the
anterior chamber angles in front of the iris, where it leaves the eye. The pressure
builds up behind the iris and pushes it forward, mechanically closing the angle and
physically obstructing the drain of the eye. When the doctor examines the eye, he is
unable to see the drain because the iris is blocking it. This is why this type of
glaucoma is called angle-closure glaucoma.
TYPES of GLAUCOMA Open-angle glaucoma often develops gradually and is commonly called chronic
glaucoma. In contrast, angle-closure glaucoma may develop rapidly, and is often
Open-angle referred to as acute glaucoma.
Closed-angle
Combined mechanism
Congenital More complex forms of glaucoma exist. One form is combined mechanism
Secondary glaucoma. In this form, both open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma are present.
Low tension The drain of the eye functions improperly as with open-angle glaucoma, and the
drainage angle is narrow or closed as with angle-closure glaucoma.
Another type is congenital glaucoma. In this form, the drainage angle is

abnormal from birth. This condition is extremely rare.
Secondary glaucoma is another form of this disease. In this form of glaucoma the
drainage angle is damaged due to conditions such as eye inflammation, tumors,
retinal detachment and injuries.
Still another form is low tension glaucoma. In this form, damage to the optic nerve
results even at eye pressures that are considered normal for most eyes.
Who is most likely to get Glaucoma?
Glaucoma can occur in people of all ages. However, it is more common in adults
than in children. While there are no known direct factors that lead to glaucoma,
certain groups of people are known to be at somewhat higher risk of developing
Most likely to get glaucoma than others. These are people who are of advanced age, have a family
Glaucoma history of glaucoma or diabetes, are nearsighted, are suffering from other eye
diseases, or are smokers. Factors that have not been found to trigger glaucoma
People over age 60 include coffee and alcohol intake and fluid restriction diets.
Family history of
glaucoma
Nearsighted individuals
People with diabetic What are the symptoms of Glaucoma?
eye disease
Smokers
Blacks over age 40 For open-angle glaucoma, there are no symptoms. Vision stays normal, and there is
no pain. However, as the disease progresses, a person with glaucoma may notice
Symptoms of Angle- his side vision gradually failing. That is, he can see clearly objects in front of him,
closure Glaucoma but may miss objects to the side. As the disease worsens, his field of vision narrows
and blindness results.
Severe eye pain
Headaches
Nausea, vomiting For acute angle-closure glaucoma, the symptoms are blurred vision, severe eye
Blurred vision pain, headaches, nausea, vomiting and seeing halos around lights.
Seeing halos around
lights
How is Glaucoma detected?
There are special tests used to detect glaucoma.

Tonometry is the measurement of pressure in the eye. Applanation tonometry is

the most accurate method of measuring eye pressure. This is done as a routine part
of most clinic visits and is a critical part of the care and follow-up of glaucoma.
Optic nerve photography is used to monitor the course of glaucoma. Over a

period of time the physician will compare the photographs taken at varying intervals
to check for evidence of progression of the glaucomatous process and optic nerve
damage.
Gonioscopy allows the physician to directly visualize and examine the drainage
angle of the eye. This test allows him to determine the type of glaucoma suffered
by a patient.
Visual field tests are used to detect loss of side vision, a manifestation of
glaucoma damage.
Nerve fiber layer analysis is used to measure the thickness of the nerve fiber
layer and calculate the surface areas of the optic nerve head. Considered as the
Special Tests for latest and most advanced tool in glaucoma diagnosis and monitoring, this exam is
Glaucoma painless and takes about 10 seconds to perform.
Tonometry
How is Glaucoma treated?
Optic Disc evaluation
Gonioscopy
Visual Field exam In general, damage to the optic nerve cannot be reversed. Glaucoma treatment is
Nerve Fiber Layer used to control or prevent further damage to the optic nerve. For a person
Analysis diagnosed with glaucoma, regular eye examinations are a critical part of the disease
control and monitoring process.
Open-angle glaucoma is treated initially with medication (eye drops and oral
medicine) to decrease eye pressure. When this is insufficient, the drain itself may
be treated as well using laser surgery (trabeculoplasty). If there is a need for
further treatment, the next step is operative surgery to create a new drainage
outlet for the fluid to leave the eye, thus lowering pressure.
In angle-closure glaucoma, where the iris blocks the drainage system of the eye,
the initial therapy involves making an opening in the iris to restore the flow of fluid
to the drainage system, thereby relieving pressure. This is called an iridectomy,
which today is most commonly done using laser therapy.
In many patients an iridectomy will cure angle-closure glaucoma. In some

instances, however, a patient may already have suffered permanent damage to the
drain (trabecular meshwork) before the iridectomy is performed, such as when it
becomes permanently adhered to the iris, rendering it non-functional. In this case,
medication, additional laser therapy and even operative surgery may be necessary.
Patients suffering from glaucoma must inform their eye doctors before using other
medications, especially those with glaucoma warnings (e.g. antihistamines and cold
remedies). Steroids should not be used unless the prescribing doctor is specifically
aware of the existence of glaucoma.
Studies have shown that early detection and treatment of glaucoma, before it
causes major vision loss, is the best way to control the disease. If you belong to
any of the groups most likely to get glaucoma (see Who is most likely to get
Glaucoma?), make sure to have your eyes examined regularly by an
ophthalmologist.

Subspecialty Services Retina and Vitreous Diseases

Glaucoma The Retina and Vitreous Diseases Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers
Retina comprehensive diagnoses, treatment and management of the different retina and
Cornea and Refractive vitreous diseases such as macular degeneration, retinal detachment and diabetic
Surgery
retinopathy. Our diagnostic services include ophthalmoscopy, various vision tests,
ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. Our
surgical services include Argon laser photocoagulation, as well as operative surgery
procedures such as scleral buckling and vitrectomy. Our Low Vision and Visual
Ophthalmic Plastic
Rehabilitation Service supports the management of retina and vitreous diseases.
Surgery
Low Vision
Anesthesia Service
What are the Retina and Vitreous?
What are the most common Retina and Vitreous diseases?
Macular Degeneration
Retinal Detachment
Diabetic Retinopathy
What are the symptoms of Macular Degeneration? How is it detected?
Is there a cure?
What are the symptoms of Retinal Detachment? How is it detected? How is it
treated?
What are the symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy? How is it detected? How is
it treated?
What is choroidal melanoma?
What are the Retina and Vitreous?
The retina is the delicate inner lining of the eye. It is about 1 millimeter thick and
is composed of a number of layers. The retina acts like the film in a camera. When
light strikes the retina, it “takes the picture” via a complex chain of chemical
reactions that changes light rays into electrical impulses. The impulses are then
transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. If any part of the delicate retina is
damaged, some degree of vision will be lost.
The macula is the area in the retina responsible for central vision. It also allows
recognition of fine detail and color. A diseased macula affects both close and
distance vision. It causes difficulty in such activities as reading and looking at street
signs. Light sensitive cells called cones, responsible for both central and color
vision, are most common in the macula and are hardly found at all at the edge of
the retina.
Side vision is the responsibility of another type of light-sensing cells called rods.
Rods are more numerous in the peripheral retina. If this region is damaged, it is

difficult to move around without bumping into things or to fix one’s gaze on a
moving object. Night vision is also the product of rods.
The vitreous is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the eye.
What are the most common Retinal and Vitreous diseases?
The most common diseases that affect the retina and vitreous are:
■ Macular Degeneration
■ Retinal Detachment
■ Diabetic Retinopathy
What is Macular Degeneration?
Macular degeneration can best be described as damage or “wear and tear” of the
macula.
In dry macular degeneration, vision tends to worsen gradually with time. Tissues
of the macula break down and cells no longer fit tightly together, allowing fluid to
seep underneath the retina. This in turn causes the layers of the retina to separate
and become detached, disarranging light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and
resulting in distorted central vision. Later, rods and cones may also degenerate and
die, resulting in blind spots.
In wet macular degeneration, vision loss may be rapid and severe. Abnormal
blood vessels that leak fluid and blood form at the back of the eye, causing the
layers of the retina to separate.
What are the symptoms of Macular Degeneration?
The symptoms of macular degeneration include distorted central vision and blind
spots at the center of vision. Colors may appear dim. A patient may be able to see
the outline of a clock, but unable to tell the time. He may have difficulty reading, as
words at the center of a page appear blurred or distorted, or may not be visible at
all.
Macular degeneration usually affects both eyes but symptoms may first occur in one
eye only. Because the healthier eye compensates for the loss in vision of the
affected eye, macular degeneration may initially go unnoticed.
Generally, macular degeneration does not lead to total blindness as only central and
color vision are affected. Because the peripheral retina remains healthy, peripheral
or side vision is retained along with the ability to see in the dark.
How is Macular Degeneration detected?
In order to check the macula for signs of damage, the following diagnostic tests are
necessary:
■ Ophthalmoscopy (to view and examine the macula);

■ Grid test (to check for changes in vision, such as distortion or blind spots);
■ Color vision test;
■ Fluorescein Angiography (to check the progression of the disease); and

■ Indocyanine Green Angiography (to localize areas of damage).
Is there a cure for Macular Degeneration?
There is no cure for macular degeneration. However, laser treatment in the early
stages may help slow the progress of wet macular degeneration. Argon laser
surgery may be used to seal the abnormal, leaking blood vessels that damage the
macula.
If laser surgery is not appropriate and does not stop the degenerative process,
therapy should focus on helping the patient cope with the loss of central vision. Our
Low Vision and Visual Rehabilitation Service may be of help in minimizing the effect
of visual impairment on a patient’s lifestyle, and allowing him to continue with the
activities he enjoys.
What is Retinal Detachment?
Retinal detachment is a disease that most often results from tears or breaks in
the retina. These tears cause fluid from the vitreous cavity to seep beneath the
transparent layer of the retina and separate it from the pigmented layer. As light-
sensitive cells (rods and cones) are lifted away or detached from the pigment layer,
vision becomes darkened and distorted.
Breaks in the retina may result from thinning and deterioration due to aging. In
most cases, however, they occur when the vitreous, which is attached to the retina,
shrinks and pulls part of the retina along with it, leaving tears or holes. Shrinkage
of the vitreous may be caused by aging, abnormal growth of the eye, inflammation
or injury.
Some cases of retinal detachment are not caused by retinal tears, but by other eye
diseases such as tumors, inflammations, or diabetic complications. In these cases,
treatment of the disease that caused the retinal detachment is the only treatment
that might help bring the retina back to its normal position.
What are the symptoms of Retinal Detachment?
The early symptoms of a retinal break and retinal detachment include seeing
sudden flashes of light, floaters (floating black spots), and smoke or cobwebs.
The chances of developing a retinal detachment are greater if a patient is severely

nearsighted, has a family history of retinal detachment, had cataract surgery, or
suffered severe trauma to the eye or head.
How is Retinal Detachment detected?
A retinal detachment may be diagnosed using an indirect ophthalmoscope with

scleral depression and a slit lamp. These instruments, with their bright light and
magnification, allow the doctor to examine thoroughly the inside of the eye to
locate areas of tearing.
How is Retinal Detachment treated?
If the retina is torn but retinal detachment has not yet occurred, the
ophthalmologist may use non-operative procedures if he feels that these may still
benefit the patient. Cryotherapy involves freezing the back wall of the eye behind a

retinal tear to induce the formation of scars to seal the edges of the retinal tear.
Photocoagulation using Argon laser surgery also induces the formation of scars by
placing small burns around the edges of the tear. Sealing of the tears prevents fluid
from seeping between the layers of the retina.
If retinal breaks lead to retinal detachment, laser treatment or cryotherapy may not
be enough. Retinal detachment may have to be treated by operative surgery such
as scleral buckling, designed to hold together the tissues of the retina and the back
wall of the eye until scars are produced to seal the retinal tears. Vitrectomy may
also be needed for more complex retinal detachments. In this procedure, the
vitreous is removed and usually replaced with a saline solution. This also removes
blood, debris or scar tissue that may either block light as it focuses on the retina, or
cause the retina to tear or be displaced.
Retinal detachment requires immediate treatment to prevent total loss of vision. It

is best to see your ophthalmologist if you begin to have symptoms of retinal
detachment.
What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
A patient who has had diabetes for more than 10 years may develop a complication
called diabetic retinopathy. This condition is characterized by abnormalities in the
tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, and usually affects both eyes at the same
time. In diabetic retinopathy, blood vessels in the macula leak clear fluid called
serum resulting in tissue swelling within the area. This condition is called macular
edema. The abnormal blood vessels may also bleed into the retina and vitreous
cavity. The leakage of fluid and blood may cause retinal detachment and pulling of
the macula, resulting in abnormal vision.
What are the symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy?
During the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, the patient may experience no
symptoms. In the more advanced cases of diabetic retinopathy, the patient may
experience cloudy vision, and distortion and blurring of central vision.
Diabetic retinopathy may lead to severe vision loss and even total blindness if not
treated early. It is best to see your ophthalmologist if you experience symptoms of
this condition, or if you suffer from diabetes.
How is Diabetic Retinopathy detected?
The ophthalmologist will use an ophthalmoscope and a slit lamp to find abnormal
vessels. Fluorescein Angiography is necessary to assess just how far the diabetic
retinopathy has progressed. Ultrasonography can be used to check for retinal
detachment if the vitreous is clouded with blood.
How is Diabetic Retinopathy treated?
Argon laser surgery may be used to seal the abnormal blood vessels that have
leaked serum into the retina. Laser treatment of the macula may also be necessary
to help preserve central vision. In severe cases of diabetic retinopathy, an operative
surgical procedure called vitrectomy may also be done to remove longstanding
blood from the inner eye, and to cut away scar tissue in order to relax any traction
on the retina. In this procedure, the vitreous is removed and usually replaced with a
saltwater solution.

What is Fluorescein Angiography?
Fluorescein Angiography is a diagnostic procedure that can detect abnormalities

or damage to the retina. It is used to follow the course of the disease and monitor
treatment results in diabetes and age-related macular degeneration, among others.
First, a water-soluble dye is injected into a vein in the arm. As the dye passes
through the blood vessels of the retina, a special camera (fundus camera) flashes a
blue light into the eye and takes several photographs (angiogram) of the retina. If
the blood vessels are abnormal, the dye may leak into the retina or stain the blood
vessels. Damage to the lining underneath the retina or the appearance of abnormal
new blood vessels growing beneath the retina may also be revealed. The exact
location of these abnormalities can be determined by a careful interpretation of the
angiogram.
What is Indocyanine Green Angiography?
Indocyanine Green Angiography is a diagnostic procedure that allows the doctor

to accurately localize and treat areas of damage, especially to the macula. It is very
similar to fluorescein angiography, except that a modern laser scanning and
detection technology is used to acquire digital fluorescein angiography and
indocyanine green angiography images - separately or simultaneous - with three
dimensional resolution, and excellent image quality.
What is Argon Laser Surgery?
Argon laser surgery has been used successfully on the eye since 1970. The laser
beam is a high energy light that turns to heat when it is focused on the parts of the
retina to be treated. This light energy is precise, controlled and convenient. The
ophthalmologist controls the laser carefully by choosing a wavelength (color) that
the eye tissue being treated can absorb, focusing the laser beam precisely on the
problem area, and controlling the power and time of exposure.
Argon laser surgery is used for diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal
breaks and detachment, and other retinal abnormalities.
What is choroidal melanoma?
Choroidal melanoma is a cancer that affects the pigmented layer of the eye called
the choroid, which is made up of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to
the retina. While it starts in the eye, it may spread to other parts of the body. Your
eye doctor may be able to detect and recognize it using an indirect ophthalmoscope
or ultrasound. Treatment may be in the form of enucleation (removal of the eye),
laser treatment, radiation treatment, cryotherapy or freezing. The appearance of
the tumor, its pattern, size and location will help determine which treatment should
be used.
Retina and vitreous diseases require immediate treatment to prevent severe vision
loss and possibly total blindness. If you are over the age of 40, suffer severe
nearsightedness or diabetes, have a family history of retina disease, had cataract
surgery, or suffered severe trauma to the eye or head, make sure to have your
eyes examined regularly by an ophthalmologist.

Subspecialty Services Cornea and Refractive Surgery

Glaucoma The Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers
Retina comprehensive diagnoses and treatment of corneal and external disease conditions
Cornea and Refractive such as infections of the cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids, corneal ulcers, eye
Surgery
allergies, traumatic injuries of the cornea, corneal dystrophies and decompensation,
and errors of refraction (nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism). Our
services include corneal transplantation, repair of corneal injuries, anterior segment
reconstruction, secondary intraocular lens implantation, repositioning of a displaced
Ophthalmic Plastic
intraocular lens. Our laser surgery services include customized vision correction
Surgery
through LASIK and PRK.
Low Vision
Anesthesia Service
What is the cornea?
What is refractive surgery?
What is laser vision correction? Customized vision correction?
Who can benefit from laser vision correction? Is it safe? Is it painful?
What time commitment is needed for laser vision correction?
What is corneal transplantation? What conditions require transplantation?
What are the risks involved in a transplant procedure? Is it painful?
What is the cornea?
The cornea is the tough, transparent membrane at the front of the eye through
which light first passes. It acts like the convex lens of a camera, and is part of a
system of eye parts that successively bend light rays (refraction) to focus precisely
on the retina. The image is then translated into impulses that are sent to the brain.
What is refractive surgery?
Refractive surgery is the subspecialty of Ophthalmology that manages vision

problems (errors of refraction) such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness
(hyperopia) and astigmatism through surgery. The most popular procedure in
refractive surgery is laser vision correction. Other procedures include insertion of a
phakic intraocular lens and incisional keratotomy procedures such as radial
keratotomy (RK) and arcuate keratotomy (AK).
What is laser vision correction or laser refractive surgery?
Laser vision correction is a surgical procedure that uses an excimer laser to reshape
the cornea by removing a controlled amount of tissue in order to alter its refractive

power. The most common techniques are LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis) and
PRK (photorefractive keratectomy). The method of exposing the deeper corneal
layer differentiates these two techniques of laser vision correction.
In PRK, the surface layer of the cornea (epithelium) is gently removed prior to laser
treatment. The epithelial cells grow back within 3 days after surgery. Vision slowly
improves but patients typically experience some amount of pain or discomfort
during this period.
In LASIK, a specialized device called a microkeratome is used to create a thin

corneal flap. The flap is retracted and the laser applied on the remaining corneal
bed. The flap is then returned to its original position. The cornea has special
properties that allow the flap to bond naturally without the use of stitches. LASIK
has become more popular because of the quick healing time, immediate visual
improvement and minimal discomfort associated with the procedure.
If treatment for a patient does not result in full correction of the error, he may opt
to wear glasses, contact lenses or have additional laser surgery (enhancement
procedure). Published reports state that approximately 7-10% of patients request
for an enhancement or “touch up” procedure to improve visual results. AEI
performs enhancement procedures for patients who have already had previous laser
vision correction.
What is customized vision correction?
The front part of the cornea alone does not determine how well the eye can focus.
The other inner parts of the eye, and how they fit and work together, also
contribute to the focusing power of the eye. Glasses and contact lenses change the
way light bends even before it hits the eye. Conventional lasers reshape the eye
based mainly on the contour of the front part of the eye. These methods of
correcting errors of refraction can help you see better, but do not consider the other
parts of the eye that could be contributing to the vision problem.
The advanced laser system of AEI gathers and analyzes information on the other
parts of the eye to deliver a treatment that is tailored to these specific eye details.
The customized treatment may therefore result in vision better than with glasses,
contact lenses, or conventional laser. The special features of AEI’s laser system also
allow us to treat successfully patients with complicated or irregular astigmatism.
Who can benefit from laser vision correction?
Patients with nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism (both regular and

irregular) can benefit from laser vision correction. The most common objective of
patients undergoing refractive surgery is to decrease their dependence on glasses
or contact lenses.
A comprehensive evaluation will be performed to determine whether the patient is a

good candidate and which type of laser vision correction is most suitable for him.
Is laser refractive surgery safe?
LASIK and PRK have undergone extensive USFDA testing and investigation and are
now considered by ophthalmologists worldwide as a relatively safe and effective
surgical procedure. The risks in laser refractive surgery are similar to those of other
eye surgeries. These include infection, poor vision, retinal complications and flap
problems.

AEI offers the most sterile laser environment in the country. A dedicated laminar
flow air conditioning unit specifically designed for operating room use ensures that
possible contaminants in the air inside the refractive laser suite is kept to a
minimum.
The AEI staff is fully trained to perform a thorough evaluation to determine if a

patient is eligible for refractive surgery. The AEI doctor will discuss thoroughly with
the patient any conditions that may predispose him to any complications, so that
options and realistic expectations are considered before he decides to proceed with
the surgery.
What if the eye moves during the procedure?
Our laser has a special device called an eye tracker that detects and follows eye
movement, thereby ensuring accurate laser pulse placement during the entire
procedure.
Is laser refractive surgery painful?
Patients typically experience little or no pain during surgery since adequate

anesthesia is given while the procedure is being performed. In PRK, some
discomfort may be experienced during the immediate postoperative period but this
is expected to subside as the corneal surface heals. In LASIK, little or no pain is
experienced after the surgery since the flap protects the deeper layers of the
cornea.
What is the time commitment involved in laser refractive surgery?
Prior to surgery
The initial visit may take up to one and a half hours for a thorough eye
examination. It is advised that arrangements be made for someone to take the
patient home, since part of the examination would require putting eye drops that
may blur vision for a few hours and make driving difficult or unsafe. In addition, it is
advised that the patient discontinue using contact lenses (1 week for soft contact
lenses and 3 weeks for hard/rigid gas permeable contact lenses) prior to the
scheduled examination to minimize the effect of the lenses on the test results.
On the day of the surgery
Refractive surgery is done on an outpatient basis. While the surgery itself may take
only a few minutes, the actual stay may take up to two hours to accommodate
preparations before the surgery and resting time before the patient is sent home.
Both eyes may undergo surgery on the same day. The main advantage, however, of
scheduling the second eye on a different date is that the doctor may monitor the
healing response on the treated eye and use the information when treating the
second eye.
After surgery
Several post-operative visits will be scheduled to monitor recovery. The patient will
be advised on precautions and medications during the recovery period.
Visual recovery varies from patient to patient. With LASIK, majority of patients can
return to their usual activities a day or two after surgery. In PRK, recovery usually
lasts up to four days after the procedure. It is not unusual for vision to fluctuate

following surgery, but normally it stabilizes within a few weeks.
What is corneal transplantation?
Corneal transplantation or penetrating keratoplasty is a surgical technique that

involves the replacement of a patient’s diseased cornea with that of a healthier
donor cornea. An eye bank evaluates the donated cornea to ensure quality and to
avoid transmission of disease from the donor to the recipient. The donor cornea is
preserved in a sterile medium and immediately delivered once the tests confirm the
absence of any disease.
What conditions require a transplant procedure?
Indications for surgery include corneal opacity because of scarring, distorted corneal
shapes, and swelling of the cornea. Corneal transplantation will provide the patient
with a clearer cornea to allow better vision.
What are the risks involved in a transplant procedure?
Corneal transplant carries risks similar to any major eye surgery. The risks include
infection, loss of vision, retinal detachment and glaucoma. In addition, there is a
risk of rejection of the donor cornea, which can result in graft failure, or loss of
transparency of the donor cornea. Rejection can occur at any time after the
surgery.
Several measures can be taken if the cornea is showing signs of rejection. These
measures include instilling additional eyedrops or injecting medications on the
surface of the eye. Patient cooperation and consistent follow up is needed in order
to detect these signs as soon as they appear. If the corneal graft rejection cannot
be reversed, corneal transplantation can be repeated.
Is the surgery painful?
The surgery itself is not painful since adequate anesthesia is given during surgery.
However, patients may feel slight discomfort afterwards because sutures (stitches)
will be left in place for several months after the surgery to allow the cornea to heal
properly.
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Subspecialty Services Pediatric Eye Diseases and Adult Strabismus

Glaucoma The Pediatric Eye Diseases and Adult Strabismus Service of the Asian Eye Institute
Retina offers comprehensive diagnoses, treatment and management of the various types
Cornea and Refractive of pediatric eye diseases, as well as problems related to alignment and motion of
Surgery
the eyes for adults. Our service is geared towards providing total eye care using a
team approach to address the special needs of children’s eyes.
Ophthalmic Plastic What are the more common children’s eye diseases? How are they treated?
Surgery What is adult strabismus?
Low Vision What is retinoblastoma?
Anesthesia Service Is it true that premature babies have a higher chance of visual impairment?
What can I do to protect my child’s vision?
What are the more common children’s eye diseases?
Infants and children can suffer from the same eye diseases as adults. However, the
causes of these diseases in children, as well as the treatment approach, recovery
period, and prognosis, are different from that in adults.
Some children’s eye diseases are caused by problems in the muscles that move the
eyeball up and down, and from side to side. Strabismus is a misalignment of the
eyes and is characterized by a squint (eyes appear to look at an object obliquely-in
Tagalog, banlag), or “cross-eye,” (in Tagalog, duling). An abnormal head turn or tilt
may also be a sign of strabismus. While glasses may often help this condition, there
are cases where they are insufficient and surgery is needed to realign the eyes.
Lazy eye or amblyopia is characterized by poorer vision in one eye than in the
other in the absence of a physical disease. Lazy eye is usually caused by a
refractive error (nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism) in the affected
eye and can be prevented or even reversed with timely and proper use of glasses or
contact lenses. Sometimes it is necessary to cover the better eye in order to
exercise the “lazy eye.” This treatment should be supervised closely.
Other common diseases that may occur in children include congenital cataract,
which is treated surgically. When a child has cataract, the central part of his eye
appears white, and his vision is blurred. Blepharitis and stye (in Tagalog, kuliti),
tearing, and nystagmus (jittery movement of eyes) are other common eye diseases
for children.
What is adult strabismus?

Adult strabismus, like pediatric strabismus, is caused by problems in the muscles

that control the eyeballs. This causes the eyes to be misaligned and appear crossed
or squinted. Usually, it is secondary to persistent childhood strabismus, but can also
be caused by medical conditions such as thyroid disease, diabetes, strokes, or
neurologic diseases. It may also occur after trauma.
Adults with strabismus may experience double vision, eyestrain and difficulty in
reading. They may also have an abnormal head turn.
Adult strabismus can usually be corrected by surgery on the eye muscles. Use of a
special surgical technique called adjustable suture technique significantly increases
the chances of success in treatment.
What is retinoblastoma?
Retinoblastoma is a form of malignant tumor inside the eye. On average, the

condition is diagnosed when a child is eighteen months old; most cases are
diagnosed before a child reaches three years of age. The condition can be detected
through ophthalmoscopy; tests to confirm the diagnosis include x-ray of the eye,
ultrasonography, and CT scanning.
Clinical signs of retinoblastoma include strabismus, glaucoma, bulging of the

eyeball, eye inflammation, and a white pupillary reflex known as “cat’s eye reflex.”
Retinoblastoma can be treated using cryotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy,

laser photocoagulation, or enucleation (removal of the eyeball). The choice of
treatment depends on the size and location of the tumor, and the possibility of
having useful vision in the affected eye.
Is it true that premature babies have a higher chance of visual

impairment?
Premature babies weighing less than three pounds at birth may be affected by a
condition called retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In ROP, abnormal blood
vessels and scar tissue grow over the retina, which is the part of the eye that
captures visual images and sends them to the brain.
ROP may or may not affect the baby’s eyesight. In some cases, the abnormal blood
vessels and scar tissue shrink or disappear without affecting vision. In other cases,
it may lead to distortion or detachment of the retina, which in turn may lead to
moderate to severe vision loss.
The baby’s ophthalmologist can detect ROP during an examination of the baby’s
eyes in the nursery. The examination involves shining a bright light with a special
instrument into the eye. It may be necessary to examine the baby’s eyes several
times to check the severity and progression of the disease before appropriate
treatment can be determined. Treatment may be in the form of laser therapy,
cryotherapy, or operative surgery.
Even after treatment, there is still a risk of developing visual impairment. Regular
examinations by an ophthalmologist will be needed as the baby grows, to ensure
that his vision is developing as normally as possible.
What can I do to protect my child’s vision?

It is very important to see an ophthalmologist once you notice any external

symptoms in your child, or if he complains of blurred or abnormal vision. Very
young children, however, cannot be relied upon to complain of abnormal vision. For
babies, you can do a simple test like putting your finger or a toy about one foot
away from the eyes and slowly moving it from left to right to check whether he
follows the movement with his eyes. For toddlers or preschoolers, inattentiveness in
class or when looking at picture books or other images may indicate that he cannot
see very well.
The best way to protect your child’s vision if you suspect an abnormal condition is
to bring him to a specialist in children’s eye diseases. Early intervention is very
important in minimizing the chances of permanent visual impairment. As children’s
eyes are still developing, it is also important to have regular eye examinations even
after a condition has been corrected or treated. Proper nutrition and vitamins such
as vitamin A (found in squash, carrots, papaya and other bright yellow fruits and
vegetables) can also help your child develop and maintain good vision.
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Subspecialty Services Immunology and Uveitis

Glaucoma The Immunology and Uveitis Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers
Retina comprehensive diagnoses, treatment and management of inflammatory conditions
Cornea and Refractive of the eye. Our services include comprehensive eye and systemic examination, and
Surgery
various diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, and
visual field tests. Our treatment service, performed by experienced uveitis
specialists, includes starting and maintaining medical therapy for the control of
uveitis. Our services also include surgical extraction of specimens for diagnoses,
Ophthalmic Plastic
removal of cataracts resulting from uveitis, as well as other medical, laser and
Surgery
surgical treatments to cure the condition or prevent complications.
Low Vision
Anesthesia Service
What is Uveitis?
What causes Uveitis?
What are the symptoms of Uveitis?
How is it detected?
How is it treated?
What is Uveitis?
Uveitis is a group of inflammatory eye diseases that affect the middle layer of the
eye called the uvea. The uvea lies between the outermost layer of the eye called
sclera (tough white coat of the eye) and the innermost layer of the eye called
retina. The uvea has three parts:
● The iris, the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light that
enters the eye, located near the front of the eye;
● The ciliary body that produces fluid that gives the eye its shape, located
near the middle of the eye; and
● The choroid, made up of a lot of blood vessels that deliver oxygen and
nutrients to the retina, located near the back of the eye.
What causes Uveitis?
There are about sixty identified conditions that can result in inflammation of one or
all of the three parts of the uvea. Some of these diseases are confined to the eye
alone, while others may be associated with inflammation in other parts of the body
(e.g. arthritis, back pains, kidney inflammation).
The causes of uveitis are varied but generally can be grouped into the following:

● Autoimmune - The eye develops inflammation in response to a molecule

contained in our own body. This is similar to some kinds of arthritis or allergy
and may be related to one’s genes.
● Infectious - The inflammation results from invasion of the eye by an
organism such as herpes or other virus, bacteria or parasites.
● Traumatic or Surgical - The inflammation results from injury to the eye.
● Masquerade - The eye appears inflamed but actually has another disease,
usually a tumor or congenital condition.
What are the symptoms of Uveitis?
The most common symptom of uveitis is decreased or blurred vision. While this
may be the only symptom, many patients also notice floaters (floating black spots),
dark or cloudy vision, eye redness, and eye pain. Frequently, the inflammatory
episode passes, only to recur with resulting gradual loss of sight. There may be
other related symptoms in the rest of the body such as diarrhea, joint and back
pains, falling hair and skin rashes.
How is Uveitis detected?
Frequently, the eye doctor will be able to diagnose uveitis and identify which
specific uveitis the patient has by a thorough examination of the eye and an
analysis of symptoms or signals from the other parts of the body. Sometimes, he
may ask the patient to go through some tests, or even surgery to obtain a
specimen from the eye, in order to confirm this diagnosis. Usually, the doctor can
make a specific diagnosis; in some cases, however, he may only be able to classify
the disease according to its cause.
How is Uveitis treated?
The goal of treatment of uveitis is to control the inflammation before it does further
damage to the eye, which is like putting out a fire. Depending on the specific type
of uveitis and on the severity of the disease, one or several medicines may be used.
These may include steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as
ibuprofen or naproxen) or cytotoxic agents. Frequent monitoring of the eye and the
body is necessary to ensure that the inflammation has stopped and that no side
effects from the medicine are developing. Treatment is usually instituted by a
uveitis specialist who has had considerable experience in these medicines.
Sometimes surgery may be needed to improve the vision of the patient. Laser
treatment may also be needed by some patients in order to prevent complications
of uveitis such as glaucoma or bleeding in the eye.
Uveitis is currently the fourth leading cause of blindness in the world. However,
many advances in medical, diagnostic and surgical technology now allow the eye
doctor to become better at treating patients with uveitis. The type of uveitis is an
important factor in determining how difficult or easy it is to maintain eyesight. Early
consultation and treatment are very important to preserving vision. Make sure to
have your eyes examined regularly by an ophthalmologist, especially if you notice
any change in your eyesight.

Subspecialty Services Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery

Glaucoma The Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers a
Retina comprehensive list of surgical procedures to remedy or restore malformed, injured, or
Cornea and Refractive lost parts of the eyelids, orbit and lacrimal system. Our surgical services include
Surgery
repair of eyelid malposition or laceration, excision of eyelid and orbital tumors, orbital
fracture repair, placement of orbital implants, nasolacrimal system probing and
intubation, and repair of canalicular lacerations, evisceration, enucleation and
exenteration.
Ophthalmic Plastic
Surgery
Low Vision What is ophthalmic plastic surgery?
Anesthesia Service What conditions can be referred for ophthalmic plastic surgery consultation?
Eyelid conditions
Orbit conditions
Lacrimal conditions
What is ophthalmic plastic surgery?
Ophthalmic plastic surgery (also called oculoplastic surgery) is a specialized area

of ophthalmology that deals with remedying or restoring malformed, injured or lost
parts of the eyelids, orbit (bony cavity around the eyeball), and lacrimal system
(tear ducts). Plastic surgery around the eyes has an important role in the
preservation of vision. Therefore, it is critical that surgery on the structures
surrounding the eye be performed by one who has the expertise in plastic surgical
techniques, as well as the ability to provide routine eye care. The ophthalmic plastic
surgeons are board certified ophthalmologists who have had at least one year of
specialized training in plastic and reconstructive surgery around the eye.
What conditions can be referred for ophthalmic plastic surgery consultation?
The eyelids, orbit and lacrimal system can be affected by normal aging changes,
injuries, birth defects, inherited disorders, infections, inflammations and other
acquired conditions. The following are conditions that can be referred for ophthalmic
plastic surgery consultation:
Eyelid Conditions
Age Related Changes. Baggy fullness of the eyelids with drooping of the eyelid
skin; may be associated with other eyelid malposition changes.
Malposition:

■ Ptosis (drooping of one or both upper eyelids)

■ Retraction (wider appearance of eyelid opening, most commonly associated
with thyroid eye disease)
■ Entropion (inward turning of the eyelid margin)
■ Ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid margin)
Trauma - Simple lacerations to complex multiple injuries to the eyelid.
Tumors - Benign and malignant growths on the eyelid that require excision and
repair to restore normal eyelid function.
Orbit Conditions
Inflammatory Conditions:
● Graves Thyroid Eye Disease (swelling of the structures in the eye socket
causing the eyeball to bulge forward, usually associated with abnormality in
thyroid function)
● Pseudomotor (non-infectious painful swelling of structures within the eye
socket)
● Cellulitis (infection of the soft tissue within the eye socket)
Trauma - Fractures (breaks in the bony orbital wall/s that can cause misalignment of
the eyes and deformities of the face).
Tumors - Benign or malignant tumors within the eye socket causing displacement of
the eyeball.
Acquired Anophthalmia:
■ Enucleation or evisceration (surgical removal of the eyeball) with orbital

implant placement followed by prosthesis (artificial eye) fitting
■ Exenteration (surgical removal of the eye socket contents)
Lacrimal System Conditions
Infections - Tearing with discharge caused by infected tear sac and obstructed tear
drainage.
Obstruction - Tearing caused by blocked tear drainage (may be congenital or

acquired).
Trauma
■ Lacerations involving the canaliculus (tear channels)

■ Fracture of the bone surrounding the tear duct.

Subspecialty Services Low Vision and Visual Rehabilitation

Glaucoma The Low Vision and Visual Rehabilitation Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers
Retina services to help visually impaired individuals gain their independence. The service
Cornea and Refractive consists of a series of evaluations, training programs, and use of devices that are
Surgery
specially designed to help maximize the use of a person’s residual vision. The Low
Vision Specialist, a specially trained professional, helps the patient become more
aware of his remaining visual capabilities and to use them so as to achieve a
personally satisfying lifestyle.
Ophthalmic Plastic
Surgery
Low Vision Who are candidates for Low Vision Service?
Anesthesia Service What are the causes of low vision?
What can I expect during a low vision evaluation?
Who are candidates for Low Vision Service?
A patient is considered to have low vision when his remaining visual function is not
sufficient to allow him to perform particular, everyday tasks or activities such as
reading, writing, driving or watching television. He may also suffer from loss of space
orientation or balance, and may have a tendency to bump into things or have
difficulty catching or pointing at objects.
What are the causes of low vision?
Most of the time, the condition arises when a patient’s eye has sustained irreversible
damage due to any of the following diseases:
● Glaucoma - The patient loses part of his visual field and later on develops
tunnel vision or blindness.
● Retinal Degeneration (Age-related macular degeneration and Retinitis
Pigmentosa) - The patient loses central vision and peripheral vision.
● Diabetes - The patient develops diabetic retinopathy and subsequently loses a
portion of his vision.
● Stroke - The patient loses a portion of his vision.
● Brain Tumors - The defect in the patient’s visual pathway will result in loss of
his visual field.
● Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) - The patient (usually a child) has poorer vision in one
eye than in the other.
What can I expect during a low vision evaluation?

Our low vision specialist will perform an evaluation of your various visual functions
(such as near or distance vision), and determine whether your vision may be
enhanced to enable you to participate in your desired activities. Optical and non-
optical devices may be used during the evaluation.
Based on his findings, our low vision specialist will help you understand your problem
and teach or coach you on how to cope with your condition. He will also provide you
with a visual rehabilitation program, depending on your needs and visual conditions.
The program may include special devices to help you perform everyday tasks,
whether they are near, intermediate or distance activities. These include magnifiers,
telescopes, microscopes, telemicroscopes, and electronic optical systems (Closed
Circuit Television or CCTV, magni-cam, and Low Vision Imaging System or LVIS). Our
specialist will train you on the proper use of these devices.
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Eye Tips and Trivia

Subspecialty Services Anesthesia Service

Glaucoma The Anesthesia Service of the Asian Eye Institute offers a complete range of options
Retina for anesthetics and pain management during surgery, including topical or eyedrop
Cornea and Refractive anesthesia, local anesthesia (injection), and general anesthesia. The Asian Eye
Surgery
medical team has a full-time anesthesiologist who can attend to the needs of patients
before, during and after surgery.
Ophthalmic Plastic What types of anesthetic may be given during surgery?
Surgery Who determines what type of anesthesia should be administered?
Low Vision Will the patient feel anything before, during or after surgery?
Anesthesia Service What are the risks of being given anesthesia?
Will someone be present throughout the surgery?
What types of anesthetic may be given during surgery?
There are several types of anesthetic that may be used during surgery.
General anesthesia causes a patient to sleep throughout the entire surgery, and
awaken at the end of the procedure. This is indicated in those patients who prefer it,
and those who would be unable to lie flat and still on the operating table during
surgery, such as young children. However, this may not be suitable for those whose
medical condition would pose more than a considerable risk for complications to
occur.
Local anesthesia isolates and numbs the area to be operated on. It may be
supplemented with intravenous sedation. The following are the more commonly used
techniques:
● Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Block - a widely used technique that involves

injection of a needle near the temple on the side of the eye to be treated
● Topical Anesthesia - drops of local anesthetic are instilled onto the eye to be
operated on
● Sedoanalgesia or Monitored Anesthesia Care - a combination of local
anesthetic and sedation, used for patients who are anxious and may become
restless during the procedure
Who determines what type of the anesthesia should be administered?
Asian Eye has a qualified anesthesiologist in the medical team who can help decide
which anesthetic would be most appropriate, taking into consideration the patient’s
medical condition, and the preferences of both patient and surgeon.

Will the patient feel anything before, during or after surgery?
Yes, the patient will feel a little pinprick and pressure while the local anesthetic is
being injected. During surgery, however, the local anesthetic should have exerted its
effect and the patient will not feel anything. Post-operatively, pain is relieved by
simple analgesics such as paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
What are the risks of being given anesthesia?
Unfortunately, no facility can guarantee risk-free anesthesia, as serious

complications, although rare, have occurred even in the most controlled and
advanced of settings. Complications that may occur include bleeding around the eye,
injury to the eyeball or optic nerve, seizures, loss of consciousness, nausea and
vomiting, allergic reactions and cardiopulmonary failure.
Will someone be present throughout the surgery?
Yes, definitely. The Asian Eye anesthesiologist will be with the patient constantly,
checking vital signs, interpreting data from monitoring equipment, and formulating a
treatment plan for any complication that may arise.
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