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Anh Pham-Tuan
Vietnam Maritime University
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Abstract các bộ điều khiển truyền thống như PI, Dead-beat cho
The output power fluctuation of wind turbine causes bộ biến đổi DC-AC. Các kết quả nghiên cứu được
frequency oscillation inside the weak grid on the kiểm chứng thông qua mô phỏng.
island. In order to reduce the power fluctuations, Keywords
various approaches have been proposed. They are Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SCESS),
primarily separated into two categories such as energy Bidirectional DC-DC Converter, Voltage Source
storage based power smoothing method and without Inverter, MPC, WECS (wind energy conversation
energy storage based power smoothing method. The system)
earlier method is investigated in this paper. The Nomenclature
supercapacitor ESS (SCESS) has the ability to PWT Wind power delivered to the grid from
provide the rapid responses for high power the wind turbine generation.
requirement in order to smooth out the output of wind ref Reference power of Supercapacitor
PSCESS
turbines. The SCESS consists of supercapacitors, Energy Storage System.
serving as a DC power source, and power conversion TLPF The time constant of the low - pass filter
system. The power stage is composed of a
J The value of cost function
bidirectional DC-DC converter and a bidirectional
DC-AC converter. A new control structure of the U ref DC-link voltage reference
SCESS has been developed in order to manage active iinv Inverter - side current
power exchange between the grid and the SCESS Current through inductor L and super-
iL
while the power factor of the SCESS is maintenance. capacitor
The proposed control scheme includes a predictive Supercapacitor voltage
uSC
control algorithm for discrete-time bilinear state-space
model of a non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC u DC DC-link voltage
converter and a conventional linear PI and Dead-beat
1. Introduction
controllers of DC-AC converter. Simulations validate
the effectiveness of the proposed control method. Wind energy is a plentiful source available in the
nature, widely distributed, produces no emissions
Tóm tắt during operation. Due to wind fluctuations, wind
Biến động công suất đầu ra của tua-bin phát điện sức power is not constant and can oscillate significantly
gió gây dao động tần số của lưới điện hải đảo vốn dĩ since wind power is proportional to the cube of the
là mang tính chất lưới yếu. Để giảm thiểu những biến wind speed [1]. Wind power fluctuations may make
động công suất đó, có hai giải pháp ổn định ngắn hạn the grid frequency varying. The frequency fluctuation
là sử dụng thiết bị kho điện để bù công suất và giải and power quality problems threaten the security and
pháp điều khiển động năng của hệ phát điện sức gió. stability of power system caused by wind cannot be
Bài báo này giới thiệu một số kết quả nghiên cứu về ignored (especially in islands where the grids are
thiết bị kho điện sử dụng siêu tụ (SCESS) có đặc điểm weak).
động học nhanh, công suất lớn được tích hợp vào tua- The problem mentioned above can be solved by
bin phát điện sức gió để ổn định ngắn hạn công suất power smoothing methods:
đầu ra. SCESS sử dụng các siêu tụ được ghép thành Acting on the mechanical system by using the pitch or
bộ như là nguồn công suất DC và tầng biến đổi công stall-controlled wind turbines in order to deliver a
suất từ DC sang AC bao gồm hai bộ biến đổi DC-DC constant power to the wind generator so called
và DC-AC có khả năng trao đổi công suất hai chiều without energy storage based power smoothing
với lưới. Cấu trúc điều khiển hệ SCESS được đề xuất method.
đảm bảo điều khiển chính xác hai thành phần công Acting on the electrical system by associating an
suất tác dụng và công suất phản kháng được tích hợp energy storage system (ESS) with the wind generator
một bộ điều khiển dự báo cho bộ biến đổi DC-DC và in order to regulate the electric power delivered into
the power grid so called energy storage based power cutting edge innovations in the field of the electrical
smoothing method [7]. energy storage, which is fulfilling the gap between
The first method gives acceptable results when capacitor and battery. The SCs have large
connecting the wind generators to a strong power capacitance, excellent instantaneous charge-discharge
grid, but if the wind generator supplies a weak grid or performance, higher power density and longer life
an isolated load, the power fluctuations can be cycle than battery [5]. Supercapacitor ESS equipped
questionable. This raises the motivation to choose the for WECS acts as a power buffer in order to make a
second method in this study. good power regulation. Active power (P) is injected
Different types of ESS have been considered, such as or absorbed by SCESS through charging or
batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, superconducting discharging the supercapacitor. The proposed control
magnetic energy storage, etc. have also been studied scheme is then simulated using MATLAB-
in [6, 11]. Supercapacitors (SCs) represent one of the SIMULINK.
DC COUPLED ESS AC COUPLED
ω Generator velocity
Power Maximization Grid fault ride through and
and Limitation grid support
β
v
Pitch actuator Wind turbine specific functions
wind
Wind speed Inertia Energy Power Supervisory command from
Emulation Storage Quality Transmission System Operator (TSO)
Extra functions
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input signal to the NBDC is the high frequency Tight DC bus voltage regulation; the active and
fluctuating component of the wind speed which is reactive power which SCESS interact with the three-
given by outer loop control so called “Energy phase AC grid match each corresponding reference
Management Algorithm – EMA”. A low-pass filter on value. In our approach, there are two control
the fluctuating power of WT represents EMA in order structures of NBDC and 3PVSI that are shown in Fig
to eliminate the high frequency component of the 4. The current can be either drawn from or injected
power of WT. into the DC-link by the operation mode. It is required
1 to ensure the power balance between the primary
ref
PSCESS (1 ) PWT (8) power source – supercapacitor and the load by
1 sTLPF
18000
regulating the DC link voltage to a fixed value. The
16000
Pwind control of the 3PVSI is to track the Q-set point,
14000
LPF(4sec)
maintain the power factor of the SCESS, regulating
12000 the voltage at the point of common coupling while the
Active Power [W]
4000
LPF(10sec)
LPF(1sec) 3.3. MPC for NBDC
2000
Before designing MPC algorithm, model of NBDC is
0
0 1 2 3
Time [msec]
4 5
5
6 firstly considered. NBDC composes of two IGBTs
having anti-parallel diode making up a bi-positional
x 10
ϕ Φ fN ,ωN PLL
A,B,C
There are two validation functions h1 and h2 ,
ϑN
i
Cal
i Nd i Nα
3 A,B,C
inv respectively corresponding to the two configurations
i Nq e-jϑN
ϕ* i Nβ
2 taken by the NBDC as in H. 5, are defined as:
ϕ Controller
T : h 1 S BK ON ; S BS OFF
u*pcc ϑN
EMA
+
÷
3PVSI Current
VSI
inv
uNd Controller
diL - RL 1 -u
uDC SC
dt L L L L
i
DC
h1
uSC MPC
du DC 1 u DC iinv
for u*
iL PWM DC
bilinear NBDC
0
dt C C
inv
NBDC control iL
(10)
structure
- u
- RL 0 i
SC
L
L L
h2
u i
0 0 DC inv
H. 4 The control structure of the SCESS C
Finally, applying sliding averaged method [9] we
have classical averaged model of NBDC as (11).
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START
START directions” [12]. The predictive future states are
represented separately to directions u (k ) and u (k 1) :
Measure x(k ), ich (k ) x(k 1)
x = K1 + V1u (k ) K 2 + V2 u (k 1) (18)
J old , set J new2 = J old x(k 2)
Reset J new = 0 Where, matrices K i , Vi (i 1, 2) are given by:
Calculate J new Constraint K i x[u ( k i 1) 0];
(19)
J new2 = J new u* (k ), u* (k + 1) V1 x[u ( k i 1) 1] K i
And the optimal values for each direction as the
K1,V1, K 2 ,V2 following:
u* (k ), u* (k + 1) + R )1 VT Q
u * (k ) (V1T QV K x Ru (k )
1 1 1
(20)
s s
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In the literature, some control approaches were [16], high fluctuation around a set point and long
applied to NBDC for specific applications. For settling time [17].
example, sliding mode approach for NBDC in The H. 11shows that the proposed MPC algorithm
Supercapacitor automotive application [16], in which brings lower fluctuation of voltage around a set point,
buck and boost mode are controlled separately by two decrease in settling time and only one controller is
controllers; or a new PI controller design for both two used to control both two modes. In addition, it is the
modes of NBDC in Electrical Vehicle applications first discussion about applying MPC to control NBDC
[17]. However, these approaches have some in SCESS, which is integrated into weak grids on
drawbacks such as using two controllers for 2 modes islands.
H. 12 The tracking performance of current vector components H. 13 The value of cost function
of the SCESS
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