Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The scheme educates student on industrial based skills essential for a smooth
transition from the class room to the world of work. Student of tertiary institution
experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually available not
become a crucial pre condition for the award diploma and degree certificates in
the government education policies. The operators are; ITF the coordinating
development into the experimental learning process. Students are expected to learn
and develop basics nonprofit leadership skills through a monitory relationship with
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1.2 ABOUT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)
Established in 1971, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) has operated consistently
and painstakingly within the context of its enabling laws Decree 47 of 1971 as
Amended in the 2011 ITF ACT. The objective for which the Fund was established
has been pursued vigorously and efficaciously. In the decades of its existence, the
ITF has not only raised training consciousness in the economy, but has also helped
in generating a corps of skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning and
students to the practical aspects of what they learn in the classroom in view to
The provision of Decree 47 of 8th October, 1971 empowers the ITF to "promote
and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and commerce with a view to
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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
work situations.
- SIWES helps the students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge in
an assigned project and create with staff a tentative schedule for completion
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By the directive of National Universities Commission (NUC) and Industrial
Training Fund (ITF), the Unit is mandated to carry out the following functions.
i. Supervision of the students placed in the industries located within our ITF
zone.
iii. Fostering of close links between the university and industries participating in
SIWES programme.
employment opportunities.
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Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a mandatory skills
that would facilitate their fitting into the world of work after graduation.
To make the transition from the schooling to world of work easier through
Prepare students for industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.
in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and
practice.
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CHAPTER TWO
the belief that only the best can deliver buildings, roads, bridges and other
infrastructural structures to its intended use and purpose. The company is founded
and run on the principles of six sigma quality management approach with emphasis
today's competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our
customer and relentlessly look for ways to exceed their expectations. This is why
Six Sigma Quality is part of our culture. The company is lead by a team of
structural steel works to the satisfaction of clients and its intended users.
and installation. Our construction equipment leasing unit avails us flexibility and
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speed in delivering projects. MC&T will perform work on either a negotiated or
Quality
Integrity
Professionalism
Creativity
Team Work
Positive Attitude
Passionate People
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2.4 MC&T PASSION
We believe that before you can truly aspire to be the best at what you do, you must
have an intense passion for it. If this is missing, you can never be the best at what
you do.
work can only be delivered by healthy people who understand the importance of
responsibility to health & safety standards which are of international standard and
Our commitment to health, safety and the environment goes beyond what we do on
our sites on a daily basis; it has become a part of our culture where ever we are.
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CHAPTER THREE
Fig.1a Fig.1b
markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great
length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around
curves or corners.
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3.2 Try square
Fig.2
measuring a piece of wood. The square refers to the tool's primary use of
measuring the accuracy of a right angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its
rectangular.
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3.3 PLIER
Fig. 3
Pliers are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for
gripping something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and
others are designed to be used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire.
Fig. 4
A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more precisely than
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measurement scale. It is a scale that indicates where the measurement lies in
Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
The engineers Chalk is specifically suited for metal, specifically steel. Chalk line
refills, for use with the SCCS Chalk line, come in three different colour options
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Fig. 6
A chipping hammer is a tool used to remove welding slag from a weld and welding
Fig. 7
A wire brush is a tool consisting of a brush whose bristles are made of wire, most
often steel wire. The steel used is generally a medium- to high-carbon variety and
very hard and springy. Other wire brushes feature bristles made from brass or
3.6 WRENCH
Fig. 8
A wrench (or spanner outside of North America) is a tool used to provide grip and
such as nuts and bolts or keep them from turning. In Commonwealth English
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(excluding Canada), spanner is the standard term. Monkey wrench, Socket wrench,
3.9 HAMMER
Fig. 9
Most hammers are hand tools used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, and break
apart objects. Hammers vary in shape, size, and structure, depending on their
3.10 SLEDGEHAMMER
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Fig. 10
A sledgehammer is a tool with a large, flat, often metal head, attached to a lever (or
handle). The size of its head allows a sledgehammer to apply more force than other
hammers of similar size. Along with the mallet, it shares the ability to distribute
Fig.11
Angle grinders can be used for several functions including sanding, grinding and
Disc Selection: The disc must be suitable for the material (example steel,
masonry), the correct size for the grinder (this includes Centre hole size), and
capable of being used at the maximum r.p.m. of the grinder. If any doubt exists, the
disc should not be attached to the grinder. Cutting discs should never be used for
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Operation:
1. Newly mounted discs should run free for one minute before cutting or grinding.
5. Flange and flange nuts must suit the disc and be in good condition.
Fig. 12
A hammer drill, also known as a "roto-drill" or "hammering drill", (see also rotary
drill) is a rotary drill with a hammering action. The hammering action provides a
short, rapid hammer thrust to pulverize relatively brittle material and provide
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3.13 Arc Welding Machine
Fig. 13
Arc welding machine is a machine that is used to join metal to metal by using
electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool
result in a binding of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power
supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt
the metals at the welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC)
usually protected by some type of shielding gas, vapor, or slag. Arc welding
the late part of the 19th century, arc welding became commercially important in
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shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it remains an important process
Fig. 14a
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Fig. 14b
The cutting machine is modern cutting equipment with digital program control. In
utilization and high production efficiency. Along with the mechanical electronic
technology and computer technology progress, the CNC cutting machine with its
function and relative low equipment investment, is being valued by more and more
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industries. Suitable for cutting metal sheets, such as the carbon steel (flame
Fig. 15
Inner housing; stainless steel good for erosion resistance. Heating supplied by
radiant heater of far-infrared. Heating evenly with high efficiency and less heat
consumption. Automatic crystal screen displays black words legible with blue
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background. Key touching easy for operation. Record device can be equipped with
as required. This oven is mainly for rod's dehydrating and drying to extreme extent.
Fig. 16
This machine adopts new material, which improves the serviceability, durability
and heat-insulating property. This machine can be matched with plasma torch to
cut stainless steel and non-ferrous metals. It is equipped with interface of arcing. It
can control the arcing of plasma easily. The machine is suitable for straight cutting.
It also can do circle cutting (>ø200mm). The speed of it is the 3-4 times of
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general carriage. It meets with the need of plasma sheet cutting. The machine can
on.
Fig. 17
Bandsaw blades used for cutting metal have bent teeth. The bend in the teeth
creates a cut slightly wider than the thickness of the blade, which is important to
prevent the blade from getting stuck from being pinched by the metal.
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3.18 Ironworker
Fig. 18
Ironworker is a class of machines that can shear, notch, and punch holes in steel
3.19 Crane
Fig.19
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or
chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move
them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them
to other places.
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3.20 WORKSHOP SAFETY
Safety in the workshops is subject to a number of various risk assessments and safe
workshop users and enforced by the person in charge of these areas. Due to high
risk activities taking place in the workshops access to these areas is restricted to
authorised personnel only. No other person may enter the workshops without
permission.
is fitted with guards these must be used. Equipment must never be used if
2. Any person working in the mechanical and electronic workshop must have
read and signed the appropriate risk assessment if the work or equipment
they are using has been risk assessed. Risk assessments are kept in a filing
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3. No person shall mount any abrasive wheel unless he/she has been trained in
1998. Grinding machines shall only be operated by technical staff and eye
4. Service records of all machine tools, plant and equipment must be kept.
They must list the date of any service/repair and name of the person
5. All Portable Electrical Equipment must be regularly inspected and tested for
electrical safety.
required intervals.
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9. Ladders/stepladders should be individually identified and formal inspections
carried out.
that the person is capable of doing so safely. During any welding operation
11.When using woodworking machines the dust extractor and face masks must
be used.
14.Tools and equipment must not be removed from the workshop without
1. Eating and drinking in the mechanical workshop areas are strictly prohibited.
2. When working with machine tools or other equipment with rotating spindles,
jewellery, loose clothing etc. are prohibited and long hair must be
completely covered.
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3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is supplied and must be used where
necessary. Barrier cream, lab coats/overalls, eye and hearing protection, dust
masks and safety shoes must be used as the work/risk assessment dictates.
the machines.
5. The gangway through the workshop must be kept clear. Any oil spillage,
6. Do not carry loads such that the weight may be dangerous or vision
obscured. Refer to Part Two, Section 4.7 Manual Handling of Loads of the
Chapter Four
AND CONSTRUCTION
Sheet metal, universal column, universal beam, U channel, pipe, and angle iron
manufacturing requires quality material that will endure the life cycle of any
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product that is produced. The main goal of material selection is to minimize cost
while meeting product performance goals. Systematic selection process of the best
material for a giving application begins with properties and cost of candidate
role in material selection, however, other factors such as product life cycle and
have highlighted the factor of product weight in transport. Material selection will
ensure that all this issues are addressed before production. For an example,
Thickness: one of the most important decisions when working with sheet metal is
deciding what thickness you will need. Similar to wire, sheet metal thickness is
the thickness, you can use a sheet metal gauge, which will show you thickness in
both gauge number and thousands of an inch.one important note however, is that
ferrous and non-ferrous sheet metals of the same gauge have different thicknesses,
so you will need one gauge for ferrous metals, and one for non-ferrous.
given project must be issued and approved before the commencement of any
project.
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Step three; marking out, cutting and setting:
Marking out consist of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the work piece
in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture. Some of the tools used
However, in cutting, many different tools cut metal and each has its own strengths
and weakness. Some of the common cutting tools are also illustrated in the
bringing together the marked and cut material before it is being weld together, it’s
Bending sheet metal can be tricky, but with the right tool it is easy. Those who
work with it regularly are likely to have a sheet metal bending brake in their
workshop, but this two can be bit expensive for the hobbyist. Thankfully, there are
a couple wallet-friendly options that can help you get the job done.
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Using the edge of your workbench, a length of wood, two clamps, and a mallet,
you can fashion a rudimentary bending brake. Mark a bend line and place the sheet
metal on the edge of your bench. Next place the wood parallel and slightly behind
the bending line. Clamp the wood on top of the metal to the workbench. Finally,
bend the sheet up by hand to the angle desired. If you want a sharp 90 0 bend, tap
Welding is the main focus of steel fabrication. The formed and machined parts will
be assembled and tack welded into place then rechecked for accuracy. A fixture
may be used to locate parts for welding if multiple weldments have been ordered.
The welder then completes welding as per the engineering drawings if welding is
detailed or as per his or her own judgment if no welding detail are provided.
heat. These may include re-designing the weldment to use fewer welds, welding is
staggered fashion, using a stout fixture, covering the weldment in sand during
is somewhat of an art. Heat is selectively applied to the steel in slow, linear sweep.
The steel will have net constraction upon cooling, in the direction of the sweep. A
highly skilled welder can remove significant warping using this technique.
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Steel weldments are occasionally annealed in a low temperature oven to relieve
residual stresses. Such weldments, particularly those employed for engine blocks,
Polishing and buffing are finishing processes for smoothing a work piece’s surface
using an abrasive and a work wheel or a leather strop. Technically polishing refers
to processes that use an abrasive that is glued to the work wheel, while buffering
uses a loose abrasive applied to the work wheel. Polishing is a more aggressive
process while buffering is less harsh, which leads to a smoother, brighter finish.
a microscope. Polishing stainless steel can also increase the sanitary benefits of
stainless steel.
Painting is a more straightforward process and most people are familiar with it. A
primer is first applied to the base metal, followed by multiple layers of liquid paint
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and finally, a protective coating such as lacquer is added to protect the underlying
paint.
The most obvious advantage of painting is that fabricators have a much greater
degree of control over how the finished product will look. Paint comes in just any
color imaginable, meaning that there are endless options for how the final product
will look. Furthermore, company and products logos can also be added to the
After the weldment has cooled it is generally sand blasted, primed and painted.
After successful step one and two in this chapter, structural steel base plate
specification of 0.2×0.2×0.02mm.
Marking out operation was perform using measuring tape, steel chalk, try square,
range and drawing. while Cutting operation was perform with straight high speed
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Fig. 19
Fig. 20
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4.1 Fabrication of structural steel stanchion
After successful step one and two in this chapter, structural steel stanchion
UB 457mm×191mm×67kg/m.
Marking out operation was perform using measuring tape, steel chalk, try square,
range and drawing, while Cutting operation was perform with hand gas cutting
machine and drilling operation was perfume using euroboor magnetic drilling
machine.
The sweet able material was selected and drawing was issued for fabrication of
steel bridge of 11.913m long, 3.814m height and 2.784m width. In fabricating the
steel bridge the required part that need to be fabricated are listed below
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Fig. 21a
Fig. 21b
Besides the welding machines and suitable electrodes, the accessories necessary
1. A substantial work table with a fairly heavy mild steel plate for a top.
2. Leads. Two are required — one from the machine to the electrode holder,
called the electrode lead, and one from the job or work table back to the
machine to complete the circuit, called the work or earth lead. These leads
3. Electrode Holders. These should be heavy enough not to overheat and have
Holders are available that are designed for continuous welding at high
amperages. These are fully insulated and the jaws are made of metals having
4. Shields. These are necessary for protecting the eyes and face from glare and
ultra-violet radiation from the arc, and spatter from the weld pool. Special
tinted glass is used in the shields to absorb ultra-violet rays. A clear piece of
5. Clothing. Leather gauntlets and apron should be worn, and clothes should
7. Wire Brush. Used for removing rust, cleaning slag off welds, etc.
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Safety Considerations
The immediate area should be well marked or sectioned off in the shop prior to
welding.
The workshop should contain adequate safety devices such as fire extinguishers.
properly installed with all ground wires intact. Any loose or frayed wires should be
reported immediately. The floor should be clear and dry, free from flammable
Welding mask;
Safety glasses;
Welding is the joining of metals through coalescence by the use of either heat or
pressure or both
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Fig. 22
project manager, and site engineers in charge of the on-going project who further
exposed me to proper site work. Site work involves the entire process involved in
the construction of a building and onsite the following factors must be considered
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SAFETY FACTORS:
understand that on a site with a high rise building, extra safety is of crucial
attitude of care and concern .Thus safety factors includes all the measures carried
out to protect both the worker, consultants, contractors and all persons present on
the site at every given time from fatalities and injuries, and as well as minimize or
eliminate all possible construction hazards. This safety measures can also be
applied to the safety of the building and building materials from damage of any
kind.
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WORKSHOP MEETINGS
During my training, site meetings were held every weeks on a Thursday. The
assess the progress of the project. The site meeting is chaired by the project
architect who gives out all instructions. During the meetings, all the consultants are
their jurisdictions as regards the building project from the contractors. Issues from
what material should be used to the ordering of materials and expenses made are
discussed in full length and all issues or problems encountered are presented to the
architect for instructions. After a few site meetings, my supervisor handed over the
task of writing the minutes of the meeting to me. This i did until my last site
meeting on the site. During the meeting, everyone is presented with their copy of
the minute and is expected to file them afterwards. The site meeting for the
building project is expected to be held till the project is completed and handed over
to the clients.
ERECTION
members are assembled together to form the skeletal structure. The erection is
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normally carried out by the erection contractor. Generally the steps that are
involved in the erection of steel structures are shown in Table 1. The erection
delivery would minimize storage requirement and additional handling from the site
storage, particularly heavy items. Erection of structural steel work could be made
safe and accurate if temporary support, false work, staging etc. are erected. Before
erection the fabricated materials should be verified at site with respect to mark
numbers, key plan and shipping list. The structural components received for
erection should be stacked in such a way that erection sequence is not affected due
to improper storing. Care also should be taken so that steel structural components
should not come in contact with earth or accumulated water. Stacking of the
structures should be done in such a way that, erection marks and mark numbers on
the components are visible easily and handling do not become difficult. From the
to the site, their proper storage and subsequent handling are the pivotal processes
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S/N Sequence of Operation
2. necessary.
6. welding.
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Chapter Five
SUMMARY
(ABU Zaria). It’s a six months mandatory exercise (training) for all students
undergoing five year degree program in the second semester 400level. Chapter one
of this report covers brief history about ITF, the purpose of its establishment and
its functions. Chapter two gave a brief introduction about the organization where i
did my industrial training, Chapter three it also talked about some measuring tools,
workshop tools, machineries and their applications, also gave a detailed note about
the steps and processing involved in fabrication and construction. And also about
everything by giving brief explanation about workshop meting; it also contains the
CONCLUSIONS
This six months industrial training has enabled me to see how the standard working
environment looks like and the pains and gains of being in the labour market and
also made me understand more about the theories taught in class and how they can
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RECOMMENDATIONS
The industrial training should be encouraged because it is a way to bridge the gap
between theory taught in class and the practical world. The industrial training
odd jobs not in line with their main task, yet they expect optimum performance
from students.
The supervisors are always in haste whenever they visit the students, it would have
been more encouraging if they take their time and evaluate students very carefully.
The industrial training coordinating centre should try and build more friendly
students who do not really have the opportunity to get placement in such
establishments.
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REFFERENCES
1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
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