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Polynomials
( )
for all x, where n is a non-negative integer and , , , …, are constant coefficients.
The function is a polynomial, a quadratic trinomial that is graphed below, and can be treated as
the sum of three functions. This means that we can use the rule “the limit of the sum is the sum
of the limits” in the determination of the limit.
Note that the value of this limit could have been found by direct substitution of x=1 in the
polynomial function.
A rational function is the ratio of two polynomials. In the case of a single variable, x, a
function is called a rational function if and only if it can be written in the form:
where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomial functions in x and Q(x) is non-zero. The domain of f is the
set of all values of x for which the denominator Q(x) is not zero.
Find the end behaviour of that same function, i.e. find the limit as x approaches
infinity.
Rationalization
Rationalization generally means to multiply a rational function by a clever form of one in order
to eliminate radical symbols or imaginary numbers in the denominator.
Example:
Exercises:
1.
2.
3.
√
One-sided limit
One-sided limits are the same as normal limits; we just restrict xx so that it approaches from
just one side
Use the graph to approximate the value of both one-sided limits as x approaches 3.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Left-hand limit:
( )
Right-hand limit:
( )
( )
X F(x)
-3 2.13671
-3.99 2.599872
-3.999 2.599902
-3.9999 2.59999
Therefore,
( ) -2 Limit does exist
Evaluating (limit does not exist)
( )
X F(x)
-5 -4.5
The function keeps
-4.5 -44.5 getting closer to 2.6.
-4.1 -444.5
-4.01 -4444.5
-4.001 -44444.5
-4.0001 -444444.5
Therefore,
( ) Limit does not exist
Exercises
1. ( )
2. ( )
3.
( )
Infinite Limits
X -1 -2 -3
F(x) -3 - -
Notice that the values of f(x) become smaller and smaller as x takes the value close to 1. To
represent the decreasing behaviour of values of f(x), we will use “- . Thus, we say that f(x)
decreases without bound as x approaches 0 with the equation
=-
X 1 2 3
F(x) 3
Notice that the values of f(x) become smaller and smaller as x takes the value close to 1. To
represent the decreasing behaviour of values of f(x), we will use “+ . Thus, we say that f(x)
decreases without bound as x approaches 0 with the equation
=+
Evaluate left-hand limit
√
[( )( )]=
X -3 -4 -5
F(x) -0.22 0.087 -0.45
√
and √
√
Therefore, [( )( )]=
* +
( )
Since, and
( )
X -1 0 1 3 4 5
F(x) 2 0 -2
Therefore, =-
Exercise:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Limits at Infinity
We call the limit of ( ) as approaches if for every number 0 there exists a such
that whenever we have
| ( ) |
( )
or
( ) as
Examples:
Polynomials
0
𝑥 𝑥
4. Calculate
All numbers divided by any power of x will approach 0 as x approaches infinity. So, we have:
0
0
0 0
0 0 0
> Degree of denominator is higher than denominator
0 0 0
0
0 0
Radical in the Denominator
Remarks:
if, , then x=√𝑥
𝑥
√
if, , then x= √𝑥
𝑥
( )
√ √( ) √ √( ) √
0
√ 0 √
Multiplying Conjugate
and simplify
√ (√ )
( )
(√ )
(√ )
√ 0
√
√
Thus, ( )
Graphing
( ) or ( )
If the degree of numerator is equal to the degree of denominator,
y=0
For Example:
First, is to find line y by taking the ratio of their coefficients. This only works for rational
functions.
(Horizontal Asymptote)
This implies that the graph would be:
Exercises:
1)
2)
3)
4)
√
5) ( √ )
6)
Continuity at a Point
A function is said to be continuous on the interval [a, b] if it is continuous at each point in the
interval.
Fact 1
If is continuous at then,
TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY
a. TYPE 1
Essential (condition b is not satisfied)
b. TYPE 2
Removable (satisfies condition b but not a and c)
Ex.1
a. f(a) exists
let a =1
f(1)=2(1) 2 +1-1
f(1)= 2
f(a)=2
For an essential discontinuity, only one of the two one-sided limits needs not exist or be
infinite. Consider the function
In this case, L- doesn't exist and L+ is infinite - thus satisfying twice the conditions of essential
discontinuity. So x0 is an essential discontinuity, infinite discontinuity, or discontinuity of the
second kind. (This is distinct from the term essential singularity which is often used when
studying functions of complex variables.)
Example
4x2 +1 , x≠ 0
h(x)= -1 , x=0
a. f(a) exists
h(0)= 4(0) 2 +1
=0+1
h(0)=1
lim 4x2 +1
x->0
0+1
=1
NOTE: Since x≠ 0, then condition b satisfies/ exists
c. lim f(x)=f(a)
x->9
Note:
lim 4x2 +1=1
x->0
h(0)=-1
Thus, lim 4x2 +1≠ h(0)
x->0
REMOVABLE
Rational
Example
(x+2) ² (x-1)
g(x)=
(x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 1)
The points at which g(x) are not defined are the points at which the denominator is
zero. The factor form which we see that g(x) is not defined at x=-2, x=2 and x=1. Cancelling
factors in the numerator and denominator we get
Since g(x) agrees with the rational function (x+2)/(x-2) at every point with three exceptions, any
limiting value of g(x) agrees with of (x+2)/(x-2). Hence 1 and -2 are removable discontinuities
and g(x) can be made continuous at these points by defining g(1)= (1+2)/(1-2)= -3 and g(-2)=
(-2+2)/(-2-2)= 0. g(x) has an asymptote and hence an essential discontinuity at x=2.
Radical Function
√
Find
Using direct substitution to find the limit of the function, results in the indeterminate form 0/0.
To transform the radical expression to a better form, do the following:
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reference:
https://www.matheno.com/calculus-1/limit-at-infinity-problems-and-solutions/
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4586240/15/images/16/Sec+2.6:+Limits+Involving+Infinity;+Asympt
otes+of+Graphs.jpg
http://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/limits/limits-one-sided.php
https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Precalculus-Concepts/section/14.5/
https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Calculus-Concepts/section/2.5/
http://www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/resperic/online/mathb6a/Lectures/ch1/4/HW1.4/HW1.4sols.
htm
https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcOneDIRECTORY/continuitysoldirectory/
Basic Calculus Mini Task
Submitted by:
Christine Jullie Baldo
Maria Therese Ballares
Marnie Bea Obsioma
Jersy Pauline Ranido
Submitted to:
Maam Jenielyn Oclarit
January 8, 2018