OPTICAL-FIBERS

Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also

revolutionizing medicine. These ultra- thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into
the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or
small incisions and threading them along the body's established pathways, physicians can
look into the lungs, intestines, heart and other areas that were formerly inaccessible
to them.
The basic fiber-optics system is called fiberscope, which consists of two bundles
of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a
high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores of the high-purity silicon glass and
travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it
into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny
fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece
or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of
fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction in fiberscope diameter and an increase
in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.
Optical fibers can also beused to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams,
physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for
invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must be cut through to reach the site of
disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a
physician's office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

a. A revolution in communication
b. The invention of optical fibers
c. New surgical techniques
d. The roles of optical fibers in medicine
2. In line 2, the author uses the expression have opened a window to indicate that the use
of optical fibers?
a. has enabled scientists to make amazing discoveries
b. sometimes requires a surgical incision
c. allows doctors to see inside the body without major surgery
d. has been unknown to the general public until quite recently
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word formerly?
a. Previously
b. Completely
c. Usually
d. Theoretically
4. The word them in line 4 refers to
a. optical fibers
b. pathways
c. physicians
d. other areas of the body
5. According to the passage, what is the purpose of the illuminating bundle in a fiberscope?
a. To carry light into the body
b. To collect and focus light
c. To reconstruct images
d. To perform surgery inside the body
6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word cores?
a. Tips
b. Centers
c. Clusters
d. Lines
7. According to the passage, how do the fiber scopes used today differ from those used in
five years ago?
a. They use brighter light
b. They are longer
c. They contain more fibers
d. They are larger in diameter
8. The word resolution is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a. Strength
b. Sharpness
c. Inconvenience
d. Efficiency
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as one of the advantages of laser
surgery techniques?
a. They can be performed in a physician’s office.
b. They are safer than conventional surgery.
c. They can often be performed without anesthesia.
d. They are relatively easy to teach to physicians.
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a basic description of a fiberscope?
a. Lines 1-2
b. Line 5
c. Line 9
d. Line 12
AMERICAN PAINTER
in Boston. Earl was one of the first American artists to paint landscapes. Among his first
paintings were scenes from the Revolutionary war battles of Lexington and Concord. In 1778
Earl went to London to study with Benjamin West for four years.

When Earl returned to the United States, he was jailed for fourteen months for outstanding debts.
While still a prisoner, he painted portraits of some of New York City's most elegant society
women and their husbands. After his release, he took up the trade of itinerant portrait painter,
working his way through southern New England and New York. Earl didn't flatter his subjects,
but his portraits show a deep understanding of them, perhaps because he had sprung from the
same roots.

Among Earl's most famous paintings is his portrait of Justice Oliver Ellsworth and his wife,
Abigail. To provide counterpoint to the severity of the couple, he accurately details the relative
luxury of the Ellsworth's interior furnishings. The view through the window behind them shows
sunlit fields, well-kept fences, and a bend of the Connecticut River. One of Earl's paintings is
something of an anomaly. Reclining Hunter, which for many years was attributed to Thomas
Gainsborough, shows a well-dressed gentleman resting beneath a tree. In the foreground, he
displays a pile of birds, the result of a day's hunt. The viewer can also see a farmer's donkey
lying in the background, another of the hunter's victims. This outrageously funny portrait
couldn't have been commissioned—no one would have wanted to be portrayed in such an absurd
way. However, this painting uncharacteristically shows Earl's wit as well as his uncommon
technical skills.

1.What is the author's main purpose?

To compare the art of Ralph Earl and Thomas Gainsborough
To describe the art scene in New York in the late eighteenth century
To discuss the life and work of an American painter
To trace Ralph Earl's artistic influences

2.Which of the following is NOT given in the passage as a subject of one of Earl's paintings?
Battle scenes
Fruit and flowers
Landscapes
People

3.According to the passage, Benjamin West was Ralph Earl's

rival.
student.
subject.
teacher.

4.Which of the following could be substituted for outstanding without changing the meaning of
the sentence?
Excellent
Illegal
Shocking
Unpaid

5.The word itinerant is closest in meaning to which of the following?

Innovative
Successful
Talented
Traveling

6.The author uses the phrase sprung from the same roots to indicate that Ralph Earl and his
subjects
had the same background
lived in the same town
were about the same age
were equally successful

7.According to the passage, one of the distinguishing features for the portrait of Oliver and
Abigail Ellsworth is the contrast between
the plainness of the figures and the luxury of the furnishings
the straight fences and the curving Connecticut River
the sunlit fields and the dark interior
the two styles used to paint the two figures

8.Why does the author refer to Reclining Hunter as "something of an anomaly"?

It is quite humorous.
It is so severe.
It shows Earl's talent.
It was commissioned.

9.The word he refers to

Ralph Earl
The farmer
The hunter
Thomas Gainsborough

10.The author's attitude toward Ralph Earl is

Admiring
antagonistic
neutral
unflattering
TOEFL FIBER OPTICAL
Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine.
These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By
inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and m0ving them inside the
body, doctors can look into the lungs (paru-paru), intestines (usus), heart and other areas that
were formerly (dulunya) inaccessible to them.
The fiber-optics is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One
illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high intensity light source.
Light enters the cores (Inti) ( of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens
at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses in into the other bundle, the imagining
bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The
reconstructed image can be viewed on a television screen.
1. What is the main subject of the passage?
a. A revolution in communication
b. The invention of optical object
c. New surgical techniques
d. The role of optical fibers in medicine

2. The author says that optical fibers have opened a window in medicine to indicate that the
use of optical fibers
a. Has enable scientist to make amazing discoveries
b. Sometimes requires a surgical incision
c. Allows doctors to see inside the body without major surgery
d. Has been unknown to the general public until recently

3. What is the purpose of the illuminating bundle?

a. To carry light into the body
b. To collect and focus light
c. To reconstruct images
d. To perform surgery inside the body
TOEFL FOSSIL
Fossils are the remains and traces (such as footprints or other marks) of ancient
plant and animal life that are more than 10,000 years old. They range in size from
microscopic structures to dinosaur skeletons and complete bodies of enormous animals.
Line Skeletons of extinct species of human are also considered fossils.
An environment favorable to the growth and later preservation of organisms is
required for the occurrence of fossils. Two conditions are almost always present:
(1) The possession of hard parts, either internal or external, such as bones, teeth,
scales, shells, and wood; these parts remain after the rest of the organism has decayed.
Organisms that lack hard parts, such as worms and jelly fish, have left a meager
geologic record. (2) Quick burial of the dead organism, so that protection is afforded
against weathering, bacterial action, and scavengers.
Nature provides many situations in which the remains of animals and plants are
protected against destruction. Of these, marine sediment is by far the most important
environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine
life. The beds of former lakes are also prolific sources of fossils. The rapidly
accumulating sediments in the channels, floodplains, and deltas of streams bury
fresh-water organisms, along with land plants and animals that fall into the water. The
beautifully preserved fossil fish from the Green River soil shale of Wyoming in the
western United States lived in a vast shallow lake.
The frigid ground in the far north acts as a remarkable preservative for animal
fossils. The woolly mammoth, along-haired rhinoceros, and other mammals have been
periodically exposed in the tundra of Siberia, the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold
storage. Volcanoes often provide environments favorable to fossil preservation. Extensive
falls of volcanic ash and coarser particles overwhelm and bury all forms of life, from
flying insects to great trees.
Caves have preserved the bones of many animals that died in them and were
subsequently buried under a blanket of clay or a cover of dripstone. Predatory animals
and early humans alike sought shelter in caves and brought food to them to the eater,
leaving bones that paleontologists have discovered.

32. The passage primarily discusses which of the following?

(A) Types of fossils found in different climates
(B) What is learned from studying fossils
(C) Conditions favorable to the preservation of fossils
(D) How fossils are discovered

33. The word "traces" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) structures
(B) importance
(C) skeletons
(D) imprints

34. All of the following facts about fossils are refereed to by the author (paragraph 1) EXCEPT
the fact that
they can be
(A) microscopically small
(B) skeletons of human ancestors
(C) complete animal bodies
(D) fragile

35. The fossil fish from the Green River (paragraph 3) were probably preserved because they
were
(A) in a deep lake
(B) covered by sediment
(C) protected by oil
(D) buried slowly

36. The word "exposed" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) photographed
(B) uncovered
(C) located
(D) preserved

37. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be found as a fossil, assuming that all are buried
rapidly?
(A) a dinosaur
(B) a woolly mammoth
(C) a human ancestor
(D) a worm

38. It can be inferred that a condition that favors fossilization when volcanic ash falls to Earth is
(A) quick burial
(B) cold storage
(C) high temperature
(D) lack of water

39. The word "them" in line 29 refers to

(A) predatory animals
(B) early humans
(C) caves
(D) bones

40. Which of the following is true of the environments in which fossil are found?
(A) Very different environments can favor fossilization.
(B) There are few environments in which fossils are protected.
(C) Environments that favor fossilization have similar climates.
(D) Environments that favor fossilization support large populations of animals.

CDDB BDACA
TOEFL GALAXY (Milky Way)
There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky
Way is a spiral galaxy, a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its
central nucleus. About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are
well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new stars form: as the rotating spiral
pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formation
of bright young stars and in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or
spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old
and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.
The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about
1013 times that of the sun, these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio
emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies
are elliptical. Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come
in many subclasses.
Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some
terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time, the time to fly from one
continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work, for example. By comparison
with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large,
but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this case the
distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy,
the Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous
objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their
light was already halfway here before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby
Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still dominated the animal world.
39. The word "major" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) intense
(B) principal
(C) huge
(D) unique

40. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

(A) The Milky Way
(B) Major categories of galaxies
(C) How elliptical galaxies are formed
(D) Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies
41. The word "which" in line 7 refers to
(A) dust
(B) gas
(C) pattern
(D) galaxy

42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to
(A) an explosion of gas
(B) the compression of gas and dust
(C) the combining of old stars
(D) strong radio emissions
43. The word "symmetrical" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) proportionally balanced
(B) commonly seen
(C) typically large
(D) steadily growing

44. The word "obvious" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) discovered
(B) apparent
(C) understood
(D) simplistic

45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?
(A) They are the largest galaxies.
(B) They mostly contain old stars.
(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.
(D) They have a spherical shape.

46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?
(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.
(B) They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope.
(C) They are closely related to irregular galaxies.
(D) They are not as bright as spiral galaxies.

47. What percentage of galaxies are irregular?

(A) 10%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%

48. The word "they" in line 21 refers to

(A) intervals
(B) yardsticks
(C) distances
(D) galaxies

49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the third
paragraph?
(A) To describe the effect that distance has no visibility.
(B) To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies.
(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth.
(D) To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope.
50. The word "dominated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) threatened
(B) replaced
(C) were developing in
(D) were prevalent in

B BBABC AACCD
TOEFL MISSOURI RIVEL RAILROAD
Before the mid-1860's, the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited,
in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River, approximately the centers of the
country. At that point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to
Line steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching
and steam boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became
supplements or feeders. Each new "end-of-track" became a center for animal drawn or
waterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the
distance that had to be covered by the older, slower, and more costly means. Wagon
freighters continued operating throughout the 1870's and 1880's and into the 1890's,
(10) although over constantly shrinking routes, and coaches and wagons continued to
crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid.

The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the later 1860's, when the
Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plaints city of
Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward form California through
the formidable barriers of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln
signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more
generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central
Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skepticism that a
railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain,
and semiarid plain could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of
"premature enterprise", where not only the cost of construction but also the very high
risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, the chair of the
congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would
undertake so unpromising a venture; yet it was a national necessity to link East and
West together.

1. The author refers to the impact of railroads before the late 1860's as "limited" because
(A) the tracks did not take the direct route from one city to the next
(B) passenger and freight had to transfer to other modes of transportation to reach western
destinations
(C) passengers preferred stagecoaches
(D) railroad travel was quite expensive

2. The word "they" in line 5 refers to

(A) tracks
(C) freight, mail, and passengers
(B) trains
(D) steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches

3. The word "supplements" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) extensions
(B) reformers
(C) dependents
(D) influences
4. What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroads expanded?
(A) They developed competing routes.
(B) Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.
(C) They began to specialize in transporting goods.
(D) They were not used as much as before.

5. The word "crisscross" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) lead the way
(B) separate
(C) move back and forth
(D) uncover

6. Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in line 15?
(A) To argue that a more direct route to the West could have been taken
(B) To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West
(C) To point out the location of a serious train accident
(D) To give an example of an obstacle face by the Central Pacific

7. The word "skepticism" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) doubt
(B) amazement
(C) urgency
(D) determination

8. The Pacific railroads were considered a "premature enterprise" (line 21) because
(A) the technology of railroad cars was not fully developed
(B) there was not enough wood and steel for the tracks
(C) the cost and risks discouraged private investment
(D) there were insufficient numbers of trained people to operate them

9. The word "subsidy" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) persuasion
(B) financing
(C) explanation
(D) penalty

10. Where in the passage does the author give example of geographical challenges to railroad
construction?
(A) Lines 4-6
(B) Lines 8-11
(C) Lines 18-20
(D) Lines 22-25
TOEFL SEQUOYAH ALPHABET
The alphabet took thousands of years to develop, from the picture writing of the ancient
Egyptians through modifications by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and others, Yet in just a
dozen years, one man, Sequoyah, invented an alphabet for the Cherokee people. Born in Eastern
Tennessee, Sequoyah was a hunter and a silversmith in his youth, as well as an able interpreter
who knew Spanish, French and English.
Sequoyah wanted his people to have the secret of the "talking leaves", as he called the books of
white people, and so he set out to design a written form of Cherokee. His chief aim was to record
his people's ancient tribal customs. He began by designing pictographs for every word in the
Cherokee vocabulary. Reputedly his wife, angry at him for his neglect of garden and house,
burned his notes, and he had to start over. This time, having concluded that picture-writing was
cumbersome, he made symbols for the sounds of the Cherokee language. Eventually he refined
his system to eighty-five characters, which he borrowed from the Roman, Greek and Hebrew
alphabets. He presented this system to the Cherokee General Council in 1821, and it was
wholeheartedly approved. The response was phenomenal. Cherokees who had struggled for
months to learn English lettering in school picked up the new system in days. Several books
were printed in Cherokee, and in 1828, a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, was first published
in the new alphabet. Sequoyah was acclaimed by his people.
In his later life, Sequoyah dedicated himself to the general advancement of his people. He went
to the Washington, D.C., as a representative of the Western tribes. He helped settle bitter
differences among Cherokee after their forced movement by the federal government to the
Oklahoma territory in the 1830s. He died in Mexico in 1843 while searching for groups of lost
Cherokee. A statue of Sequoyah represents Oklahoma in the Statuary Hall in the Capitol building
in Washington, D.C. However, he is probably chiefly remembered today because of sequoias, the
giant redwood trees of California, are named for him.

1. The passage is mainly concerned with

A. The development of the Roman alphabet
B. the accomplishments of Sequoyah
C. the pictographic system of writing
D. Sequoyah''s experiences in Mexico.

2. According to the passage, how long did it take to develop the Cherokee alphabet?
A. Twelve years
B. Twenty years
C. Eighty five years
D. Thousands of years

3. There is NO indication in the passage that, as a young man, Sequoyah

A. served as an interpreter
B. made things from silver
C. served as a representative in Washington
D. hunted game
4. According to the passage, Sequoyah used the phrase "talking leaves" in paragraph 2 to
refer to
A. redwood trees
B. books
C. symbols for the sounds
D. newspaper

5. What was Sequoyah''s main purpose in designing a Cherokee alphabet?

A. To record the Cherokee customs
B. To write books in Cherokee
C. To write about his own life
D. To publish a newspaper.

6. The word "cumbersome" in papagraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. awkward
B. radical
C. simplistic
D. unfamiliar

7. In the final version of the Cherokee alphabet system, each of the characters represents a
A. word
B. picture
C. sound
D. thought

8. All of the following were mentioned in the passage as alphabet systems that Sequoyah
borrowed from EXCEPT
A. Egyptian
B. Roman
C. Hebrew
D. Greek

9. The word "phenomenal" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. unanimous
B. exceptional
C. immediate
D. Greek

10. The word "acclaimed" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. commended
B. realised
C. remembered
D. welcomed
11. According to the passage, a memorial statue of Sequoyah is located in
A. Oklahoma
B. Mexico
C. Tennessee
D. Washington, D.C.

12. Why does the author mention the giant redwood trees of California in the passage?
A. Sequoyah took his name from those trees
B. The trees inspired Sequoyah to write a book
C. Sequoyah was borin in the vicinity of the redwood forest
D. The trees were named in Sequoyah''s honor.

Key: 1B 2. A 3.C 4B 5A 6A 7C 8A 9B 10 A 11D 12 D

TOEFL WALT DISNEY

Mickey Mouse was not Walt Disney’s first successful cartoon creation, but he is certainly
his, most famous one. It was on a cross-country train trip from New York to California in 1927
that Disney first drew the mouse with the big ears. Supposedly, he took his inspiration from the
tame field mice that used to scamper into his old studio in Kansas City. No one is quite
sure why he dressed the mouse in the now-familiar shorts with two buttons and gave him the
yellow shoes. But we do know that Disney had intended to call him Mortimer until his wife
Lillian intervened and christened him Mickey Mouse.
Capitalizing on the interest in Charles Lindbergh, Disney planned Mickey’s debut in the
short cartoon Plane Crazy, with Minnie as a co-star. In the third short cartoon, Steamboat Willie,
Mickey was whistling and singing through the miracle of the modern sound track. By the 1930’s
Mickey’s image had circled the globe. He was a superstar at the height of his career.
Although he has received a few minor changes throughout his lifetime, most notably the addition
of white gloves and the alterations to achieve the rounder forms of a more childish body, he has
remained true to his nature since those first cartoons. Mickey is appealing because he is nice. He
may get into trouble, but he takes it on the chin with a grin. He is both good-natured and
resourceful. Perhaps that was Disney’s own image of himself. Why else would be have insisted
on doing Mickey’s voice in all the cartoons for twenty years ? When interviewed, he would say:
“There is a lot of the mouse in me”. And that mouse has remained one of the
most pervasive images in America popular culture.

1.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage ?

a) The image of Mickey Mouse
b)The life of Walt Disney
c) The history of cartoons
d) The definition of American culture

2. What distinguished Steamboat Willie from earlier cartoons ?

a) Better color
b) A sound track
c) Minnie Mouse as co-star
d) The longer format

3. The word “pervasive” in line 26 could best be replaced by:

a) well loved
b) widespread
c) often copied
d) expensive to buy

4. The word “appealing” in line 21 is closest in meaning to:

a) attractive
b)famous
c) exceptional
d) distinguishable
5. The word “those” in line 20 refers to:
a) cartoons
b) forms
c) gloves
d) changes

6. Where in the passage does the author relate how Mickey got his name?
a) Lines 8-10
b) Lines 11-13
c) Lines 15-16
d) Lines 17-20

7. What did Disney mean when he said: “There is a lot of the mouse in me?”
a) He was proud of the mouse that he created.
b) He knew that the mouse would be a famous creation.
c) He created the mouse with many of his own qualities.
d) He had worked very hard to create the mouse.

8. The first image of Mickey Mouse is described as all of the following EXCEPT:
a) He was dressed in shorts with two buttons
b) He had big ears
c) He wore yellow shoes
d) He was wearing white gloves

9. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses:

a) The history of cartoons
b) Other images in popular culture
c) Walt Disney’s childhood
d) The voices of cartoon characters

Correct Answers:
1. A / 2. B / 3. B / 4. A / 5. A / 6. A / 7. C / 8. D / 9. B
VOTE-AMERICAN-WOMEN
The demand for the vote by American women was first formulated in earnest at
the Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York 1848. After the Civil War, agitation for
women’s suffrage increased. Suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Julia Ward Harris
founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association to work on the federal level. Lucy
Stone created the American Women’s Suffrage Association, which worked to secure the
ballot through state legislation. In 1890, the two groups united to form the National
American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA). While still a territory, Wyoming
enfranchised women in 1869. The first state to enfranchise women was Utah in 1870;
the second was Colorado in 1893. By 1920, women were voting in all the Western states
except New Mexico.
As the pioneer suffragists withdrew from the moment, younger women assumed
leadership. One of the most astute was Carrie Chapmann Catt, who was named president
of NAWSA in 1915. Another prominent suffragist was Alice Paul. Forced to resign
from NAWSA because of her insistence on direct-action techniques, she organized the
National Women’s Party, which used such tactics as mass marches and hunger strikes.
Economics and the role played by women in World War I also contributed to the
success of the drive. Women were surging into the workforce. In 1990, there were 3
million working women. By 1915, there were 8 million. During the war, women moved
into jobs that had once been the province of men.
In 1918, the House of Representatives passed the Nineteenth Amendment, which
removed voting discrimination on the basis of gender. The Senate voted for it the
following year. In August 1920, the amendment became law. The 1920 presidential
election was thus the first in which women voted. Like men, they voted overwhelmingly
for Warren G. Harding.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
a. The importance of the Seneca Falls Convention.
b. The role of women in World War I.
c. The effects of the Nineteenth Amendment.
d. The campaign by American women to secure the vote.
2. The phrase in earnest in line 1 is closet in meaning to?
a. Seriously.
b. Originally.
c. Theoretically.
d. Primarily.
3. According to the passage, how did the National ‘Women’s Suffrage Association differs
from the American Women’s Suffrage Association?
a. It advocated direct-action techniques rather than indirect tactics.
b. It tried to achieve change at the national level rather than at the state level.
c. It had more members and more power.
d. Its members were generally older women rather than younger women.
4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase most astute in paragraph 2?
a. Most independent.
b. Youngest.
c. Cleverest.
d. Most experienced.
5. Women first won the right to vote in?
a. Utah
b. Colorado
c. They Wyoming territory
d. New Mexico
6. According to the passage, which of the following women formed the National Women’s
Party?
a. Susan, Anthony and Julia Ward Harris
b. Lucy Stone
c. Carrie Chapmann Catt
d. Alice Paul
7. What does the passage imply about Warren G. Harding?
a. He was elected president in 1920.
b. He first entered politics in 1920 election.
c. He strongly supported women’s voting rights.
d. He was favored by women voters but not by men.
TOEFL ARNOLD GUYOT

In addition to the great ridges and volcanic chains, the oceans conceal another form of undersea
mountains: the strange guyot, or flat-topped seamount. No marine geologist even suspected the
existence of these isolated mountains until they were discovered by geologist Harry H. Hess in
1946.

He was serving at the time as a naval officer on a ship equipped with a fathometer. Hess named
these truncated peaks for the nineteenth-century Swiss-born geologist Arnold Guyot, who had
served on the faculty of Princeton University for thirty years. Since then, hundreds of guyots
have been discovered in every ocean but the Arctic. Like offshore canyons, guyots present a
challenge to oceanographic theory. They are believed to be extinct volcanoes. Their flat tops
indicate that they once stood above or just below the surface, where the action of waves leveled
off their peaks. Yet today, by definition, their summits are at least 600 feet below the surface,
and some are as deep as 8,200 feet. Most lie between 3,200 feet and 6,500 feet. Their tops are not
really flat but slope upward to a low pinnacle at the center. Dredging from the tops of guyots has
recovered basalt and coral rubble, and that would be expected from the eroded tops of what
were once islands. Some of this material is over 80 million years old. Geologists think the
drowning of guyots involved two processes: The great weight of the volcanic mountains
depressed the sea floor beneath them, and the level of the sea rose a number of times, especially
when the last Ice Age ended, some 8,000 to 11,000 years ago.

36: What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?

A. To describe one feature of the undersea world
B. To trace the career of Arnold Guyot
C. To present the results of recent geologic research
D. To discuss underwater ridges and volcano chains

37: The word “conceal” is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Hide
B. Create
C. Erode
D. Contain

38: The passage implies that guyots were first detected by means of
A. a deep-sea diving expedition
B. computer analysis
C. research submarines
D. a fathometer

39: The author indicates that Arnold Guyot

A. invented the fathometer
B. taught at Princeton University
C. was Harry Hess’s instructor
D. named the guyot after himself

40: What does the passage say about the Arctic Ocean?
A. The first guyot was discovered there.
B. It is impossible that guyots were ever formed there.
C. There are more guyots there than any other ocean.
D. No guyots have ever been found there.

41: The author states that offshore canyons and guyots have which of the following characteristic
in common?
A. Both are found on the ocean floor near continental shelves.
B. Both were formed by volcanic activity.
C. Both were, at one time, above the surface of the sea.
D. Both present oceanographers with a mystery.

42: According to the passage, most guyots are found at a depth of

A. between 600 and 3,200 feet
B. more than 8,200 feet
C. less than 600 feet
D. between 3,200 and 6,500 feet

43: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “rubble”?

A. Mixture
B. Fragments
C. Core
D. Columns

44: According to the passage, which of the following two processes were involved in the
submersion of guyots ?
A. Erosion and volcanic activity
B. The sinking of the sea floor and the rising of sea level
C. High tides and earthquakes
D. Mountain building and the actions of ocean currents