INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

REPORT ON IN-PLANT TRAINING

At
STATE ENGINEERING CORPORATION
CONSTRUCTION OF 4164 LOW COST HOUSING UNITS IN MALIGAWATTA

NAME : U. KOVARTH
REGISTRATION NO : 13/IT/CI/062
COURSE : NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN TECHNOLOGY
FIELD : CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
PERIOD : 24 AUGUST 2016 – 24 FEBRUARY 2017

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2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I underwent to an industrial training program a period from 24th of August 2016 to 24th of February 2017, as a
part of my academic work. I did my training six months in Construction of 4164 Low Cost Housing Units
Maligawatta. Here I got good guidance, advice and help before, during and after my training period from several
personnel. They helped me a lot to spend my training period useful. So, I wish to express my sincere
appreciations to all who help to make my training success.

First I would like to thank to all staffs of my institute who corresponds to industrial training and to the
members of National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority (NAITA), because they have given great
opportunity to undergo Industrial training which helped in great extent to get a good knowledge on industry

Then I should to thank to the Project Manager Eng. G.J.B.Silva in Construction of 4164 Low Cost Housing Units
Maligawatta to take me as a trainee in their organization and for their great helpful manner. I should thank to
the Resident Engineer Ms.U.D.R.Udawatta and other organization staffs and site staffs. Next, I should mention
they helped me to get good knowledge during our training period. My thanks go to all engineering staffs,
technical assistants all other skilled and unskilled labours that helped me perform my training well.

U.Kovarth,

13/IT/CI/062,

ITUM.

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PREFACE
This report was prepared in relation to the Industrial Training Program for NDT students, conducted by National
Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority (NAITA). This industrial training program was a very valuable
practical experience for my studies in civil engineering, which gave me an inside knowledge in construction
projects in the civil engineering point of view.

This report consists a duration of six months of training experience from 24th of August 2016 to 24th of February
2017 at the construction of 4164 low cost housing units in maligawatta conducted by state engineering
corporation. This report contains seven parts, the content of which are as follows:

Initial part explains about the training establishment including main functions, organization structure, present
performance of achievements, strengths and weaknesses of the company.
Second part to sixth part mainly focuses on the training experience at the site. The details of works noted in a
diary on a daily basis and these were classified as Piling, Plastering, Waterproofing, Tiling, Problems and
difficulties encountered and how they were solved, furthermore the machineries and equipment that have come
across are included with their details.
Final part will conclude this report. This chapter exposes the views of the industrial training program and the
training experience in brief. Deficiencies of the training establishment and suggestions to improve the training
program are also included.

U.Kovarth
National Diploma in Technology (Civil Engineering),
ITUM.

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CONTENT PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 ABOUT STATE ENGINEERING CORPORATION .................................................................................. 1
1.2 DETAILS OF THE PROJECTS ............................................................................................................... 2
1.3 SITE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART........................................................................................................... 2
1.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SITE EMPLOYEES.......................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 PROJECT MANAGER ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 RESIDENT ENGINEER ................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.3 CIVIL SUPERINTENDENT .............................................................................................................. 3
1.5 SITE MEETINGS ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 WORKING ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................... 3
2. PILING ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 PILE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 SETTING UP.................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 TEMPORARY CASING INSTALLATION ......................................................................................... 4
2.2 BORING .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 BENTONITE ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3.1 TESTS FOR BENTONITE................................................................................................................ 6
2.3.2 DENSITY TEST ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.3 VISCOSITY TEST ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.4 SOCKETING ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 PREPARATION OF REINFORCEMENT................................................................................................. 8
2.6 CONCRETING ........................................................................................................................................ 9
2.7 HACKING AND SHORING .................................................................................................................... 10
2.8 PILE TESTING ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.8.1 PILE INTEGRITY TEST (PIT) ........................................................................................................ 11
2.8.2 PILE DYNAMIC ANALYSER (PDA) ............................................................................................... 13
2.9 PILE BUILD UP ..................................................................................................................................... 15
2.10 SCREED CONCRETING .................................................................................................................... 15
3. CONCRETE RECTIFICATION WORK ................................................................................................... 16
3.1 RECTIFICATION (GENERAL PROCEDURE) ....................................................................................... 16
4. PLASTERING ......................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 PLASTERING OF WALLS..................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 SOFFIT PLASTERING .......................................................................................................................... 18
5. TILING..................................................................................................................................................... 18
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 5.1 FLOOR TILING...................................................................................................................................... 18
5.2 WALL TILING ........................................................................................................................................ 19
6. PAINTING ............................................................................................................................................... 19
6.1 INTERNAL WALL PAINT ...................................................................................................................... 19
6.1.1 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................ 19
6.1.3 EMULSION PAINT ............................................................................................................................. 19
6.2 EXTERNAL WALL PAINT ..................................................................................................................... 20
6.2.1 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................ 20
6.2.2 WALL FILLER ................................................................................................................................ 20
6.2.3 WEATHERSHIELD PAINT ............................................................................................................. 20
6.3 HEALTH AND SAFETY ......................................................................................................................... 20
7. WATER PROOFING ............................................................................................................................... 21
8. PLUMBING WORK ................................................................................................................................. 21
8.1 PIPE WORK .......................................................................................................................................... 21
8.1.1 UPVC PIPE .................................................................................................................................... 21
8.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................................... 21
8.2.1 DISPOSAL OF SEVER .................................................................................................................. 21
8.2.2 RAIWATER DRAINAGE................................................................................................................. 22
9. QUALITY CONTROLLING ...................................................................................................................... 22
9.1 SLUMP CONE TEST............................................................................................................................. 22
9.2 CUBE TEST .......................................................................................................................................... 22
9.3 PRESSURE GAUGE TEST ................................................................................................................... 23
10. PLANT AND MACHINERIES .............................................................................................................. 23
10.1 CONCRETE TRUCK ........................................................................................................................... 23
10.2 CONCRETE PUMP ............................................................................................................................. 23
10.3 PORKER VIBRATOR .......................................................................................................................... 23
10.4 VIBRO PLATE COMPACTOR ............................................................................................................. 23
10.5 BREAKER ........................................................................................................................................... 23
10.6 TOWER CRANE.................................................................................................................................. 23
10.7 STEEL BENDING CUTTING MACHINE ............................................................................................. 24
11. SAFETY .............................................................................................................................................. 24
12. PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTED............................................................................... 25
13. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 26

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TABLES

Table 1 Properties Of Bentonite Slurry .............................................................................................................. 6

Table 2 coverage data ..................................................................................................................................... 20
FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Organizational Chart..................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2 Temporary Casing Setup ..................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 Soil Auger ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Figure 4 Core Barrel .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 5 Boring Bucket ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6 Mud Density Balance layout ................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 7 Mud Density Balance ........................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 8 Marsh Cone ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 9 Reinforcement cages ........................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 10 Placing Of Reinforcement Cage ........................................................................................................ 9
Figure 11 Tremie Pipes.................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 12 Pile hacking ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 13 Pile Integrity Tester & Doing Test .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 14 Wave Pattern in P.I.T. Collector’s Screen........................................................................................ 12
Figure 15 P.D.A. Hammering Action ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 16 Pile Build Up .................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 17 Rectification Procedure.................................................................................................................... 16

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 1. INTRODUCTION

I had been appointed to follow my industrial training in State Engineering Corporation (SEC). it was selected as
consultant for implementing the above project of 30 months. I was started from 04th of July 2016 in Urban
Regeneration project – Construction of 4164 Low Cost Housing Units, Maligawatta. IVRCL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd was
selected as construction service provider and their mission was to provide a quality professional service,
exceeding of the Urban development authority and SEC expectations, by the effective utilization of all resources,
with the best practice of the industry.

1.1 ABOUT STATE ENGINEERING CORPORATION

SEC is the only government construction organization certified with ISO 9001:2008. The ISO scope is for
construction of building and civil engineering works including pilling roads and bridges, manufacture of pre-
cast concrete products and prefabricated building, fabrication of metal frame and structures, manufacture of
lime, clay bricks and timber products. SEC has obtained ISO 9001:2008 certification for providing of buildings,
civil engineering and architectural consultancy and mechanical and electrical engineering services including
bridges.

State Engineering Corporation of Sri Lanka, was established in 1962 and has been consistently ranked as
one of the top Engineering and Construction Organizations in Sri Lanka.

Over the years we, State Engineering Corporation (SEC) have developed many innovative construction
techniques that became industry standards. Our integrated Software tools allow complex work sharing,
sequencing and data reuse. Global high speed communication infrastructure keeps our personnel connected
to tools, data and each other.

As the premier engineering organization in Sri Lanka, State Engineering Corporation is engaged in the
following discipline of Engineering.
 Engineering Design
 Construction
 Manufacturing
 Fabrication
 Project Management
 Information Management

The State Engineering Corporation today is the only local engineering organization in Sri Lanka, which offers
the widest variety of architectural and engineering services under one roof with unmatched experience and
capability. The Services are provided by the following groups of the organization;
 Building and Civil Engineering Construction Group
 Building and Civil Engineering Consultancy Group
 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Group
 Construction Components Group
 Information Management Group

Each group is geared to undertake projects falling within their spheres or to work together with any other or all
other groups to provide a complete DESIGN AND BUILD package.

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State Engineering Corporation of Sri Lanka is a State sponsored corporation and functions under the Ministry
of Construction & Engineering Services of Sri Lanka.
1.2 DETAILS OF THE PROJECTS
Client: Urban Development Authority
Contractor: IVRCL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd
Consultant: State Engineering Corporation
Project: Construction of 4164 Low Cost Housing Units
Housing Unit: 768 (192 Units per Tower)
Conditions of the Contract: ICTAD/SBD/04/ (May 2003)
Contract Period: 30 Months
Date of start 04.07.2016
Date of completion Tower 1: 17.01.2017
Tower 2: 02.11.2017
Tower 3: 19.12.2017
Tower 4: 26.02.2018
Initial Contract Price: US $16 704 000 (RS.2480 376 960)
Total Floor: 400 ft2/Unit ( Rs.3 229 657 )

1.3 SITE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Project Manager

Resident Engineer

Civil Suprindent

CS - Trainees Work Supervisores

Figure 1 Site Organizational Chart

1.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SITE EMPLOYEES

1.4.1 PROJECT MANAGER
Project manager implements systems and controls. So that projects are implemented efficiency and
transparent. He coordinates, advices, regulates and optimizes on consultants to achieve efficient project
implementation.

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He is the direct supervisor of the Resident engineer. He acts as a chief coordinator between the contractor and
the client and he is responsible for financial control over the expenditure and also comes for the site inspection.
He thoroughly checks the quality of the work and quality control. Staff will be detailed by him and may change
according to the schedule and scope of the work done time to time

1.4.2 RESIDENT ENGINEER

Resident engineer responsible for quality of the work and he should provide all drawings necessary for the
construction to the contractor and he provides survey and allow the contractor to set and check
their setting outs. Performs inspections required for the material and finished products and witnesses the tests.
He issues necessary instruction to the contractor on behalf of the client to ensure the work is
Carried out with conformity with applicable regulations. He is responsible for evaluation of progress and its’ cost
and submission of monthly & daily progress report. He maintains the list of contractor’s equipment, labours and
materials at the site.
Some of the responsibilities and the roles of the Resident engineer

 Ensure civil/ structural drawings submitted by the consultants are adequately detailed for construction.
 Ensure quality, time and cost of construction.
 Giving approval for the concreting
 Participating in the site meeting
 Preparing progressive bar charts

1.4.3 CIVIL SUPERINTENDENT

Civil Superintend should assist the Resident engineer in the day to day work. He guides the team who work
under the guidance of him in such a way to reach the desired targets.

Set out alignments and levels check disparities between structural drawings and work carried out, follows &
controls the procedures set out for the issuance of non-consumable materials from the stores to site work and
maintain proper attendance sheet for the labours are some of his responsibilities.

1.5 SITE MEETINGS

Engineer arranges meeting with contractor. Site engineer, resident engineer, and client also participate in the
meetings. Site meeting is held on every Thursday. They discuss the problems encountered to the project and
the remedial actions and the alternatives ways to overcome the problem. Everyone who participated in the
meeting will sign to make sure his or her presents. Engineer informs the progress up to that date and progress
which is behind the schedule.
1.6 WORKING ENVIRONMENT
The working environment at my site was very friendly and informal which suits to any trainee like us to learn
and to be taught. The highly capable site staff always working with the emotion of team spirits and they help full
to each other. The next important aspect was the responsibility given to the trainees. They had no doubt to give
the relevant responsibility to the trainees and this result in improving trainees’ abilities and capabilities in bearing
responsibilities.

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 2. PILING
2.1 PILE INTRODUCTION
Piles are relatively long and slender members used to transmit foundation loads through soil strata of law
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having high bearing capacity. They are also used in normal ground
conditions to resist heavy uplift forces or in poor soil conditions to resist horizontal loads.

If the bearing stratum for foundation piles is a hard and relatively impenetrable material such as rock
or very dens sand and gravel, the piles derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum
at the bottom of the piles. In these conditions they are called end- bearing or point bearing piles. On the other
hand, the piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance in to a penetrable soil,
their capacity comparatively is derived partly from load bearing and partly from the skin friction between the
embedded surface of the pile and the surround soil. Piles, which contained the greater part of their carrying
capacity by skin friction or adhesion, are called friction pile. In this particular site bored and cast-in-place was
used.

2.1.1 SETTING UP
The site was leveled and compacted in order to provide a firm level platform for the piling equipment. The pile
location was set out accurately using total station and clearly marked using steel pin. The distance between the
reference pins and the stand-pipe was measured so that the correct position of the stand-pipe was achieved
the standpipe had to be installed into stable soil for the following pile construction

Figure 2 Temporary Casing Setup

2.1.2 TEMPORARY CASING INSTALLATION

When excavating through soft, weak or unstable ground a means of temporary stabilization of the soils was
needed. Piling Contractors has wide experience in the use of temporary and permanent steel castings for bore
hole support. Such casings could be installed using casing drivers, vibrators, oscillators or driving hammers and

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 dollies. In this site boring machine was used to install it and verticality of the stand pipe was checked with a
spirit level in two perpendicular directions.

2.2 BORING
Boring is mainly done in two methods. They are Rotary Boring, Percussion Boring but Rotary boring only were
used in this site. In this type, Boring was carried out using boring machine. Boring tools were attached to the
Kelly bar of the machine. The machine gives a rotary movement to the Kelly bar and boring was done using
below tools. The most common tools used at the site were auger, boring bucket, core barrel and cleaning bucket.

Figure 3 Soil Auger

Figure 4 Core Barrel

Figure 5 Boring Bucket

Boring was started after setting out the pile. At first pile was bored about 2 to 3 meters using auger and the
casing was driven. While placing the casing, the casing center position was checked and adjusted such that
the deviation of the casing center position just after placing the casing was less than 10mm in any direction
from the location shown in the setting out drawing.

After placing the casing, the soil boring was done by using boring bucket and sidewalls were stabilized using
betonies slurry. When the borehole was reached to the rock level boring was continued using Core Barrel and
Rock Auger. Rock samples were obtained time to time and depth was measured in each time after cleaning
the pile base using Cleaning Bucket or Boring Bucket. If the casing was disturbed while boring, casing center
was checked and adjusted.

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Socketing starting level was decided by observing samples and using the contour plan, which was prepared,
by using borehole details. After the pile was reached to the required level, the final casing position was
checked before terminating the pile. Allowable deviation was 70mm in any direction. If the deviation was
larger, casing was adjusted to the correct position and verticality was checked by inserting a boring tool to the
pile and measuring the depth. Then the pile was terminated.

2.3 BENTONITE
Bentonite slurry was used to maintain the stability of the boring. The level of the bentonite in the excavation was
maintained up to about 1m above the external ground water level to exceed the pressure of soil and ground
water.
Three tanks were used to manage the bentonite properly. In this site steel tanks was used as these tanks.
Submersible pumps were used in these tanks to mix bentonite properly in various stages. Stages are given
below

I. In the first tank bentonite mix thoroughly with fresh water. The mixing process was continued for more than
24 hours to complete the hydration.
II. Second tank was for bentonite to be sent to bored piles in execution.
III. Third one was for recycled bentonite.

Table 1 Properties Of Bentonite Slurry

Stages
Property Unit Test Equipment
Before washing Before concreting

Density g/ml 1.03 1.10 Mud balance

Marsh Viscosity
sec 39 >39 Marsh funnel
(946ml)
Fluid loss
ml <30 n.a Filter press
(30min)
PH 7-11 n.a PH indicator paper

Sand Content % n.a <4 Sand content set

2.3.1 TESTS FOR BENTONITE

According to the ICTAD specifications the properties of bentonite was to be maintain in following range
(According to table 1). In this Project, tests for viscosity and Marsh density were carried out frequently.

2.3.2 DENSITY TEST

Mud density balance was used to measure the density. Using this apparatus density could be read directly.

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 Spirit level Scale (g/ml)

Fill with Bentonite

Figure 6 Mud Density Balance layout

Figure 7 Mud Density Balance

2.3.3 VISCOSITY TEST

Marsh cone was used to measure the viscosity. The bottom hole of the Marsh cone was closed with finger and
filled with Bentonite. Then the finger was removed and allows Bentonite to fall freely to a cup. Time taken to fill
1000ml cup was taken as viscosity.

When the density was in between 1g/ml and 1.2g/ml and the viscosity was in between 33s to 48s, the bentonite
was considered as good.

Figure 8 Marsh Cone

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Piles were not bored within a clear distance of 5m from other piles, which have recently been cast. Otherwise
a flow of workable or unset concrete could be induced or damage caused to any of the piles. Minimum periods
of 3 days were provided before boring near such recently cast files.

2.4 SOCKETING

In the case of socketing when the surface of bedrock was not very steep, pile should be taken to a minimum of
3 meter into hard bedrock. In the case of steeply sloping bedrocks the entire cross section of the pile had to rest
on the hard bedrock. Estimated top level of bedrock may differ when boring was carried out. By Observing
samples that were found from borehole identification of top level of hard rock could be done. Penetration rate
was also a considerable factor but it depends on boring machine, boring tools, operator’s tricks, and skills of
operator. Sometimes even hard rock was highly fractured. Sand and mud may deposit in voids in fractured rock
& cause danger of slipping or settlement of pile. Observing smooth surfaces of sample that obtained could
identify fractured rock.

2.5 PREPARATION OF REINFORCEMENT

Under preparation of reinforcement material requirements and workmanship were the two main aspects to be
considered. It was important to make sure that the steel reinforcement taken for the reinforcement cage was
clean and free from loose rust and loose mill scale at the time of fixing in position and subsequent concreting.
Therefore, the rebar at the site should be kept on the timber and/or other material and covered by the sheets to
avoid the rust. In addition to this, it was vital to use the required grade of steel.

Figure 9 Reinforcement cages

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Assembling of reinforcement cage should be with additional support, such as spreader forks and lacings,
necessary to form a rigid cage, Hoops, links or helical reinforcement should be closely around the main
longitudinal bars and be bound to than by approved wire, the ends of which should be placed and maintained
in position. The cover to all reinforcement should be not less than 50mm. The distribution and spacing of spacer
blokes should be approved, and these should be consistent with their purpose. The spacer blocks should be
approved, and these should be consistent with their purpose. The spacer blocks should be mode with 10mm
max aggregate size and should have a strength not less than that of the concrete in the pile. The portion of the
rebar cage over the cut off level should be covered by P.V.C. pipe or equivalent material in order to isolate the
rebar from the concrete for easy demolishing of the extra concrete.

Figure 10 Placing Of Reinforcement Cage

2.6 CONCRETING
Once the drilling operation was completed, the borehole was prepared for concreting. The reinforcement cage
of suitable length was placed in the bored hole. When more than one cage was used the laps were welded in
three positions in each bar. The lap length was 1.5 times of the diameter of main reinforcement bars. By
measuring the distance between the casing top level and the top of the cage, it could be ensured that the cage
has reached to the bottom of the pile. After placing the reinforcement cages, tremies were inserted in to the
bored hole. Tremie pipes in suitable lengths having watertight joints were lowered up to the bottom of the pile.

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Figure 11 Tremie Pipes

The internal diameter of tremie pipes to be not less than 150mm for concrete made with 20mm aggregate and
not less than 200mm for concrete made with 40mm aggregate. Concreting was easy and could be finished in
less time when 250mm pipes were used. But the tremie size was to be limited such that to allow it to pass
through reinforcing cages without causing damage.

Before concreting the bore was flushed using fresh bentonite through tremie pipes and bentonite slurry was
allowed to over flow through the bore hole mouth. Excavated materials such as mud and bentonite sludge in
the pile bottom were removed with the bentonite slurry. After flushing about 15 minutes the depth of the pile
was measured to ensure that the pile bottom was free from mud and other excavated materials. If there was a
mud layer at the base of boring flushing was continued and concreting was started after obtaining the correct
bottom. Sometimes the mud layer at the pile base was larger and could not remove by flushing bentonite. In
that case the tremies and the reinforcement, cage was removed and pile bottom was cleaned using the boring
machine. After ensuring that the pile bottom was cleaned concreting could be started. A steel funnel was fixed
at the top of the tremie pipe at the ground level. Before pouring the concrete through tremie, the funnel was
closed with a steel lid at the bottom of the funnel. After the funnel was filled with concrete the lid was removed
suddenly and concrete was discharged. Then the tremie pipe was raised and placed the concrete at the
bottom of the pile. Then the pouring of concrete was continued. The tremie was raised keeping the bottom of
the tremie pipe always inside the previously placed concrete. While the pile was filled with concrete, tremie
pipes were removed in step by step ensuring that the bottom of the tremie pipe at least 2m below the concrete
top level. Concrete was filled such that the fresh concrete was at least 0.5m above the cut off level. This could
be tested by using long hand bucket to ensure good concrete at requisite level.

2.7 HACKING AND SHORING

In cast in situ pile, pile head was consisted of weak concrete layer due to the pile concreting method. Therefor
the pile hacking was essential for cast in situ piles in order to remove the weak concrete layer in the top of the
pile. Therefor piles were hacked to the cut of level or until found the good concrete layer. Those levels were
checked by site engineers before or after pile hacking. Hacking was terminated according to the engineer’s
approval. Mainly two type of equipment were used for pile hacking works.

Shoring is provision of a support system for trench faces use to prevent moment of soil, underground
utilities and foundation. Shoring was used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the
maximum allowable slope impractical. Shoring system consist of post, wales, struts & sheeting. In this site

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timber shoring was used. it was used to prevent collapse of soil during the substructure work (pile hacking,
build up, Raft)

Figure 12 Pile hacking

2.8 PILE TESTING

In this site pile testing was done manly by two tests.

 Pile integrity test (PIT)

 Pile dynamic analyzer (PDA)

Before the commencement of any test, contractor had fulfill the conditions given below

 Method statement of the test

 Equipment and calibration report

It was responsibility of the contractor to get the approval in advance from the consultant of the above.

2.8.1 PILE INTEGRITY TEST (PIT)

Method: (Pulse and echo method or low strain method) It was backed by a decode of development of the pile
integrity tester

Procedure: For the pile integrity test to be carried out successfully, the concrete in the pile should have reached
the requisite strength. The pile top should be cleaned of all loose concrete and should be dried.
Accelerometer was firmly affixed with an applicable wax at several locations which help to bond pile and censer
well. A small impact was administrated to the pile’s surface and acoustic wave from the impact propagate down
through the pile and reflected wave from pile toe or other irregularities was recorded by means of an
accelerometer. Collected accelerometer response could be interpreted in the field for a quick evolution of the
integrity of pile. The collector was capable of stranded velocity analysis in the velocity-time domain, and it had
capability of averaging of blows filtering and magnification with time.

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Potentially dangerous defects such as cracks, necking soil inclusions, bulking, honey combing or other voids
could be detected.

Although the acceleration curve could be interpreted directly, integration to velocity generally enhances the
record by bringing out details otherwise overlooked. A record from a perfect pile shaft would have the impact
followed by a flat (zero) response under reflection from the bottom was observed with a velocity profile similar
to the impact event. Both force and velocity had a positive value at the beginning of the record. The force
returns to zero as the hammer rebounds from the pile top. In practice, there was usually shaft friction Which

Figure 13 Pile Integrity Tester & Doing Test

by absorbing the energy, shifts the velocity record negatively after the initial impact.

Figure 14 Wave Pattern in P.I.T. Collector’s Screen

Other reflections, observed only in the velocity record, are caused by changes if pile's impedance, (E x A) / c,
where E is the elastic modulus, A is the cross-sectional area, and c is the stress wave speed. Such reflections
can be due to changes in either cross-section or the material. A region of impedance reduction exhibits a
position reflection; an impedance increase causes a negative reflection. The reflections must be interpreted to
determine whether the associated changes are acceptable or of serious concern to the integrity of the shaft.

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Random noise is most easily minimized by averaging several records. Even small defects within a short
distance of the surface may distort the sensor's signal with high frequencies; sensing and impacting at several
pile top locations may eliminate such difficulty.

Soil friction and poor concrete quality are often the greatest obstacles for successful integrity testing since
they dissipate the stress wave energy. Exponential amplification with time may help overcome these
problems, but only if the records do indeed contain discernible details reflected by the lower pile portion.
Late-occurring vibrations imposed at the pile top are also amplified and distorted so amplification should be
used with caution. If the signal exhibits ringing, try a softer blow or try to minimize other potential vibration
sources. To identify the location of a cross section, change or the pile bottom, a wave speed must be
assumed. The toe reflection was more obscure in piles with large or numerous shaft changes. The pile toe
reflection, if observed, could be used to adjust the wave speed if the pile shaft length was known. The shaft
length was often variable, particularly for drilled shafts. If the pile had a serious defect, a full crack, or a
mechanical splice with an inherent gap between sections, the stress wave might not pass this feature; then
only the portion of the shaft above this location could be evaluated

If the toe reflection was not apparent, then the test was only partly successful. Many of the most serious
defects were in the upper portion of the shaft. Deeper defects were often judged less serious if the shaft
resistance above the defect was adequate. However, any major defect was always a cause for concern.
To help reveal local defects near the top of a large-diameter pile, several locations around the perimeter and
center should be tested.

2.8.2 PILE DYNAMIC ANALYSER (PDA)

The pile dynamic analyser (PDA) is a powerful tool to assess pile driving which may supplement or replace
static testing. Static testing is often physically or financially impossible. Statically testing only one or one
percent of the piles are no longer adequate, particularly as design loads increase. With the PDA it is
possible to test five to ten percent of all piles on site and to do it easily and economically. PDA testing makes
it possible to solve problems encountered during pile driving based on facts rather than assumptions.
Construction quality is improved through increased testing. This results in cost saving and reduced
construction claims. PDA testing is now sufficiently acceptable and standardized that several standards and
specifications defining proper procedures have been written and accepted. The PDA system is particularly
attractive for very large high capacity cast in place piles where the large capacity makes a static test

Figure 15 P.D.A. Hammering Action

13
extremely costly. A large hammer can be mobilized and several tests can be performed quickly and cost
effectively.

The PDA test may be specified for different projects for one or more of the following reasons. The procedure
adopted must be carefully selected to derive the best information for the particular application.
♠ Production Pile Monitoring
♠ Test pile program to drive the driving criteria
♠ Piling hammer performance evaluation
♠ Pile driving stresses and potential pile damage evaluation (Pile Integrity)
♠ Pile capacity test

Of these the last two only were applicable to cast – in – situ piles while all were equally applicable to drive piles.
In case of the first, three instances the testing needs to be done at the beginning or during the pile installation
process. The capacity test may be carried out during the installation or on re-strike foe driven in piles. Increase
and decrease in pile capacity with time typically occurs after a pile was driven. Thus, dynamic testing during re-
strike usually yields better indication of long-term pile capacity.
However early testing may be helpful to establish and eliminate any reasons for pile damage for driven piles.
Capacity testing of cast – in – situ piles requires that a hammer to be mobilized to perform the test. Usually a
drop hammer was used, in many cases constructed foe the specific purpose of testing these piles. The ram
should have a weight of one to one and half percent on the capacity to be proven.

The capacity was evaluated using the CAPWAP analysis program and must be consider a variety of inputs
concerning the pile and recognize the influence of soils type and soil behavior. A properly conducted test should
be preceded in the office by a wave equation analysis. This information along with the soil investigation data for
the site will help the testing engineer in properly for the test and making an accurate interpretation of the test
results.

The performance of the test requires the installation of the sensors on the side of the pile close to the top and
preparing the pile top and the drop hammer arrangement to raise and drop the hammer through a predetermined
height. Many different methods are available for this purpose depending on the site conditions.

Test procedure

1) Dynamic pile test can be conducted for bored piles by means of a heavy hammer impact at the
pile head. The impact was provided by a suitable drop weight.
2) Before testing, some excavation around the pile require.
3) The pile should be protected for the impact by steel casing, which was used to build up the pile.
4) The guide frame should be positioned on to the pile. This frame was used to guide the drop weight
under the fall.
5) 3 nos. of 6mm diameter holes should be drilled on two opposite sides of the pile for attachment
of gauges at 1.5 diameters from below the pile top. Two pairs of force transducers and
accelerometers should be connected on to the pile.
6) Transducers should be connected to the PDA.
7) A hammer should be allowed to fall from certain heights. The weight of the hammer was normally
1 - 1.5% of the design load of that pile.
8) Dynamic measurement of force and velocity should be collected by the gauges and the data
should be processed by the PDA to give results. We got few results in the site immediately.
♠ Mobilized static load capacity based on the CASE method.

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 ♠ Pile Integrity

♠ Maximum energy transferred to the pile.

♠ Pile Stresses

The pile top force and velocity signals recorded in the field, should be processed and a good blow
should be selected for further analysis of CAPWAP. This analysis involves applying the measured pile
top force / velocity time record as a boundary condition to a wave equation of the pile comprising of
continuous segments.

2.9 PILE BUILD UP

Normally a pile shaft is terminated at the cut off level, if the cut off level is below the ground level one of following
two methods can be applied. One method is excavating the soil around the pile up to cut off level. The other
method is building up the shaft with the concrete that has a characteristic strength greater than previous one.
Both were used in this site.

Pile caps are usually constructed of concrete to such depth as will ensure full transfer of load to piles, at the
same time, resist punching shear. Since it is almost impossibility to bore or drive piles exactly vertical. The pile
cap should be large enough in plan to accommodate any deviation in the final position of heads. After the
shoring, we excavated the ground up to required soil level according to the drawing details.

Figure 16 Pile Build Up

2.10 SCREED CONCRETING

After piles broken up to required level, we laid 150mm thick lean concrete below the raft area. This lean concrete
is a mass concrete. We used Grade -15 concrete for pile cap screed concreting. This was a plain concrete
without any reinforcement.

Purpose of screed concreting

 To get level surface for the reinforced structure.

 To prevent absorb water from the earth.
 To prevent mixing soil, mud, addition of water & other foreign materials with the ground of
concrete.

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 3. CONCRETE RECTIFICATION WORK
3.1 RECTIFICATION (GENERAL PROCEDURE)
Use following steps for above defects
1. Check the condition of the defects by taping or chipping by chipping hammer
2. Washed thoroughly remove all the dirt, dust & loosed particles
3. apply bonding agent if required (barra imullsion)
4. Cover the area by using the mortar (Cement: Sand 1:3) & level it properly.
5. Cure the rectified area.

Hose

Water Brush

Bonding
agent

(1) (2) (3)

Water
supply

(4) Cement sand (4) (5)

mortar
(1:3)
Figure 17 Rectification Procedure

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 4. PLASTERING
Plaster gives a smooth and dry surface to the walls and also it is an excellent surface for decorative painting.
Good plastering is done in three layers. First coat is known as render coat. The second coot is known as
Floating coat and the third coat is known Setting coat.

Practically plastering is done in two layers. First coat is plastered with the moisture of proportion in 1: 5 (Cement:
Sand). The other coat is finished with putty (Flex coat). Before plastering the walls must be wetted for mortar is
adhesive better. Internal walls are in smooth finish and external plastering is in rough finish. In the internal
plastering to get the smooth finish on the coat flat is applied. The main tool used in plastering is trowel & float.
Plaster is a fine paste of cement, lime and sand with water. A good plaster has to be smooth non-absorb,
washable, fire resisting and not affected by temperature or climatic changes. Generally clean sand and fresh
water is used. Fine sand is more suitable, but not so fine as to pass more than 5% through a 100-mesh sieve.
Generally, river sand is used for plastering. Sea sand is not suitable for plastering, because of salt in it. Then
the plaster will not dry, remain most always.

Surface preparation before plastering

 The walls were cleaned & the thoroughly wetted. Otherwise walls will be absorbed water
from the plaster. When it happens, some cracks will be appearing on the walls & plaster
will collapse
 The two end of the walls were plumb vertically placed gauges in 3 feet internals obtain a
required thickness of the plaster.
 Then fixing a string along the above points gauges were placed horizontally about 3 feet
intervals.

Application
 The plastering was started from top and worked down towards the floor.
 The trowel dashed the mortar between the gauges to slightly more than the required
thickness.
 After that plaster was well pressed in to the joints, levelled & brought to a true surface by
working a wooden straight edge reaching across the gauges with small upwards &
sideways movement.
 For the plastering of external walls the surface was floated.
 For the plastering of internal walls towelling was done & during this a setting coat of pure
white lime putty was applied on the surface.
 At the end of the day the plaster was left cut clean to line both horizontally & vertically.

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4.1 PLASTERING OF WALLS
First the surface was cleaned, roughened and checked using a string holding horizontally along the wall. Then
the vertically was checked using a plumb bob and determined the minimum thickness which to be maintained.
These spots were laid using cement putty or mortar at the intervals of about 1500 mm. After that whole surface
made wet to reduce the absorption of water from mortar to walls.
Plastering is carried out commencing from the top and working up to down wards. The screeds are formed
along the spots and then mortar was taken to the trowel and dashed against the surface and the pressed with
trowel and straight edge, the surface was evened. Before drying of the surface, the fine paste of pure lime putty
or lime was applied over it. Surface finished smooth and edges are rounded to protect from damaging them.
After that using straight edge, plumb bob and try squire and the dimensions checked the corners and walls.
Smooth plastering is done only for interval walls and semi-rough plastering is done for external walls.

4.2 SOFFIT PLASTERING

Soffit plastering is done with cement: lime: sand mixture. After chipping the slab or beam, the thickness is
determined. But maximum allowable thickness is 12 mm. The thin layer of cement putty is applied hence to
adhere to surface with more ease.

5. TILING
Tiles are one of finishing material. Now a day’s most of the people are using tiles as finishing material in
bathroom floor and wall. This is a great full material for finishing work. There are many sizes and many kinds of
tiles are available. Those are widely divided in to three categories, wall tiles, floor tiles and skirting tiles. In our
site three kinds of tiles are being used. They are made by china and Thailand.

5.1 FLOOR TILING

There are some factors available before tiling on floor. First the floor surface should be cleaned.then floor finish
level was erected excluding tile height, using by leveling instrument. After that tile bed was put on the surface
according to the level guide points. Then tile guide lines were marked on the bed. Then the tiles were fixed on
the bed.
Nominal size -200mmx200mm
Wall preparation
If it is new block wall it should plaster with rough finish by 1:3 cement sand mixture. Tiling is begun at the level
line, which was marked on the wall. If the line height is 1.5m from zero level, the line was marked with the help
of leveling instrument or measuring tape. It can take for horizontal line and for vertical marked with the help of
plump bob. Usually marks the full tile line for start.

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5.2 WALL TILING
After the wall preparation for tiling finished, the adhesive was spread on the tile by using scraper. Then tile
was fixed to the wall and pressed by using light weight hammer. After another tile was fixed and checks the
level by using spirit level.
Nominal size -200mmx300mm
Grouting
The tile surface is leaved to dry for 24 hours or more before grouting. Different colours of grout powders are in
the market. It is mixed with water across and fills in gaps. The grout is compressed in to the joints with the
suitable implement and surplus grout is removed carefully from the surface of the tile by using a damp
sponge.

6. PAINTING
Paint is a mixture of a liquid or medium and a colouring or pigment. Paint reserves protect and decorated
surfaces and unable them to be clean easily.
6.1 INTERNAL WALL PAINT
6.1.1 PROCEDURE
1. Apply wall putty in plastered wall. (two coat)
2. Preparation of walls before painting by using 120 sand paper.
3. Apply first coat of paint.
4. Apply final coat.
6.1.2 WALL PUTTY
In our site, we use Delight wall putty. This is Vinyl Acrylic based paste. Formulated repair impurities of walls,
partitions, ceilings…. etc. After plastering wall putty help to make the surface event and neat prior to the paint
being applied.
APPLICATIONS
Apply wall putty evenly on the surface with an applicator or and allow to dry for 24 hours. To obtain a smooth
even surface sand paper the area to get rid of unwanted putty. To obtain a maximum benefit, it is
recommended that the surface should be cleaned of oil greases and a single coat of wall filler applied, prior to
the application of the wall putty.
6.1.3 EMULSION PAINT
In our site, we use Nippolac Emulsion paint for internal wall paint. (Pine Frost and Almond White) This is a
premium quality, hard wearing emulsion with excellent coverage and hiding power.

APPLICATIONS

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2 coats by brush or roller. Thin with water .4 parts paint:1part water.

6.2 EXTERNAL WALL PAINT

6.2.1 PROCEDURE
1.Apply wall filler in wall.
2.After dry apply first coat of paint.
3.Apply final coat.

6.2.2 WALL FILLER

In our site, we use Delight Wall Filler. It is water soluble styrene polymer based product with can be applied a
primer on walls, Ceiling plywood. It can be used to fill small pores and cavities and it accommodates paint film
firmly.
HOW TO USE
Add water up to 25% in volume considering the requirement and apply using a brush or roller brush.

6.2.3 WEATHERSHIELD PAINT

In our site, we use Nippolac weather shield paint for external wall paint. (Dove White, Sand Stone) This is
exterior wall finish is a though acrylic based product that contains light fast pigment which keeps its colour
lasting longer.

APPLICATIONS

Apply 2 coats after priming by brush, roller or spray. Thin with water up to 10%.

Table 2 coverage data

Product Net weight of a basket/bag Coverage

Wall putty 28kg 325sq.ft

Wall Filler 28kg 1500sq.ft

Brilliant White 20lts 1000sq.ft
Weather shield paint 1lts 70-100sq.ft
Emulsion paint 1lts 200-225sq.ft

6.3 HEALTH AND SAFETY

1.Store in dry location and protect from high temperature.
2.Keep containers always tightly closed and transport up-right position.
3.Contact with eyes should be prevented if it occurs wash eyes with running water for over 10 minutes. If
irritation continues see a doctor immediately.

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 7. WATER PROOFING
Waterproofing has to done in interior exterior concrete portions before receiving the ultimate finish such as
screed, screed with tiling, retaining walls, water tanks, and sumps.
 Surface shall be well cleaned and free from damp, laitance, dust, and dirt. If contaminated
by oil or grease of whatever nature, the patches shall be chiseled away.
 Uneven areas, rough areas and chiseled patches to be treated with an epoxy resin and to
be leveled with homogeneous mixed while the primer is not hardened.
 Waterproofing membrane should be laid 6m beyond the construction joints of the raft slab
and should be covered with the protective screed.
 The waterproofing material shall create a vapor permeable sub surface barrier to prevent
water leakage and ingress of contaminants in to the cracks and concrete matrix.
 The material shall penetrate in to concrete and react with calcium and water at the
ambient temperature. This shall form a non-water soluble calcium silicate hydrate gel
complex, which is chemically resistant compound in cracks, pores, and capillaries.

waterproofing material used in my site, Vital Shield (V-Tech)

8. PLUMBING WORK
Supply of water is a basic requirement for building. Used PVC pipe in a water supply service. Fixed
63mm dia. type 600 UPVC pipes including specials and fitting for using service pipe. A pipe in a
service which is directly subject to pressure from a main, inside the building. 32mm, 25mm dia type
1000 UPVC pipes are using for communication, water from service pipe to other location.

8.1 PIPE WORK

The water supply pipe work also underground pipe work, using PVC pipes. The plastic pipe is resistance to
both corrosion and frost. Water to the sanitary fitting is supply directly. From the pipe line of the university.

8.1.1 UPVC PIPE

This is plastic pipe for cold water service which is supplied in straight length up to 9m long and in
standard colour of gray, blue and black. Jointing can be by a screw thread but the most common method is by
solvent welding.
8.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Drainage is a system of pipe work, usually installed below ground level, to convey the discharge from
sanitary fittings, rain water gutter and downpipe to a suitable disposal installation.
8.2.1 DISPOSAL OF SEVER
The method of disposal is to connect the pipe work ton the exiting sever line. The sever manhole is 600x600
up to 600mm deep internally. Constructed by bricks water seal catch pit, 450x450x450 internally.

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8.2.2 RAIWATER DRAINAGE
The materials used for this building rainwater installation is Zn/Al alloy coated colour bonded gutters and
downpipes including necessary boarding sheet tarred joint soldered and cement lime filleting complete.

9. QUALITY CONTROLLING
9.1 SLUMP CONE TEST
Slump test is used to measure the workability of the concrete mixture. This test is done by within two minutes.
This test is valid only up to 38mm maximum size of aggregate.
For this test, a hollow metal mould is used and tamping rod is used to tamp.

Procedure

 The internal surface of the mould is cleaned thoroughly.

 The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal & non- absorbent surface.
 The mould is filled with concrete in four layers. Each layer approximately ¼ of the height of the
mould.
 Each layer is tamped with twenty-five strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod.
 After the top layer has been rodded the concrete is stuck off level with a trowel.
 The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly & carefully in a vertical
direction.
 Then slump is measured by using a scale.

9.2 CUBE TEST

Test cubes are made on the site to check whether the concrete used on the job has a required strength. The
cubes are used to find compressive strength of the concrete.

The moulds for specimen must be made of metal preferably steel or cast iron and the inside faces must be
machined planes. The normal size of the mould is 150 x 150 x 150 in mm.
The cubes moulds is made in two halves, bolted together. Each mould has a base, which is a separate metal
plate. When assembled all the internal angles of the mould be right angles.

Procedure
 After preparing the mould it is placed on even surfaces.
 Next the concrete samples are taken from the truck mixture at the discharging times.
 Concrete should be placed in the equal layers.
 Each layer should be compacted with 35 times with 25 mm diameter steel bar.
 The surface of the concrete should be trawled as smooth as practicable & leveled the top of the
mould. If the mould is too full use the corner of the trowel & dig out the fair sample of the
concrete, then finished the surface by trawling.
 After 24 hours, the mould is removed and the cube is placed in the water tank for curing.
 The 3 or 4 number of concrete cubes is prepared for any placing of concrete.
 All test cubes must be marked for later identification.

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  After that cubes can be checked in 7 days & 28 days as required.
 Reports of all tests are supplied to the consultant within 24 hours of testing reports being carried
out.
9.3 PRESSURE GAUGE TEST
Every building has a plumbing system. After installing plumbing system in a building we have to check if there
are any leakages & damages in the plumbing lines. So we do a test to check it is called ‘Pressure Gauge
Test’. Pressure pump is used for that purpose.

Procedure
 All output points in the plumbing line were end capped by using test plugs.
 Then pressure pump & pressure gauge was installed
 Pressure gauge reading was checked before water added on the line.
 Water was put in to the pump & pressured it. It must be pressured when the reading was up to 5bar.
 Leave this for six hours & joints were checked whether it was wet or not by using hand
 If there were any leakages the test was done again.

10. PLANT AND MACHINERIES

10.1 CONCRETE TRUCK

These are used to transport mixed concrete from a mixing plant to the site. Usual capacity range of truck is
5m3. Discharge can be pump car, bucket & wheel brow

10.2 CONCRETE PUMP

Normally concrete pump was used to large (>40m3) concreting work. It is very useful equipment for
concreting. Other methods are very time consuming. Pump car capacity 100m3/Hour, but in site 25m3/hour
can placed.

10.3 PORKER VIBRATOR

Porker vibrator is a device, which is used to vibrate and compact concrete to obtain a well compact cast and a
well finishing surface appearance. Porker vibrator is immersed in to the wet concrete due to then high rate of
vibration they induce the concrete to consolidate.

10.4 VIBRO PLATE COMPACTOR

It is used to compact the back-filling areas. These can deliver from 800 to 4500 blows per min. and are
generally powered by engines of 2.5 to 12.5 HP

10.5 BREAKER
The most common pneumatic tools used in building is the breaker. Whish is used basically for breaking up
hard surfaces. This tool needs a supply of compressed air as then power source. It is used for pile Hacking.

10.6 TOWER CRANE

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This is used to various purposes. In site tower crane is most important equipment. Uses are,

 Concreting process using the bucket

 Transporting the reinforcements to certain places.
 Transporting the formworks to certain places.
 Transporting small machineries (such as Air compressor, hand vibrator) to certain place.
 Transporting scaffoldings to certain places.

10.7 STEEL BENDING CUTTING MACHINE

This is used to bend, cut the reinforcement bars.

11. SAFETY
The construction sites are places, where accidents and hazards can be happening immediately and
commonly.
To decrease the accident in a site, various accidents can be taken. In our project they have taken some action
decrease the hazards.
The following personal were employed to be look after their respective field.
Safety security officer was appointed to check the peoples and not allow enters unnecessary peoples.

 To check and keep all external scaffolding in proper manner experienced rigger Forman was
appointed.
 To look after person who was injured by any accident immediately admits to the hospital.
 To keep the site clean and tidy and to control and handle the workers and labours, labour
supervisors were appointed.
 Use proper nets and clean properly every month.
safety rules and regulations for workers
 Wear helmets, gloves and boots while working.
 Follow instruction.
 Observe all signals and sign boards and danger notice.
 Report all unsafe conditions to your supervisor of the safety officer.
 Help to keep the site clean and tidy.
 Don’t work at heights if you are feeling weak.
 Do not smoke and spit in the site limit.
 Be extra cautions when condition is wet.
 Do not through debris down from heights.
 Remove all protruding nails or bend them over.
 When loads are to heavy for you to handle alone, get help.

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 12. PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTED
There were many problems and difficulties and how i overcame at the site such as;
Problem 01
The water level of the site is very low. Therefore, after the excavation, there are some water in the ground and
some water arising from excavation. Shoring arrangement is very important after the excavation. They have
done shoring arrangement in the external girth of excavation. when they were doing shoring arrangement,
they have faced some problem by the water.
Solution
Before doing the shoring arrangements they have to do dewatering

Problem 02
The leveling instrument was used for leveling. But in the leveling the bottom of excavation, they didn’t use any
instrument for leveling. The leveling was done by backhoe loader and local workers. This is not best method
for leveling and it takes lot of time. It will affect the cost and time period of the project.

Problem 03
Delays in construction
Solution
Asked for a new programme schedule with your construction contract so that you can monitor your
contractor’s progress. There are a number of acceptable reasons for delays, some of which were reviewed
above. What are the delays? What will the outcome be? The biggest sin with construction delays is not talking
about the delays because it allows client fears to manifest and grow. The more open the communication
between client and contractor, the better.
Date of completion and consequences of delays: This will include identifying possible delays and discussing
ways to prevent them from happening as well as what the responsibilities of both parties are should delays
occur.
Exclusivity: If you are bound by deadlines, then discuss whether your construction crew is working only for
you or if they have other projects on the go that can influence their ability to meet their commitments to you.

Problem 04
Well-intentioned mistakes- There are times when a carpenter or a subcontractor believes he has a more
efficient way to complete some part of your plan or feels he has an “improvement” you would really like.
Unfortunately, in so doing, they may deviate from the plan, and you end up with an appearance different than
you expected.

Solution
The sooner you discover their mistake, the better. Fixing such a deviation may be as easy as moving a wall
stud or repositioning a door or window. Whether or not it’s an easy fix, try this, your final option is always to
tear out and rebuild the alteration according to plans.

25
Problem 05
contractor did not stick to your contract
Solution
Keep a record, take pictures and keep records of each time your contractor did not stick to your contract. That
way, if your construction site turns into an unmitigated disaster, you are able to fire your contractor without
getting sued for breach of contract.

Problem 05
we were unable to resolve your dispute and get stuck with poor workmanship or an incomplete project.
Solution
File a complaint (LOG NOTE) through contractor to client

13. CONCLUSION
The goal of the Industrial Training for the NDT understands the work environment of their relative fields. So in
my 6-month training period I gathered practical knowledge with the supports of my academic background,
moreover I gathered organizational functions and its structure.

During my training period, I got lot of experience under following aspects in the Construction of pile foundation
as well as in sub structure of sump and 12 storied building and finishing.

 Labor management.
 Construction techniques of super structures.
 Referring the drawings and identifying the necessary features during the construction.
 Handling equipment and machineries.
 Tests related to quality assurance.
Not all engineering works can carry out ideally so this Industrial Training provides us the real idea of works.

I should say award about SEC, they gave me a good opportunity to get work experience without any fear or
confusion. I was able to learn through experience how we should work with people and how we should get work
from people, as there were more direct labours as well as sub-contractors. Further, I gained knowledge about
informal organization, which is better than formal organization. Anyway according my knowledge SEC is the
good place for trainees.

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