ASSIGNMENT

M.PHIL URDU,SECOND SEMESTER

SUBJECT:COMPUTER LITERACY

NAME OF STUDENT:GHULAM SHABIR STUDENT ID.8305-D

Five Types of WebPages

1. Advocacy
An advocacy webpage is one sponsored by an organization to influence opinion. The URL
address of this type of page frequently ends in .org. Examples of advocacy pages:
Democratic Party, Green Party, Human Rights Council, Amnesty International.

2. Business and Marketing

A business or marketing webpage is one sponsored by a commercial enterprise that is
typically trying to sell or market their services/products. The URL address frequently ends
in .com. Examples of business WebPages are: Ford Motor Co., Hewlett Packard, and
Amazon.com.

3. News
A news webpage is one whose purpose is to provide timely information about current events
and issues. The URL address frequently ends in .com. For example: San Francisco
Chronicle, CNN, MSNBC.

4. Informational
An information webpage's purpose is to present factual information. This includes reports,
research findings, and general topical information. The URL address frequently ends
with .edu or.gov. For example: San Jose Sate University, State of California, United States
Department of Defense.

5. Personal
A personal webpage is created by an individual for his/her own personal need. The URL
frequently has a tilde (~) somewhere in the address.

ROUTER

In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases,
software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be
forwarded toward its destination
 A router is a device that forwards data packets alongnetworks. A router is connected to at
least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Routers
are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.

Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the
packets, and they use protocols such asICMP to communicate with each other and configure
the best route between any two hosts.

Very little filtering of data is done through routers.

HUB

A hub, in the context of networking, is a hardware device that relays communication data. A
hub sends data packets (frames) to all devices on a network, regardless of any MAC
addresses contained in the data packet.

MODEM

Short for modulator-demodulator. A modem is adevice or program that enables

a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer
information isstored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is
transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modemconverts between these two forms.

A modem is a network device that both modulates and demodulates analog carrier signals
(called sine waves) for encoding and decoding digital information for processing. Modems
accomplish both of these tasks simultaneously and, for this reason, the term modem is a
combination of "modulate" and "demodulate."

The most common use for modems is for both sending and receiving of the digital
information between personal computers. This information used to be transmitted over
telephone lines using V.92, the last dial-up standard, to an analog modem that would
convert the signal back to a digital format for a computer to read.

Now, access to the Internet more commonly takes place using high-speed broadband
modems.

BRIDGE

1. In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects a local area network

(LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or
token ring).
2. A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary. Bridges reduce the
amount of traffic on a local area network (LAN) by dividing it into two segments.
3. Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges inspect
incoming traffic and decide whether to forward or discard it. An Ethernet bridge, for
example, inspects each incoming Ethernet frame - including the source and
destination MACaddresses, and sometimes the frame size - in making individual
forwarding decisions.
Bridges serve a similar function as network switches that also operate at Layer 2.
Traditional bridges, though, support one network boundary (accessible through ahardware
port), whereas switches usually offer four or more hardware ports. Switches are sometimes
called "multi-port bridges" for this reason.

BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a wireless technology developed by Ericsson that is designed to be a cable

replacement. It operates on the 2.4GHz frequency band, like WiFi, and is officially known as
IEEE standard 802.15.1. It is most commonly used with wireless headsets and car kits, but
can also be used for network access, moving files from one device to another, or with
wireless input devices such as a mouse and keyboard - among many other uses. These
other uses are dependent on the Bluetooth profiles that are supported by the devices in
question. There are multiple versions of the Bluetooth specification in use, and in order for
full functionality to be possible, the devices on both sides of a connection must be of the
same version. This is not to say that a Bluetooth 1.1 headset, for example, will not work
with a Bluetooth 2.0 phone - it will. It is only to say that in order to enjoy the benefits of
Bluetooth 2.0's features, such as faster connection times, a Bluetooth 2.0 (or later) headset
would have to be used.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances
(using short-wavelengthUHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[3]) from
fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom
vendor Ericsson in 1994,[4] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-
232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than
20,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and
consumer electronics.[5] Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is
no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the
qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[6] To be marketed as a Bluetooth
device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG.[7] A network of patents is
required to implement the technology, which is licensed only for that qualifying device.

What is "WiFi"?
A brand of wireless LAN (WLAN) technologies defined by the IEEE 802.11 group of
standards. The two WiFi standards most commonly used by personal computers and mobile
devices, such as phones, are 802.11b and 802.11g.
Also known as: "802.11", "Wi-Fi"
INFRARED
Infrared connectivity is an old wireless technology used to connect two electronic devices.
It uses a beam of infrared light to transmit information and so requires direct line of sight
and operates only at close range
A Mobile Infrared Transmitter (MIRT) is an electronic traffic preemption device that city
buses and emergency vehicles use to control the traffic control equipment for intersections
they are approaching, in order to pass through the intersection as efficiently or safely as
possible.

Ecommerce definition and types of ecommerce

Simple definition is “commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet.”

The phrase is used to describe business that is conducted over the Internet using any of the
applications that rely on the Internet, such as e-mail, instant messaging, shopping carts,
Web services, UDDI, FTP, and EDI, among others. Electronic commerce can be between two
businesses transmitting funds, goods, services and/or data or between a business and a
customer.
Ecommerce (e-commerce) or electronic commerce, a subset of ebusiness, is the
purchasing, selling, and exchanging of goods and services over computer networks (such as
the Internet) through which transactions or terms of sale are performed electronically.
Contrary to popular belief, ecommerce is not just on the Web. In fact, ecommerce was alive
and well in business to business transactions before the Web back in the 70s via EDI
(Electronic Data Interchange) through VANs (Value-Added Networks). Ecommerce can be
broken into four main categories: B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C.

 B2B (Business-to-Business)
Companies doing business with each other such as manufacturers selling to
distributors and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based on quantity of order
and is often negotiable.

 B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
Businesses selling to the general public typically through catalogs utilizing shopping
cart software. By dollar volume, B2B takes the prize, however B2C is really what the
average Joe has in mind with regards to ecommerce as a whole.

Having a hard time finding a book? Need to purchase a custom, high-end computer
system? How about a first class, all-inclusive trip to a tropical island? With the
advent ecommerce, all three things can be purchased literally in minutes without
human interaction. Oh how far we've come!

 C2B (Consumer-to-Business)
A consumer posts his project with a set budget online and within hours companies
review the consumer's requirements and bid on the project. The consumer reviews
the bids and selects the company that will complete the project. Elance empowers
consumers around the world by providing the meeting ground and platform for such
transactions.

 C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals
can buy and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where people can
send and receive money online with ease. eBay's auction service is a great example
of where person-to-person transactions take place every day since 1995.
Companies using internal networks to offer their employees products and services online--
not necessarily online on the Web--are engaging in B2E (Business-to-Employee)
ecommerce.

G2G (Government-to-Government), G2E (Government-to-Employee), G2B (Government-to-

Business), B2G (Business-to-Government), G2C (Government-to-Citizen), C2G (Citizen-to-
Government) are other forms of ecommerce that involve transactions with the government-
-from procurement to filing taxes to business registrations to renewing licenses. There are
other categories of ecommerce out there, but they tend to be superfluous.