Objective:

Objective of this experiment is to study the jet forces impacting against stationary

deflectors that used in this experiment can be categorized into three geometries. Plate,

hemisphere and slope defectors are used for this experiment. Force and the percentage of error

will be calculated in this experiment.

Introduction:

Water turbines are widely used for generating power. By allowing fluid under pressure to

strike the vanes of a turbine wheel, mechanical work can be produced rotational motion is then

produced by the force generated as the jet strikes the vanes. In this experiment, the impact forces

generated by water jet on surfaces with different angles will be compared, and also the returned

spray will be noticed here. This process helps us to understand how turbines work under fluid

pressure. As the water comes out of nozzle with pressure and hits a surface, it produces an

impact force. Here the density can be affected by the temperature of the water, and as a result the

impact force of water will be affected as well.

Conclusion:

At final, conclusion of this lab is that the impact force of the water jet is determined when

the water flow from the nozzle with different angles. Also there are some calculation errors and

measured errors as it is always clear that experiments cannot be hundred percent correct and all

the time there are some errors during measuring and calculation of data. In other side, the

calculated force is correlated with the measured force; both of the forces have directly

proportional relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as the measured

force. However, this can’t be achieved experimentally due to the errors made during the

experiment.
Used Formulas& Values:

ΔV = Volume2 - Volume1

Diameter of the jet = 8 mm

Area = pi*D2/4

Theoretical Force = Mass * Gravity

Volume Flow Rate = Q = ΔV/t

Density of Water = ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Mass Flow Rate = Q ρ

Velocity1 = Mass Flow Rate / (Area * ρ)

Force = Mass Flow Rate * [Velocity1 – Velocity2 * cos (α)]

Mass Flow Rate = ρ * Area2 * Velocity2

Thickness of the Spray = Area2 * Disk Circumference

%Err = (Predicted Mass Flow Rate – Actual Mass Flow Rate) /

(Actual Mass Flow Rate)

%Diff = (Velocity2 – Velocity1) / Velocity1

 Data and Calculation: (Table 1): the data recorded during the experiment.

Mass Initial Volume Final Volume Change in Change in Time (s)

(g) (L) (L) Volume (L) Volume (m3)
0 100 3 8 5 0.005 27
0 200 3 8 5 0.005 26
0 300 3 8 5 0.005 20
0 400 3 8 5 0.005 18
0 500 3 8 5 0.005 15

60 100 3 8 5 0.005 34
60 200 3 8 5 0.005 26
60 300 3 8 5 0.005 21
60 400 3 8 5 0.005 19
60 500 3 8 5 0.005 14

90 100 3 8 5 0.005 38
90 200 3 8 5 0.005 23
90 300 3 8 5 0.005 18
90 400 3 8 5 0.005 14
90 500 3 8 5 0.005 12

Force Predicted Mass Volume Flow Mass Flow Velocity1 Velocity2 %error %diff
(N) Flow Rate (kg/s) Rate (m3/s) Rate (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s)
0.981 0.554052 0.000185 0.185 3.682 11.543 1.994 2.135
1.962 0.679982 0.000192 0.192 3.822 15.675 1.541 3.101
2.943 0.779554 0.00025 0.25 4.976 16.189 1.118 2.253
3.924 0.838710 0.000278 0.278 5.533 20.434 1.995 2.693
4.905 0.957829 0.000333 0.333 6.628 23.233 1.876 2.746

0.981 0.262564 0.000147 0.147 2.925 10.818 0.786 2.698

1.962 0.412744 0.000192 0.192 3.822 15.078 1.149 2.945
2.943 0.527942 0.000238 0.238 4.737 17.870 1.218 2.879
3.924 0.650912 0.000263 0.263 5.234 20.525 1.474 3.254
4.905 0.786107 0.000357 0.357 7.105 22.802 1.202 3.877

0.981 0.213931 0.000131 0.131 2.607 - 0.633 -

1.962 0.343450 0.000217 0.217 4.319 - 1.231 -
2.943 0.443855 0.000278 0.278 5.533 - 1.434 -
3.924 0.527982 0.000357 0.357 7.105 - 1.978 -
4.905 0.602198 0.000416 0.416 8.280 - 1.675 -