I Historical facts

Click here for the complete historical timeline of Toilet Paper and important
paper making dates, going back to 50BC...

When and where was toilet paper first invented?

*China…AD 1391 - The Bureau of Imperial Supplies began producing

720,000 sheets of toilet paper a year, each sheet measuring two feet by
three feet. For use by the Emperors.
*USA…1857 - New Yorker Joseph C. Gayetty produced the first packaged
bathroom tissue in the United States in 1857. The Gayetty Firm from New
Jersey produced the first toilet paper named "The Therapeutic Paper". It
contained an abundance of aloe, a curative addition. The company sold it in
packs of 500 sheets for fifty cents, and Joseph Gayetty had his name
printed on each sheet!
*USA…1890 - The Scott Paper Company is the first company to
manufacture tissue on a roll, specifically for the use of toilet paper. Faced
with the consumers' resistance toward the "unmentionable" product, Scott
came up with the idea of customizing rolls for every merchant-customer
they had. Under this private-label arrangement, Scott purchased large
"jumbo" rolls of paper from various paper mills and converted them into
packages of small rolls and stacked sheets.
*Great Britain…1880- British Perforated Paper Company

When was the first roll of toilet paper made and by whom?

Scott Paper Company marketed the first rolls of toilet paper. The Company
was founded in 1879 by brothers E. Irvin and Clarence Scott in Philadelphia
and specialized in producing toilet paper. At first they purchased paper and
tissue from outside suppliers and cut, rolled and packaged the paper. They
converted large parent rolls of tissue into small rolls and stacked sheets and
began to market the product through drug and variety stores under private
label names. Then, in 1896, Irvin's son Arthur joined the company at the
age of 21. He convinced his father and uncle to phase out their private label
business and concentrate on their own brand names. With this, Scott
purchased the private label name Waldorf from a Philadelphian 'paper
jobber' named Albert DeCernea in 1902 and began producing this as their
first brand name. As sales grew, it became evident that production changes
were necessary to guarantee consistency. In 1910, Scott bought an
abandoned soap factory in Chester, 5 miles south of Philadelphia for
$85,000 and began making their own parent rolls of tissue, 72" wide at
150-200 feet per minute instead of buying from others. Rolls were sold with
either 650 or 1,000 perforated sheets. In 1915, Scott installed an advanced,
high-speed Fourdrinier papermaking machine. It made paper 148" wide at
500 feet per minute. In 1921, their brand, Waldorf represented 64% of
Scott's total case sales. By 1925 Scott became the leading toilet paper
company in the world. (On July 17, 1995 Scott was acquired by Kimberly
Clark)

Early Marketing

The roll did not easily fit into the consumer market at first. At the time,
society did not speak of the subject frequently. It was quite 'unmentionable"
to talk about this product in the conservative, Victorian era. However,
during this time indoor plumbing was improving and the public had a desire
for better hygiene.

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An early advertisement

Scott advertisements were suggesting that "over 65% of middle-aged men

and women suffered from some sort of rectal disease". Inferior toilet paper
was deemed to be responsible. It was printed in Scott advertisements that
"harsh toilet tissue may cause serious injury". The ad said " ScotTissue,
Sani-tissue and Waldorf are famous bathroom tissues specifically processed
to satisfy the three requirements doctors say toilet tissue must have to be
safe: absorbency-softness-chemical purity". Each sheet, it said was made of
"thirsty fibers." Scott tissue was made from the finest ingredients and "they
are neither acid nor alkaline in reaction. Each sheet is fully sterilized in
manufacture" it read.

The first paper roll towel- the ScotTowel.

There is a story that in 1907, a teacher in Philadelphia blamed a mild cold

epidemic on the fact that students used the same cloth towel. So she cut up
paper into squares and used them as individual towels. Around that time
Scott was experimenting with a new type of crepe tissue. It was so thick
that it couldn't be cut and rolled into toilet paper. So Arthur Scott ordered it
to be made into rolls of towels and perforated into individual 13" x 18"
sheets. This was called the Sani-Towels. Advertisements said, " For use
once by one user." Success was helped by states that outlawed the use of
cloth-roll towels because of spreading disease.

What did people use before toilet paper was invented? 

*Newsprint, paper catalogue pages in early US

*Hayballs, Scraper/gompf stick kept in container by the privy in the Middle
Ages
*Discarded sheep's wool in the Viking Age, England
*Frayed end of an old anchor cable was used by sailing crews from Spain
and Portugal *Medieval Europe- Straw, hay, grass, gompf stick
*Corn cobs, Sears Roebuck catalog, mussel shell, newspaper, leaves, sand-
United States
*Water and your left hand, India
*Pages from a book, British Lords
*Coconut shells in early Hawaii
*Lace was used by French Royalty
*Public Restrooms in Ancient Rome- A sponge soaked in salt water, on the
end of a stick
*The Wealthy in Ancient Rome-Wool and Rosewater
*French Royalty-lace, hemp
*Hemp & wool were used by the elite citizens of the world
*Defecating in the river was very common internationally
*Bidet, France
*Snow and Tundra Moss were used by early Eskimos

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How was the first newsprint manufactured?

The first newsprint was created from linen and rags. The rags were bought
in bulk and treated for hours before being used in the newsprint
production..

How did Kimberly Clark begin making newsprint?

In 1872, Charles Benjamin Clark, a 28 year old Civil War veteran and
partner in the local Neenah, Wisconsin hardware store, recruited John A.
Kimberly to join him in building a paper mill. Kimberly, Clark & Co. started
their Globe Mill in Wisconsin. It was the first mill in Wisconsin to make
newsprint out of linen and cotton rags. Women sorted the rags by hand for
purity. Buttons and other hard substances were cut off. Then the rags were
cut up by machines and boiled in large vats for 14 hours. After the boiling
process, the rags were steamed, pressure-washed and rinsed for five hours.
The rags were then bleached. Afterwards they were drained, and "beaten"
to reduce the stock to a pulp. Bleaching chemicals were added for
whiteness. To attain the consistency that was needed, the pulp was
transferred through tubes and valves. Eventually, it was pumped into the
containers of the papermaking machine. The 72" sheets then were made to
pass through two different rolls: a copper steam-heated drier roll (which
eliminated excess water) and a polishing roll, which gave it a finish. The
final product was divided into squares, packaged in volume, and shipped to
vendors. It sold for $.14 per pound.

When did Kimberly Clark begin making newsprint paper from

wood?

The Atlas Paper Co., was established in 1878 by the four Kimberly Clark &
Co. partners and three local businessmen.in Appleton, Minnesota. The
company experimented with new papers and new equipment. It specialized
in fancy manila wrapping paper, bond paper, box paper and achieved a
reputation for innovative products (including toilet paper) and processes. It
was the first mill in the state to produce paper made largely from ground
wood pulp. Previously, newsprint was made from rags.

When was Kotex introduced?

In 1916, Kimberly Clark began concentrating oncreped wadding paper. This

was five times more absorbent than cotton and could cost half as much.
With the war in Europe provoking cotton shortages Kimberly Clark
developed a thin form ofcreped cellulose they trademarked "Cellucotton."
This was adapted for use as a filter in gas masks and bandages. The
product was also being used by nurses as sanitary pads during menstrual
periods. "American women wore a diaper of bird's-eye or outing flannel,
which they were obliged to wash and reuse." In 1920, K-C began producing
"Cellu-Naps," a sanitary napkin made of Cellucotton and fine gauze. The
name was changed to Kotex and trademarked on September 21, 1920. For
$.60 a customer received 12 napkins packaged in a "hospital blue" box.

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What was the original marketing of Kotex?

Society's prim attitudes made it difficult to market sanitary napkins. In fact,

a decade earlier, in 1896 Johnson & Johnson's produced a feminine pad
made of cotton and gauze. The product never succeeded because of the
turn-of-the-century morality that made advertising of the product
impossible. In 1920, Kimberly Clark worried about their image organized a
different company to market Kotex, just in case it failed. The company was
named Cellucotton Products Company. Stores would not carry the product
and magazines would not advertise. Sales were not good. But in 1921 K-C
decided to 'stay in for the long haul'. By 1925 the product was beginning to
gain acceptance. In 1926 Montgomery Ward advertised Kotex in their
catalogue and millions of women began to use and accept sanitary napkins
as a way of life.

When was Kleenex introduced?

Kimberly Clark first introduced Kleenex to the market in 1924 as a cold

cream or make up remover. Because of the lackluster sales of Kotex in the
early 1920's, the Cellucotton Products Company had an overabundance
ofcreped wadding. They 'ironed' the wadding, cut it and made it softer.
Initially, it was to be marketed as a cleaning towel, but because of the focus
on the American women marketplace, the decision was made to market the
tissue as a cold cream remover. In 1925 Ladies Home Journal advertised
Kleenex as a way to keep skin beautiful. A K-C executive that suffered from
hay fever was using these tissues instead of his handkerchief. In 1927 he
influenced a new ad that said "for colds, never again use handkerchiefs". In
1929, the Kleenex Pop-Up box was first introduced. It remains the number
one brand of facial tissue in the world.

Who invented the Flushing Toilet?

The flushing toilet was invented in 1596, not by Thomas Crapper as most
people think, but by Sir John Harington. Harington, a British nobleman and
godson of Queen Elizabeth I, invented a valve that when pulled would
release water from a water closet. Sir John recommended flushing the toilet
once or twice a day, although with our modern technology, we know that is
probably not sufficient. (Rumor has it that, in Robin Hood's day, King Arthur
- angry with how his brother ruled the country while the King was gone,
named fair toilette, 'the john' - AKA as 'the Jon' to you folks.)

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Did Thomas Crapper invent the toilet?

No. Although from 1861 to 1904 Crapper did have a successful career in the
plumbing industry, holding nine patents for plumbing-related products in
England, he did not invent the toilet. Albert Giblin holds the 1819 British
Patent for the Silent Valveless Water Waste Preventer, a system that
allowed a toilet to flush effectively. Giblin worked for Crapper as an
employee and the most likely scenario is that Crapper bought the patent
rights from Giblin and marketed the device himself.

What does the word "toilet" mean?

Deriving in 1828, the original meaning of toilet, or toilette, is of French

origin meaning the "act of washing, dressing, and preparing oneself". As the
years went by, the word evolved into actually being the room or facility in
which one arranges their toilet. In modern days, toilet refers to the
plumbing fixture that one might use in the "bathroom", with "bathroom"
now describing the facility one would go to for the purpose of using the
toilet or lavatory.

Why is a bathroom often called the "toilet"?

" According to bathroom historian Frank Muir, the toilet and/or the outhouse
have at one time or another been called the House of Honor (by the ancient
Israelites), the House of the Morning (by the ancient Egyptians), the
garderobe (literally, "cloakroom"), the necessarium, the necessary house,
the reredorter (literally, "the room at the back of the dormitory"), the privy
(that is, the private place), the jakes, the john, the loo, the W.C. (for water
closet), room 100 (in Europe), the lavatory, the closet of ease, and many
other things. In addition to euphemisms, needless to say, there is also an
abundance of vulgar expressions Curiously, however, there is no "real" word
for the place where one deposits one's bodily wastes. 'Toilet,' which is now
thought of as the "official" term, is itself a euphemism-originally, toilet was
the process of dressing, as in, "the lady has just completed her toilet."
Before toilet assumed its present meaning in the early twentieth century,
the accepted technical term for the "john" was the vaguely disgusting, but
still euphemistic "bog-house."

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Who was the first "soft" two ply toilet paper producer?

St. Andrew's Paper Mill in Walthamstow, London, is responsible for giving

the world the comfort of soft toilet paper in 1942. Before then, many brands
were single-ply and not at all pliable.

Who built the first papermaking machine? 

In 1798, a Frenchman named Nicholas Louis Robert invented a machine to

make paper in continuous rolls rather than sheets. The Fourdrinier brothers,
who were English merchants, financed improvements in this machine in
1803. The first American Fourdrinier machine was built in 1827.

What is Kraft paper?

In 1883, a German inventor named Carl Dahl discovered that adding

sodium sulfate to the soda process produced a very strong pulp. This
discovery produced the Kraft process. Kraft means strength in German.
During the early 1900's, the Kraft process became the most important
pulping process.

When did "wood" paper production begin?

Paper production from wood did not actually begin until the late 1800s.

II Complete Historical Timeline

Papermaking and toilet paper important dates.

Origin of paper is usually attributed to the Chinese. Early Egyptians made

writing paper from papyrus. The Romans supplemented this with
parchment.

50BC the Chinese made paper first with short lengths of bamboo and later
added cotton linen rags which were soaked in water and pounded into
swollen pulp. This was then formed into sheets and dried

105 A.D. Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court official, has his name linked to the
invention of paper. In all likelihood, Ts'ai mixed mulberry bark, hemp and
rags with water, mashed it into pulp, pressed out the liquid, and hung the
thin mat to dry in the sun.

Before toilet tissue- wealthy Romans used wool and rosewater and
sponges soaked in salt water at the end of a stick. Wealthy French used
lace, wool and hemp. In the Middle Ages they used hayballs and a
scraper/gompf stick kept in a container in the privy. Early Americans used
rags, newsprint, paper from catalogs, corncobs, and leaves. Vikings used
lambs wool. Hawaiians used coconut shells. Eskimos used snow and Tundra
moss. A bidet is used in France. Defecating in the river is very common.
Cleaning with the left hand and water is common in India. Sailors used the
frayed end of an old anchor line.

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8th century Arabs were known to make writing paper and were the first to
use linen in the process.

12th century Spain, France & Italy had papermaking mills.

13th century Germany had papermaking mills.

14th century England recorded locations for papermaking mills. Rags were
the principal raw material and they were in short supply, thus limiting
growth.

TP-1391 the first toilet paper reported used by the Chinese emperor. The
paper was made in 2 ft x 3-ft sheets. The Bureau of Imperial Supplies
began producing 720,000 sheets of toilet tissue per year.

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1596- Flushing Toilet invented- by Sir John Harrington a British

nobleman and godson to Queen Elizabeth I. He invented a valve that when
pulled would release the water from the water closet. Sir John suggested
flushing at least twice a day. Rumor has it that this is where the name the
"john" originated. In 1819 the Silent valve was patented by Albert Giblin
in England. This allowed a toilet to be flushed more efficiently. Albert
worked for Thomas Crapper who had a successful plumbing business. It is
most likely that Thomas bought the patent from Albert and then marketed
the toilet successfully. (Toilet is a French word meaning 'the act of washing,
dressing and preparing oneself')

Renaissance Europe 1400-1600 paper was in demand by the educated

and elite society. Paper became an essential commodity. But the demand
was too great for the supply at the time. Rags were the principal raw
material and in short supply.

1648 Crane - Henry Crane emigrates from England and settles in

Dorchester, Massachusetts. His great-grandson, Stephen Crane, is the first
in the family to become a papermaker.

1690 William Rittenhouse and William Bradford of Germantown PA built the

first North American papermaking mill at Wissahickon Creek, near
Philadelphia that used rags as the raw material. Rags were boiled, rinsed,
and beaten to a pulp, then pressed to get the water out and dried to
become paper. Thanks to a great deal of imagination and hard work, they
successfully collected, separated, cleaned, and recycled old cloth rags to
make America's first writing. a) Among the many picturesque acres of
Philadelphia's Fairmont Park, there is a rare and unique treasure known as
Historic RittenhouseTown. It is the site of America's first paper mill,
established in 1690 by Wilhelm Rittenhausen. Today, 7 buildings remain,
dating from the early 18th century until the end of the 19th century,
including a barn which houses our papermaking studio, the original
Rittenhouse Family Homestead, and the original Rittenhouse Homestead
Bakehouse. The site is open to the public and offers many exciting
programs that enrich interest and awareness of this important National
Historic Landmark and all it has to offer. The paper mill structure no longer
exists. The mill building was taken down sometime after Fairmount Park
took control of the site in the late nineteenth century. In the mid-1990s
Historic Rittenhouse Town Inc. hired archeologists to search for the site of
the mill. The base of the second mill has been located and Historic
RittenhouseTown Inc. hopes eventually to be able to expose part of the
base of the mill and include this in historical interpretation of the site.

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TP-1700 Colonial Americans used corncobs and leaves to cleanse with

where toilet tissue is used today. When newspapers became available they
were used. Also, the Sears catalog and the Farmers almanac were used.
The Almanac had a hole in it so it could be hung on a nail or string. French
Royalty used lace.

1716 Hemp was first used in an experiment as a raw material for paper
making in Europe.

1750 Holland- the first mechanical rag beater was developed called the
Hollander. It was a tube with a revolving roller inside that passed over
knives. This cut the rags up for pulping.

1775 US first paper money- Stephen Crane sells currency-type paper to

engraver Paul Revere, who prints the American Colonies' first paper money.
Revere's transaction is on display in the Crane Museum.

1791 Rags needed in US- The Second congress of the US passed a

resolution calling on the people for rags to keep the infant papermaking
industry alive. Rags were deemed in short supply. Alexander Hamilton
reported later that year that supply of rags was adequate.

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1798 Rolls made instead of sheets- Nicholas-Louis Robert of France

invented a machine that produces paper on an endless wire screen. The
Frenchman patented the idea of matting the fabric fibers and joining the
sheet on a moving wire belt through which excess water could drain away.
His machine would make continuous rolls rather tan sheets. It became the
Fourdrinier. Fifty years later, papermakers began successfully using wood
fiber to make paper, a process that was introduced in the United States in
the early 1900s.

1800 Matthias Hoops published a treatise on papermaking written on

paper made from straw, leaves, wood and other vegetable products.

1801 Crane 1801- Crane is founded by Zenas Crane, Henry Wiswall and
John Willard; the original one-vat mill has a daily output of 20 posts (1 post
= 125 sheets). Crane runs its first newspaper ad, asking ladies to save their
household rags for papermaking.

1803 The Fourdrinier brothers in England improved the Nicholas Louis

Robert continuous roll papermaking machine and made the Fourdrinier
papermaking machine, which is still the heart of the paper and pulp industry

1810 a US census reported 179 mills in 17 states with an output of 3,000

tons. But the supply of rags was not sufficient to fuel the growth and
demand for paper. European imports of rags became very expensive.
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1815 European papermakers were flooding the US with exports of paper

and rags and making high profits because of the lack of supply of rags in
the US. This hurt the US papermaking industry.

1819 Flushing toilet -the Silent valve was patented by Albert Giblin in
England. This allowed a toilet to be flushed more efficiently. He worked for
Thomas Crapper who had a successful plumbing company. He probably
bought the patent from Albert and marketed the toilet device himself from
1861 to 1904.

1820 a US census reported only 108 mills in operation compared to 179 ten
years earlier.

1820- The newly invented cylinder-mould machine replaces hand-forming.

In Boston, Governor Strong uses Crane paper for executive proclamations
and state documents.

1822 US tariff was implemented to help the papermakers in the US. From
here on the industry grew steadily into its world dominance of today.

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1840 Mechanical Process for making wood pulp- the development of

the wood grinder for making groundwood now called pulp. This process
grinds the wood in revolving grinders. There is little chemical change and
the resulting pulp contains practically all the original cellulose constituents
of the original wood. This pulp is cannot be bleached and is used where
color is unimportant such as newsprint.

1844 Money Paper- Crane patented a method to embed silk threads into
banknote paper to foil counterfeiters. The direct descendant of this idea can
be seen in the embedded security thread in today's U.S. currency. It was
patented in 1991 by Tim Crane, a member of the sixth generation

1854 Wood pulp first used- practical results of making paper from wood
pulp were first obtained. Mechanical wood pulp or groundwood, as the new
pulp was called, was used to supplement the supply of rags, and the
mixture of rags and wood pulp produced a paper suitable for the times.

1856 Corrugated boxes- in 1856 the English started to use corrugated

paper for sweatband linings in stovepipe hats. Albert L. Jones, a New York
City inventor, in 1871 was the first to use corrugated as a packing material,
for shipping kerosene-lamp chimneys and other glass. Goodbye sawdust
and straw. Over the next two decades cardboard evolved into today's
familiar sandwich, corrugated stuffing between two layers of linerboard. *
see note below

Late 19th Century- The public's demand for better hygiene coincided with
improvements in residential and commercial indoor plumbing.

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TP-1857 First Toilet Tissue introduced by New Yorker, Joseph Gayetty.

The Gayette Firm located in New Jersey produced and sold a package of 500
sheets selling for $.50 and was named "Therapeutic Paper" and was a
medical paper. It contained aloe for helping to cure sores. Joseph's name
was printed on each sheet.

1866 Sulfite Pulping Process- In 1866, an American named Benjamin

Tilghman developed the sulfite pulping process. This process used
sulphurous acid to dissolve the liqueous constituents of wood, leaving a
residual of cellulose fibers. The first mill using this process was built in
Sweden in 1874. This was the dominant pulping process until 1937.

1870 Groundwood mills- there were eight ground-wood mills in the US.
Mills were mostly in New England because of large supplies of spruce
pulpwood. In the 1890's mill were being erected in the Lake States region
because of the supply of spruce and balsam.

1870 Fine stationary- Elegant women's stationery from Europe becomes

the rage in America. Zenas Crane Jr. travels to Europe to learn the
techniques. Soon, Tiffany, Bailey, Banks & Biddle, Marshall Field's and
Shreve, Crump & Lowe all carry Crane stationary paper.

1872 Kimberly Clark established to make newsprint- Charles

Benjamin Clark, a 28-year-old Civil War veteran, recruits John A. Kimberly,
Havilah Babcock and Frank Shattuck to build a paper mill in Wisconsin. They
began producing newsprint from linen and cotton rags, on Oct.22. Rags
were cut up by machines and boiled for 14 hours. Then the rags were
steamed, pressure washed and rinsed for 5 hours. The rags were then
bleached, drained and then beaten to make pulp. More bleaching added
whiteness.

1873 Thin bible paper- W. Murray Crane receives a challenge from

Winchester Arms Co. of New Haven, Connecticut, to develop a strong, thin
wrapping for repeater rifle bullets. The lucrative contract carries Crane
through the recession of the 1870s. Other innovations around this time
include a substitute for parchment or sheepskin for diplomas and special
thin paper for Bibles.
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1874 Scott Paper Company established in Philadelphia, PA. By Scott

bothers Thomas, Irvin, Clarence and their cousins Thomas Seymore and
Zerah Hoyt.

1878 American Paper Makers Association- API, American paper

institute was first formed as the American Paper Makers Association in
1878. Five years later, it was reorganized and renamed the American Paper
Manufacturers Association. A wood pulp division was added in 1887, and
1897, the organization was again renamed-this time as the American Paper
and Pulp Association (APPA), a name that lasted 66 years.

1879 - US currency competition- W. Murray Crane wins heated

competition for U.S. currency paper. He later becomes Governor of
Massachusetts and U.S. Senator.

1880 there were 40 ground-wood mills in the US.

1880 Great Britain- The British Perforated Paper Company produced toilet
paper.

1882 Sweden- Sulfite pulping process - first used the sulfite pulping
process on a commercial basis.

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1883 Sulfate pulping process makes Kraft Paper- first made by

German inventor Carl Dahl. He discovered that adding sodium sulfate to the
caustic soda pulping process produced a very strong pulp. This was called
the Kraft process. Kraft means strong in German. During the early 1900's
the Kraft process became the most important pulping process. Kraft paper
makes paper bags and heavy wrapping. The kraft process had several
distinct advantages: the chemicals used to dissolve the lignin were
recoverable and tremendous amounts of energy were produced during the
recovery process, and the process could pulp pine trees, a predominant
forest species in the United States. The Kraft process allowed the United
States to become a major producer of paper products

1890 The Sulfite Process commercially used in US to make pulp- the

manufacture of sulfite wood pulp was first commercially accepted in the US.
This is cooking wood chips in an acid, chiefly bisulfite of lime, at high
temperature and high pressure. This pulp can be bleached white. Sulfite
pulp is very stable and the bleached pulp is good for writing, tissue, book
and wrapping papers as well as food containerboard. Unbleached sulfite
pulp is used in newsprint
Late-19th Century- Many paper mills turn to wood pulp instead of cotton
fibers. Crane does not alter its production, feeling its role is to continue to
make fine rag paper.

TP-1890 Toilet Paper on a roll was introduced by the Scott Paper

Company and quickly becomes the nation's leading producer of TP. Scott
bought large rolls of paper from paper manufacturers and then converted
them to become TP on a small roll. The TP was sold through intermediaries,
private labelers and drug stores. Scott private labeled the wrappers and cut
the paper according to the specification that each reseller wanted. Scott did
not want to be associated with this Victorian era "unmentionable" product.
The owners did not want their name on the product. The strategy worked
and Scott expanded. Scott had over 2,000 reselling customers.

TP-1896 Arthur Scott joins the company. He argues that controlling

their own brand and product specifications is the best strategy rather than
selling through resellers.

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1900 The Soda process to make pulp- Soda pulp mills were erected in
the US. This is cooking wood chips in caustic soda. This is chiefly used in
treating short-fibered hardwoods such as aspen, gum, and poplar. Soda
pulp is primarily mixed with sulfite pulp to make printing papers.

1900-end of World War II the US suffered from over capacity. After WW

II expansion took place.

TP-1902 Scott paper buys the private-label Waldorf TP brand. The

Waldorf brand was a big seller in Philadelphia by a paper jobber, Albert
DeCernea. Arthur Scott, the son of Irvin convinced his father that Scott
paper should control their own brands and product specifications. Scott
therefore bought this private label. This began their first venture into
controlling their own brand. By 1921 the Waldorf brand was 64% of Scott's
sales.

TP-1901 Northern Paper Mills from Green Bay Wisconsin is established

and introduces Northern tissue to be used as a sanitary tissue. It is 1,000
sheets of tissue, each 4x10 inches. Each bundle has a wire through it so it
can be hung from a nail.

1904 over 1,300 wood grinders were in operation in the US. Over 300
digesters produced sulfite pulp and over 200 digesters produced soda pulp.

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1907 Scott introduces paper towels. The Sani-towels became the first
disposable paper towel in America used in Philadelphia schools to help
prevent the spread of common colds.

TP-1910 Scott begins to manufacture its own toilet paper. In order to

control the standards and quality of the tissue, Scott built its own first
manufacturing plant in Chester PA to make paper. They began making large
72" parent rolls of tissue and cutting them to smaller rolls. The small rolls
were either 650 or 1,000 perforated sheets. The roll of 1,000 sheets sold for
$.10. It was considered a medical item.

1910 The Sulfate process to make pulp- first appeared. This helped the
US papermaking industry make pulp from the domestic southern pine
located in the Southern states instead of importing pulp from Canada. This
process is used to pulp long-fibered woods. It is a modification of the soda
process where sodium sulfite is substituted for caustic soda. It accelerates
the pulping process and requires less heat and pressure.

1910 papermakers imported large quantities of wood pulp from Canada

because of supply demands.

TP-1911 Scott eliminates all private-label manufacturing. Scott's

'Sno-tissue was renamed ScotTissue. This marked the beginning of the
complete concentration on Scott brands and Scott Tissue. They no longer
sold through resellers.

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1915 Sanitary napkins- Kimberly Clark begins producing absorbent

cellulose wadding called Cellucotton. This is to be used as a bandage
material in WW1. Army nurses begin adapting this material for menstrual
use.

1918 Cellucotton as gas filter- Kimberly Clark prepares to sell

Cellucotton for use in WW I, but the war ends. The project later leads to the
development of Kleenex.

1919 Fort Howard Paper Company established in Green Bay Wisconsin.

1920 Kotex introduced by Kimberly Clark. KC forms the company

Cellucotton Products to market Kotex sanitary napkins. The KC Company
owners are afraid to associate with this 'unmentionable' product. Kotex is
first advertised in 'Ladies home journal' in 1921 but the ad is restricted in
explaining the products use.

TP-1920 Northern Mills introduces toilet tissue on a roll and claims to be

the largest producer of bath tissue in the world.
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1924 Kleenex is introduced by Cellucotton and first marketed to women as

a disposable towel to use when removing cold cream. (In 1930 the
marketing changed to be 'a disposable handkerchief' instead of a cold cream
remover). Cold cream was commonly used to protect their skin while riding
in the open convertibles. Most of the six million autos were open touring
cars. Because Kotex had a slow start, they had excess capacity in the Kotex
facility. They needed to find a use for the Kotex product. The project leader
took the heavy creped Kotex material and 'ironed' it to become soft, flat
and smooth.

1927 Georgia Pacific founded by Owen R. Cheatham as a wholesale

lumber company. By 1941 becomes the largest supplier of lumber to the US
armed forces.

1928 Crown Zellerbach is established- and is a forerunner in the paper

& pulp industry.

TP-1928 Charmin introduced by Hoberg Paper in Green bay Wisconsin..

The logo was a women's head on a cameo pin. It was designed to appeal to
the women's fashions of the day. A female employee remarked that the
design was 'charming' and hence the name Charmin was born.

1929 Kleenex in a pop-up dispenser box was introduced.

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TP-1930 Northern is hailed as 'splinter-free' toilet paper.

1931 Scott makes ScotTowels, the first paper roll towel. They market
using 'Mr. Thirsty Fibre" for absorbency, wet-strength and economy.

TP-1939 Scott Brand claims to be the largest producer of toilet tissue

in the world.

1939 capacity in the US for sulfate pulp was 3,368,460 tons annually.
Sulfite pulp capacity was 2,524,950 tons.

TP-1942 two ply toilet tissue- was introduced by St. Andrews Paper Mill
in England. Before this toilet tissue was one-ply and not very soft.

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1943 Scott launches Scotties facial tissue to compete with Kleenex.

TP-1948 'Fluffy' the Northern cub appears in advertising.

TP-1950's Kimberly Clark introduces Delsey toilet tissue.

TP-1950 Hoberg Company changes name to Charmin Paper

Products.

TP-1953 Charmin Baby born and takes the place of the Charmin Lady. In
1956 the "Charmin babies your skin" ad campaign began.

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TP-1953 Marathon Corp buys Northern Mills

TP-1954 Northern introduces colored toilet tissue.

TP-1955 Scott advertises toilet tissue on TV for the first time.

TP-1956 Kimberly Clark advertises Kleenex on TV on the Perry Como

show.

TP-1957 Procter and Gamble acquires Charmin Company.

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1957 Georgia Pacific enters paper and pulp business.

1957- American Can buys Marathon Corp (formerly Northern Mills) and
Dixie Cup.

TP-1964 Mr. Whipple pushes Charmin & appears for more than 20 years
on TV, print and radio. The real Mr. Whipple was the president of the
Benton & Bowles advertising agency. He came up with "Please don't
squeeze the Charmin" ad campaign. He sold the rights to Procter and
Gamble for $1. Dick Wilson was a vaudeville actor that played the part in
the TV ad.

Mr. Whipple was the third most recognized name in the US behind Richard
Nixon and Billy Graham.

TP-1964 Charmin adds perfume to their one-ply toilet tissue.

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1968 Kimberly Clark introduces disposable diapers named Kimbies.

This became Huggies in 1978.

1969- James River Company established in Richmond, Virginia, the

James River Valley.
TP-1972 Cottenelle TP is introduced by Kimberly Clark.

TP-1973 Charmin patents process to make paper softer. Through air

drying fluffs up the paper instead of the conventional method that squeezes
paper flat.

1974- Northern paper towel name changed to Brawny.

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1979 Georgia Pacific acquires Hudson Paper introducing 'Sparkle'

brand.

TP-1986 Georgia pacific enters Premium Toilet Tissue market with

Angle Soft.

TP-1990 Kleenex Premium TP is introduced.

TP-1992- US Government requires toilet designs flush using much less

water. This new design parameter creates a condition where the
'flushability' of toilet paper is important.

TP-1993 Charmin Ultra is introduced as an upgrade. Also, Charmin Plus

with Lotion and Aloe is introduced.

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TP-1993 Northern Tissue re-launched as Quilted Northern.

TP-1995 Kimberly Clark and Scott Paper merge.

1995- Watermarked US currency- Crane begins producing watermarked

paper for newly redesigned U.S. currency. Lansing E. Crane, sixth
generation, named CEO.

1997- James River and Fort Howard merge to become Fort James
Corp.

TP- Purely Cotton toilet paper is introduced and made from 100% of
cotton and water, no wood. This from a new Seattle based company.

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TP-1999 Charmin introduces new papermaking process. Its

'Structured' papermaking process makes paper softer, more absorbent and
stronger.
1999- Paperless toilet is introduced in Japan. It is complete with a
washing/rinsing mechanism, a blow-drying component and a heating
element.

2000 Georgia pacific acquires Fort James and the brands Brawny,
Quilted Northern and Dixie.

TP- 2001 Moist toilet paper- introduced by Kimberly Clark January 16.
Cottenelle Fresh Rollwipes are America's first and only dispensable pre-
moistened wipe on a roll. Also, that year Charmin purchased Moist Mates,
on May 7, claiming to introduce the first pre-moistened bath tissue. They
call it Charmin Fresh Mates.

TP- 2003 Annual global sales on toilet tissue exceed $19 billion. The
four major attributes are softness, absorbency, strength and value.

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