SCIENCE LECTURE 4TH QUARTER

EARTH AND SPACE

Earth
 Made up of three spheres: hydrosphere (liquid part), lithosphere (solid part),
atmosphere (gaseous part)
LESSON 1: LOCATING PLACES ON EARTH
Latitude and Longitude
 Two imaginary lines that run from pole to pole and from west to east of the
globe
 Systems of geometrical coordinates used as bases in telling direction and
locating places, measuring distance, and reckoning time on the earth’s
surface
Equator
 Prime parallel that passes horizontally through the center of the earth
 Divides the globe into northern and southern hemispheres
Prime Meridian
 Vertical line that passes through Greenwich, England
 Divides the earth into western and eastern hemispheres
Latitudes
 North or south location of any place on earth
 Horizontal
Longitudes
 West or east location of any place on earth
 Vertical

LESSON 2: THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE

Lithosphere
 Solid portion of the earth
 Solid and hard because it is made of rocks
Layers of the Earth’s Interior
Crust
 Thinnest and outermost layer
 Continental Crust – composed of rocks rich with silicon aluminum (SIAL) ;
granite
 Oceanic Crust – thinner than continental crust; composed of rocks rich with
silicon, iron, and magnesium (SIMA); basalt
Mantle
 Reaches almost halfway to the center of the earth
 Upper mantle – silicates of metallic compounds
 Lower mantle – iron and magnesium
Core
 Innermost and central region of the earth’s interior
 Outer core – iron-rich metal alloy; liquid in form
 Inner core – comprises the entire center of the earth’s interior; composed of
heavy iron and nickel; solid in form
 Rocks and Minerals
Petrology
 Science that deals with the study of the formation, composition, and
classification of rocks
Igneous Rocks
 Form from molten materials
 Solidified magma
Sedimentary Rocks
 Formed from small particles of rocks that have been lithified
Weathering – physical and chemical breakdown of rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
 Chemically changed in form, structure, and composition under great heat and
pressure
Rock Cycle

Igneous Rocks Weathering and erosion Sediments

Solidification Lithification

Magma Sedimentary Rocks

Melting Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism

Minerals
 Naturally formed elements and inorganic compounds
 Materials that compose rocks
 Maybe composed of single elements or two or more elements chemically
combined
Mineralogy
 Study of minerals
Mineralogists
 Subject the minerals to various tests to identify them and determine their
properties

Landforms in the Philippines

Continents
 Large areas of land
  Seven continents in the world (biggest to smallest); Asia, Africa, North
America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia
Volcanoes
 The country has about 37 volcanoes, 18 are confirmed as active
 Active and dormant
 Mount Mayon – almost perfect-cone shaped; Legaspi, Albay
 Mt. Pinatubo
 Taal Volcano – smallest volcano in the Philippines; middle of the lake
 Mt. Bulusan
 Mt. HIbok-HIbok
 Mt. Apo – highest mountain in the Philippines; Davao City
 Mt. Banahaw
 Mt. Iraya
Mountains, Hills, and Mountain Ranges
 Mount Dulang-Dulang
 Sierra Madre Mountains – Northern Luzon
 Mt. Pulag – Ifugao
 Mt. Halcon – Oriental Mindoro
 Mt. Kanlaon – Negros Occidental
 Chocolate Hills – Bohol
 Aurora Hills – Bohol
 Antipolo Hills – Rizal
Plains, Valleys, and Plateaus
 Central Plain of Luzon – largest lowland in the country; Rice Granary of the
Philippines
 Cagayan Valley – provides the country’s top agricultural crops
 Trinidad Valley – Salad Bowl of the Philippines; Mountain Province

LESSON 3: THE EARTH’S HYDROSPHERE

Hydrosphere
 Liquid portion of the Earth
The Earth’s Oceans
Oceans
 Cover about 71% of the Earth
 Five great oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern
Pacific Ocean
 World’s largest ocean
 Mariana’s Trench – deepest part of the world
Atlantic Ocean
 Second largest ocean
Indian Ocean
 1/5 of the total oceans in the world
 Third largest ocean
Arctic Ocean
 Smallest of the world’s oceans
Southern Ocean
  Have the coldest and deepest currents
Water Currents
 Motion of the bodies of water
Organisms that Inhabit the Ocean Environment
Planktons
 Microscopic organisms that float on the surface of the water
 Phytoplanktons – single-celled, colonial, and filamentous algae;
photosynthetic and considered producers of the aquatic environment
 Zooplanktons – feed on phytoplanktons and serve as food for other larger
animals
Nektons
 Larger swimming species like fish, squids and the like
 Harvested as food sources
Benthos
 Organisms that live on the ocean floor

LESSON 4: THE EARTH’S NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural Resources
 Used to support life and provide energy for living things to work and for
machines to run or operate
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Renewable Resources
 Can be used readily and can be produced or regenerated repeatedly
Nonrenewable Resources
 Have finite existence
 Cannot be replaced or regenerated easily

INTERACTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Atmosphere
 Blanket of air that surrounds planet earth
Air
 Mixture of gases
LESSON 1: COMPOSITION AND LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
GAS ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION (%)
Nitrogen 78
Oxygen 21
Argon 0.3
Carbon Dioxide 0.03
Other gases 0.07

Nitrogen
 Most abundant gas in the atmosphere
 Does not enter into chemical combinations easily
 Important component of protein
Oxygen
  Second most abundant gas
Carbon Dioxide
 Comprises a tiny fraction of the atmospheric gases
Different Atmospheric Layers
T-he
S-cience
M-onkeys
T-ook
E-van

Troposphere
 Nearest to the earth’s surface
 Densest layer
 Clouds of all types, storms and all types of weather phenomena occur in this
layer
 Tropopause – upper boundary
Stratosphere
 Less dense and relatively dry
 Ozone layer
 Stratopause – upper boundary
Mesosphere
 Hottest layer
 Mesopause – upper boundary
Thermosphere
 Coldest layer
 Thermopause – upper boundary
Exosphere
 Thin transition layer into outer space
Greenhouse Effect
 Natural warming of the earth
Greenhouse Gases
 Heat-trapping gases
 Cause global warming and ozone depletion
 Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water
vapor
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
 Most destructive greenhouse gas

LESSON 2: WEATHER AND CHANGES IN WEATHER

Weather
 General condition of the atmosphere over an area within a specific period of
time