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over optical fibre and microwave has further encouraged the use of this type of
protection. However, the impact of these standards has given rise to the possibility
of communication links with characteristics unsuitable for conventional line
current differential relays. Even where utility communication networks are mostly
dedicated, public telephone operator provided links may be used at the periphery
and these are likely to be the weak link in the chain.
PAC.SUMMER.2008
by Phil Beaumont, and Gareth Baber, Toshiba International (Europe) Ltd, UK, Ian Hall, Cable & Wireless,UK
Masamichi Saga and Hachidai Ito, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
47
Despite the historical differences ‘unidirectional’ or ‘bi-directional’.
between the North American,
European and Japanese digital
The description unidirectional
means that only the faulted path is SDH/SONET
hierarchies, this goal was achieved
with the adoption of the SDH
switched whilst the non-faulted
path follows the original route.
networks
standard (1988), the international With bi-directional switching can exhibit different
equivalent of SONET. Figure 1 both the go and return path are
shows these different standards in switched to follow the opposite propagation delays
Europe, North America & Japan and
SDH hierarchies.
direction along the ring. The
important point to note is that between the send and
In synchronous networks, all
multiplexing functions operate
bi-directional switching will
maintain equal signal propagation
receive paths.
synchronously using clocks derived delays for the go and return path
from a common source. SDH/ (any differences will be transient),
SONET are expected to be in whilst unidirectional switching
common use for the foreseeable may introduce permanent, unequal
future as the multiplexing structure propagation delays that can cause (see later), the process is simplified System Tests The purpose
has been designed to carry not only severe difficulties for current to one of comparing referenced should be
current services but also emerging differential relays. The creation of current samples which are derived undertaken of these tests
ones using ATM (Asynchronous unequal delays is illustrated in Figure from synchronous clocks. With both in the
Transfer Mode) and/or IP framing 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4. the introduction of SDH/SONET laboratory and are twofold:
structures for example. Compar ison of measured communication systems it is in a practical
SDH/SONE T allows the quant it ies from different ial essential that the comparison of the installation. To confirm
development of network topologies protection relays must be based on respective samples does not depend
that are able to achieve ‘network pairs of samples that were taken at the on equal signal propagation delay that sampling
protection’, that is, they are able same sampling instant. As samples times for the send and receive paths
to survive failures in the network are transferred to the remote end of nor on stringent limitations for synchronization
by reconfiguring and maintaining the protected circuit for comparison, signal propagation time variations.
services by alternate means. One of the delay that is introduced by the F igure 5 shows that the is maintained
the methods that can be employed telecommunications link has to occurrence of a different propagation
to provide network protection be compensated by the protection delay time between the send and despite
is by the use of self-healing ring relay that performs the comparison. receive paths in the communication
architectures. Protection switching However, if the sampling clocks network will result in a sampling interruption of
in a ring topology can be either are synchronised at each terminal synchronizat ion er ror for a
the GPS standard
1 Conventional propagation method & SDH in respective countries time signal and
path being
6.31Mbps 8.448Mbps 6Mbps
switched or
1.544Mbps 2.048Mbps
i - Simplification of multiplexer becoming
Conventional 1.544Mbps ii - Shortening of propagation delay time
propagation method iii - World-standard transmission speed defective.
(PDH)
PAC.SUMMER.2008
48protection
conventional current differential
relay.
to relay ‘A’. Relay ‘A’ then performs a
current differential calculation using
Sampling timing
Current Differential the referenced current data samples, synchronisation, must
Relaying Scheme (ia) from its own terminal and (ib)
Current differential protection from the remote terminal. Samples be maintained even
exhibits some very desirable
features:
(ia) and (ib) have the same sample
reference number. The propagation
during
it can provide high selectivity
for all fault types even on complex
delay time incurred in receiving
the transmitted data frame from
GPS interruption
power systems with multi-terminal the remote terminal does not affect and repeated
lines and series compensation the current differential calculation
switching
Engineering
2 SDH network
‘Normal’
3 With
SDH network
defective propagation route
Propagation route at the Propagation route at the
time of defective main route time of defective main route
Standby Standby
(Back up path) (Back up path) From Bss to Ass
Usual propagation route Usual propagation route
SDH Main SDH SDH SDH
MUX Node
Worker Path
MUX Node MUX Node X MUX Node
87L Relay Substation A 87L Relay Substation B 87L Relay Substation A 87L Relay Substation B
PAC.SUMMER.2008
by Phil Beaumont, and Gareth Baber, Toshiba International (Europe) Ltd, UK, Ian Hall, Cable & Wireless,UK
Masamichi Saga and Hachidai Ito, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
49
SDH/SONET Communication
System
the receive path is switched at
both ends of the communication
The protection must
The majority of communication
networks use SDH/SONET as
channel (bi-directional switching).
Bi-directional switching is not
perform correctly for
a transmission platform. These the normal mode of protection uni and bi-directional,
networks often deploy some form switching for commercial networks
of communication link protection as it involves the switching of auto reversion and
mechanism to improve availability.
Several methods can be employed,
the received information to the
alternative path at both ends of the 'split-path' conditions.
but they can expose power system protected zone. This results in two
protection systems to differences in disruptions to the traffic instead of
go and return delay. This difference the single traffic hit which results
can be permanent or transient when unidirectional switching is is used, conventional unit protection Masamichi Saga graduated from
and can be of a significant value. applied. Therefore, bi-directional may not be secure and a significant The University of Electro-Communi-
Traditional current differential switching can be implemented amount of testing is required to cations, Tokyo. He joined Toshiba in
protection systems rely on equality on a dedicated network; however, establish whether a particular 1991. His special fields of interest
of go and return times to provide any interconnectivity with public protection system is stable under all include software development for
a sound reference for sample networks will inevitably result in switching conditions. To avoid the numerical protection relays. He is
synchronisation between the line an inability to coordinate the type necessity to specify performance currently manager of the Protection
ends. Simply disabling the protection of protection switching applied. It parameters for bi-directional and Control Engineering Group of
mechanism may not be possible is therefore very important that a switching in line with specific types T&D Systems Division.
and would also cause a significant utility takes this into consideration of unit protection it is safer and more
reduction in communication and ensures that GPS protection flexible to deploy unit protection Gareth Baber graduated from
availability. High communication is applied in this situation. It is utilising GPS synchronization. the University of Salford in the UK
path availability is important for not possible for a utility to replace GPS Synchronisation in 1991. He is currently Marketing
protection systems otherwise its legacy protection in a short System & Technical Development Manager
fault clearance dependability may timescale because of power system In a GPS based unit protection, at Toshiba International (Europe) Ltd
be reduced. Also the procedures outage constraints etc. However sampling timing synchronisation and is a Member of the IET.
involved in the manual switching of it is important that the utilities’ is accomplished by using GPS
protection paths after failure require power system protection systems’ time information, and as such, Hachidai Ito joined Toshiba in 1981
significant real time coordination refurbishment program gives synchronization is independent and is now a Chief Specialist in Power
as well as the implementation of priority to the replacement of of the characteristics of the System Protection & Control. He is a
special provisioning processes. conventional unit protection by GPS communication medium. Each senior member of IEEE, a member of
The t ype of communication based unit protection where SDH/ relay measures the time difference CIGRE, IEEJ & IEICE, a secretary of Ja-
protection mechanism with the SONET links cannot be guaranteed between the output of its own panese National Committee of IEC/
potentially smallest affect on to utilise bi-directional switching. sampling oscillator and the one TC95, a convenor of its MT1 and a
unit protection systems is where Even when bi-directional switching pulse per second (1pps) GPS signal member of other working groups.
4 Different
SDH network - split path
delay time between send and receive paths
5 SDH network
Influence on Line Current Differential Relay
Occurence of different pro- Conventional current diffe-
Propagation route at the pagation delay time between
time of defective main route send and receive paths in the rential relay - sampling
communication network synchronization error
Standby
(Back up path) From Bss to Ass Standby
propagation (Back up path) From Bss to Ass
delay time: Yms propagation delay time: Yms
Usual propagation route
SDH SDH SDH SDH
MUX Node MUX Node MUX Node MUX Node
From Bss to Ass From Bss to Ass
propagation propagation
delay tim: Xms delay tim: Xms
MUX MUX MUX MUX MUX MUX
87L Relay Substation A 87L Relay Substation B 87L Relay Substation A 87L Relay Substation B
PAC.SUMMER.2008
50
6 current differential
protection
providing a 1 us order of precision changes during the course of a day,
suitable for protection relay the GPS antenna must be installed
applications. Each relay then corrects carefully with an unobstructed view calculation
the oscillation frequency of its of the sky, otherwise reception of the Relay - B
sampling oscillator so that the time GPS time signal may be interrupted. ib1 ib2 ib3 ib4 ib5
difference becomes zero. The relay Poor installation practice can result in
continuously updates the correction the signal being unreliable. As well as ib6 ib7
factor and stores it as the absolute representing a dependability risk, this
accuracy of the oscillator. has also manifested itself as a security ib1 ib2 ib3 ib4 ib5 ib6 ib7
Data transmission
Standard time data is encoded risk where reports of poor front frames ib1 ib2 ib3 ib4 ib5 ib6
from the GPS standard time signal end receiver and algorithm design
ib1 ib2 ib3
Engineering
t1 t1
Relay - B Relay - B
t
tdd
tdu
tdd
tdu
Relay - A Relay - A
t2 t2
a tdu = tdd
No sampling error b tdu = tdd
Sampling timimg error: Dt = (tdu - tdd) / 2 in spite of t1 - t2 = 0
PAC.SUMMER.2008
51
described below was developed that In the event of the SDH In the future,
allows sampling synchronization communication path being switched
control to continue during an during the period of interruption non-deterministic
interruption to the GPS time
synchronization signal. Further,
to the GPS time synchronization
signal, relay B will detect the communication
the back-up function can maintain
sampling synchronization even
sudden change in the timing of the
received signal since switching of
systems,
in the event of the SDH/SONET a path in the SDH network takes such as Ethernet and IP
communication path being switched a period of several milliseconds.
during the period of interruption to Having detected a sudden change will bring new
the GPS time synchronization signal.
In the event of the GPS signal being
of propagation delay time, the
relay records the new value of delay challenges.
lost, the relay is able to control the time t1’, and continues to carry out
oscillator’s free-running frequency sampling synchronization control
error to within 0.2ppm, by using the according to the new delay time.
correction factor stored immediately If relay B is unable to receive MODE 1 to MODE 2 may be made
prior to the loss of the GPS signal. the signal sent from relay A due automatically by using a check of
By this method, the sampling to a failure in the communication the phase difference of the current
synchronization error between two link, then it cannot continue to between the terminals at each line
relays can be limited to within 1.5μs. perform sampling synchronization end (see below).
MODE 0: operation under control. Under these conditions Current phase difference
normal conditions the sampling oscillator is allowed to monitoring system
During normal reception of the run free. After subsequent recovery In order to continuously monitor
GPS standard time signal, relays A of the communication link, the the performance of the sampling
and B continuously record timing actual transmission time of signals synchronization control system,
information t1 and t2 for the signal received from relay A differs from the relay is provided with a function
received from the other terminal. the recorded time by an error which for checking the phase difference
Because the sampling time of is proportional to the length of time between the currents at the relay
relays A and B are synchronized for which the oscillator was in a terminals. The function operates
by GPS, t1 and t2 are equal to the free-running condition. Therefore, when the measured current phase
propagation delay time between Mode 1 operation incorporates a difference exceeds a specified
relays A and B respectively. Changes limitation of allowable free-running threshold. The threshold can be
in communication path propagation time, after which the differential adjusted since the measured current
delay time caused by switching of protection element is locked, since phase difference may be greatly
the SDH network have no effect on sampling synchronization can no influenced by the line charging
the sampling timing of the relays. longer be guaranteed. current, particularly in cases of low
MODE 1: operation MODE 2: operation load current.
following loss of GPS signal without GPS time signal and
'Following loss of the GPS signal following a prolonged period
at terminal B, relay B becomes the
'slave'and controls the frequency
of communication failure
If, during MODE 1 operation, 8 Sampling timing synchronization
of its internal oscillator so that the the allowable free-running time is
signal timing information for the exceeded, or if the dc power supply t1 t1
signal received from the other end to the relays is removed causing loss Relay - B
is maintained at a value of t1, where of recorded propagation delay data,
t1 is the propagation delay recorded then back-up operation changes
immediately prior to loss of the GPS from MODE 1 to MODE 2. MODE t tdd
signal. 2 operation provides sampling
In the event that the GPS time synchronization control based on td td
signal is lost at both terminals the assumption that the propagation
then the relay which lost its delay times of the send and receive
Relay - A
signal first becomes the slave, and paths are approximately equal. This t2 t2
a b
synchronization is maintained at mode is used after having checked
both ends by carrying out sampling the difference in propagation delay No sampling timing error Sampling timing error = D
synchronization control in the times of the SDH communication t1 = t2 = td t1 = td + t t2 = td - Dt
back-up mode. link. However, the transition from 2 t = t1 + t2
PAC.SUMMER.2008