Chapter 2

Discrete Time Signals

and Systems
Contents
• Discrete Time Signals
• Some Elementary DTS
• Classifications
• Manipulations of DTS
• Discrete Time Systems
• Input Output Description of Systems
2.1 Discrete Time Signals
• Discrete-time signal 𝑥(𝑛) is a function of an independent variable that is an integer.
• Discrete-time signal is not defined at instants between two successive samples.
Also, it is incorrect to think that 𝒙(𝒏) is equal to zero if n is not an integer.
• Representations
• Functional representation
• Sequence representation

• Tabular representation
2.1.1 Some Elementary Discrete Time Signals
• Unit Sample Sequence: 𝜹(𝒏)
The unit sample sequence is a signal that is zero everywhere except
at n=0 where its value is unity.
This signal is sometimes referred to as a unit impulse.
• Unit Step Signal/Sequence: u(𝒏)

• Unit ramp Signal/Sequence: 𝒖𝒓 (𝒏)

• Exponential signal:

If a is real then x(n) will be real signal. When parameter a is complex. It can be
expressed as
r= 0.9, 𝜽 = 𝝅/𝟏𝟎

r= 0.9, 𝜽 = 𝝅/𝟏𝟎
2.1.2 Classification of Discrete
Time Signals

1. Energy and
Power Signals
• Relationship between Power and Energy:
Define the signal energy of 𝑥(𝑛) over the finite interval - N ≤ n ≤ N as

then we can express the signal energy E as

and the average power of the signal 𝑥(𝑛) as

Ramp function is neither a power signal nor an energy signal.

Example 2.1.1
2. Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

A signal x (n) is periodic with period N ( N > 0) if and only if

the smallest value of N is called fundamental period. If there is no value of N, the

signal is called Non-periodic signal.

Periodic signals are power signals or energy signals???

3. Symmetric(Even) and Antisymmetric (Odd)
Signals
• A real-valued signal 𝑥(𝑛) is called symmetric (even) if Even Signal
𝑥(−𝑛)= 𝑥 𝑛
• A real-valued signal 𝑥(𝑛) is called antisymmetric
(odd) if
𝑥(−𝑛)= −𝑥 𝑛
For an odd signal 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎
Odd Signal
• Signal in terms of even and odd signal.
 Transformation of the independent variable
Example 2.1.2
 Transformation of the independent variable
Example 2.1.3
• Amplitude Scaling

• Summation

• Product

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2.2.1 Input Output Description of Systems

Transformation/Operator
Example 2.2.1
Solution:
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