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Introduction Introduction
What are the ways a species may lose its chemical identities?
When has a chemical reaction taken place?
When a chemical species lost its chemical identity and a new Combination
compound forms
Decomposition
Configuration
Kind Number
Chemical
Identity Isomerization
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C A0 =
N A0 NA
moles
Concentration
Reactor C A=
V V Reactor
volume volume Molar Flow Rate
Initial
Concentration
Initial molar
flow rate
Outlet Outlet molar Number of Moles
concentration flow rate
C A0 =
F A0 Initial
CA =
FA
Outlet
Volumetric Flow Rate
volumetric volumetric
υ0 flow rate υ flow rate
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1.2 The General Mole Balance 1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Batch Reactors
A GA A
A
FA0 FA
Rate of flow of A into Rate of generation Rate of flow of A out Rate of accumulation
the system + of A by chemical
– of the system of A within system
(moles/time) reaction within system (moles/time) = (moles/time)
IN (moles/time) OUT ACCUMULATION
GENERATION
𝑽 𝒅𝐍 𝐀
FA0 𝐆𝐀 = ' 𝒓𝑨 FA
𝒅𝒕
𝑽
𝒅𝐍𝐀 Basic Equation for Chemical
𝐅𝐀𝟎 + ' 𝒓𝑨 − 𝐅𝐀 =
𝒅𝒕 Reaction Engineering
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftnLJ6VDwS8
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1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Batch Reactors 1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Batch Reactors
Key Characteristics • Used for small scale operation.
• For testing new process.
• Unsteady-state operation because • Manufacturing of expensive products.
• Processes that are difficult to convert to
there is NO flow through the system. continuous operations.
• No spatial variation of concentration
and temperature (well-mixed). Advantages:
• Mainly used for small scale • High conversions obtained by leaving reactant in
operation. the reactor for long periods of time.
• Suitable for slow reactions
• Has no inflow and no outflow of Disadvantages:
reactants or products while reaction • High labor costs per batch.
is carried out. • Variability of product from batch to batch.
• Difficulty large scale production.
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Key Characteristics
• Steady-state operation (flow through the system),
hence no accumulation
• Consists of a cylindrical pipe which reactants and
products can flow through
• Spatial variation in axial direction but not in radial
direction
• Suitable for fast reaction mainly used for gas phase
reaction
• Temperature control may be difficult
• There are no moving parts
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Packed Bed Reactor (PBR) Understanding the Impact of Reactor in our Life
IN OUT
Key Characteristics
• Similar to PFR. Can be thought of as PFR packed with
solid particles, which are almost always catalysts.
• Steady-state operation.
• Spatial variation.
• Mainly used for gas phase catalytic reaction although
examples for liquid phase reaction are also known.
• Temperature control may be difficult.
• There are no moving parts.
• Pressure drop across the packed bed is an important
consideration.