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for reflection coefficient, E-plane, and H-plane at both frequencies. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1919–1925, 2015; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29220
REFERENCES
Key words: ultrawideband antenna; fractal geometry; band-notch
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ABSTRACT: In this article, a compact octagonal-shaped fractal ultra- Figure 2 Recursive Generation of Koch structure (a) Iteration-0, (b)
wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is pre- Iteration-1, and (c) Iteration-2
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1919
stub is introduced between the two monopoles, which enhance
the isolation between the antenna elements. The prototype of
UWB MIMO antenna is fabricated and measured results show
good agreement with the simulated one.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
Figure 4 Simulated S-parameters variation of proposed fractal UWB MIMO antenna with and without ground stub (a) S11 and S22 and (b) S21 and S12.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1920 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 5 Simulated surface current distribution (a) at 4 GHz without L-shape stub when port1 is excited, (b) at 4 GHz with L-shape stub when port1
is excited, (c) at 4 GHz without L-shape stub when port2 is excited, (d) at 4 GHz with L-shape stub when port2 is excited, (e) at 9.6 GHz without L-
shape stub when port1 is excited, (f) at 9.6 GHz with L-shape stub when port1 is excited, (g) at 9.6 GHz without L-shape stub when port2 is excited,
and (h) at 9.6 GHz with L-shape stub when port2 is excited. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]
and higher frequencies in the UWB operating band after the is observed from Figure 4(b) that the decoupling bandwidth
introduction of L-shaped ground stub, which helps to obtain the response is suppressed significantly at lower frequency after the
operating bandwidth from 3.3–10.8 GHz with three resonant fre- introduction of L-shape ground stub, which in turn helps to
quencies at 4, 6.4, and 9.6 GHz, whereas impedance bandwidth achieve decoupling bandwidth from 2.4–14 GHz.
response of S22 < 210 dB improves at higher frequencies. These The effect of L-shaped ground stub can be expressed in
improvements can be attributed due to increment in the surface terms of the surface current distributions of UWB MIMO
current path. It is noticed that isolation of more than 15 dB is antenna at 4 and 9.6 GHz resonant frequencies. It is observed
required in UWB MIMO antenna for good performance [5,9]. It from Figures 5(a) and 5(b), when port 1 is excited, that at
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1921
Figure 6 Simulated surface current distribution at 5.5 GHz notch frequency (a) port 1 is excited and (b) port 2 is excited. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 7 Photograph of the fabricated UWB MIMO antenna (a) front view and (b) rear view. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which
is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
4 GHz resonant frequency, significant amount of surface current 9.6 GHz, stub blocks the flow of currents from FM2 to FM1
is coupled to the ground stub, which leads to the reduction of when compared with the case without the stub and with the
surface currents at FM2 of the antenna from FM1. Thus, incre- stub.
ment in impedance bandwidth and decoupling bandwidth at low
frequency is also observed. When port 2 is excited at 4 GHz, 2.3. Effect of C-Shaped Slot
Figures 5(c) and 5(d) show that significant amount of current is The band rejection characteristics over the WLAN (5.15–
coupled to the stub and flow of surface current from FM2 to 5.825 GHz) notch band is obtained by etching C-shaped slot
FM1 is reduced significantly. Figures 5(e) and 5(f) show that at from the FM of the antenna. The length of the slot is calculated
9.6 GHz, when port 1 is excited, the surface current intensity at mathematically by the following expression:
both the FMs increases as compared with lower resonant fre-
quency, which leads to improvement in S11 and S21 in the UWB
c
spectrum as well as radiation characteristics of the antenna. L¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2L1 1L2 12L3 (1)
Similarly, for Figures 5(g) and 5(h) when port 2 is excited, at 2fnotch eeff
Figure 8 Comparison of simulated and measured S-parameters result (a) S11 and S22 and (b) S21 and S12. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1922 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 9 Radiation characteristics of the UWB MIMO antenna in E-plane and H-plane at 4.0 GHz (), 6.4 GHz (), and 9.6 GHz () (a) port 1 is
matched and (b) port 2 is matched. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
where, c is speed of the light, eeff is the effective dielectric con- whereas actual length is 16.6 mm, which is close to calculated
stant as calculated in [15], and L is the length of the slot. The length. It can be observed from simulated surface current distri-
calculated length of the C-shaped slot using (1) is 16.2 mm, bution of antenna at 5.5 GHz notch frequency in Figure 6 that
when port1/port2 is excited, the surface current is concentrated
near the C-shaped slot only.
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1923
TABLE 1 Fidelity Factor of the Proposed Antenna
1924 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
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C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V lower cut off frequency of the proposed antenna. Agarwall et al.
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1925
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