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S ULP H U

RI C A CI D
H A N D B OOK

BY

T H OM A S J . S ULLI V A N
WIT H T HE Ml N E RA L POI N T ZI N C CO M P A N Y , A S UB S I D I A RY
OF T HE N E W J E RS E Y ZI N C CO M P A N Y

FI RST E D IT I O N

M cG R A W H ILL B OOK C OM P A N Y, I N C
-
.

L
23 9 WE ST 3 9T H S T RE E T . N E W YO K R
LO N DO N : H I L P UB LI S H I N G C O .
,
1m ) .

6 a 8 B O UVE RIE ST .
, E . c .

19 18
C O P YRI G HT , 19 1 8, B Y T HE

B OO K

M A P L E
P RE F A C E
As s u lphuri c a cid i s o n e of t h e most impo rtant of ch em i ca l s ,

be in g an i nterm ediate ra w p ro d u ct ess en tial in most manu


. ,

fa ct ur i n g p ro cess es I thi nk t h e a p pea ranc e of this handbook


,

d eali n g sol ely with sul p h u ri c a cid is w ell j ustifi ed I n fact ,

in almost every industry som e sul p hur ic a cid is used and it


has been ass ert ed that t h e co n sum p tion of sul p huric acid by
any nation is a m easur e o f its d eg r ee of industrial p r o g ress .

This is certain ly n o t strictly cor rect but sul p h u ric acid for m s
,

t h e startin g point of and i s us ed in so many indu s tri es that th er e


,

is con s id erabl e el em ent of truth in this state m ent A few .

ex am p l es sho wing som e of its i m p ortant us es follows

( )
a F o r d e composing s a l t s with t h e p roduction of nitric acid ,

hydrochloric a cid and sodium sul p hate thus i n direc tly i n t h e


,

manufa ctur e of soda ash soa p g lass bl ea chi n g p o wd er et c


, , , ,
.

( b ) F o r t h e p urifi cation of most kinds of oil inc l udi n g petro


,

l eum and tar oi l s .

( 0) F o r p i c k l in g c l eanin g ) i ro n g oods p r evio u s to tinnin g

or g alvani zing .

(d) A s a dryin g ag ent in t h e p roduction of org ani c dyes on ,

whi ch t h e t ex til e industry d epen d s to a larg e ex tent .

(6 ) F or r end erin g solubl e min eral and animal p hos p hate


( su per p hos p hate) for manur es ;thus a g ricultur e absorbs large
amounts and cons equently food st u ff s a re aff ec ted by
,

flu c tuations in t h e su p p ly of this im p orta nt ch emical .

(f ) F or t h e manufa c tur e of nitric acid from C hi le s al tpetre :


n i tric a cid and sul p huric a cid to geth er a r e us ed in t h e nitration
of or g an i c substa nc es su ch as g lyc erin e and c ellul os e for m in g

nitro g lyc erin e and nitro c ell ulos e mainly us ed in t h e man u


- -

facture o f ex p l osives now in gr eat d eman d S o a 00 pio us .


,

3 8748 1
V i P RE F A C E

supp l y of su l phuric a cid i s an absolut e n ec essity for t h e ex p losiv e


industry and any shorta g e in this su pp ly would m ean a shorta g e
o f ex p losiv es .

Without multi p lying ex amp l es of this natur e enough has b een ,

said t o indicat e t h e c om p l ex ity o f mod ern industrial conditio n s ,

t h e int eraction o f on e industry o n t h e oth er and fi nally t h e ,

oft en obscur e but hi g hly im p ortant p art played by sul p huric


, ,

a cid as an ultimat e and absolut ely ess entia l raw material of


th es e industri es .

Owin g to t h e enormous amount o f l i t eratur e conta i n i ng d a ta


on sul p huri c a cid it h a s b ecom e mor e and mor e difficult for t h e
,

busy work er to g ath er from this mass of lit eratur e t h e fa c ts ,

which a r e o f p ra ctical int er est a n d u s e to him M u ch valuabl e .

mat erial i s o f littl e u s e b ecaus e it is scatt ered through t h e li tera


tur e and i s th er efor e ina ccessibl e .

T h e p ubli cation o f this handbook wa s und ertak en a s an


att em p t to ov er com e this diffi culty at l east in p art T h e S COpe ,
.

h a s b een limit ed almost entirely t o num eri cal data inasmu ch ,

a s such data c a n not g en erally b e carri ed in mind but must b e ,

r eadily a c cessibl e for u s e T h e S p ecial inv esti g ator would


.

p robably always p r ef e r to g o to t h e ori g inal sour ce f o r t h e i n fo r

mation h e W ish es s o to r ep ubli s h all matt er o f this kind would


, ,

b e unn ec essary and im p ra cti cabl e T h e attem p t h a s b een.

mad e to s el ect a n d tabulat e only that whi ch is o f fairly g en eral


int er est a n d utility and p roduc e a conveni ent r eferenc e book
of num erical d ata .

I n coll ec ti n g t h e tabl es on l y thos e g en era ll y ada p t ed to .

A m erican p ra c ti ce hav e b een s el ect ed Wh en s p ecific g ravity .

i s g iv en in t erms of t h e B a u m é d egr ees t h e s o call ed A m eri can ,


-

S tandard h a s b een adh er ed to Wh ere a di ffer ent B a u m é


.

scal e has b een us ed in a tabl e t h e figur es have b een r ecal culat ed


,

to conform to t h e A m erica n S tandard A lmost all of t h e tabl es .

of B in eau K o l b Otto Winkl er M ess el Kn i et s ch P i c k erin g


, , , , , , ,

L un g e I sl er N a ef et c hav e b een omitt ed a s th ey hav e lon g


, , ,
.
,

s i n ce b ecom e obso l et e as far as b eing of practical va l u e for u s e


P RE F A C E V ii

in g en era l A m erican pract i c e A ll mo l ecu lar w ei g hts as


.

wel l as t h e facto rs for t h e cal c ul ation of analytical results hav e


been calcul a t ed from t h e I nternational A to m i c Wei g hts o f 1 9 17
T h e mol ec ular w ei g hts and oth er figur es hav e been
carri ed Ou t furth er be yond t h e d ecim al p oint than is n ec essary

fo r most cal c ulations .

G reat c ar e and p ain s hav e been tak en t o sec u r e a cc ura c y


°

and co m p l eten ess of data Al l figur es hav e b een c al c ulat ed


.

several tim es and it is ho ped that t h e errors hav e b een redu ced
,

t o t h e m i n i mum H ow ev er errors hav e undoubtedly cr ep t in


.
, ,

and t h e author would g r eatly a p p r eciate notatio n s o f any of


thes e whi ch may com e t o t h e r ead er s attentio n with a vi e w

t o th eir corr ection in late r r ep rints o r editions of t h e bo ok .

A lar g e a m ou n t of tim e a n d labor was involved in t h e p r ep ara


tion of th es e tabl es inas mu ch as it was n ecess ary t o c oll ect
,

data from many wid ely s cattered s o u r ces T h e S co p e o f t h e .

first issu e th er efo re i s rath er more limit ed than ori g i n ally


, ,

p la n n ed ,
but if t h e d em a n d fo r t h e p ub l ication j u stifi es it t h,
e

sco pe will b e ex tend ed in futur e is su es .

T h e author w is h es t o ex p r ess h i s a p p r eciation to t h e ma n y


fri en d s Wh o assisted in c h ec king p robl e ms rea ding t h e manu ,

s c ri p t and proof, and g iving muc h valuabl e criticism an d


advi ce

r
.

T H O M A S J S U LL IV A N
. .

D E P UE , I L L .

M a ch 1 , 1 9 1 8 .
PR AE F CE
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RM A ET S MR YE APRE ARAT S A E
S pec c G v es Co rres po n n g t o Deg ees Tw d e

N OMEN CL U E OF S ULPHU I C A CI D

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FO UL S O R U I N S ULPHU IC A CI D C
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D I LU I ON N D C ON C E N TI O U I CA CID T o FO SO L UTIO NS
OF A N Y D I D S NG H

abl i i
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T f or M 59 B a um é

R MAT S T T ARESE R A TR S E TE
e x ng
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T e f or M x ng 6 0 B aum é
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T f or M 66 B aum é

P TS R
e x ng

F O M I ON OF M IX U OF S ULPHU IC N D N I IC A CID OF D F I N I

EE ST P TSE S A RR R
C O P O I I ON ( S o—C LL D M IX E D A CID )
B O ILI N G O I N S ULPHU IC A CID

TREPRE ARATT T E R YT RATET S ER ST RE


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M L I N G OI N — S U LPHU IC A CID

T N I ON OF A Q U O U V P O S ULP H U IC A CI D —

PP SS RR TATA AA RR PP SS R
S N G H F O RE Q UILI B IU M W I H A MO P H IC M O I U
P I ON OF H M ONO H D

P S A T TATR E ST REAT A E PR S E RR ER
-

O U ND S ULPHU IC A CID OB I N B LE F OM 100 O U N D S U LPHU


O U ND S ULPHU IC A CID OB I N B LE F OM 100 OUN D 80

STA AT TAT E P SR E TA E ER RTE T


3

O U ND S U LPHU R Q UI D o M K 100 O U ND S ULP H U I C A CID

T
T

T H QU N I IVE E I M I O N OF S ULP H U D I OX ID I N B U N G A S

R R T AS S S AS SE T
E

TE R T O L A CID I N B U R N G AS

TAabl TPR ESS


F O .

C LCUL I N G H E C N G S O C ONVE D O 8 0 W H EN H E z 3

80 I N T H B U N E A N D E X I G E I K NO W N U D I N HE —

E RETTA A M ESS T R M T E AST


2 E

C ON C OC
T

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e .

TH O IC L C O P O I I ON OF D RY G A S F O H RO I N G OF
ME LLIC S ULPHID

A TATitr STSi l i R ad r i
.

TH O IC L C OM P O I I ON OF D RY G A F O H E C OMB U I ON OF S U L S T

PHU

AA TT TATTAT E TERA YS S AT REA R A


.

QU LI IV E T E S ULPHU IC A CID

R
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QU N I IV A N L I OF S ULPHU IC A CID

A YS S E A TRATE R
QU N I I VE D E M I N I O N OF L D I O N N D ZI NC I N S ULPH
U IC

AAT RATE AT A TA RAE AR SAM ERE AE A S R A R ES


,

A CID
T H E A N L I OF M IX D A CID N D N I D S ULP H U IC A CID

ARES ES AREA E TS
C LI B I O N OF S O G E T N K ND T N K C R

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M H M IC L T B L — C I CU F N C A N D A E OF C I CL ,

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A aES D itA i E TT S
AN I F Z I N G L I Q UI D
-
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latit i ril i ta d r w r la al
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FL NG AN FL NG D FI I NG
N m es of F

riz al i i a dard la d it i trai ht


ng s

T em p es fo r D ng S nad dL an o Pr ess u e F nge dV ves

and F

rraall ii ii ttaa arar i at ral r


ngs .

G en e D m en s on s of St n F ng e F ng s— S g
S

riz al i i tra a y la it i trai ht


es

G en e D m en s o n s of S n d d R edu c n g T ees a n d C o s s es

G en e D m en s o n s o f S n d d R e du c i n g L

rraall ii ii ttrraa aa yy i i at ral r


e s .

G en e D m e s on s o f E x
n H e v F n ged F n g s —
S g
S

li htat a t i ril i la trda it ai y la al it i


es

G en e D m en s o n s o f E x He v Red u c n g T ees a n C o ss es d
G en e D m ens o n s of E x He v R ed u c n g L

AST R i alP E i ht a t ir i ith t la


e s

T em p es fo r D ng E x He v F n g ed V ves a n d F

ng s

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tR a TdarRd a Dr T Ei P Eta dar i i


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ron nge ngs

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tatraartdr r rht rht r t l t i l i


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on ou n g es

S n C st -
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W O UG H I ON AN S L IP

blta ar Otrat idtr ia rt r ht r t l t i l i


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P pe I on a n d S ee

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t r a a y i t i
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SC E W E D FI I N G

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S n d Sc ew ed F in g s .

Ex He S c rew ed F n gs

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A M IC N B I GG S ND D F O RT P AN S IGH IP A N LO C K
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S P CI F IC G VI O F F U M I N G S ULPHU IC A CID
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IN T R AT A T M E TS
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1 9 17 1

t y
A n i m on N eo n
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a n a t i on )

allhaltai h r
.

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sm um 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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traaai i y i
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iti fi a ity i
S P E CIF I C G RA VI TY
i
D efin on of th e T erm S p eci c Gr v of 3 . L qu d

T h e d en sity a liqui d is d efin ed as t h e w ei g ht Of a unit volum e


of .

T h e s pe c ifi c g ravity or t h es y n on y m o u s t er m r elativ e d en sity


, , ,

18 t h e ratio o f t h e d ensity o f t h e liquid i n qu estion r eferr ed to t h e ,

d ensity of som e substan ce whi ch is tak en as unity T h e sta n dard .

°
substan ce em p loyed is wat er at its ma x imum d en sity (4 C or

r th tr ifi ra ity i i
.

Mo e C om m on Me od s of De e m i n i n g t h e S p ec c G v of L qu d s

1 . P ycn om et er .

H ere w e hav e v es s els O f u n k n own volu m e,
but eith er havi n g a mark o n t h e n ec k or havin g g lass sto p per ,

with a ca p il lary hol e Thus t h e p y cn o m eters a re mad e t o hold


.

consta n t volum es C onstant t em p eratur e is obtain ed by t h e aid


.

of a bath of co n stant tem perature F or u s e in a d eter m i natio n .

t h e p y cnom eter i s w ei g h ed em p ty fill ed with water a n d fill ed , ,

with t h e liquid un d er consid eration T h e w ei g ht of t h e p y cn o m .

eter full of water m i nus t h e w ei g ht Of t h e em p ty p y cn o m et er i s

equal t o t h e w ei g ht of t h e wat er it will hold This wei g ht co m .


,

par ed t o t h e w eight of t h e l iquid that t h e p ycno m eter will hold ,

gives us t h e s pecific gravity of t h e liquid .

2 M ohr , W es tph a l , S a rt o r iu s , S p eci fi c gr a vi ty B a l a n c es — I n


.
-

t h e bala n c es t h e ri g ht ha n d ha lf of t h e beam is divid ed into t en


-

equal p arts from t h e ful c rum to t h e p oi n t o f sus pen s io n at t h e

en d O f t h e beam S us p en d ed from this en d of t h e beam is t h e


.

plumm et whil e a wei g ht at t h e oth er en d a cts as a cou n t erbala n ce .

°
Wh en t h e p lumm et is imm ers ed i n wat er at 4 C t h e equilibriu m .
,

of t h e balan ce is d estroy ed by t h e buoya n cy of t h e wat er To .

adj ust t h e equi librium a w ei g ht equal t o th i s for ce and in g ra m s


,

eq ual t o t h e w ei ht o f t h e volum e o f wat er dis p la ced ( whi c h is


g
eq u al t o t h e volum e of t h e p lu m m et ) is hun g from t h e p oint of
2 “ SU LP R
H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
sus p ension T his wei g ht 18 known as t h e un i t w ei ght and i s
.

W
call ed a rid er Oth er rid ers w ei g hin g r es p ectively
.

of t h e w eight of this rid er co n stitut e t h e s et of w eights us ed with

th es e balanc es ith th eir aid t h e d ensity of a liquid can b e


.

dir ect l y r ead off from t h e balanc e b eam .

3 H ydrom et er s
.
— Th es e instrum ents consist o f a spindl e
.

S ha p ed float wit h a cylindrical n eck containing a scal e Th ey


,
.

a r e w eight ed at th eir l ow er en d thus brin g ing t h e c ent er of ,

gravity v ery far down and insuring an u p right positio n wh en ,

floating Th ey d ep end u p on t h e p rincipl e that a body will sink


.

in a l iquid unti l enou g h liquid has b een dis p la ced so that t h e ,

w ei g ht O f t h e dis p la ced liquid equals t h e w ei g ht of t h e body .

T h e w eight and vo l um e a r e s o adj ust ed that t h e instrum ent ,

sinks to t h e low er mark on its n eck in t h e h eavi es t liquid t o b e


t est ed by it and to t h e high est mark on its n eck in t h e lightest
,

liquid to b e t est ed by it A S t h e d ensity o f a liquid chang es with .


'

t h e t em p eratur e t h e liquid should always b e at t h e t em peratur e


,

t i ifi a ity t i ti
at which t h e hydrom eter was calibrat ed or prop er corr ection
mad e .

C orr ec i on s t o b e A p pl ed i n S p ec c Gr v De erm n a on s

To obtain t h e tru e s p ecifi c gravity of substanc es th eir d ensiti es ,


°
at 4 C and i n va cu o must b e compar ed with t h e d ensity of
.
, ,
°
water at 4 C i n va cu o . .

F or t echnica l u s e s p e ci fi c gravity i s frequ ent l y d eterm i n ed at


,

any conveni ent t em p erature and r eferr ed to wat er of eith er , ,


°
that sam e t emp eratur e or to wat er at 4 C t h e w eight in air ,
.
,

b eing tak en a s a basis .

I n p ur ely sci entific calculations wat er i s tak en as standard at ,

4 C whil e in comm er cia l laboratori es t h e stan dard i s oft en in


°
.
,

t h e n ei g hborhood of cons equ ently s p ecific gravities


d et ermin ed b y th es e standards do not ag ree A S t h e t empera .

ture o f wat er incr eas es from 4 C it exp ands T h e w eight b eing


°
.
,
.

constant with increas e of vo l um e t h e d ensity is l ow er ed I n


, ,
.

t h e cas e of wat er this incr eas e of volum e with ris e of t emp eratur e
i s not uniform but has b een d et ermin ed with gr eat car e
,
K now .

ing t h e r elative d ensity of wat er at variou s t emp eratur es t h e ,


S P E C IF I C G RA V I T Y 3

volum e of a gram is Obtai n ed by ta ki n g t h e reci p rocal of t h e d ens


ity T h e ex p ansion of liqui ds bei n g a pp r eciabl e co n ditions
.
,

should al ways b e giv en with t h e s pecific gra viti es .

Thus C after t he s pec ific gravity figur e m ea ns that t he


1?
.
,

°
tem p eratur e O f t h e substa n ce was 1 5 C at t h e ti m e of t h e d et er .

mination and that t h e unit volu m e of it was com p ared with t h e


i
a
°
weight of a unit volum e Of wat er at 15 C . S i m il arly o C . after
t he s p eci fi c
figure m eans that h er e t h e com p arison is
-

g ravity ,

RS E S TY AS S
°
mad e with t h e w ei g ht of a unit volum e O f substanc e at 15 O .

a d r d i r a i ahy r t r r a d a i i
°
com p ared with t h e w eight o f a unit volum e of water at 4 C

atra f trh r ta ata r tat ia ratrairfi idtyt at ar rfatr rifi dt ta rdaratitry t atb r i
.

CO NV E I ON O F D N I B I
P re re fo r u se in e uc n
g e d n g s of d om e e g u t ed to nd

f a t r i i t i t h i al l a l t i l dby
c e en s i t y or s p ec fi c g v S p ec e s n d em p er u e, T

dr adity r d it ra ity r qa ir dbai i r ti a l


,

ed

e e to w e s p ec e em pe u e, T as un , t o t he as s Of
nd rd

no e s em pe u e, 1, and e e en ce em pe u e, t .

T he (g t he dec m ) p ie t he

ahydr t ri i at i fi r a i t y at i t q i r
c o A ven I n u n s of S x p ce , mu
en s o r s p eci fi c -
g v e di n g , g ves t h e co ec on to b e p p i ed t o t h e

k th r ti r that it i i a i ra ity at
e ing t o e u ce t o t he re u e s s .

2
S u p p os e om e e nd c
3 es s pe c c g v
7
-
0 ,
an d is re u ed

to n ow t h e
°
co ec on in o rde sh a l l nd c te s p ec fi c g v

hatth at 12hy$ r rtarii i at i tr tly at il i ra tyby at


15 5 6
C"
.

° en ,
15 5 6

r t i t t h r f r a
T is , if t he d om e e nd c es co rrec S p ec fi c g vi of

i i ati a ak r hyi r tat ra i i at



en 2t h e e d n g of the ns u m en w b e t oo l o w 1 5 7 60 X
.

i h r a at a
0
4
0 00 106 2
. A co ec on o f 0 00 17 m us
.
, e e o e, b e dded t o t h e
nd c on of t he d om e e

hyr a ri t r i tai atar itty at r trdbyf r d at ratf t r


.

°
15 5 6
Or , i f nd in g D C w
.

m e us n g s rd s n d c —
s es to g du e
E S6
°

t a ar r a
° °
d om e e to nd c d en s 20 C to w 4 C (D t he

r r t i
e . e e e e .

r tat l aali lat d a la


e d n g s of t he n d d m us be co ec e u s e of t he ac o + 0 00 106 2. .

S u pp o s e t h e s n d d e ds .

T h e co es p o n di n g co ec on is X

at r a t a ar d r r di t i ar h
Co ec ed re d n g
fo Jen

TE r a t a ar ak if r t y a
T he b e is c cu e r 1 6 11 1 g ss .

abbr iati ith r rt rat r b th d ity


B nd
gl i
l
li t ec S t es u e u Of S s, Ci cu l a N o 19 , 5 t h
. e on ,
M c .

30 l 1i
N O T he
. Bu e u of S nd d s fo r t h e s e o f un o mi , us e the s m e
ev on , D, w p ope em pe u e bas is ,
f or o ens a n d s p ec i fic
LP
S U H URIC A C I D H A N DB OO K
.

w
m
o

w
w
m
m
S w
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w
m
m
u
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o
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+ +
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+ T + +

w m w
w o 3 5 m
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+ + + +

I T 7
: r T
6 LP
S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K
By m eans o f t h e stirr er w hich r each es to t h e bottom of t h e
v ess el t h e liquid should b e thorou g hl y mi x ed
, .

T h e h ydrom et er is slowly imm ers ed in t h e liquid s lightly b e


yond t h e p oint wh er e it floats natura ll y and th en allow ed to
float fr eely .

T h e scal e r ead i ng shou l d not b e mad e un t i l t h e l iquid an d


hydrom et er a r e fr ee from air bubbl es and at r est .

I n r eadin g t h e hydrom et er scal e t h e ey e i s p lac ed s lightly b e


l ow t h e p lan e of t h e surfac e of t h e t est liquid ;it i s rais ed slowly
until t h e surfa ce s een a s an elli p s e b ecom es a strai g ht lin e T h e
, ,
.

p oint wh er e this lin e cuts t h e hydrom eter scal e sho ul d b e tak en


a s t h e r eading o f t h e hydrom eter .

I n r eading t h e th ermom et er scal e errors of para ll ax a re avoid ed


,

by S O p la ci n g t h e ey e that n ear t h e en d of t h e m ercury column


t h e p ortions on eith er sid e of t h e st em a n d that s een through t h e
ca p illary a p p ear to l i e in a straight li n e T h e lin e o f si g ht is

TE r i r a t a ar t h i t fi r

bl it t rai
th en normal to t h e st em .

N O : B
A cco d n g t o t h e u e u o f S nd ds , en , t h e po n A (see gu e
e ow ) n ot t h e p o n B i s t h e on e t o b e n o ed a s the e d ng .

In flu en ce
of T m t In e p a ur e
er —

ord er that a hydrom et er may cor


r ect l y indicat e t h e d ensit y o r str ength

of a s p ecifi ed l iquid it is ess ential ,

that t h e li quid b e u n ifor m throu g h


out and at t h e sta n dard t em p erature .

To insur e uniformity in t h e liquid ,

stirring i s requir ed shortly b efore


makin g t h e obs ervation This stir .

ring should b e com p l et e and may b e


w ell accomp li sh ed b y a perforat ed disk o r s p iral at t h e en d Of a -

r o d lo n g en ough to r each t h e bottom o f t h e v ess el M otion O f .

th i s stirr er from t op to bottom s erves to dis p ers e l ayers Of t h e


liquid of di ff erent d ensity .

T h e liquid S hould b e at n early t h e t em p eratur e of t


i n g atmosph er e, a s ot her wi s e i t s t em peratur e w i l l
H YDROM E T E R
S

during t h e O bservation caus i ng not only diff er enc es in d ensity


,

but also doubt as to t h e a ct u al te m peratur e Wh en t h e t em .

at wh i ch h h d t i obs rv d di ff rs from h
'

p e r a t u r e t e y ro m e er s e e e t e

standard t em per a ture of t h e i n strum ent t h e rea din g i S n ot truly


,

t h e d en sity a ccordi n g t o t h e basis of t h e in strum ent o r t h e qua l ity


O f t h e liquid a ccordi n g t o p er cent or arbitrary s cal e but a fi g ure
.
,

whi ch di ff ers from t h e n ormal r eadin g by a n a m ount d epen din g


o n t h e diff er en ce i n t em perat r e and on t h e r elativ e th ermal ex
u
p ansions of t h e i n strum e n t a n d t h e p arti cular liquid .

I f t h e latt er p ro perti es a re k n ow n tabl es of c orr ections for


,

t em p eratur e may b e p r ep ar ed for u s e with hydrom eters at


various t em p eratur es . S u ch tabl es should b e u s e d with caution
a n d only fo r a p p r o x i m at e r esults wh en t h e t em peratur e di ff ers

much from t h e sta n dard t em perature or from t h e tem peratur e


Of t h e surroundi n g air .

In flu en ce of S ur f a ce T en s i on —
S urfa ce—t en sion eff ects on h y
.

drometer O bs ervatio n s a re a cons equ en ce O f t h e downward forc e


exerte d on t h e st em by t h e curv ed surfa ce or m en is c us which ,

rises about t h e st em and aff ects t h e d epth of imm ersion an d


,

co n sequ en t s cal e r eadi n g .

B ecaus e a hydrom et er will indicate di ff er ent l y in two liquids


h avin g t h e s am e d ensity but diff er ent surfa ce t en sion and sin ce ,

sur fac e tension i s a s pecifi c p ro perty O f liquids it is n ec essary t o ,

specify t h e li quid for whi ch a hydrom et er is int end ed .

A lthou g h hydrom et ers of equival ent dim en s ions may b e com


p ared without error i n a liquid di fleri n g in surfa ce t ension from
, ,

t he s pe cifi ed liquid com p ariso n s of dissimilar instrum ents in such


,

a li quid must b e corr ect ed for t h e eff ect of t h e surfac e t ension .

I n many liquids s p ontan eous changes in surfac e tension occur


du e to t h e formation O f surfa ce films of im p urities which may ,

come from t h e a p p aratus t h e liquid o r t h e air .


, ,

E rr ors from this caus e a re avoid ed eith er by t h e use Of liquids


not subj ect to su ch chan g es which how ev er require corr ec tion
, , ,

of t h e r esults by cal c ulation or by t h e urification O f t h e surfac e


, p
_
b y ov e rflo wing imm ediately b efore maki n g t h e O bservation .
8 P R
S UL H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
This latt er m ethod i s em p loyed a t this B ureau for t esting h y dr o m
et er s in sul p huri c acid solutions and alcohol solutions
-
and i : ,

a ccom p lish ed by causing t h e liquid t o overflow from t h e p art 0


t h e a p p a ratus in which t h e hydrom et er i s imm ers ed by a smal
ra p idly rotating p ro p ell er which s erves also to stir t h e liquid .

C l eanl i n es s —
T h e ac curacy of hydrom et er obs ervatio n s de
p ends in many cas es u p on t h e cl ea n lin ess of t h e instrum ents a m
, ,

of t h e liquids in whi c h t h e obs ervatio n s a r e mad e .

I n ord er that r eadin g s S hall b e uniform and r ep roducibl e t h i ,

surfac e Of t h e hydrom et ers and es p ecially of t h e stem must b i


, ,

cl ean,
s o that t h e liquid will ris e uniforml y and m er g e into a ]

im p er cep tibl e film on t h e st em .

T h e r eadin ess with whi ch this condition is fulfill ed d ep en d


som ewhat u p on t h e charact er of t h e liquid certain liquids s u cl , ,

a s min eral O ils and stron g al coholic mi x tur e adh er e to t h e s t em ,

V er y r eadily whil e with w eak aqu eous solutions of su g ar salt s


, ,

a cids and alcohol scru p ulous cl eani n g O f t h e stem is r equir e(


, ,

in ord er to s ecur e t h e normal condition .

B efor e b ei n g t est ed hydrom et ers a r e thorou g hly wash ed i


,

soa p and wat er rins ed and dri ed by wi p ing with a cl ean lin e
, ,

cloth .

I f to b e us ed in aqu eous solutions which do n o t adh


t h e st ems a r e di p p ed into strong alcohol and imm ediat ely wi p e
dry with a soft cl ean lin en cloth

iq id a i rtha at r
.
, ,

AM E RI CA N S TA N DA RD B A UM E HYDRO M E TE R
(L u s He v e n W e )
T he M anufacturin g C h em ists A sso ciation o f t h e Un ited S tat ’

and t h e United S tat es B ur eau of S tandards hav e ado p t ed


B a u m é scal e bas ed on t h e followin g r elation to s p ecific gravi

S p eci fi c g ravity at —

8

5 F .

S pecific g ravity at
g% F .
B A UM E H YDR

OM E TE RS 9

T h e fo ll owin g histo ry of t h e B a u m é s cal e is tak en from Ci rcu l a r


N O . 59 issu ed by t h e United S tates B ureau of S tanda rds A p ril 5 , ,

r at i b t i r a i t y d r r t by
19 16 :

fq r tila i t ti hyad t dbytt r hi trhatta i ryhi it rtrattt ka


T he el w een fi and B a um é ep es en ed

fa t bar i th hyi rtr t rt atl a itt htat th ir liai thi r lati


on e s p ec c g v eg rees

t he o m u s g ven w a s op e s B u e u i n 1 904 , w en fis oo up

t he o n Of dr o m e At me eve m po m

r i i ar l y hi t r al b ad i r a bl y
u es es ng e s . n nu

of B a um é d om e e s i n t h e Un ed S w as

tr at idby ratf h lad lhahiad r a a r adbth far ati al r a ilyy


c u re es u s ng s e on

as t he s s Of ese ns u m en s , or e s su c was e c m .


T he and e y of t he B a u m é h as m

ah ailaabla t at rial i rt rar t dby r f athat rdlitr l i l


o g n s o sc es een

e e P o . C F C . . n l e in p pe re e o e t he N on A c a d em
of Sc P i in 188 1 As i s p per m a y n o t b e e d

al r t r d d by t i
en ces e p .

to so m e who in t he m m a y b e w e t o nc u de

a h alh thi att ha rfr ar thii b tihati ti ha iri tri t


v e a re n e es e e ,

ere p r of t he m e p ep ed P o . C n e .


T he B a um é was fi and An Baum é

i by th h i l i al r r t itbli i h ad
sc e s p opo s e u se o ne ,

Fren c c em s ,
i n 1 768 , and om s eg n n n g ve c o m e d ff e en

B a um é ve b een ed m T h e d ec o ns

a ily rb rt d ibl altra th r fbyr ithatr tif br r hat


sc es p ep s n ce e .

g ven B a u m é f o r m p r od u c i n g h i s s c e w e e fi s pu s e i n L A va n t i n

1 768 , and s m p e , a r e n o t s pec c, a n d t he fi co n d s su m ed a re n o t

thi i r al that haa t ally r d rl f h ha bydl r f lard difb rr t


ou g on s

e s ep o uc e . It i s n ot S n g e, e e o e, d fe en c es s oo n ap

pe a red w een t h e B a u m é s et d ff e vers T

al liq didr hti a i rthat i at r al tat that hydr t r


e sc es as up en O se .

d ve g en ce d i d
s c u oc cu is we s own t he ge num e of

B a u m é s c es ve been P C 23 fe

al l tqablid halta i r tthaia i at r ar d aalt lbyti i ht i hlartri


u se . o . n e ou n en

sc es fo r u s e ve n w e .

B a um é i f or h is fo r t h e

om e e

at rbytat tihatht d ri ri dt alta rib i rya rl ar hiryhdry


s ec on s se ng up sc e s e

sc e fo r i u s e v e nw e he use so u on o f s od u m c o de
( c o m m on ) co n 15 p ts Of s we g i n 85 p of

t rat ri t hi h a hydrr q i talr ta k


e s n ng s

w we g He be t he s
‘ ’
a n d ve

t l t l
e . es c as e ng Ve pu e

an d s the m w ere ed o u t in in w t he

tia t arrkatdr ark d i t hi hiat abkt di ttilh at rati t


es ex pe en s c r ce c

em pe u e w as 10
°
Re um u , e u v en to 12 5 C
°
. or 54 5 F .
°
.


T h e po to w t he om e e i n t h e 15 pe r

dir id dd dbt y dq al a t i dt r d i i a l th
n c s n cen . sa so u

on was m e and t h e po n to w c s n in s ed w e the .

m em w as m T he w een t w o po n

Od h rtl akdby hydr iatti r b i a d bt iaart tflry a id tal


s e pe u e e sp ce e es e s

was v e in o 15 e u p r s or eg ees , a n d ivs o n s of t he s m e en g


°
we e ext en t h e 15 po n

ar ttly i t ti alal r r ti al ady i t d a y


e e on .

t e m ers o f B au m é o m e e s s oo n beg n t o d ev e om t h e p ro
in e B a um é t h e dev

h al diti at f i
ce u t e ou ,
on s e ng , no ou , p cc en

and p r n en on ,
and in cou s e o f m e, a s re po n e ou t ,
m n

di ff e en Baum é sc es we e in u se .


T is con on Of a fla i rs l ed t o g re c on u s o n in t he u se of t he
B a um é sc e .
LP K
r a i d r a t i ar i a t i t h at r di t i d t
10 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO

thatl d aby i i l r l r i r byi alh l r if a tilbyl tha


F om on of t he v w as v

fh l i hitb t r adily ral i bya i rthaatafiity al atr lati


c on s e on s o c cu e s oon e en

s om e me ns of de fi n ng a nd ep o du c n g t he sc e m o e ex c n

d be on e t he mp B a um é d, be

itr t rat atr h ati alt rt r d ffi rit it q hati thi thr lati
c ou s e u es g ven s ou p os s e,

ou n d T m wa s ov ded ssu m n g x ed

. s ea n S e p e on

d w een t h e B a u m é e and t he s p ec i fi c s om e

alal fi b y ba aldl q tih a btdr lati r tti i alrl


s ou ex s e sc -

g v sc e

de fi n e em pe u e, a n d in e m s o f s om e e n e un . W en s e on

is ex p es s ed in m em m in t he m of a n the

i lti b t hi h th arari i fr al dif rba a ta darrdlati


c e s o e u on , en

B aum é sc e is x ed e o nd u es o n s of d ou . A t t he p es en me
B a um é in s su m e on , a n d t h e d ff e

ata ihit h i t a tt d thi t d d r r t r di


sc es u s e a re se on s u c an e

emees ex s ng e w een em se om e en ces in t he s s u m ed e on


‘ ’
m o du u s w the v s ed , a n d t he t em

i i fi r a i t y i a i t y r di
or on c ou s s c es a r e s n

p er a t u re w the r u m en d to be

i r ri d r at al lat d if al ik ra tihty
c ns s a re n en e co ec .


If de fi n e m o du u s l is dop e ,
en t he eg ees B au m é co es p on ng

to r t h e s p ec c gr v ng t o any fi

l d t r i d l t al al l a df r
any g ven
g v , o
s p ec c co es p on

g ven d eg ee B a u m é m a y b e c cu e ;o r t h e s p ec c g and fi

th i i l i t
v
'

co es p on d n g eg ee B a u m é a n y p oi n t of t h e s c e a re n ow n , en t h e

m odu u s ca n b e e e m n e a n d t h e com p e e B a u m é s c e c cu t e om

ir ra ity
s s ng e po n .

d l
3 s p ec fi c g v .

h liq i h a i rtha at r
d deg ees B a um é .

m m o u us .

T en fo r u ds e v e n w e

t i r a t a dar d t l a t i
rrk i tartdara t izi rihya r a t fra t r r ilhyi rti qt irry a
A t t he m t he B t a ki
u e u of S was em t he

al l byth liq iithh at i rthtai tath yrr lhii thalatth y r ri ia


e n s c on p ng ng up

wo of s n d ng d om e e s d g en n u wa s m de of t he
m m po Am e m e s of d om e e s a s t o t he B au m é

tb a dard r thi r f r a t d by r a ta dard


o e n c n nu c u

sc es u s ed em . W ou ex cep on e ep ed e we e us ng

t he m o du u s 14 5 f o r ds w T the Am e

hr r ha ihydrb t r atb titi r tal t fr a t dbya f t rr ra


u e ve n e . s sc e, c n

S n ,
was e e o e d op e t he B u e u of S n s an d h as
in

it ar dti hratalth y r tir ly ati fa t ry ri a trad


een u s e eve s n ce .


T e e v ng een no o jec on or p o es om any m nu ac u e or

u se of B au m é om e e s t he m e t he sc e wa s do p e t he B u e u,

was s su m e e we e en e s s c o t o t he A m e c n e

and we e in un ve s u s e.
RA T S AT RR S R ES
B A UM E H YDROM E TE RS .
11

SP E CI FIC G VI I E
l

(A m e
Ari a ta ar
B

c n
U ME
S n d
C O E

d)
PO NDI N G To DE G E

Deg rees B a u m é 1 5 4
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E RA T EESATREES RRES T
12 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OOK

)
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SP CI F IC G VI I
60
° F' C . C O PON DI N G O
D G BAUM E —
( C on t i n u ed )

1 9 34

. 19 5 4

1 9 74

. 20 13

2 073

. 2 144

. 2 1 64
LP K
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)
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SP CI F IC G VI I F C CO E P ON DI N G
m To
-

EG
. .
O

D G E B A UM E —
( Con t i n u ed)

1 6 075

1 5 5 75 .
E RA T S REAT S A RES

B A UM E H YD ROM E T E ’
RS 15

°
60—
SP CI FI C G VI I E
60
° F C . O
C R P O NDIN G
DE G E B U ME — ( Con d u ded )

1 6 705
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I

B A UM E OM E S 17

a w w o w o m o m c o m a m o m v n ~w m o
v e o n fi n o m m m fi u m a fi fi o o m o o m
e e e e o e m m “ w m m m m b m w w m w m o
m e m o h m a u o fi m m v m o u m a a o a m
m m m m m m m m n m m m m m n m m m n w v v

w v w m m m m m m o
.

o m m N N fi N N v a n
w o o a w n fi m v e a ¢ w fl w m a u m w fi

e m o m m w w n e w e ~ a w e v m n m m o

m m S m o
m m N a n

~
.

ww m w m o m m m m u w w
n
i
a fi a
e w w w w m e w m m m a w a
O n
S
o
www w w n u w n v m o Q » m fi s s

u
m
c

v w e
m o m
m n »

o m N a fi u m v w w
n w e m c v u a fi o
e v w v e w m fi n n

m w w m N m m m m fi m a ~ N fi a m o n c
a m o o w m w o a n m w v m n w fi w m u
n m w m m N ~ ~ m s c e ~a s n m o w m

m e N w w o m m m m n h m a a m ~ w w n
u m e o w fi m o fi ~ e a m w u u © n a o
m u w w w m fi o o m w m m e w m w w s w

m n m w v ~ n a m n m N m m m w a o
o ©v N m fi a e fi m u a w m w w
fi ~fi @w h n w m fi m m m a e e
18 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB O O K

m m « m m m w o m m m w m
2 0
N S N n
L

S E
A

a m N e m h e w a e m m
w m m S
u
m. m o N
. g o n v o : w m m m . 5 N
. m

m v m m O m 0 m m m m m m m
Ei
h o
a v a m o a m m m m 3 S h
S
g g E»
e a o
S
s .

m. a m d m o o m o m w o m . o w N m
.

w $ m m 0 w m h w o w N m w «
m w u m m S v 3 u m n w a m n m
w 2 m m m w N m m . m m e o e m w o

m m m m
m . m . m m
—i v l
I - -
F -l v l l —l H - l
v r- i r- ‘v- i ——— —
v i v i v i r-l v i
B A UM E R
H YD O M E TE RS 19
LP K
Lral y la
20 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO

T WA D D E HYDRO M E TE R

1 Let
t
M e h od s

x
of C on ve

= d e rees
rti ifi a ity
( G en e

Twaddl e
ng S p ec
u s ed

c
in E

Gr v
ng nd )
t o D eg r e e s

.
g .

y s p ecific g ravity .

1000y 1000
5
2 . Or a: 2 00 ( y

3 This m ethod may b e us ed for an y valu e b elow


. M ove
t h e d ecimal p oint two figur es to t h e right striking

th ti al
,

fi g ure and multi p lyin g t h e r emaind er by 2 .

Me od s of C on ver ng D eg r ees T w dd e to

1 . Let a: s p ecific gravity .

y d eg rees Twaddl e .

5g 1000
1000

2 . 0r a: + 1

T he d egrees in Twadd l e s hydrom eter b ear a dir ect relation


shi p to t h e s p ecific g ravity t h e basis of t h e system b ein g plai n


,

and unmistakabl e sinc e ever y d egree is equa l to a di ff erenc e in


,

s p ecific gravit y o f
LP H UR K
L O L
22 S U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

N O M E N C A TU E R F S U P HU RI C A C ID

S u l p huric
ac i d shows a d efin ite r elation b etw een t h e s pecifi c
gravity and str ength u p to p er c ent H zS O4 A S it is much . .

easi er to d et ermin e t h e s p ecific gravity than t h e str en gth acids ,

weak er than p er c en t a re n early always spok en of an d sold


.

as b eing o f so many d eg r ees B a u m é t h e B a u m é hydrom et er b eing ,

t h e i n strum ent g en erally us ed for d et ermining t h e sp ecific gravity .

T h e p rincipa l str engths of such acids a r e :

De g r ees B aum é S p g
ec ifi c ra i y
v t P er c en t . 80 ; P er c en t . H zS O c

I n 1882 t h e M anufa cturin g C h emists ’


A sso ciation of t he
Unit ed S tat es a g r eed on a s et o f valu es for B a u m é d eg r ees and
th eir H 2 8 0 4 equival ents I n 1904 t h e A ssociation ado p t ed t h e
.

tabl e of F er g uson and Talbot T h e H 2 S 0 4 equival en ts S how a .

slight cha n g e from t h e tabl e of 188 2 and thos e valu es hav e b een
used in this country ev er sin ce I n G er m any es p ecially an d
'

.
,

quit e g en erally on t h e co n tin ent a di ffer ent s et o f valu es fo r ,

B a u m é d eg r ees i s us ed i n whi ch all hav e high er valu es in s p ecifi c


g ravity a n d H 2 S O 4 tha n
°
thos e us ed h er e F o r i n stanc e 6 6 B é . .

h er e corr es p onds t o p er c ent H g S O 4 a n d in G ermany to .

9 8 p er c ent .

°
T h e 6 6 acid i s also known a s O il of vitriol ( O V ) and str engths . .

of w ea k er a cids a r e som etim es s p ok en of as so many p er c ent .

°
0 V
. a 6 0 B é a cid containing
.
,
.
p er cent s oA b ein g .

call ed p er c ent 0 V . . .
N OM E N C A L T URE OF S U LP H URIC A CID 23

Thi s however i s n ot very common I n r ep ort in g tota l pro


, ,
.

duction or uses of sul p huric acid it is fr equ ently stated as b eing


° °
equi val en t t o a c ertain quantity o f acid of 5 0 or 60 or som e oth er

stan dard str en g th t h e total amount of H 2 8 0 4 bei ng t h e sam e as


,

W
.

that contain ed in t h e stat ed quantity of t h e stated strengt h .

P rodu ctions a r e al s o O ften r ep ort ed as to n s of S O3 .

h en an acid b ecom es stro n g er than p er c ent H 28 0 .

t o S pe ak of it in t erms of s p ecific g ravity or d eg r ees B a u m é would


b e falla cious as p er c ent acid has p ra c tically
. t h e s a m e s p e ci fic
gravity as 100 per cent A cids b etween 93 1 9 and 100 per cent
. . .

a re s p ok en of as S O many per c ent sul p huric acid ;100 p er c ent . .

a cid b ei n g com m o n ly call ed t h e mo n o hydr ate Th is contains -


.

100 per c ent H 2 80 4 .


p er c ent .

8 0 3 dissolv es in t h e mono hydrat e givin g fumi n g ac i d or -

O l eu m . I t is call ed fumin g a cid b ecause t h e 8 0 3 esca p es form ,

i n g white fum es wh en ex p os ed to t h e air


, Ol eum is t h e G erman .

n am e which has b een us ed ex t ensiv ely in this co u ntry sin ce t h e ,

first p ractica l m ethods of makin g it w ere G erman and t h e G erman


nom enclature was frequ ently ado p t ed h ere I t is also kno wn in .

G ermany as N ordhaus en Oil of V itriol .

Th ere a r e three ways of stating t h e strength o f fumin g acid


1 T h e p er cen t O f fr ee ( dissolved ) S 0 3
. . .

2 T h e pe r c en t o f total S 0 3
. . .

3 T h e equival ent p er c ent 100 p er c ent H 28 0 4


. . That i s t h e . .

per cent of 100 per cent H 28 0 4 it would mak e if s u ffi ci ent water


. .

were add ed to combin e with a ll t h e free 8 0 3 .

F or insta n ce a n a cid co n taining 2 0 p er c ent free 8 0 3 would .

contain a total O f p e r c ent S 0 3 and a c tual H 2 S 0.


4 c on te,
nt
of 80 p er cent and would mak e
.
p e r c e nt H 2 S 0 4 if suffi ci e nt .

water w er e add ed to combin e with all t h e free 8 0 3 I t mi g ht .


,

therefor e b e call ed 2 0 p er cent


, p er c ent or .
, p e r c e nt . .

M ix ed acid is t h e t echnical t er m for a m ixt ure Of st ron g s ul


phuri o acid and nitric acid .
LP K
L L L
24 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO

y yff ii aa iid aatalt all ltrtr thth r r t t


FO RM U AS F O R US E IN S U P HU RI C A C ID C A C UL A T I ON S
-

(B n on -
u mg
n c d is m e n s en g s u n de p er c en .

(B um ng c is m e n s en g s o ve p er cen . 80 3 )

T he followin g fa ctors w ere cal culat ed from mol ecular


S Os
m o4

m o.
”2 5 0
s o.
H zO
H zS O4
H .S O.
5 4 4 38
H zO

80 3
4 4 4 38
H zO
H 20
80 3
'

Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t S Os .

N on -

f u m zn g A ci d

P er c ent H zS O4 X
.

P er c ent H 28 0 4
.

Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t H g S O
'

.
4

N 0n -

f u m zn g A ci d

P er c ent 8 0 3 .

P er c ent 8 0 3 X
.

T o Ca l cu l a te P er

100 p er c ent H 28 0 4 .

P er ce nt H 28 0 4
.
per c ent S 0 3
.

P er cent H 28 0 4 X
.

P er c ent 8 0 3 . X
S U LP H URIC A C ID CA -
LL
CU A T I ON S 25

T o Ca l cu l a t e P e
r Cen t C om bi n ed H g O .

F u m i n g A ci d

P er c ent H 28 0 4 X.

100 p e r c en t total S O 3 .

P er c ent combin ed 8 0 3 X
.

T O Ca l cu l a t e P er C en t . H g S OI J — ’u m i n
g A ci d

( 100 per ce nt total S O3)


.

100 p et free S Os
r cen .

P er cent combin ed H z O X
.

or

P er c ent . c ombin ed H 2 0 X p er ce nt comb i n ed H g O)


.

T o Ca l cu l ate E qu i va l en t 1 00 P er Cen t H g S OI .

F u m i ng A ci d

P er cent total S O3
.

P er cent total 8 0 3 X
.

Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t C om bi n ed S Os .

F u m i n g A ci d

( 100 per ce nt free


. 8 0 3)

P er cent H g S O4 X
.

P er cent c ombin ed H 2 0 X
.

P er cent tota l 8 0 3
.
per cent fr ee S 0 3 .

T O Ca l cu l a te P er C en t F r ee S Os .

F u m i n g A ci d

( P er ce nt total . S O3 X 8006

or ( P er c en t .total 80 3 X
or ( P er c en t .total S O3
or P er c ent .total S 0 3 ( per cent combin ed H zO X .

or P er cen t .total 8 0 3 p er c ent combin ed 8 0 3 .

Or
. 1 00 P er c ent H zS O4.
26 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K
T o Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t T ota l S Og .

F u m i ng Aci d
( P er c en t fr ee S 0 3 X . 8006

or ( P er c ent fr ee S 0 3 X .

or ( 100 p er c en t fr ee S 0 3 ) p er cen t fr ee 8 0 3 . .

or E quival ent p er cent 1 00 p er c ent H 2 S O 4 X . .

or P er c ent free S O3 .
p er c ent combin ed 8 0 3 .

T o C a l cu l a te W ei g h t p er Cu bi c F oot A ci d
O
6 O
S p ecific g ravity
°
at
60
— —
° F . C
) X w eight per cubic
wat er at 60 F .
( 37
6 2 . lb ) .

( W
T o Ca l cu l a te
e ight of
W ei g ht 8 0 3
a cid p er c
p er

ubi c foot
Cu bi c F oot
X p er c ent S O3 ) . 100)

T o C a l cu l a te th e E qu i va l en t P er Cen t a n d W ei g h t . of
S t ren g th A ci d af Com p a red to A n other

°
quival ent p er c ent in 6 6 B é
T he e . .
p er c ent H g S OI )
.

°
an acid of 6 O B é ( 7 p er c ent H g S O4) is . .

X 100 per ce nt . 66 Be .

°
and as 60 B é orr es p onds to 1 705 9 s p ecific gravity
. c .
, t h e p ounds
° °
of 66 Bé . equival ent to 1 cu ft of 6 O B é is . . .

hial l laati rtai i ith qr i altakt f t i a i tr tht


X X lb . 66 Bé .

N OT E — W of um n g d,

alt tal lati tf i al id q ri al dt tr qthi alh t ld t t r


. e s ce n ng e u v en s n on -
c s en g s

ech

u s ed for t h e c cu o n s ca n e e be en a s p er c en . 80 3 o r of p er .

H 28 0 4

t
.

If c cu ng um ng -
c e u v en s, s en
g s s ou be u sed I n e m s

of o p er c en . S0 3 u n ess ex p ess e In the e u v en p er c en . of 100 p er


c en . s Ot .
INT ROD UC TORY 27

D E S C R I PT I ON O F M E T H O D S E M PL OYE D IN P REPA RIN G T HE T A B L ES


O F S PE CI F IC G R A V I TY O F S UL P H UR IC A CID , N I T R IC A CID ,

A N D H YD R O C HL O R I C A CID A D O PTE D B Y T HE ,

RS
M A N U F A C T U R IN G C HE M I S T S ASS O

C IA T I ON O F T HE UN I T E D S T A T E S
1

BY W . C . F E GU O N
IN T RODUC T ORY
'

T h e G en eral C h emi cal C o in p a n y , findin g that m a n y di fi eren t


m ethods of a n al ysis were bein g us ed in th eir various works and ,

realiz i n g t h eadvantages of uniform m ethods submi tte d t h e task ,

of unifi cation to t h e w rit er A ft er car eful investigation t h e


.
,

m ethods best ada p ted were s el ected and by t h e consta nt ex ,

amination of n ew m ethods d escribed in t h e literature as w ell as


by origina l res ear ch th es e m ethods a re from ti m e t o tim e s u b
,

stitute d or modifi ed T h e n ee d soo n b ecam e a p p arent for u n i


.

form s peci fi c gravity tabl es no two authorities a g r eei n g ;not


-
,

onl y was th ere disa gr eem ent between s p ecific g raviti es and cor
res p o ndin g perc enta g e c om p osition wh en reduc ed to t h e sa m e
standard but di ff erent moduli tem peratur es et c were us ed a s
, , , .
,

standards .

T h e p r ep aration of standard tabl es of t h e s pe cific gravity and


corres p on din g com p osition with oth er us eful data was u n d er
, ,

tak en for nitri c a cid hydro ch l oric acid amm onia and sul p h u ri c
, ,

acid T h e M anufa cturi n g C h emi s ts A sso ciation of t h e United


.

S tates h earing of o ur eff orts whil e t h e work was in p rogr ess af t er


, ,

inv esti g ation acc ep t ed t h e tabl es as th ey w ere com p l eted a s


,

st andard tabl es of t h e asso c iation I n t h e c as e Of t h e s u l p huric .

a cid t abl e th ey em p loy ed P rof H P Talbot of t h e M assa chus etts


,
. . .

I n stitute of T echnology of B oston as ex pert whos e nam e ap pea r s , ,

with that of t h e writer as authority .

T h es e tabl es a re d esign ed p rimaril y as a basis for s al es which

r ly
a r e lar g ely gov ern ed by t h e d eg r ee B a u m é ;th ey a r e al so u s eful

for contro lli ng process es takin g account of stock et c


, ,
.

1
J ou S oc C hem I n d Ju
. . . 3 1 1 905 p p 78 1 7 90
.
, , ,
.

.
28 SU LP H URI C A C I D HA N DB OO K
T he a cids and ammon i a us ed w ere t h e p urest obta i nab l e c p . .
,

a n d w er e car efully ex amin ed for im p uriti es and p urifi ed wh en

n ec essary T h e im puriti es in comm ercial p rodu cts a r e su ch a


variabl e quantity a n d a s th eir p urity i s b eco m i n g mor e p r o


,

n ou n ced a s manufa cturi n g p ro cess es im p rov e m any substan ces ,

mad e on a lar g e s cal e b ein g n early c p it w a s d eem ed that t h e


. .
,

tabl es would have mor e p ra ctical valu e if th ey w er e bas ed u p on


c p com p ounds
. . A S to any sci entifi c m erit th ey may p oss ess it
.
,

i s n eedl ess t o say that su ch a p ositiv e basis to which th ey ca n


al ways b e r eferr ed i s an ess ential .

A l l of t h e analyti cal a n d s p eci fi c gravity d et ermi nations de


-

t ermi n ations of t h e co effici ent of ex p ansion ( or allowanc e for


t em p eratur e) d et ermination o f boilin g p oi n ts a s w ell as all cal
, ,

cu l a t i o n s and cl eri cal work w er e p erform ed b y two ex p eri enc ed


,

m en working ind ep end ently .

S P E C IF I C G -
RA V ITY DE TE RM IN A TI O N S
°
A ll gravity d et erminatio n s w er e tak en at 6 0 F com
s p eci fi c -
.
,
°
p ar ed with wat er at 6 0 F T h e work w a s
. don e in wi n t er and no
account w a s tak en of diff eren ces of atmos p h eric p ressure or
°
t em p eratur e whi ch avera g ed about 76 0 mm and 6 5 F
,
. .

T h e a p p aratus us ed in this work w a s a 5 0 c c G eissl er p i cn o m -


. .

et er having a ca p illary sid e arm tub e fitt ed with a g lass ca p in


-

t h e t o p of which w a s a small hol e whi ch allow ed t h e liquid to


ex p and without loos eni n g t h e th er m om et er o r cap at t h e sam e ,

tim e p r ev entin g loss whil e w ei g hi n g T h e th ermom et er which


.
,
°
w a s g round to fit t h e n eck of t h e bottl e w a s graduat ed to } 6 F ,
.

and r eadabl e to and w a s fr equ ently ch eck ed against a


standard th ermom et er .

B efor e making a d et erm i nation t h e wat er cont ent of t h e bottl e


w a s first accurat el y d et ermi n ed and ch eck ed from tim e t o tim e
durin g a s eri es of d et erminations To O btai n t h e wat er c ont ent
.
,

t h e bottl e tog eth er with t h e th ermom et er a n d g lass ca p w ere .

carefully cl ean ed dri ed and w ei g h ed


, ( T h e ac c uracy of
. t h e

ba l anc e a n d w ei ght s were s yst emati cally ch eck ed against a


30 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
t emp era tur e t h e bottl e w a s fill ed with disti lled water and w eigh ed
,
° °
at 70 and S O F F rom K o pp s tabl e of t h e volum e of

.

wat er at diff er ent t em peratures t h e i n cr eas e in volum e of 5 0 ,


°
for each 10 F w a s calculat ed I f t h e bottl e had not ex p and ed
. .
,

t h e succ essiv e di ff erenc es in w ei g ht should hav e corr es p ond ed


with t h e di fferenc es in volum e but i n each cas e t h e di ff erenc es
,

in w ei g ht w ere l ess than t h e calculat ed ex p a n sion of water t h e ,

amount l ess b ein g du e to t h e ex p a n sion of t h e g lass bottl e T h e .

°
r esults show ed that 1 F .
g ram eff ect o f ex p ansion

of 5 0 c c bottl e
-
. . 100 .
g ram which would mak e a
di ff er enc e of s p ecific gravity whi ch is l ess than t h e ,

accuracy of our d et erminations and no corr ection has b een mad e ,

W W
for it .

A n a l yti ca l Det erm in a t i o n s —


A l l calculations a r e bas e d u p on
“ ”
F

. . C lark e s Tabl e of A tomic ei g hts 1 90 1 0
— 16 , .

P r epa r atio n of S ta n da r d s —
T h e followin g sta n dards w er e
.

p rep ared by t h e m ethods to b e d es crib ed : S odium carbonat e ( a )


i g nit ed at lo w red h eat to co n stant w ei g ht ;sodium carbonat e ( b)
°
h eat ed at 5 72 F to constant w ei g ht ;ammonium sul p hat e ;100
.

p er c ent sul p huric acid ;sul p huri c anhydrid e ;sul p hani lic acid
. .

S o di u m C ar b o n a te ( a ) This standard was p r ep ar ed from



.

t h e p urest obtainabl e sodium bi carbonat e mad e by t h e ammonia

p ro ce ss and s p ec ially s el ect ed for us by a p romi n en t m a n u fac

t q i al t
tur er Ou r analysis show ed it to contain in addition to som e
.

sodium chlorid e

qq ii alal tt
P er c en .

q i al t
e u v en

e u v en N 3 20 0 3
e u v en N 3 20 0 3

e u v en N a z C os

impurities that a re titratabl e by a n acid calcium and


T he ,

ma g n esium carbonat es a r e ex actly equival ent to t h e sodium


,

carbonat e dis p la ced .


O
C E FF I C I E N T O P
F EX A N S I ON 31

A bo ut 200 grams of sodium b i carbo n ate were wash ed in a


fun n el havin g a p orc elain p late unti l entirely free from chl orid e .

°
I t was th en dri ed at 100 C p rot ected from acid g as es fin ely
.
, ,

g rou n d and k ep
,
t in a s eal e d bottl e u n til used A bo ut 20 g rams .

of bicarbonat e thus pr e p ar ed was h eated in a p latinum dish at

a m od erate r ed h eat until t h e w ei g ht was constant a n d th en


, ,

5 g rams was quickly and a c curat ely w ei g h ed for analysis Our .

atten tion was dir ect ed to t h e m ethod of h eati n g so dium carbon


a t e for in standardizin g
, ,
va fi o u s r esults w er e O btain ed d epend
,

i n g on t h e t em p erature of i g n ition t h e h i g h est t em peratur e ,

givi n g t h e g reat est alkalinity or about


'

p er c en t g reater
,
.

tha n t h e low est I t rem ai n ed to b e p roved wh eth er t h e hi g h o r


.

low r esult was correct a n d wh ether i n h eati n g to t h e hi gher


,

te m peratur e ( r ed h eat ov er a B uns en fl am e) water w a s given off ,

o r wh eth er t h e loss in w eight was d u e to a d ecom p os ition of

s odium carbonat e into sodium o x id e a n d carbon dio x id e .

I n referri n g to t h e lit eratur e s ev eral r eferen ces w ere f ound


u p on t h e i g nition of sodium carbo n ate M en del eeff vol I p .
,
.
,
.


5 2 5 in quoting t h e work o f P i c k erin g says :
,
Wh en sodium ,

carbonate is fus ed abo ut 1 per c en t of carbon di o xid e is di s en .

” “ ”
ga g ed I n L un g e s Un t ers u ch u n g s M ethod en vol I p 83

. . .
, , ,

refer enc e is m ad e to an articl e in Zei ts chr f A n g ew Chem 18 9 7 , . . . .


,

p 5 22 by L un g e in which h e says that soda i n t end ed for t h e


.
, ,
°
standardization of acids must not b e h eat ed hi g h er tha n 3 00 C .

and if t h e h eatin g i s carri ed o n at this t em peratur e for


a suffi ci en t l en gth of tim e o n e m a y b e sure that n eith er b i ca r b o n
,

a t e nor wat er is l eft behind a n d y et n o sodium o x id e has been


,

form ed as may ha p pen if t h e h eatin g is carri ed to a low r ed h eat .

S od iu m C arb o na te ( b ) —
A p ortio n of t h e wash ed a n d dri ed
.

bicarbo n at e was carefully h eat ed i n a p lati n um cru cibl e with


°
occasional stirring at 5 72 F to constant weight , an d imm ediately
.

an alyz ed .

A m m oni um S ul ph a t e —
T en g rams of t h e standard acid ( to b e
.

h ereinaft er d escrib ed ) w ere quickl y and accur ately w eigh ed in a


small glass weighin g tube, avoiding absor p tion of moistu re from
32 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
t he atmosph ere A f ter r i ns i ng t h e sam p l e into a l arge p l atinum
.

dish it w a s mad e slightly ammonia cal with ammonia that had


,

b een freshly distill ed to fr ee it from silica Durin g eva p oration .

o n t h e st eam bath t h e dish was k ep t cov er ed by a lar g e funn el


,

and p rot ect ed from acid fum es A m m onia was add ed from tim e
.

to tim e a s it w a s found that t h e salt b ecam e acid o n eva p oration


,
.

A ft er eva p oration t h e dish w a s dri ed in an air bath to constant


°
w eight at 2S O F .

S ul ph u ri c A ci d ( 100 P er C en t H 2 8 0 4) I n r evi ewing t h e


.

.

work of P i ck ering (J ou r Chem S oc 1890) it o ccurr ed to u s that


. .
,

it woul d b e p ossibl e to mak e som e pure 100 p er c ent sul p huri c .

a cid an d t hat t h e analysis of this would s erve a s a suitabl e ch eck


,

o n our oth er m ethods . P ick ering h a s shown that t h e c urv e of


t h e m eltin g p oint of sul p huric a cid n ear 1 00 p er cent r each es a .

max imum at 100 p er c ent Th erefore by starting with an a cid


.
,

sli g htly l ess than 100 per c ent and anoth er sli g htly more than
.

1 00 p e r p oint should b e r each ed in r ecrystallizi n g wh en


t h e s u c ces s i ve cr op s of crystals obtain ed from both acids should
sho w t h e sam e per c ent su l p huric acid This w a s actuall y t h e
. .

cas e .

S tarting with 2 lit ers of ch emica ll y p ur e sul p huric acid p ur e ,

redistill ed sul p huric anhydrid e w a s add ed until on analysis t h e , ,

stren g th was p er cen t .T h e bottl e w a s shak en durin g c rys

t a l l i z a t i on so a s to obtain small crystals a n d wh en t h e bottl e


,

w a s half full of crystals t h e moth er liquor was drain ed o ff throu g h


a p orc elain p lat e fitt ed over t h e mouth of t h e bottl e and having
a glass tub e p assi n g throu g h i t s cent er to t h e bottom of t h e bottl e
through which air dri ed with strong sul p huric acid was admitted ,

wh en t h e bottl e w a s invert ed B y drai n ing t h e crystals for


.

s everal hours at a t em p erature slightly above t h e m elti n g p oint ,

t h e moth er liquor w a s en tir ely r em oved T h es e crystals w ere


.

th en m elt ed and r ecrystalliz ed and drain ed as d escrib ed above


,
.

T h e crystals thus cont ain ed w er e m elt ed r ecrystalliz ed and ,

drain ed t h e fi na l cr ysta l s b eing m elte d and k ept in a seal ed


,
C OE F F I C I E N T OF E X P A N S IO N 33

b ottl e unti l ana l yz ed T w ol ite rs of a cid w er e p r ep ared a n a l y z


.
,
a

ing p e r c ent sul p hu r i c


. a c id F ro m th i s t h e sta n
. dard was
p pr e ar e d in e x a c tly t h e sa m e ma n n er as i n t h e c ase of a cid a n a l y z
ing p er cent s u l p hur i c acid
. .

S ul ph ur i c A n h ydr i d e —
A noth er m ethod us ed as a ch eck o n
.

o u r stan dard w as t h e titration of sul p huric acid form ed by t h e

addition of water t o 100 p er cen t sul p huri c an hydrid e To do . .

thi s r equired es pecial care fi rs t t o obtain a sam p l e of s u l p h u ri c



,

anhydrid e fr ee fro m water a hd after O bta in ing it to m i x it w ith


, , ,

water without los s of anhydrid e T h e plan ado p ted was as .

follows
F uming s u l p huric acid contai ni ng 4 0 p er c ent free S 0 3 was .

distil l ed at a l o w tem p eratur e i nto a lo n g n ec k ed flask fitting -

tightly ov er t h e d eliv ery tube of t h e r etort A few crystals of .

potassium perman g anat e w ere add ed to o x idi ze any sul p hur


dio xid e p rese nt T h e first 2 5 c c of t h e dis ti ll ate were r ej ected
. . . .

A bout 2 00 c c w er e distill ed over


. . Th en t h is 200 c c was r edi s
. . .

t il l ed rej ecting t h e first few cubic c en tim ete rs and coll ectin g
,

about 100 c c in a n ordinary distillin g flask to t h e d eliv ery tube


. .
,

of whi ch was seal ed t h e o pen en d of a test tube w hi c h had been -

dr awn ou t in t h e cent er a n d b ent at t h e constricte d p art a l most


, ,

t o a ri g ht a n g l e thus formi n g a r ec eiv er A s soon as t h e distill a


,
.

tion i n to t h e flask was compl ete d t h e n ec k was s eal ed thus ,

maki n g t h e whol e a p p aratus air tight B y warmi n g t h e flas k -


.

°
t o 14 0 F and c ooli n g t h e r ec eiv er about 20 grams of sul p huric
.
,

anhydri d e w er e distill ed ov er into t h e latter whi ch was th en ,

seal ed at t h e c onstri c ted part having a slight vacuum .

s ul ph a n il i c A c i d —
I n looking throu g h t h e lis t of or g anic acids
.

for o n e that would b e suitabl e sul p han il ic a cid was d ecid ed u p o n


,

o n account of its being a mon obasi c acid with a hi g h mol ecular

w eight crystall i zi n g without Water an d dryin g without deco m po


,

sitiou T h e s o call ed c p a cid was rec rystalli z ed thr ee tim es


.
-
. .
,
°
fin ely g round and dri ed in an air bath at 2 30 F to constant
,
.
34 S UL P H U RI C A C I D HA N DB OO K

A N A L S IS Y O F S TA N D A RD S
F or t h e comparison of t h e abov e carefully p r ep ared com p ounds
a s standards 2 lit ers of c p sul p huri c a cid w er e u s ed
. . This acid .

was t est ed for im p uriti es fou n d to b e p ra cti cally free a n d was


, ,

k ep t s eal ed wh en not in u s e i t s per centage com p osition b ein g


,

d et ermin ed as follows :
S o di u m C a r b o n ate ( a ) F iv e g rams of fr eshly ignit ed sodium

.

carbonat e p r ep ar ed a s abov e w er e quickly w ei g h ed out and an


, , ,

amount of standard a cid slightly in ex c ess of t h e amount r equir ed


,

for n eutralization wa s Wei g h ed in a s m all w ei g hing tub e and


wash ed into a flask contai n i n g t h e sodium c arbonat e A fter .

boi l in g for 15 min to ex p el carbon dio xid e t h e ex c ess of Sul phuric


.
,

acid w a s titrat ed with N / 2 sodium hydro x id e usin g p h en ol p h ,

t h a l ei n a s indicator A short st em funn el w a s p lac ed in t h e n eck


.

o f t h e flask to p r ev ent loss whil e boili n g D u p li cat e analys es o f.

t h e standard acid by this m ethod g av e 9 73 3 97 3 5 p er c ent o f —


.

sul p huric acid .

S o dium C arb onate ( b ) F ive g rams sodium carbonat e p r e



.
,
°
p ar ed as abov e by h eatin g a t S 72 E t o co n stant w ei g ht w er e used .
,

in d et ermining t h e stren g th of our standard acid Obs ervin g .

ex actly t h e sam e conditions d escrib ed abov e w e obtai n ed 9 7 4 1 ,


. ,

p er c ent sul
.
p huric a c id .

A m m o n i u m S ul ph a t e T h e ammonium sul p hat e dri ed to con


.

°
stant w eight at 2 30 F a s d escrib ed above was cool ed in a d esic
.
, ,

cator and quickly w ei g h ed .

T h e salt w a s th en dissolved in wat er and t h e sma ll amount of


free acid p r es ent a s indicat ed by m ethy l orange w a s titrat ed
, ,

with N / 3 sodium hydro x id e A dding an equival ent w ei g ht of .

ammonia to t h e w ei g ht abov e gav e p er c ent,


a s t h e str ength .

of t h e su l p huri c acid T h e amount of acid titrat ed was l ess than


.

per c ent ( with m ethyl oran g e a shar p en d p oint is obtain ed )


. .

A du p licat e analysis g av e p er cent of sul p huric acid . .

S u lph u r i c A ci d ( 100 P er C ent H 2 S O 4) A bout 6 g rams of



. .

acid crystalliz ed from


, p er c ent sul p huric acid as d esc.r ibe d ,

abov e, w ere i n tr odu ced i nto t h e bottom o f a sma ll w eigh ed tub e


A N A L YS I S OF S TA N DA RDS 35

by m ean s of a l on g stemm ed dr opping tube m a n i p ul a ted wi th a


-

rubber bu l b T h e g lass sto pper was th en inserted in t h e tube


.
,

t h e whol e w eigh ed aft er which t h e acid was car efull y wash ed


,

into a cass erol e contai n in g cold water and titrated w ith sodium ,

hydro xid e solution usi n g p h enol p hthal ein as in di cator accordi ng


, ,

to t h e m ethod to b e d escribed .

A ssumi ng t hi s a cid to b e 100 per cent sul phur i c acid and usin g .
,

t h e N a OH solution standardiz ed on thi s basis t o d etermi n e t h e


c om p os itio n o f t h e sta n dard acid du p li c ate d ete r m i nations gav e ,

9 7 39
.
p er ce nt sul p huric .a c id A cid c rystalliz e d from .

p er cen t s ul p huri c a c id
. Usin g this standard ex actly as
.

in t h e p r ecedi n g our standard a cid analyz ed


,
per c ent .

s u l p huric a cid .

S ul ph u r i c An h ydr i d e —
T h e tube containi ng t h e su l phur i c a n
.

hydrid e was w eigh ed a n d p la ced in a g lass sto pp er ed bottl e con -

taini n g about 100 c c of water T h e t i p was broken off abov e t h e


. . .

l evel o f t h e water and t h e bo ttl e s eal ed A fter standing in a .

warm p lac e fo r 3 days t h e sul p huri c anhydrid e had distill ed out


,

of t h e tube a n d was ab s orbed by t h e water thus mix in g without ,

any loss of sul p huri c anhydrid e T h e g l as s tub e was dri ed and .

w eigh ed and d edu ctin g this w eight from t h e w ei g ht abov e we


, , ,

hav e t h e w ei g ht o f s u l p huri c a n hydrid e T h e result i ng a cid was .

diluted t o 1 lit er and 300 c c m easur ed w ith t h e divi ding bur ette
. .

were titrated with s odium hydro x id e s olution using p h en ol p h ,

t ha l ei n as indi cator bo il i n g out carbon dio x id e and observin g


,

t h e s am e co n ditio n s as in standar dizing .

A ssumi n g t h e sul p huri c a n hydrid e t o b e abso l ute an d usin g ,

t h e sodium hydro x id e solutio n sta n dardiz ed on this basis to , ,

d etermi n e t h e str en gth o f t h e sta n dard acid it was foun d to b e


.
,

and p er c en t of sul p huri c acid. .

S u l ph a ni l i c A ci d —
Twenty g rams of this ac i d prepar ed as ,

d escribed abov e w ere titrat ed usin g about 9 5 c c of sodi um


, ,
. .

hydro xid e solution p h en ol p hthal ein as i n di cator and O bs er ving


, ,

all conditions as i n standardizi n g with sul p huri c a cid A ssumin g .

t h e a ci d t o b e 100 per cent p ur e, a n d usin g t h e S odium h y dro xid e


.
36 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB O O K
solut i on standardiz ed on this basis to d et ermin e t h e stren g th of
our standard acid it was found to b e p er c ent of sul p huric
,
.

aci d .

R eca p itulation of com p osition of standard sulphuric acid r e


f err ed to all t h e standards em p loyed

S od i aritbdatat h at ta t i ht
um c on e

at dat ta t i ht
( A ) Ig n e l ow r ed e to con s n we g

i t l lhath ri athidd r ar dfr a i li htly


( B )He
°
e 5 72 F . to c on s n we g

d r t l h tri a id r ar fr a id li htly [
Am m on um su p e m e o

1 00 p er om d

rl h ri a hydridt
c en . su p u c c p ep e c s g
un e 100 p er c en .

100 p er c en . su p u c c p ep ed om c s g
o ve 100 p er c en

Su p

Su p l ha ili a id
u

n
c

c
n

c .
e

T he c l os e agr eem ent b etw een t h e abov e standards with o n e ,

ex c eption is only what t h e writ er and his assistants ex


,

p e ct ed p rovid
, ed t h e standards th ems elv es w er e p ur e T h e .

analytical m ethods em p loy ed and to b e d escrib ed yi eld r esults in


ex p eri enc ed hands t hat a r e entir ely in accordanc e with t h e abov e

fi g ur es .

T h e abnorma l r es ul t in t h e cas e O f sodium carbonat e ignit ed ,

at a l o w r ed h eat was investi g at ed as follows :


A bout 2 0 grams of sodium carbonat e w er e h eat ed to consta n t
°
weight at 5 72 F and 1 0 grams us ed for analysis of t h e stand a rd
.
,

a ci d show ed i t to conta i n p e r c ent sul p huri c acid T en . .


38 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
A ft er

rraa a qq i i alal tt
h eatin g to red n ess
m N a 2 0 0 3 a re e u v to rraa s oz

ra
g s en g m s

g m N c o, a re e u v en to g m 11 2 8 0 4

f r hraati a r d q i al t
2

ra
.

9 2 5 03 g m s H 28 0 4

r a dalkali ity a f r
B e o e e ng to e n es s

ms N c u v to m H 28 0 4

q i al t t
g a a re e en g s

In c e se n du e t o N 20 o m ed

E u v en to p er c en . o f

I f t h e (30 2 fo und had b een t h e r esu l td ecom p osition of of

s odium bicarbonat e t h e in creas ed alkalinity w ould have been ,

p er c ent inst ead of p er c ent as found


. . .

By h eat '

2N

r a f
HC 0 3

q
ft rrha ati r d q i al t
3

i al t N a 20 0 3 002
44
H 20 .

ra
ra
g m 00 2 ou n d a r e e u v en t o 0 02 2 8 g
. m N a H C Oa .

f r rha ati r d
A e e ng to e n es s

g ms N a 20 0 3 a re e u v en to 9 2 44 7 g
. m s H 28 0 4

q i alra t ra
B e o e e ng to e n es s

g m s N a 20 0 3 a re

q i al t ra
e u v en to .
g ms

g m N a H C Os a re

e u v en to .
g m

In c
or of
r a dalkalfri ity f rq ati ial t
e se

N a z c o.
'
n

om N
du e t o
a H0 0 3
o

e
m

u v
on

en
. .

to p er c en t . of

I t is thus indi cat ed by this


perim ent that t h e carbo n


ex

diox id e form ed is t h e r esult of d ecom positi on of N a zC O3 into



'

N 8 30 +C 0 3 .
A N A L YS I S OF S T A N DA RDS 39

A sa mp l e of sodium ca rb on a t e p rep a r ed by dry ing t o constant


'

,
°
weight at 5 72 F was h eat ed u n til it had com p l et ely fuse d an d
.
, ,

anal ysis showed an i n creas ed alkalini ty equival ent t o p er

c ent of Carbon dio x id e dis en g ag ed


. .

I f t h e ca l ci u m a n d m a g n esium carbonates present in t h e puri


.

fi ed carbonate w ere en tir ely c onv ert ed i nto o xid es wh en ignited


at low red h eat only p er c ent inc reas e d alkal i nity wou l d b e .

accounted for .

Th es e r esul ts consid ered togeth er with t h e c l ose agr eem ent


,

betw een t h e oth er sta n dards and sod ium carbonate igni ted at
°
5 72 F . a r e v ery c onvi n c in g argum ents i n favor of prep arin g
,

standard sodi u m carbonate in thi s ma n n er .

S ta n da r d A ci d A v era g in g t h e r es ul ts obtai n ed from t h e


.
-

diff erent standards en um erated above ex c ep ting sodium carbon ,

a t e ign i ted t o r edn es s its pe rc enta g e c om p osition was f ound t o b e


,

p er c e n t su l p huri
. c a c id .

Thi s acid or its equival ent was used for standardizing t h e


c austi c soda that was em p loy ed for a l l analyt ica l d eter m in ations

embrac ed in th es e tabl es .

T h e bur ett e us ed was a 100 c c chamber bur ett e grad uated -


. .

from 9 5 100 c c in % 0 c c a n d readabl e t o 5 4 0 0 c c T h e



. . . .
, . .

bur ette was standardiz ed betw een 9 5 a n d 100 by w eighi ng m er


cury d el ivered every c c a n d for 1 c c t h e m erc u ry w as
. .
,
. .

weigh ed every % 0 c c ;t h e readin g s a n d g raduatio n s were foun d


. .

t o b e accurate to M oo c c T h e bur ette was frequ ently cl ean ed


. .

with stro n g s u lphuric a cid s o that it drain ed perfect l y for eac h ,

d eterm i nation .

S t a n da r d S od ium H ydr oxi d e S oluti on This so l ut i on was p re .


-

pared from c p caustic soda p ur i fi ed by baryt a and w a s made


. .
, ,

of su c h str ength that 6 g rams o f standard acid r eq ui r ed 95 — 9 8 c c . .

C austi c soda p urifi ed by al cohol is n ot s ui tabl e for this p u rp ose ,

as it does not drain p ro perly in t h e b u rette but p rod uc es an oil y ,

a p pearance T o sta n dardiz e this solutio n usin g m ethyl orange


.
,

as indi cator about 6 g rams of t h e standard a cid w ere qui ckl y


,

and a cc urately w ei g h ed out di luted with about 400 c c cold di s , . .


40 S P
UL H URIC A C I D HA N DB OO K
till ed wat er a nd 1 c c of a % 0 p er c ent solution of m eth y l orang e
. . .

add ed T h e caustic soda solution was th en run in from t h e 100


.

c c chamb er bur ett e until a few t enths of a cubic c entim et er ex


. .

c ess had b een add ed and aft er 3 min drai n in g t h e bur ette was ,
-
.

r ead S tandard s ul p huri c a cid of stren g th about equival ent t o


.

t h e soda solution was add ed from a bur ett e until a trac e chan g ed
t h e color of t h e solution from yellow to oran g e T h e en d po int .

i s shar p er in titrating from alkalin e to acid than vi ce ver s a .

H 2 S 0 4 tak en H 2 S 0 4 2 d titration
g rams of sul p huric a c id
cc
. . N a OH

equival ent to 1 c c . . sodium hydro x id e solutio n .

A th ermom et er w a s k ep t in t h e standard solution and t h e ,

t em p eratur e at w hi ch t h e solution w a s standardiz ed w a s r e


cord ed and in making a subs equ ent titration at any oth er t em
,

p er a t u re t h e n ec essary corr ection was a pp li ed to t h e r eading .

T h e corr ection for t em p eratur e w a s d et ermin ed with t h e p i c


,

n om et er a s d escrib ed abov e and for 100 c c


, of s olution wa s ,
. .

°
found to b e cc 1 F to b e subtra ct ed wh en t h e t em
. . .
,

p er at u r e was abov e t h e t em p erat ur e of standardizing and add ed ,

wh en b elow .

D u p licat e titrations agreed within c c M ethyl ora n ge . .

was us ed in titrating nitric acid hydro chloric acid and ,

ammonia .

To Standardi z e w i th p h eno l phtha l ein about 6 grams of t h e ,

standard acid w er e ac curat ely w eigh ed o u t a n d p our ed i nto a


cass erol e containing about 2 5 c c of cold wat er all acid b ein g . .
,

rins ed from a small w eighi ng b eak er i nto t h e cass erol e On e .

cubic c entim et er of ph enol p hthal ein solution ( 1 gram p er lit er)


w a s add ed and t h e sodium hydro x id e solution run i n fro m t h e
,

100 c c chamb er bur ett e until within about


-
. . c c of t h e en d . .

point T h e solution w a s th en boil ed for 5 min to r emov e carbon


. .

dio x id e and t h e titration finish ed by cuttin g t h e dro p s from t h e


,

t i p of t h e bur ett e unti l a fraction of a dro p p rodu ced a faint p ink


col or This tint wa s car efu ll y not ed , and a ll analys es run to t h e
.
NI T RIC -
A C I D T A B LE 41

s ame en d po int B y boili n g for ex a ctly 5 min p rovision w a s


. .
,

mad e for uniform draini n g of t h e bur ett e D u p licat e titrations .

ag reed withi n c c . .

Wh i le t h e li mi ts of burette readin g wer e p la ced at cc . .

when m ethyl orange was used and c c for p h enol p hthal ei n,


. .
,

y et as wi ll b e sho wn t h e actual du p l i c at es obtain ed by two m en


, ,

worki n g ind epen d ently averaged m uch closer


D ivi di n g B ur ett e —
T h e divi di n g bur ette referr ed to und er
.

standardizin g with sul p huri c anhydrid e is d esi g n ed for accur ate ly


dividi n g a solution I t co n sists of a bur ette t h e t op of whi ch is
.

drawn to a c a p illary and b ent down ward ;t h e sto p cock of t h e -

bur ette is a thr ee way cock t h e thi rd p assag e b ein g co n n ec ted


-

t o a v ertical tube at t h e t o p of whi ch i s a fu n n el fo r


fi l l ing t h e burette On e a n d 2 l iter flasks with small n ec ks
.
-

were g raduate d by runnin g from t h e burett e a sufficien t nu m ber


o f tim es to fill t h e flask to a p oint in t h e n ec k Thi s p oint w as .

careful ly ch eck ed and in subse quent us e it was always fil l ed


, ,

t o this mark

T h e amount of water d eli ver ed by t h e burette was w eigh ed ,

and t h e weights ch eck ed within g ra m or o f t he ,

weight of on e burette f u ll I n m easurin g out a n equival en t of .

5 grams of a liquid mad e u p to volum e t h e error would b e ,

gram .

T h e tabl es a re d escribed i n t h e ord er in whi c h th ey wer e p r e


pa red during a peri od of n early 3 years .

N IT RI C -
A C ID T A BL E

T he p
c nitr
. i
. c acid em p loy e d was free from nitrous an d hydro
°
chl oric acids and t h e residu e u po n eva p oration at 2 12 F was
, .

t oo small t o a ff ect t h e d etermi nations Thi s a cid was us ed for .

°
a l l sam p l es u p t o 4 3 B é and for t h e str on g er sa m p l es this acid
.
,

was conc entrated by distill in g with p ure g la cial p hos p hori c a cid
a n d po tassium perm angan ate t h e l atter t o p r ev ent t h e formation
,
42 S U P HUL RI C A C I D HA N DB O OK

of nitrous acid p.er c ent nitric a c id w a s t h e strong est.

s am p l e obtainabl e f or abov e this p oint t h e acid contain ed larg e


,

amounts of nitrous a cid .

T h e s p eci fi c g ravity d et er m inations w ere mad e as d es crib ed


-

above and at t h e sam e tim e t h e p i cnom et er was fi ll ed a 6 t o


, ,

8 g ram sam p l e was w ei g h ed in a small w eighi n g tub e having a


-

g rou n d glass sto p p er which p r ev ent ed loss w hi l e w ei g hing and


-

diluting T h e sam p l e w a s dilut ed w ith wat er by r emovin g t h e


.

sto p p er of t h e tub e with a g lass fork whil e imm ers ed in a cass erol e
containing a pp ro x imat ely 4 00 c c of wat er T h e titration w a s . . .

th en mad e usin g m ethyl ora n g e a s indicator obs erving t h econ


, ,

di t i on s d escrib ed in standardizin g .

Al low a nc e f or T em p eratur e —
A ft er d et erminin g t h e s p ecific
.

°
g ravity of t h e di ff er ent str en g ths em p loyed at 6 0 F t h e t em .
,
°
p er a t u r e was rais ed to 70 F and t h e p i cnom et er w ei g h ed ;li ke
.
,
°
wis e at S O F from this data t h e allowa n c e for t em p eratur e
.

w a s ca l cu l at ed and w a s found to b e u n iform for a g iven


,
°
strength of acid A t 4 3 B é t h e d et erminations w ere mad e
. .

° °
from 5 0 to 90 F .

T h e followin g d et erminations w er e mad e and from th es e t h e ,

tabl e wa s calculat ed by int er p olation t h e s p ecific g ravity and ,

corres p ondin g p er centa g e com p osition b ein g cal culat ed to cor


°
r es p ond with ea ch 0 2 5 B é . .

F rom t h e B a u m é t h e corres p ondin g s p ecific gravity w a s ca l cu


lat ed b y t h e f ormula

14 5
Deg r ees B aum e 14 5
S p ecifi c g ravity

T heins tability of 9 6 p er c ent nitric acid i s so gr eat that agr ee .

i n g d et erminations w er e diffi cult to obtain and thos e s el ected .


,

corres p on ded with t h e di ff er entia l of t h e tabl e at this p oint .


N IT RI C -
A CI D TA B L E 43

1 109 5
.
1

1
T h es e d e
s p ec
ti rrai attyi

e

c g
m n

vi
on s

and
a re t he

pe r
a tra r r lt thhiath h k l ithti
ve

c en .
g e of es u
, t h e rec o d
s

of w c
c

h as
ec ed

been
w
os .
n

T he foll o wing wil l show t h e com p arativ e s ens itiven ess of t h e


an alytical d etermi nations s pe ci fi c g ravity d et erminations a n d
,
-

rea ding of a d eli cate B a u m é hydrom eter and thermom eter gradu
°
a te d to 1 F in terms of s pecific gra vi ty :
.
,
LP K
O O
44 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO

H Y D R C HL RI C -
A CID T AB LE

T h e p ur est hydro ch l ori c ac i d obtainab l e was t ested for


c .
p .

free chlorin e sul p huric acid and r esidu e u p on eva p oration at


,
°
2 12 F . Th ere w ere only trac es of im p uriti es which would a ffect ,

t h e d et erminatio n s l ess than t h e errors of mani p ulation .

°
F or t h e sa m p l es abov e 2 2 B é this acid was conc entrat ed by .

distilli n g it into a p ortion cool ed in i ce wat er p er c ent . .

hydro chlori c acid w a s t h e stron g est sam p l e u p on which a s p eci fi c


°
gravity d et ermination could b e obtain ed at 6 0 F A bov e this .

p oi n t bubbl es of gas w er e f orm ed i n t h e picnom et er wh en warm ed


°
to 6 0 F .

T h e s p ec i fic grav i t y and a ll owanc e f or t emperatur e w er e


d et er m i n ed as in t h e cas e of n itri c a cid T h e allowanc e for t em .

p er a t u r e was fou n d to b e uniform f or ea ch str ength of acid ;


° ° °
2 2 B é det em i n a t i on s w er e mad e from 5 0 to 9 0 F
. .

A ft er makin g t h e abov e d et erminations t h e th ermom et er of


t h e p icnom et er w a s withdrawn whil e t h e bottl e was imm ers ed in
about 700 c c of wat er in a larg e cass erol e thus avoidin g loss
. .
,

whil e diluti n g T h e bottl e w a s car efully wash ed ou t and t h e


.

dilut e a cid mad e u p to 2 lit ers in a flask standardiz ed a g ainst t h e


1 00 c c dividi n g bur ett e a n d p ortions of this solution w er e tak en
. .
,

with t h e bur ett e for titration with sodiu m hydro x id e M ethyl .

oran ge w a s us ed a s i n dicator t h e sam e conditions us ed in stand ,

a r di z i n g b ein g clos ely follow ed about 98 c c of sodium hydro x id e , . .

solution b ein g us ed for ea ch d et ermination A sam p l e of hydro .

chlori c a cid w a s analyz ed by p r eci p itatin g with silv er nitrat e and

t h e silv er chlorid e cal culat ed to hydroch l oric acid ch eck ed t h e


r esults obtain ed by titration .

tt tt
By s il ve r c h l id
or e i
B y t t ra t io n

p er c en . H Cl p er c en . HCl
2 9 9 8 p er
. cen . H Cl 3 0 00 p er
. c en . HC]
46 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K
R
S UL P H U I C A C ID T A BLE -

T he c su l phuric acid us ed was


.
p . sp ec i fi c gravi ty was ,

free from hydrochloric and nitric acids and ammonia and gave a
tra ce of r esidu e u p on eva p oration T h e im p uriti es w er e l ess .

than enou g h to a ff ect eith er t h e s p ecific gravity or analytical


d et ermi n ations .

T h e s p eci fi c gravity d et erminations w er e mad e as d escrib ed


-

°
above ex c ep t that in brin g ing t h e t em p erature to 6 0 F t h e
,
.
,

p ic n om e t er was im m e rs ed to t h e n ec k in a b eak e r o f wat e r a few


d eg rees b elow 6 0 F s o that t h e t em p erature ros e s l ow ly b eing
°
.
, ,

t h e sa m e i n sid e and outsid e wh en ca p p ed .

°
T h e allowanc e f o r t em p eratur e for ev ery 10 F b etw een 5 0
°
.

°
and 9 0 F w a s d et ermi n ed at t h e following d egr ees B a u m é
.

6 6 6 3 5 7 5 1 44 3 6 2 9 2 1 12
, , , ,
I t w a s found to b e p ractically
, , , ,
.

unifor m for a g iven stren g th of acid and t h e r esults a r e bas ed on ,


°
a ran g e of 4 0 F t h e tabl e g ivi n g t h e corr ections at ev en d egr ees
.

B a u m é b eing calculat ed from th es e r esults by int erpo lation


,
.

S am p l es w er e tak en from t h e p i cnom et er for analysis and an ,

amou n t of acid w a s w eig h ed ou t each tim e which would r equire


b etw een 9 5 and 100 c c of soda solution With t h e w eak est . . .

sam p l es a mor e dilut e sta n dard soda solution was us ed but t h e ,

same conditio n s a s us ed in standardi z ing with p h en ol p hthal ein


were clos ely obs erv ed i n all cas es .

T h e boilin g p oi n t d et er m i n ations w er e mad e in a 2 00 c c l ong


-
. .

n ecked flask using about 100 c c of a cid in each cas e A c erti


,
. . .

°
fi ed th ermom et er ac curat e t o 1 F w a s sus p end ed in t h e a cid . .

A small p i ec e of p orc elain was p lac ed in t h e bottom of t h e flas k


to facilitat e boilin g T h e flask w a s g radually h eat ed with a fr ee
.

flam e and t h e t emp eratur e record ed wh en bo il i ng was first


p erc ep tibl e .

T h e following d et erminations w er e mad e and from th es e t h e ,

tabl e w a s cal culat ed by int er p olation t h e s p ecific gravity and t h e ,

corr es p ondin g p er centa g e com p osition b ein g calculat ed for each


d eg ree B a um é from O 64 and for each % B é from 6 4 6 6 B é
° ° ° -
°— °
. .
S ULP H URI C A CI D T A
-
BLE 47

F rom t h e B a u m é t h e corr espondin g s pecifi c g ravi t y was c a l cu

14 5
lated by t he formula : D egr ees B a um é 14 5
s p ec i fi c g ravi ty
T h e d eg r ee Twad dl e was c al cul at ed by d ividi n g t h e d eci m a l
p art of t h e s pecific gra vity by .

1 4 66 78
48 S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OOK R

fol l owing wil l show t h e comparativ e sensitiv eness of t h e


T he
a n alytical d et erminations , t h e s p eci fi c g ravity d et erminatio n s .
-

and t h e r eadin g of a d eli cat e B aum ehydro m et er and th ermom eter


°
graduat ed to 1 F in t erms of a s pecific gravity :
.
,

T he followi n g ch emi s ts my assistants aid ed i n t h e p r ep aration

W
, ,

of t he tabl es
. P . KE RN , B S. . N . A L A U R Y, B
. . S .

J . G M E L E N DY, B
. . S . A . J . L OT KA , B . SO
H A R DE E C HA M B L I S S , M . S .
,
PH D . . A . B I G E L OW , B . S .

H B B I S H OP, B S
. . . . A . F . WA Y B S ,
. .

W W . . S A N D ER S , B . S . H P M E RRIAM , P H D
. . . .

T . LYN T O N B R I G G S , F . I C . .
,
F . C S
. .

m erit a s th es e tabl es p oss ess is larg ely du e to th es e gent l e


S uch
m en but mor e es p ecially to M r B isho p who had imm ediate
,
.

c har g e of and p artici p at ed in most of t h e d et erminations and


, ,

who shared with t h e writ er t h e pr ep aration of this p aper .


RI C

RS
N IT A CI D 49

N I TR IC A CID
BY W . C FE
. GU ON
50

NI TR D
S ULP H U I C A CI D H A N DB OO K R
IC A CI —
( Concl uded)

38 5 0 . 5 7 65 .

gp
39 5 0

p g g
.

3 9 75

Sp ec ifi c rav i t y d et er m i n a t i o n s w er e m a d e a t GO F c o m °
a re d wi t h w a t er a t 60 F
°

p
ec ifi c g r a vi t i es t h e co rr es o n d i n d egr ees l l d
.

by
.

F rom t h e s aum é w er e ca c u ate t he

g
f l
ol o w n i gf
or m u l a :
D egr ees
,

Baum é 14 5
5
s p ec rfi c r a vit y
B aum e h yd r o m et er s f or us e i
w th t hi s ta ble m us t b e g d ra u a t ed by the a b ove f or m u l a
w h hf
i c or m u a s l h ld
ou a l w a ys be i
r n t d e on t he s ca e l
,

p
At o m i c i ht fr o m Cla r ke s bl
.

we s F . W .

ta e of 19 0 1 . O 16 .

A LL O W A N CE F O R T E M P ER A T U RE
At °—
10 2 0 °
Bé —
%0 Bé
°
or 000 2 9 s p ifi c gr a vi t y
ec
°
1 F

pp
p
.

ecifi c g r a vi t y
. . .

° ° °
20 3 0 -
B A H—Vi a B é or 00044 s 1 F
ec ifi c gr a vi t y
. . .

°— ° ° °
30 40 Bé —
}é o Bé or s 1 F
p ec ifi c g r a vi t y
. . .

°— ° °
40 48 5 . Bé or . 00084 s 1 F .

A UT H ORI T Y— W C F ER G U S O N
is t a b l e h as b een a ro ved a n d a o t ed a s a b h
. .

Th St a n d a r d the M a n u fa ct u r i n g C i ’

dFI B O W ER
em s t s
As s o ci a t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t es as L M O RG A N
HE N RY H O W A RD A R T H U R W YM
. .
, ,

A N

G R
, .

A . OS E N G A R T E N
. ,

N ew Yo r k M , ay 1 4 , 1 903 . E x ecu t i ve C o m m i tt ee .
H YD OD
R C H LORI C

RS
A CI D 51

H Y RO C H LOR IC A CID
BY W C FE GU O N
. .
52

H Y D R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

RO C H L O R IC CI D K
A —
( C oncl u ded )

r a i t y t r i at
atat r by f l i i rfa riti la r i r r
S p eci fi c g v
°
-
de e m n i r
on s w e a at ar i t h at r e m de 60 F
°
.
,
com p ed w w e

r
60 F .

r a t y
F om t h e s p ec c g v es t h e co fi . es p o n d ng d eg ees B a u m é we e ca l cu

t ht fr A lEark taEMbl ERAT RE


ed t h e o ow n g o m u :
14 5
Deg ees Baum é 14 5
s p ec 1fi c g vi
A om i c w ei g s om F . W . C

e s e of 1 90 1 . O 16 .

A LL W O N C FO RT P U

ER S
° °
10 1 5 B é 0002 g r fo r 1 F

. or Sp . . .

hi t a bl b a r a t a t a ar by
.

° °
15 2 2 B é

. or . 0003 s p g r for 1 F
. . .

t ri h i t ati E RY it ARtat RT R R A
° °
22 25 B é

. or . 00035 S p g r f or 1 F
. . .

A U TH OR I TY F —
GU W C . . ON
T has een oved a n d d o p ed a s S nd d t he M a n u fa c
s e
p p

S ART
C on o f t h e Un ed S

u ng em s s A s s o ci es

rk
.

. B OW ER ,
J As . L . GNM O ,

H N H OW D A HU W YM A N
RO E N G
.
,

A . G . EN ,

N ew Yo , M ay 14 , 1 903 .
S UIZ
P II U TC A CID HA N DB OOK R '
A


y
54

BY W C . . F ER S
S U L P H UR I

GU ON
C A CTD‘

AND

HJ P . T A EROT

i r a i t y d t
at r ifi ra iti r i r r
S p ec fi r iGat i r a at ar i t h at r de
°
ed

y f r la r
c v e e m n on s we e m 60 F .
,
com p w w e

i fi
°
60 F .

F om t h e S p ec c G v es , t he co es p o n d n g d eg ees B a um é we e ca l

ab f r la ifihi hfrfat rityatlarath l alOilayi h itriri l t O al


14 5
Cu l a t ed b t h e f ol l o w m g o mu Deg ees B a um é 14 5
S p ec c G

t i i ht fr t lark ttablt
o ve o m u ,
w c o m u s ou d w be p s n ed on t he sc e .

°
66 Bé . s p ec c g v of V o ( .

°
1 cu . . w e 60 F . we g s 1h a v . .

A om c we g s om F W. . C

e s e of 1 90 1 O . 16 .

H 28 0 4 100 p er cen
P er c en . P er c en
H 2S 0 4 O V
C . F
R
S ULP H U I C A C I D

ER S R DMATE A TP TS
S UL PHU

GU O N AN
R
IC C
A ID

H P
. . T LB O
55

A PP O I X B O ILI N G O I N

it r i tdbyr rh thai ala a y i h l ha th i r ta iti


R S
°
A c ds s on g e n 66 B é . s ou d ve e r pe cen g e co m p os on s

hi tablh i t a iarti d ad itt dd taat t ard y a


de e m ne c em c n l s s .

A UTH ORI T I ES —
W C FE GU ON ;H P T A L B OT

R
. . . . .

T has been d a nd b t he M

E RY R ARA
s e pp o ve an op e as s nu

fa ct u ri n g C em s s

A s s oc o n of t h e Un e S es .

W H OW E B

YSE AART
. .
,

H N H OW D ,

J As L M O G N . .
,

A R TH UR W M N ,

al lat dfr i k ri r lt
A G R O N G EN
. .
,

I I E x ecu t i ve C om m i t t ee .

1
C cu e om P c e ng s

es u s, J ou r: Lon C hem S oc
. . .
,
vol . 5 7, p 3 63
. .
R
S ULPHU R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N DB OOK

IC A CI D —
( Con t i n ued)
S ULPHU IC R R
S ULP H U I C A C I D

C
A I D— ( C on t i n u ed )
57

At
A LL W
°
10 B é
O
. .
A E EM ERAT RE
NC
°
02 9 B é
FO RT

. Ol

.
P
000 2 3 sp
U
.
gr .

° °
At 2O B é 03 6 B é 000 3 4

. . . 01 . sp .
gr .

° °
At 3O B é 03 5 Bé 000 3 9

. . . Ol . sp .
gr .

° °
At 4O B é 03 1 B é 0004 1 sp

. . . 01 . .
gr .

°
At . 02 8 B é . Ol

. 0004 5 sp .
gr .

° °
At 60 é . 02 6 B é . 01

. 000 5 3 sp .
gr .

° °
At 63 B é . . 02 6 B é . or . 000 5 7 sp .
gr .

° °
At 66 B é . . O2 3 5 B é . or . 0005 4 sp .
gr .

'

59

- C

al at dfr i k ri r lt
cul e om P c e

ng s es u s ,
J ou r . Lo n C hem S
. . oc .
, vol . 5 7, p 3 6 3
. .
R
R D
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

S ULPHU IC CI
K
A —
( Con cl u ded )

D egr ees P er c en t
dd l
.

Twa e H 280 4 in 1 cu . ft .
S ULP H U I C A CI D R
D
A CI — ( Concl ud ed )
59

P er ce n t . P er cen t .

+ 12 6
60 R
S ULP H U I C A CI D H A N DB OO K
R
S UL P H U I C A CID

94 100 p er

c ent H 2S 0 4
.
1

H . B . B I SHOP

T he acid us ed in thi s tabl e wa s pr ep ar ed fro m c p 9 5 p er c en t . . .

sul p huric acid which w a s str ength en ed to 100 p er cent by t h e


, .

additio n of fumin g a cid mad e by di stilling fumi n g s ul p huri c acid


( 70 p er cent fr ee S 0 3 ) into a p ortion of 9 5 per c ent c p acid .

. . . .
.

T h e fina l a cid w a s t est ed for i m p uriti es ;r esidu e u p on eva p ora


tion chlori n e nit er and sul p hur diox id e
, , p er c ent ) which .

was l ess than t h e s ensitiv en ess of t h e d et er m i n ation .

T h e analytica l a n d s p eci fi c g ravity d et ermi n atio n s and t h e


-

all owa n ce for t em p eratur e w er e mad e in t h e sam e man n er and ,

with t h e sam e a ccuracy as i n t h e sul p huric a cid tabl e ado p ted -

by t h e M anufacturin g C h emists A ssociatio n t h e s p ecifi c g ravity



,

and p er c ent H 2 S O4 b ei n g tak


. en a s sta n dard .

T h e a ctual d et ermi nations w er e mad e W ithin a few hu n dredths


of a p er cen t of t h e p oi n ts g iv en in t h e tabl e t h e ev en perc enta g e
.
,

b eing calculat ed by int er p olation .

A ll o w a n c e f o r p
tt
t em er a t u r e

tt
1 F
°
At 9 4 p er cen . sp .
gr . .

°
At 96 p er c en . sp .
gr . 1 F .

°
At p er cen . sp .
gr . 1 F .

°
A t 100 p er cen . sp .
gr . 1 F .

1
W W . . SC O TT ta ar th d h i al aly i
: S nd d M e o s of C em c An s s, 1 9 17 .
S ULP H UR

°
O Bé
S ULPHU
.

R tD
I C A CI D HA N DB OO K

100 p er
IC
cen
A CI
. H 2S 0 4
°
O Bé
S ULPHU
.

R tD
R
S ULP H U I C A C I D

100 p er
IC
cen
A CI
. B 280 4
63
S UL P H UR

D K
t
I C A C I D H A N DB OO

S U LP H UR IC A CI
°
O Bé .

100 p er c en . H g S O 4— ( Con t i n u ed)
°
0 Bé .

S ULPHU
100 p er c en
Rt D
.
R
S UL P H U I C A C I D

IC A
H g s OI
CI

( Con t i n ued)
65
R
S ULPHU Rt D K
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

IC A CI
H z S O I — ( Con cl ud ed )
°
O Bé p e r c en .
R MATE P TS
S ULP H UIiCI C A C I D 67

g
A PP O I
X B O ILI N G O I N

De r ees Baumé

O
A LL W A E EM ERAT RE
NC F ORT P U

9 6 per
per
C en tt
c en
. s
.
og
'

H aS O. .
68 R
S ULPHU R D
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

IC
K A CI 1

°— °
50 62 Bé .

t h e va l
T he val
u es
u es
for
d r r
for t h e even
t h e ten s of a
t a k
eg f r
th d r l l t d l t r
ees di t
we a
eg ee ca cu a e
bl
e en
by
om t he p
rpo a
In t e
ece n
i on .
g e and
R
S ULPHU

R D K
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

IC A CI
°— °
50 62 Bé .

( Con cl u ded )
F UM I N G S UL P H URI C A CI D 71

C lear c
FUM I N G
T .
S UL P H U I C A C ID
J . S ULLIV
R
A
omm er cial a c id w a s use d in all a n alyti c al s pecifi c grav
N
,

ity and co effi ci en t o f exp an s ion ( al lowan ce for te m p eratur e)

S pe ci fi c g ravity
-
d eter m in atio n s were mad e at co m

p ar e d w i th water at a S artorius hydros tatic s peci fi c


gra vity balan ce bein g used fo r all d etermi n atio n s T hr ee sep a .


rate sam p l es at ea c h g iven p oi n t ag reed on a ll d eterminations .

T h e s pe ci fi c g ravity of 100 p er cent H 2 8 0 4 ( H B B isho p ) . . .

was tak en as stan dard .

This tabl e was co ns tru c te d as a m eans of obtaini n g qui ck


analysis for p la n t co n trol a n d is v ery satisfa c to ry as fumi n g a cid
may b e ch eck ed withi n p e r c ent S O 3 o f t h e titration.analys i s .

E P TS p g
S l i g ht d eviatio n s may b e du e t o im p uriti es always p r esent in

FI X D OI N
S ec i fic i y
—83 9
ra v t


t

I 1
I 84 8
H 85 3

— 8 65

-
r .

I . 8 77


88 7
A

i
-

900
t

- 9 11
—9 2 2
I

f .

b
- . 9 34

h
- . 9 42

95 8

tt rr
-
h

tt r
FO

A t 82 p e r c en . S O; p e r deg ee C .

83 pe r S O; p er d eg C

tt rr
ce n . ee .

84 p e r cen . S O; I
I

p e r deg ee C .

85 pe r S O, I p e r deg r ee C

t r
cen . .

86 pe r cen . S O; I p er deg ee C .

8 7 per cen . S O3 I p e r deg ee C .

88 pe r cen . S03 I pe r deg ee C .


K
M R D
72 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

F U ING S ULPHU IC A CI

1 18 .

1 18 .

1 18 .

1 18 .

1 18 .

H 908
. 1 19 .

H 9 10
. 1 19 .

H 9 12
. 1 19 .

H 9 14
. 1 19 .

H 9 16
. 1 19 .

H 9 18
. 1 19 .

H 920
. 1 19 . 102 3 9
H 92 2
.

H 9 24
. 12 0 .

H OoO
?
C t 12 0 .

H 12 0 .

H 12 0 .

H 12 0 .

H 12 0 .

H 12 0 .

H 12 0 .

H 12 1

ry taatl iz dat
.

H 12 1 .

H 95 8 12 2

at
. .

C s e 15 .

°
18 O .

°
35 C

id trhyi tatlrizatith tlayrtr ai a ildti lidi ittharriliy h t lrad


.

t r ai ta tat
Ac of in
1
s s en g on em ns so u on m o m en w en coo e
°
t o 18 C . C s on s s and t he c so fi es w s e of em pe
°
u re a n d em n s c on s n 26 C .
R D
F UM I N G S ULP H URI C A CI D 73

S p ec i ra ity at ari t rat r r


fi c g v
FU M I N G S ULPH U IC
v ou s em pe
A CI
u es — d eg ee s C .
K
M t fr R iDt
S ULP H U RI C A C I D H A N DB OO

F U IN G S ULP H U IC A CI
P er c en . ee S O;
, as un s
Rit D
F UM I N G S ULP H URIC A CI D 75

P er cen t fr
FU

.
MI N G S ULP HU I C A C I
ee $0 3 as u n s— ( C oncl u ded )
K
M t t tal R iDt
R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

FU IN G S ULPHU IC A CI
P er cen . o S0 3 as un s

1 02 17
.
K
Mt t tal Rit D
R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

FU ING S ULPHU IC A CI
P er cen . o S03 as un s— ( C on c l u ded )
R D
F UM I N G S ULPH URIC A CI D 79

E q i al t t t i
u v en
FU
per
MI N G S ULPHU IC
c en . 100 p er cen
A
.
CI
H2S 0 4 a s un ts
M R D K R
S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

q i al t t t it

F U ING S ULPHU IC A CI
E u v en p er c en . 100 p er c en . s O4 as u n s— ( Con ti n u ed)
M R D
q i al t t t it
S P E CI F I C O RA V I T Y TE S T 81
-

FU I NG S ULPHU IC A CI
E u v en p er cen . 1 00 p e r cen . s O4 as un s— ( C on cl ud ed )

S P E C IF I C G R
-
A VI T Y

J S ULLIV N
T . .
TE S T
p er c en tA
S UL P H UR
.
I C A CID

80 3

On a c count o f t h e irreg ular s p ecific gravity o f sul p huri c a c id .

betw een and per cen t 8 0 3 s pe cifi c gravity ca n n ot b e


.

use d for d et ermi ning t h e stren gth T h e p rinci p l e of this tabl e


.

is t o dilute su c h a cids to a stren g th wh ere s p ecific g ravity may


b e used . T h e tabl e is ex tend ed t o per cen t S O3 whi ch is .

very conveni ent for p lant u s e S trengths .


p er cent S O3 or , .

over may again b e d et ermi n ed by using d i rect s peci fi c g ravity -

readin g s Ov er
.
pe r c ent S 0 3 t h e di l ution t est cannot b e
.

6
82 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
us ed with a c Ira cy as t h e sudd en evolution of h eat u p on mix in g
with wat er c aus es t h e solution to s p lash about and som e th ere ,

fore may b e lost


,
.

T h e tabl e is c alculat ed for mi x ing equal volum es of water a n d


°
acid at 15 5 6 O T h e following formula is us ed :
. .

°
Let A d ensity of wat er at 15 5 6 O . .

B s p eC I fi c gravi ty of a cI d ° C °

15 5 6
.

C wei g ht of S 0 3 in B
D p er centag e S O3 in mi x tur e
E s p ecific gravity of mix tur e corres p o n din g to D

1 00 C
A B
T he t emperature allowanc e for each d egr ee C entigrad e is
s p ecific gravity I f t h e s p ecific gravity of t h e diluted
.

solution i s obs erv ed at any of t h e followi n g giv en t em p eratures ,


°
abov e 15 5 6 C add b elow d educt t h e corr es p o n din g s p eci fi c
. .

, ,

g ravity corr ection Th en consult t h e tabl e und er t h e ca p tion


.


S p ecific g ravity o f t h e dilut ed solution for t h e valu e of t h e

p g
corr ec t ed s p ecifi c gravity .

S ec ifi c r a v t i y
co r r ec t I o n
S P E CIFI C G
-
RA V I T Y TE S T
84 .
R
S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB O O K
T w o hundr ed cubic c entim et ers of ac i d at 15 5 6 O and 2 00 c
°
. . . c .

°
of wat er at 1 5 5 6 O a re a conv eni ent amount to m i x
. . .

Obtain t h e t em p eratur e of both t h e acid a nd wat er I f t h ey .

°
vary from 1 5 5 6 O u s e t h e a m ounts g iven b elow for t h e various
. .

t em p eratures cal culat ed a s follows :


,

2 00 ( s p eci fi c at ity
'

g ra v
°
s p ecifi c g rav i ty at t C .

E xa m p l e
. sam p l e of acid i s drawn fro m a stora g e ta n k a n d

A
°
t h e t em p eratur e i s found to b e 3 D C .

T h e t em p eratur e of t h e wat er to b e us ed i s
A ft er consulting t h e p recedi n g tabl es to asc ertai n t h e amou n ts
to u s e for thos e t em p eratur es c c acid and ,
c c wat er . . . .

a r e mi x ed and t h e m i x tur e th en c ool ed .

T h e s p ecific g ravity of t h e mi x tur e is fou n d to b e and


°
t h e t em p eratur e at t h e tim e of i t s d et er m ination 2 0
°
T h e corr es p onding s p ecific gravity corr ection at 2 0 i s

p er ce nt S O3 corr es p onds to
. s p ecifi c g ravity .
K
R D
86 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO

P er ce n t . H 2 80 4 co r i r ta
S ULPHU IC
es p o n d n g
A
to
CI
e ven pe c en g es S 0 3

A C I D C A L C ULA T I O N S , US E
M A T IN G
O F S P E CIF IC G -

S T O C KS , E T C
RA VI T Y
.
T A B LE S , E S T I

C orr ection for t emperatu re m ust b e m


ad e wh en
t h e s p ecific gravity A s an ex am p l e illustrating t h e
.

t h e s p eci fi c gravity tabl es may b e p u t : su p p os e it is r equir ed t o


-
A C I D C A L C UL A T I O NS 87

cal c u l ate t h e numb er of p oun ds of 5 0 B é sul p huri c aci d in a °


. .

stora g e tank t h e fo l lowi n g data being gi ven


,
:

C alcul atin g t h e volum e in t h e tank w e find 2 100 cu ft at a . .

°
tem peratur e of 3 8 C .

A sam p l e tak en from t h e tan k and spec ifi c gravity d eter m i n ed


° °
in t h e laboratory shows 5 6 88 B é at 3 3 C . C orr ection must b e
. .

mad e for tem peratur e in ord er t o redu ce it t o t h e t em


t f or which t h tabl s co structe d
e
p er a ur e e a r e n :

33 di ff eren ce

F rom t h e tab l e und er t h e ca p tion temperatur e A ll owanc e for


it is s een that t h e all owa n c e for 6O B é is 0 04 7 B é for each de
° °
. . .

° °
g r ee C en ti g rad e and that t h e corr ec tion f o r 5 0 B é is 0 05 0 B é . . .

A s t h e acid in qu estion is about m i d w a v betw ee n th ese p o ints ,

t h e allowan ce for ea ch d eg r ee C enti g rad e Is v ery n ear l y 0 04 8 B é


°
. .

T h e corr e tion for t em perature i s


'

°
X O 84 B é
. .

and as t h e standard tem peratur e is l ower than


, t he
tem perat u r e at whi ch t h e B a u m é of t h e sa m p l e was taken thi s ,

amou n t mu s t b e add ed .

°
T h e B a u m é of t h e acid at 1 5 5 6 O is th en . .
, ,

°
5 7 72 B é
. .

°
T h e B aum e of t h e a cid at 38 C .
, t he te m peratur e of t h e acid
in t he tank is cal cu lated
, ,

38 di ff erenc e
°
X 1 08 B é. .

and as t he d ensity of t he a cid is lowered as t he tem perature is

° °
5 6 64 B é . . at 38 C .
88 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
T heasi est way to obtain t h e s p ecifi c
e g ravity corr espondin g
to this d eg ree B a u m é is by i n t er p olati n g t he g iv en data :
°
5 7 Bé 1 6 4 7 7 S p eci fi c gravity
°

. .

°
5 6 Bé . s p ecific gravit y
di ff er enc e
°
0 06 4 B é
. . diff erenc e
X
s p ecifi c gravity corr es p ond
°
ing to 5 6 64 B é .

Th en as 2 100 cu ft . . a re in t he tank ,
t h e p ounds a re

°
2 100 X X lb . 5 7 72 B é
. .

If it °
is
r equired to calculat e this acid on a 5 O B é basis t h e .
,
° °
p ounds of 5 0 B é corres p ondi n g to 5 7 72 B é is easily found by
. . .

int erpo l ating from t h e tabl e .

° °
5 8 Bé .
p er c ent . 5 0 Bé .

° °
5 7 Bé .
p er c ent . 5OBé .

°
p er cent . 5 O Bé
di ff erenc e .

°
O 72 B é differ enc e
. .

X
°
1 17 c ent 5 O B é acid
p er . . cor
°
r es p onding to 5 7 72 B é acid . .

°
X lb of 5 O B é . .

I f it i s r equired to cal culat e on a p ounds S 0 3 basis , t he


°
centa g e S O3 in 5 7 72 B é . . a cid is c alculat ed from t he
int erpolation .

°
5 8 Bé .
p er c e nt S 0 3 .

°
5 7 Bé .
p er cent S 0 3 .

di ff eren ce
X
°
p er ce nt S 0 3 corr es p onding to 5 7 72
. . Bé .

X lb 8 0 3 . .
90 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

E xa m p l e 2 .

H ow many pounds of c ent S 0 3 and how
per .

many p ounds of p er c ent S 0 3


. must b e mi x ed to obtain
l b of
.
p er c ent S 0 3 ?
.

X 5 5 , 74 6 1b .

Y lb .

X Y 70, 000 1b .

3 D ilutio n of a D efi n i t e A m oun t of a S tr o n g er S oluti o n , t h u s


.

P ro duc i ng a G r eater A m o un t of a m ore Dil ute S oluti o n .

quantity o f di l ut i ng so l ution that must be add ed


strength of so l ution to b e dilut ed
str ength of d esired solution
stren g th of diluting solution
quantity of solution to b e diluted
total quantity o f corr ected solution
D(A B)
B C

E xa m p l e 3 . Ho w many p ounds

of a per c ent S 0 3 mus t.

be add ed to l b of .
per c ent . 8 0 3 130 mak e a whol e of .

p er c ent S 0 3 ?

X X
.

lb .
p er cent .

D lb .
per cent .

C alcu l ating t h e sa me am p l e by ratios where X


ex t he ,

amount of diluting solution that must b e add ed .

E x am p l es 1 and 2 S how lb of p er c ent S 0 3 m ust


. .

b e mi x ed with lb o f p er c ent.S 0 3 to mak e a whol e .

of p e r c ent : S Os .
D I L UT I O N O
A N D C N CE N T RA T I O N 91

X
T h erefor e we have t h e ratio
14 , 2 5 4 : 5 5 , 74 6 :: X : 70, 000
1 7 , 899 l b s . 6 0 7 pe r
. cen t that must
. be add ed .

4 . C o n c en tr a ti on of a D efin ite A m o u nt of a W ea k er S oluti o n ,

t h u s P r od u ci n g G reater Am o u n t of a M or e C o n cen tr a t ed

X
a

qua ntity of strength en ing solution that mus t b e


ad d ed
A str en gth of strength eni n g solution
B str en gth of d esir ed solution

XX
C str en gt h of solutio n to b e correc ted
-

D quantity of solution t o b e correct ed


D total quantity o f corrected solution
D(B C)
A B

E xa m p l e 4 .
-
H ow many p ou n ds of p er nt S O3 must b e
ce .

add ed to lb of
.
p er ce nt . S 0 3 to mak e a whol e of
p er ce nt . S03?

X
D X

This may also b e cal culated by ratio wh ere


of strength enin g solutio n that must b e add ed
t h e amount ,

.
X
E x am p l es 1 and 2 show lb of p er c ent S O3 must . .

b e mi x ed with lb of per c ent S 0 3 to mak e a whol e


. .

X
of p er c ent S 0 3 . .

X
Th erefore w e have t h e ratio

lb .
p e r ce nt that must
. be add ed .

5 . R ecta n gl e M for D iluti on an d C on cen t ra ti o n of S ul


et h od

ph ur i c A ci d to F or m S olu ti o s of any D esi r ed S t r engt h T he


n —

figur es ex p r ess in g t h e strengths of t h e two solutions a r e writt en


in t h e two l eft hand corn ers of a rectangl e, and t h e figure ex pr ess
-
92 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

i ng t h e d esired str ength i s p lac ed on t h e int ers ection of t h e two


dia g onals of this r ectan g l e .

N o w subtra ct t h e figur es on t h e dia g onals t h e sma ll er from


.

t h e lar g er a n d writ e t h e r esult at t h e oth er en d of t h e r es p ectiv e


,

dia g o n al Th es e fi g ur es th en i n dicat e W hat quantiti es of t h e


.

solutio n whos e str en g th i s given o n t h e oth er en d of t h e r es p ective .

h orizo n tal lin e must b e tak en to obtain a solution of t h e d esired


,

s tr en g th .

E xa m p l e 5 To mak e a 6 5 p er cen t S 0 3 acid by m ix ing an 80


.

.

p e r c e n t.S O 3 and a 6 0 p er c ent S O3 a cid w e r


p pe
. ar e t h e above .

fi g ur e whi c h i n di cates that w e hav e to tak e 5 p arts by w ei g ht


o f t h e 8 0 p er c ent a cid a n d 15 p arts by w ei g ht o f 60 p er c ent
. .

a cid to obtai n 2 0 p arts ( 5 1 5 ) of t h e 6 5 p er cen t acid . .

Or 95 0 p arts of an 80 p er cent S O3 a n d 1 95 0 p arts of a 6 0 .

p er c en t S O3 will if mi x ed g ive 1 p art o f a 6 5 p er cent S Oa


.
, ,
. .

S u p p os e it i s d esir ed to m i x 5 00 lb P ro ceed as follows.

5 00 X 96 0 1 2 5 lb 80 p er cent S O3 . .

5 00 X 96 0
1 3 75 lb 6 0 p er c ent S Os . .

5 00

S u p p os e
it i s r equired to know how m uch 6 0 p er cent S 0 3 must .

b e add ed t o 5 00 lb 80 p er c ent S O3 to mak e a whol e of 6 5 p er


. .

cent S 0 3
. .

P ro ceed a s follows :
5 00
5 00 15 00 lb . 6 0 p er ce nt . S O3

Or 1
% X 5 00 1 5 00

r equir ed to k n ow how mu ch 80 p er cent S 0 3 must


S u p p os e it i s .

b e add ed to 5 00 lb 60 p er c ent S Os to mak e a whol e of 6 5 p er


. .

c ent S 0 3
. .
94 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

In us i ng th i s m ethod i t must a l so b e assum ed that both acids


us ed in mi xing a re unl ess t h e co effi ci ents of ex pansion
b e c al culat ed fo r di ffer en ces in t em p eratur e This h owev er is .
, ,

abl i i l h i i
unn ecessary a s v ery accurat e r esults may b e obtain ed without

i i r ta by arli tr arthi tr tr a tihd i th


t his calculation .

°
T e f or M x ng 5 9 Bé 1
Su p ur c Ac d

t tg
.

G v ng pe c en ge ( vo u m e ) of v ou s s en g s wea k a ci d to us e w
v ou s s en g s s on g c

H gS O
°
5 9 Bé .
p er c en . S Os p er cen .

P er ce n t . 80 3 i n s t r on ac id

m on
1
a i
s on
abl hi t r
s

cco u n
i
th a t hl rfr zi i t
It i s dv t ad d rei
of
i t
to s p
i t s m uc
or s o e

ow e
59
°

ee
ns e

ng po n
of

.
60
°
u ng t he w n er
O O O
a l l h r i i
DI L UT I N AN D C N CE N T RA T I N 95

i i r ta by arli tr art i tr tr tih M i xi n g


i th
°
T b e f or G0 B é . Su p u c A c d'

t t
G v n g pe cen ge ( vo u m e ) o f v ous s en g s wea k a ci d to use w
hs d

g
v ou s s en g s on g ac

°
60 Bé .
p er c en . S03 pe r cen . H 28 0 4

P er c en t . in s t ro n ac id
RI C B OO
abl i i ltr h trhi r i
96 S UL P H U A CI D H A N D K

i i r ta by arl i tr artih M 66 B é

aka i t th
°
T e f or x ng . Su p u c Ac d

t
G v n g p e c en ge ( vo u m e ) o f v ou s s en g s s t o n g a ci d to use W i

g
v ou s s en g s we c

°
66 Bé .
p er c en . S0 3 p er c en . H eS O

P er c en t . 80 3 in s t ron ac id

O OO
F RM A T I N F M IXT URES OO O O
F S ULP H U I C A N D N I T R RI C A CID S O F

all i i
D E F I N IT E C MP S IT I N

(So -
c ed M xe d A c ds

M i x ed acid is
a com m er cial t erm g en erally m eanin g a m i x ,

tur e o f nitri c and sul p huri c a cids S u ch mix tur es a r e ex t ensiv ely .

us ed i n manufa c turin g p ro cess es On a ccount of t h e r elativ e .

hi g h cost of conc en trat ed nitri c a cid c om p ar ed with that of t h e ,

dilut e a cid t h e con centrat ed acid i s dilut ed with a w eak s olutio n


,

o f t h e a c id inst ead of with wat er using a mini m um


, ,

c o n cen trat ed a n d a ma x i m um quantity o f dilut e nitric a ci d .

Wat er a s su ch i s s eldom us ed
, , .

E xa m p l e 1 C al cul at e t h e quan titi es of acids n ec ess a ry to


.
-
OOR B

add tt
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D K

t f taik l h ri a i a i i hi h
H N O, ( as p er c en . H N Oa )
H zS OI ( a dd as p er c en .s O4 a n d as 2 0 p er
c en . um ng su p u c c d m n m um of w c

is t o be en )

T he tank in whi ch t h e acid i s to b e mix ed alr eady c ontains


lb of t h e r emains of a p r evious m i x of t h e com p osition :
.

P er ce n t .

S ol u ti on .

x E N G3 cal l ed for
x H 2 S 0 4 call ed for
x H20 call ed for
x H N 0 3 in tank
x H 2 80 4 in tank
x H20 in ta n k
Thus we hav e :
R equir ed lb H 2 S 0 4 lb H N 0 3
. lb H 2 0 . .

I n tank 14 3
'

To b e add ed : lb H 2 80 4 lb H N O3
. l h H20 . .

I f t h e att em p t w er e mad e to calculat e t h e w eights o f acid t o


add by t h e pr evious m ethod it woul d b e s een that t h e m eth od
,
'

woul d not work a s too much wat er would b e add ed with t h e


sul p huric acid and h en c e a nitri c a cid stron g er than
, , p er
c ent H N 0 3 woul d hav e t o b e us ed t o c om p l et e t h e m i x ;h enc e
.
,

fumi n g sul p huri c a cid will hav e to b e em p loy ed .

Thus :
lb c ent H g S O4
.
p er .

35 1 lb H 2 0 add ed with t h e
.
p er c ent .

H 2 80 4
35 1 lb . H zO r emaining
FO M A R T I ON OF M I X T URES 99

A d din g t hi s wat er with t h e nitri c a cid woul d cal l for a stron g er


nitri c a cid than p er c en t H N O s as is s ee n.from t h e followi n g :
,

lb H N O;; a n d H 2 0 still t o add


.

X 1 00 p er c en t H N Os r equir ed t o co m
.

p l et e t h e m i x .

G oin gb ac k t o t h e orig inal fi g ur es after thi s p r elim in ary ca l c u


lation w hi ch has shown t h e n ec essity of usin g fumin g sul p hur i c
a cid ;first cal cul atin g t h e w eight of nitric a cid t o b e add ed :
7

116 9 4 5 p er cent H N O3 to a dd .

lb E 2 0 add ed with t h e
.
p er c ent .

HN 0 3
B ut t he m i x o nl y
ls for
c al lb of wat er h enc e .
,

2 2 3 lb H 2 0 will b e ad d ed in ex cess
. This .

wa t er must b e tak en u p with fumin g s ul p huric a cid N o w t o .

t h e acid alr eady in t h e tank t h e followin g quantiti es of acid must


b e add ed :
H 280 4 lb 100 p er cent s O4 . .

E N Os l b 1 00 p er c en t E N O3 . .

H eO lb 100 p er c ent H 2 0 . .

I n ad ding lb of. c ent H N 0 3 th er e r emain only


p er .

lb of sul p huric acid t o ad d To


. .

adj ust p ro p ortions a n d n o t add mor e a cid than call ed fo r is don e


by ad di n g fum in g sul p huri c a cid whi c h tak es u p t h e water from
t h e ni tric acid . T h e p er cen t ag e str en g th of t h e sul p huric a c id
r equisi te is
X 1 00 p e r cent H zS O .
,

T h e perc entag e of S 0 3 in p e r c ent H 2 S 0 4 is X .

p er c ent .

In p er ce n t .H aS O4 t h e p e rc e n tag e of S 0 3 is X
p er ce nt .

I n 2 0 p er c ent fuming s ul p huric acid t h e p erc entag e o f S 0 3 i s


.

( 1 00 2 0 ) 2 0 p e r c en t .
1 00 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N D B OO K

Th en to mak e
,
lb of . c ent H 2 S 0 4 from
p er .

p er c ent fuming.and p er c ent H g S O4 r equir e :


.

lb . 2 0 p er
cent fuming sul p huric a cid
.
,

lb .
p er c ent H 2S 0 4 .

S o, to mak e t he m ix, add to t he a cid a l r eady in t h e tan k


HN 0 3 lb .
p er c ent .

H2S 0 4 lb .
p er c en t .

H 2S 0 4 lb c ent

W
.
p er .

T he amount o f 2 0 p er c ent fumi n g to u s e may b e calculated by.

anoth er m ethod h er e it is fou n d that 22 3 lb of H 2 0 will b e


. .

add ed in ex cess calculat e h o w many pounds of 2 0 p er c ent will


, .

b e n ec essary to tak e u p this wat er .

X 22 3 9 9 1 lb fr ee S 0 3 and t h is is contain ed in
.

lb 2 0 p er c ent
. .

2 0 p er c ent fumi n g sul p huric a cid is equival ent t o


.
p er
c ent 1 00 p er cent H QS O4
. . .

T h e addition of th es e lb 2 0 p er cen t corr es po nds to an . .

addition of
X lb of 100 p er c ent H 2 S 0 4 . .

l b of 100 p er cent H 2 S O4 that a r e


. .

y et to b e add ed .

N ow cal culat e how mu ch 2 0 p er cent f u m In g and p er .

c ent H 280 4 will b e r equir ed to p r ep ar e this


. lb 100 p er .

c ent H zS OI
. .

E xa m p l e 3 —
I t i s fr equ ently d esir ed to pr epar e a m i x from
.

a mix ed acid alr eady on hand by addin g to it t h e r equisit e


amounts of sulphuri c and nitric a cid t o brin g it u p to t h e d esir ed
“ ”
c onc entration Thus it may b e r equir ed to fortify a spent
.

mix ed a cid or it may b e that aft er addi n g t h e cal c ulat ed amounts


,

of in g r edi ents t o mak e a bat ch o f mi x ed a cid that t h e mix ed ac i d

r esulting do es not analyz e u p to s p ecifications I t must th en .

b e adj ust ed b y a f urth er addition o f t h e d efici ent constitu ent .


S ULP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K

T h pi é i
gff
o i e W h av et h
e
:

e fUl l o w i n g quatio n s
e

( 1) x ( 0.6 0 1 2 ) y ( 0 97 5
.
) 6 00 lb H 2 S 0 4
.

( )
2 x ( 0.2 02 3 ) z ( 0 905 )
. 2 25 lb H N 0 3
.

( )
3 x ( 0.1 9 6 5 ) y ( 0 02 5 )
. z (0 9 05 )
. 1 75 16 H zo
y ( 00
6 x ( 0 6 1 6
. 6 2 )
z ( 22 5 x ( 0 22
. 35 4 )

S ubstituting th es e two e quations in e quation we obtain


0 19 6 5 x
. 0 015 4 2 x
. 0 02 12 4x
. 175
0 15 9 84 x
. 13 6 .

x lb of. t he mix ed a cid on hand to tak e .

S ubstitutin g in equation
y ( 6 00 lb of .
p er ce nt H 2 8 0 4
.

to tak e .

S ubstitutin g in equation
z ( 22 5 lb . of p er cent H N 0 3
.

to tak e .

i da i t
Th er efor e for ea ch 1 000 lb . of t he d esir ed mi x tur e us e

t
M xe c d
:
p er c en . H 2S O
p er cen . H N O,

T he ratios of th es e val u es may b e us ed eith er to p r ep a r e a .

d efinit e amount of mix ed acid or to corr ec t a d efinite amou n t of .


s p ent acid K nowin g t h e ratios p er
. lb t h e quantiti es .

r equisit e for any w ei g ht of a cid a r e r eadil y c alculated .

“ ”
M elting point i s und erstood to b e t h e t em p eratur e to
which t h e m ercury of t h e th ermom et er di p ping into t h e s olidify ,

ing liquid ris es and at which it r em ains constant


,
.

I t shoul d b e notic ed that lar g e quantiti es of fuming a cid su ch ,

a s ex ists in trans p ortation v ess els fr equ ently do n o t ,

a cc or d with t h e g iv en data ,
ME L P TI N G OI N T S OF S UL H U I C A CI D P R 103

storag e a s eparation often tak es pla ce in t h e a cid c rysta l s of a ,


'

di ffer ent COn cen t r a t i on b ein g form ed , whi ch , of COu rs e po s seeea ,

corr es p ondin g ly diff er en t m eltin g p oi n t .

T h e figur es giv en in p ar enth es es s i g n ify t h e m eltin g p oints of


fr eshl y mad e f umi n g acid whi c h has not po lym eriz ed
B O ILI N G O I N P TS R D
,

(Lu n g e B er ,
, S ULPHU
. 1 1 , 3 7 0)
IC A CI
.

1 00 p e r c en t b b il at O ri
. eg i n s

M E LT I N G P OI N
to o

TS
2 90

F
°
and s es

S UL P H U I C A CID
t o 338

R
°
(M ari a gn c ) .

K n i et s ch (B er .
,
1 9 01 , p . 4 100) g iv es t h e followin g m eltin g
p oin ts of sul p huric acid non fumin g and fumin g from 1 to 100

lhy tat f zi i t l ih rti a i afr z a i t


-

p er c ent S Os . .

a t t t tala lti i t i t l r ra ally at t r i atb i i


N OT E .
— M e i ng and ree ng po n s of s u p u c c d a re n o t t he s me .

T h e m on o dr ( 100 t H eS O.) fo r h as i n g po

fr z ld rlially ith farr i zi t i t rat r r laiti i tta tat


-
e p er c en . n s a n ce ee n

of bo u 0 C
°
. an d me n g po n of 10 C
°
. F om my ow n de e m n on s ,
°
S 0 3 fo r i n g g du 18 O

ir ai tlti t i t t rat r h r l fyi iq i


p er c en . o n s a n c e , u p o n coo ,
.
,
eg n s

to ee e , s o di fi es w s e of em pe u e a n d em ns con s n 26 C
°
.

°
g po Kn i et s c h
'

18 w ou b e t he and 26
°
t he m

a i l b l l t i t l l f y t i l i t r h
e ee n n e ng po n .

g ves hi s m t he em w t he i di l d

fr zi i t l it a itat afr t a ry tal t d


e ng po n s as pe u e e e so ng u

em n s co n s a n .

An c d c oo ed e ow i ts m e i n g po n wi n ot s o i di un ea c es i ts
ee ng po n u n es s be g ed o r ag m en of c s in ro u ced .
OO
R D E T P TS
104 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B K

S ULPHU IC A CI ,
M L I NG OI N
R adi E iSl i t r E r S rial r r
106 R
S UL P H U I C A CI D HA N DB OO K

ULPHU IC A CID — T N I ON A QU O U V AP OR— ( C on t i n u ed)


S OF

R e ngs in m l me e s of me cu p ess u e

P er cen t .
O O
R di E iSl i t r r S rial r r
T E N S ION F A QUE O US VA P R 107

S ULPHU IC A CI D— T N I ON OF A Q UEO U V AP O R — ( Con cl uded )

Rea ngs in m me e s of m e cu p es s u e

l r i i t th
S u ph u c A c d— S r en g f or E q u l b r i i i th t h i i t
um wi A m os p er c Mo s ure
l

N i ty thr ee thousand p ou n ds of sul p huri c a c id with a n ex


ne -

posed s u rfac e of 1 2 60 sq ft a n d a d ep th of 10 i n had d ecr ea s ed


. . .
,

in strength from 86 t o p er cent H 2 8 0 4 aft er standi n g.in a


l ead pan , p rot ect ed from rai n for 4 2 days ( S ep t 9 t o Oct 2 1
,
. .
,

A i r was bubbl ed throu g h a 2 lit er sa m p l e of this a cid -

for 7 cons ec utiv e days wh en t h e solutio n was t est ed a n d fou n d


,

TT t ar h i al al i
t o contain p e r c e nt H 2 8 0 4 T h e av
. era g e t em p
. e ratur e o f
t h e labo ratory was 74 F
°
t h e av erag e va po r of t h e air ( 7 t ests )
.
,


1
W W
. . S CO ; S an d d M et ods of C hem c An y s s, 19 1 7, p 5 0 2
. .
1 08 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
wa s gram H g O p er standard cubic f oot T h e av era g e .

humidity for S ep t emb er and Octob er w a s 6 8 p er c ent t h e av er .

°
a g e t em p eratur e 6 2 F T h e av era g e humidity for t h e p ast 33
.

a ati hy at t
°
years was 72 p er c ent t h e av erag e t emp eratur e 5 7 F .

P r ep r on of th e M on o dr e ( 1 00 P er C en . H 2S 0 4)

On e h II n dred p erc ent H 2 S 0 4 ca n not b e mad e by c on centrati n g


'

a w eak er a cid T h e stro n g est acid obtainabl e by con centration


.

is about p e r c en t H 2 8 0 4 . .

I t may b e p r ep ar ed by str ength ening a w eak er a cid with S O3


o r fuming sul p huri c acid .

A cid b etw een about 9 8 p er c ent and 100 p er c ent crystalliz e . .

°
at a littl e b elow 0 C On e hundr ed p er cen t a ci d may b e ob
'

. .

°
t a i n ed from this str ength a cid by coolin g it to b elow 0 and
s ep arating t h e crystals whi ch form at about that tem p erature ,

m elting th em and r ecrystall i z ing a few tim es .

P S R D TA A E R M P S R
OUND S ULPHU IC A CI OB IN BL F O 100

R ec o ver y
O U ND S U LPHU

G ra de

4 18 1 7

tt
.

°
60 Baum é 33 4 78
.

°
66 Baum é 328 26

tt ffrr
.

9 8 p er cen . H 2S 0 4 . 3 12 1 5 .

1 00 p er c en H 2S 0 4 2 14 1 4

tt ffrr
. . .

10 p er c en . ee S 0 3 . 2 99 1 7 .

2 0 p er S03 2 9 2 75

t
c en . ee .

3 0 p er cen . ee S0 3 . 2 72 2 4
. 2 43 5 8
.

40 p er c en . ee 80 3 . 2 38 5 5 2 24 5 2
. .

1 00 p er c en . S O3
1 10 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

W
t a i n ed in a wid e n ec k bottl e and co l or ed b l u e b y a dd i ng starch
-

solution This bottl e 18 conn ect ed with a larg er bottl e fitt ed a s


'

an aspirator by a si p hon at er is siphon ed from this int o a


.

5 00 c c graduat ed cylind er drawing t h e gas through t h e r eaction


-
. .

bottl e A s soon a s t h e S 0 2 contain ed in t h e g a s ent ers t h e iodin e


.

sol ution t h e fr ee iodin e i s conv ert ed into hydriodic acid an d after


a tim e t h e liquid will b e d ecoloriz ed which at l ast ha pp ens v ery ,

sudd en l y and can b e v ery accuratel y obs erv ed T h e r eaction .

tak es p l ac e as follows
21 S02 2 E 20 2 HI H 2S 0 4

In this proc ess no S 0 2 esca p es unabsorb ed i f t h e r eaction


bottl e i s constantly Shak en T h e o p eration may b e stopp ed wh en .

t h e solution i s but faint a s it g en erally disa p p ears on shaking a


littl e longer T h e volum e of wat er in t h e cylind er is r ead off
. .

W
I t i s equal to that of t h e gas asp i rat ed wh en i ncr eas ed b y that
o f t h e S 0 2 absorb ed .

h en s ev eral t estings hav e b een ma de t h e d eco l or i z ed li quid ,

aft er a short tim e a g ain turns blu e b ecaus e th en its p erc entag e
, ,

of H I h a s b ecom e s o larg e that it d ecom p os es on standing and


lib erat es iodin e This liquid must th en b e pour ed awa y and
.

r ep lac ed with fr esh wat er and starch .

F or estimati n g burn er g a s t h e usual ch arg e i n t h e r eact i on


bottl e i s 10 c c of d eci normal iodin e so l ution along with about
. .
-

3 00 wat er and a littl e starch solution T en cubic c entim et er .

hundr edth normal iodin e solution i s usually us ed for estimating


-

t h e ex it g a s I f t h e g a s is v ery rich in 8 0 2 20 2 5 c c should


.

, . .

b e us ed .

C a lcul a ti o n of R es ult s On e li ter o f su l phur dio x id e w eighs


.
-

°
grams at 0 C and a barom etric p r essur e of 76 0 mm . .

D eci —normal iodin e solution contains grams iodin e p er


lit er E ach cubi c c entim et er of solution contain s
. gram
I which is an equival ent to gram 8 0 2 c c und er . .

standard conditions .

Let x p er c en t S 0 2 in g a s
.
SU LP H URDIO X I DE I N B URN E RGA S 111

-
I used
10

b cc
. .
g as us ed
109 4 a .

T h e“ f
b + 1 09 4 a
.

S i n ce calc ul ations a r e und er stan dard conditions it will b e


n ec essa ry to co n v ert t h e volum es obtain ed i n t h e tests t o th es e
c onditions usi n g t h e formul a
,

°
P w
V = V
0

76 0 ( 1 0 003 6 7t )
.

°
V m easur ed volum e
°
P O bs erv ed baro m etri c p r ess u re
t t em p erature of g a s .

to aqu eous va p or p res sur e at te m perature of test


F or all p ra c ti c al p ur p o s es , h o wev er th i s
,
c al culation may be
n eg l ect ed .

P r ep a r a ti on of To pr ep a re N 10 iodin e solu
I o d in e S olutio n —
.

tion wei g h out g rams of p ur e r esub l im ed iodin e D issolv e .

about 2 5 g rams p otassium iodid e with water usin g j ust enough


to p u t it in solution P lac e t h e w ei g h ed i o din e in thi s solution
.

a n d st i r until com p l etely d i s olv ed F ill with wat er to 1 lit er


s . .

To p rep ar e N / 100 iodin e solution eith er w ei g h grams


iodin e dissolve and d i lute to 1 liter or tak e 100 c c of t h e N / 10
, . .

W
solution and d i lut e t o 1 liter .

I odin e solution shoul d b e k ep t in a cool p lac e an d p rot ect ed


from dir ect sunlight ell sto p p er ed dark c olor ed g lass bottl es
.
- -

a re s ui tabl e c ontain ers .

P r epar a ti o n of S ta r ch S ol u t i o n —
T o pr ep ar e tak e about 3 ,

g rams arrow root sta-


r ch a n d m i x with water t o a thi n p ast e .

P lac e this into about a li ter o f boiling water and continu e to


boil about a hal f hour A ft er cooli n g add a few dro p s c hloro
.

form which p r es erves it and p rev ents souring K eep in w ell .

sto p p ered bottl es .


OO
E S EST
1 12 S ULP H URI C A CI D HA N D B K

P er c en t r i l at
. S02
R IC H

B u r n er g a s
co

T F O

es p on d n g
RS02
t o vo u m e of w er

E xi t g a s
10 c c
. . E I l i
s o u t on 10 c c
. . £1 I s o l u t i o n
1.
1 14 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

form two of S 0 3 t h e contraction du e to t he formation


sorp tion of S O3 is equal to

and t h e final volum e is 1 —

If b quals
e t he fra ction that t he S O ;is of t he
3 25
(
b 1
2) e quals t he quantity o f unconv ert ed

X
3a X

ex it g as and
b
( 1
2
a

Or r educin g to its sim p l est form


2a —
2b
2a —
3ab

A n d 100X e quals t h e p er c ent of S 0 2 conv ert ed


.

2 . Or l et x p er c ent conv ersion


.

a p er c ent S 0
.
2 in roast er gas /
. b p er c ent S Oa i n ex it gas
.

100 (2 a
2
2 b)
2OOO Sab
S 02 C O N VE RT E D T O 80 3 1 15

P E R C E NT . S O? C

P er
ONVE
ce n t . 80 2
RTE
in e
D

xi t
To

g as
1 16 S ULP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K

C E NT . S02 C O V
N

P er
ERTE
c en t .
D T o

80 2 i n
S O 3— ( Conti n u ed)

e x it g as
1 18 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

P E R C ENT . S Oa C ONV
P er
ERTE
ce n t .
D T o

80 : i n
s oy

e xi t g

as
( Con t i n u ed)
O
S Oz C N V E RT E D T O 8 0.

1 19

C E N T 8 0 2 C ONV
.

P er
ERTE
ce n t .
D To

S O: i n
S Or

e xi t

g as
( C on ti n u ed)
12 0 S ULP H URI C A C ID H A N DB OO K
P E R C ENT . S O2 C ONV
P er
ERTE
c en
D

t .
T o

S02 in
S Os —

e xi t
( C o n ti n u ed)

g as
12 2 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

C E NT . C O N VE

P er
RT
c en t
ED
.
To

80 2 i n
S Os

e x it

g
( Con cl u ded )

as
COM P OS I T I ON OF D RY GA S 12 3

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
P er Cen t Sul p h ur Di ox i de
12 4 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

8 9 10 11 12 13 14
P er Cen t S ulphu r Diox i de
12 6 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

B oil t h e acid if free from nitro g en with a drop o f n i tric acid


, ,
.

to o x idiz e t h e iron Dilut e a littl e allow to cool and add a solu


.
,

tion of p otassium thiocyanat e A r ed color p rov es t h e pr es enc e


.

of iron .

A r s eni c

M ars h T es t — In t he
pres enc e of nasc ent hydrog en both ,

ars en i c and ars enious com p ounds a r e r educ ed and arsin e ( or ,

ars eniur ett ed hydrog en ) A S H 3 is evolv ed .

H ydrog en i s slowly g en erat ed from zinc and dilut e sulphuric


acid both mat erials b ein g fr ee from ars enic T h e issuing g a s i s
,
.

p ass e d through a pi ec e of tub e whi c h has b een drawn out so as to


p roduc e on e o r two constrict ed p lac es in its l en g th A s soon as .

t h e air i s ex p ell ed from t h e apparatus t h e i ssuing hydrog en is


,

inflam ed .

A smal l quantity o f t h e ac i d to b e t es t ed i s th en i ntrodu ced


and a p i ec e of cold whit e p or celain d ep r ess ed u p on t h e flam e .

I f any ars enic i s p r es ent a rich brown black m etallic loo k in g


,
-

stain will b e d ep osit ed T h e d ep osit b ein g volatil e an d t h e flam e


.

v ery hot t h e stain wil l again disa pp ear if t h e flam e i s allow ed t o


,

im p in g e for mor e than a mom ent or two on t h e sam e s p ot .

I f t h e drawn o u t tub e i s h eat ed n ear o n e of t h e c onstrictions


-
,

t h e ars eniur ett ed hydro g en will b e d ecom p os ed and an ars enic


mirror wil l b e d ep osit ed in t h e tub e .

Hydrog en s ul ph i de T es t
- —
T h e acid is di l ut ed and hydro g en
sul p hid e g a s p ass ed thr ou g h I f any ars eni c is p r es ent it will
.

b e p r eci p itat ed a s y el l ow ars enious sul p hid e A 2 8 3 ,


.

T HE QUA N T I T A T IVE A N A L Y S I S O F S UL P H URI C A C I D

T he quantitativ e analysis of sul p huric acid volum etrical ly , ,

i s mad e by titrating a w ei g h ed quantity T h e titration is per.

form ed by m eans of a standard normal sodium hydro x id e solu -

tion which i s controll ed by a standard norma l sul p huric a cid -

solution and r esults a r e eith er ex p r ess ed as p er c ent 80 , or per


.
QU A N T I T A T I VE A N A L YS I S 12 7

cent H zS OI I n t h e followi n g m ethods all cal c ulations wil l


. . be
for per c ent of S 0 3 T h e m ethods may easily b e ex tend ed
. . to

ta r i
,

ex pr ess as per c ent s O4 if d esir ed


. .

S and r d N o m al A c d

strengt h of t h e standard normal sul p huric a cid solutio n


T he -

is fix ed by ch emically p ure sodium carbo nat e whi c h is t h e ul ti

ti i r t
mate standard for acidim etric and alkalim etric volum etric
analysis .

P r ep a r a on of S od um C a b on a e

S odi um bicarbonat m a d by e e t he
ammonia soda proc ess may b e -

obta ined in ex c eedin gly pur e form T h e im p uriti es that may b e .

p resent a re si lica magn esium ammo n ia arsenic li m e sodium


, , , , ,

s ul p hate and sodium chlorid e With t h e ex c ep tion of sil i c a and


.

l im e t h e im p uriti es may b e r eadily r emov ed by washi n g t h e


s odi um bi c arbonate sev e ral tim es with cold wat er and d ecan tin g
t h e su p ernatant soluti on o f ea c h washin g from t h e di ffi c u l t l y s olu
b l e bicarbonat e . T h e washi n g is conti n u ed until t h e material is
free from chlorin e as s od ium chl orid e i s t h e p rin ci p al im p urity
, ,

a n d i t s r emoval l eav es an ex cee di n g ly p ur e p roduct T he b i .

carbonate is th en dried betw een larg e filter p a p ers in a hot air -

oven p rotec ted from a cid g ases at 1OO C and k ep t in a seal ed


°
,
.

b ottl e u ntil u s ed .

S odi um c arbonate is mad e from this p ure sodium bicar bonate


°
by ig ni tin g in a p lati n um cru cibl e at 2 9 0 3 00 C t o consta n t

.

weig ht in a n el ectri c ov en I f a c o n sta n t te m perature ov en is


.
-

not availabl e a s i m p l e oven may b e i m p rovi s ed by u se of a sand


bath and a sh eet iron or clay cyli n d er sh ell c o v
-
er ed at t h e u p pe r

en d . A th ermom eter p assin g throug h t hi s S hi eld r eg isters t h e


tem peratur e a n d at t h e sam e tim e s erv es as a stirr er as it should
b e st i rr ed o c casionall y T h e sa nd o n t h e ou t sid e of t h e c ru cibl e
.

shoul d r each t h e sam e l ev el as t h e bicarbonate i n sid e so t h e con


tents is entir el y surroun ded by a n atmosph ere of com p arativ ely
ev en temper at ure ,
12 8 S ULP H U RI C A C I D HA N D B OO K

S odium arbonat e int ended for standardization of a cids should


c
°
not b e h eat ed ov er 300 C a n d if h eatin g i s carri ed on at this
.

t em p erature for a su ffici ent l en g th of tim e ( 1 to 5 hours ) constant


w ei g ht will b e obtai n ed and o n e may b e sur e that n eith er b i

W
carbo n at e or wat er i s l eft b ehind and y et no sodium o x id e or -

c arbon dio xid e h a s b een form ed a s may hap p en if h eati n g is

c arri ed o n to a l o w r e d h eat hil e t h e carbonat e i s still hot


.

p la ce about 2 g rams each in s ev eral small tar ed g lass sto p p ered


-

w ei g hi n g bottl es K eep in a d esi ccator u p to t h e tim e of w ei g h


.

i n g and titratin g allowin g p l enty o f tim e t o cool


, .

T o t est for p urity dissolv e about 5 g rams i n wat er which ou g ht


to yi eld a p erfectly cl ear colorl ess solution I f aft er a cidifying
, .

this solution with nitric acid no o p al es cen ce is c aus ed by barium


,

chlorid e or silv er nitrat e t h e salt may b e tak en a s suffici ently


,

pur e .

F or ex c eedin g ly a c curat e work t h e mat erial i s analyz ed and


allowan ce mad e for im p uriti es that still r emain T h e error .

caus ed by any such im p urities i s s o small that for all p ra ctical ,

p ur p os es it may b e n eg l ect ed .

C h emi cally p ur e sodium c arbonat e p r ep ar ed by a r eliabl e


manufa ctur er i s su ffi ci ently p ur e but should b e i g nit ed at 2 9 0

ta ar zi ta i
°
3 GO C for 1 hour a s a p r ec aution
. .

S n d di ng th e S n da r d A c d

Wa s h ea ch w ei g h ed a m ount of sodium carbonat e ( as titrated )


into a 3 5 0 0 0 b eak er and add enou g h water to dissolv e M ethyl
-
. .

oran g e i s u s ed a s an indicator and t h e cold solution of sodium


c arbonat e i s c olor ed j ust p er cep ti b ly y ellow by adding a dro p or

t w o of t h e i n di c ator I f t oo much i s us ed t h e color will b e too


.

int ens e and t h e transition too p ink on n eutralization will b e l ess ,

shar p A cha n g e to p i n k tak es p la ce only wh en all t h e c arbonat e


.

has b een n eutraliz ed and t h e solution s li g htly a CI di fi ed A n .

ex c ess of acid to 1 c c ) is add ed as this i s n ecessary to driv e


. .

ou t all t h e carbon dio x id e T h e solution i s th en h eat ed to boilin g


.

to aid in ex p elling t h e C 0 2 Up on h eating t h e color fad es , but


R
S UL P H U I C A CI D H A N D B OO K

Titrat e an aliquot portion of t h e n ewl y pr epar ed so l ution


ag ainst a w eigh ed quantity of sodium carbonat e or if accurate
standard alkali solution i s at hand it may similarly b e employ ed
for ex amining t h e provisional acid A dj ustm ent to nor mal .

stren g th may now b e mad e .

Thus far standard solutions hav eb een consid ered as b eing a d


j ust ed to normality C al culations a r e sim p lifi ed to a gr eat ex
.

t ent by using normal solutions but to adj ust solutions to b e


,

j ust norma l is a matt er of consid erabl e difficulty I t is a g en eral .

p ractic e to c al c ulat e t h e str en g th of t h e standard solutions not ,

att em p tin g to hav e t h e normality mor e than a p p ro x imat e t h e ,

ex act str ength ,


how ev er always b eing known and us ed in all
,

calculations .

F ollowing i s giv en t h e m ethod for ca l cul ating t h e g rams 80 3


p er cubic c entim et er in t h e standard acid solution T h e grams .

8 0 3 p er cubic c entim et er may b e us ed dir ectly in calculations or


r educ ed to p er c ent normality F or instan ce a normal solution
. .
,

contains gram S O3 p er cubic centim et er S u pp os e a .

so l ution is found to contain gram p er cubic c entim eter .

Th en t h e p er c ent norm a lity of this solution would b e :


.

0 9 86 8N
.

M ol ecular w ei g ht S03
M ol ecular w ei g ht N a 2C 0 3

1 32885
g ram S 0 3 n eutraliz ed by 1 g ram N a 2C 0 3

Let x g ram S 0 3 p er cubic c entim et er in standard acid


a g rams N a 2 C 0 3 n eutraliz ed
b cubic c entim et ers standard acid n eutraliz ed ( cubic
c entim eters acid cubic c entim et ers alkali in back
titration ) .

a X

b
I t i s n ec essary to know t h e r elativ e str engths of
standard t he
acid and alkali solutions so that t he valu e of t h e alkali so l ution
QUA N T I T A T I V E A N A L YS I S 13 1

used in p roducing t h e d es i red n eutr a lization may b e asc ertain ed .

W h en t h e two solutions a r e ex actly eq ui val ent cubic c entim ete rs

t o cubic c enti m eters subtra ction of t h e alk al i use d from t h e acid


,

use d giv es t h e corr ect amount of acid used I f t h e solutions ar e .

n o t ex actly eq ui v a l ent t h e alkal i readin g S ho ul d b e mul ti p li ed

by a fa c to r of its per c ent r elation t o t h e a cid solution in ord er


.

to equali z e t h e two F or ex a m me in d et erminin g t h e r elation


.
,

b etween t h e acid a n d alk al i we find it requir es c c of al ka li . .

t o n eutraliz e 30 c c of acid . . .
0

T h e factor th en would b e

30
m
T he tem p eratur e of t h e standard a cid shoul d b e observed at
t h e tim e of its sta n d a rdization for futur e u s e T h e c o effici ent .

of ex p a n sion is c c or g ram S 0 3 p er cubic


. . .

centim eter p er d egr ee C entigrad e for av erag e laboratory t em

p er a t u r es

ibi ht t t r a i d d ra
E x a m p l e:

bi atkalit ril a kaltiral d


We of N3 2 0 0 3 2 g m

a id fa t r
g u se s

Cu im e d

at a id
c cen e s c use c c..

Cu c cen im e e s l u se c c . .

c c
. . l w l n eu i ze 3 0 c c
. . of c 1 0 10 1
.
( c o )
T em p er
°
u re of c 23 C .

0 92 X 1 0101

S t an da r d S odi u m H dr ox d e y i
A normal so l ution of so dium hydro x id e contains g rams
N a OH p er li ter g ram p e r cubic c en tim et er ) I t is n o t .


ess ential t o hav e t h e s olution

j ust normal but for sim p lifyin g
cal c ulations it shoul d b e as n ear l y equi v a l ent t o t h e stan dard
acid as possib le .
13 2 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

S t a ndard
-

sodium hyd ro x id e i s p rep ared b y dissolvin g a p pr oxi


m at ely 5 0 g rams N a OH p er lit er T h e solution may th en b e
.

adj ust ed to p ro p er str en g th This solution i s controll ed by


.

standardizing against t h e standard sul p huric acid solution usin g -

m ethy l oran g e as i n dicator .

R un a quantity of t h e standard alkali into t h e titratin g v ess el ,

add a drop or two o f t h e indi cator whi ch will g iv e a y ellow straw


color . N ow titrat e with t h e standard acid toward n eutraliza ,

tion dr 0 p by dro p th en cutti n g t h e dro p s from t h e t i p of t h e b u


r ett e u n til a fraction of a drop p roduc es a pink color .

Obs erv e t h e t em p eratur e of t h e standard a cid a n d if it va rI es


from t h e tim e o f i t s standardization u s e t h e g iv en co effici en t of
ex p a n sion and cal culat e to t h e t em p eratur e obs erv ed at t h e tim e

o f t h e alkali standardization .

Let x gram S O3 equiv al ent p er cubi c centim et er standard


alkali
a gram S O3 p er cubi c centim et er standard a cid
b cubic c entim et ers stan dard a cid us ed
0 cubic c entim et ers standard alkali us ed
a X b

Obs erv e t h et em p eratur e of t h e standard a l kali at t h e tim e of


i t s standardizatio n for futur e u s e T h e coefli ci en t of ex pansion
.

is c c or . .
g ram S 0 3 equival en t p er c ubic c enti
m et er p er d egree C enti g rad e for av erage l aboratory t em p era
tures
E x a m p l e:
°
G ram S03 p er cubic c entim et er standard acid at 23

°
T emp eratur e acid at tim e of alkali s tandardiz a tion 27
° ° °
27 23 4
4 X
gram S O3 per cubic ce nti
°
m et er t nd a rd a cid a t
s a 27 C .
13 4 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K

om drawing through a sodium hydrox id e s o l ution on l y


m en d -

thus purifying t h e air from 0 0 2 and acid fum es and at t h e sam e

t
tim e saturating t h e air with moistur e .

B ur e t es

F if ty cubic c entim eter buret tes graduat ed i n t enths with


-
, ,

a m a rk passin g en tirely around t h e tub e a re v ery conv eni ent .

T h e ey e c an b e h el d so t h a t t h e marks appear to b e a straight


l in e drawn across t h e tub e thus l ess ening chanc es of error in


,

r eading On e hundr ed cubi c centim et er bur et t es graduated in


.
-

t enths wou l d b e too l on g for c onv eni ent ma n ipulation .

I n ex tr em ely accurat e work wh e r e it is d esired to hav e a,

titration of 75 to 100 c c , t h e chamb er bur ett e i s conv eni ent


. . .

T h e chamb er locat ed in t h e u p per portion of t h e tu b e holds 75


c c and t h e l ow er portion drawn out into a unif orm bor e tub e
. .

holding 2 5 c c i s g raduat ed
. .
,
.

B ur ett es should b e conn ect ed to t h e r es ervoir of standard


so l utions by m eans of an arm at t h e b as e
B ur ett es should b e allow ed to drain 2 min b efor e takin g .

r eadings R eadin g s should b e in hundredths of a cII b i c c enti


.

Ob r at
m et er M en i scus read ers a re of great val u e
. .

s ervi n g T em pe ur e

T h ermom et ers may b e suspend ed from t h e stoppers of t h e


r es ervoirs .

T h e bur ett e may b e wat er j ack et ed with a l arg e g l ass tub e


-

and t h e th ermom et er sus p end ed a l ong sid e of t h e bur ett e .

T h e th ermom et er may b e ins ert ed in t h e u p right siphon tub e

it at l
from t h e r es ervoir at t h e bas e o f t h e burette .

T r i n g V es s e s

White p orc elain dish es ( 5 00 c c ca p acity ) or 4 i n cass erol es


-
. .
-
..

a r e b es t ada p ted f or titratin g v es s el s on acc ount of t h e cl ear .


QUA N T I T A T I V E A N A L YS I S 13 5

a t lt
white b a ck g rou n d ,
e nabli n g t he an alyst to s ee t he en d point

P r ep ri n g In di ca or So u i on

M thy l oran g e may b e p r ep ar ed by dissolvi n g 1 g ram of


e t he
reag ent per l iter of water .

P h enol p hthal ein may b e p r ep ar ed by dissolvi n g 1 g ram of t he

t ih i
r eag ent per lit er of n eutral 9 5 per c ent al c ohol . .

Me h ods of We g ing Ac d

N on fu m in g
-
Tar ed g l ass sto
.

r d co ical sha pe wei g hin g
,
-

pp e e ,
n -

bottl es about 15 c c ca p a city a re very c o n v eni ent Wei g h


-
. . .

about t o 2 g rams for ea c h titration Wash in to t h e titrati n g .

v essel dil ute to 15 0 2 00 c c a n d titrate


,

. . .

F um i n g —
F umin g a cid must b e confin ed durin g w ei g hi n g a n d
until dilut ed with wat er without loss of S 0 3 I f t h e a cid is .

wholly or par tly crystalliz ed h eat mod erat ely until it b ecom es ,

liquid and m i x thorou g hly b efore sa m p ling A cid whi c h is n o t .

far r emov ed from r eal 8 0 3 in com p osition would g ive o ff t oo ‘

much S 0 3 in this o p eration S uch a cid should b e wei g h ed o u t .

in a sto p per ed bottl e and mix ed in this with a known and ex a ctly
°
an alyz ed quantity of a w eak er a cid at a t em p eratur e from 3 0
°
t o 40 C I n this way an a cid that will r emai n liquid at ordi n ary
.

tem peratur es can b e form ed Of course t h e a m ount of diluting .

a cid add ed will hav e to b e tak en into calculations .

A few m ethods for w ei g h i n g follow :


1 Lun g e R
. ey P ip ett e
-
Thi s co n si sts of a smal l bulb with a
.
-

sto p cock at each en d t h e tub e from on e b ei n g ca p illary T h e


-

,
.

ca p ill a ry tub e is cov ered with a g round on li g ht g lass cu p whi ch


is w ei g h ed with t h e p i p ette T h e whol e a pp aratus is w ei g h ed
.
,

t h e sto p cock n ex t t o t h e c a p illary i s clos ed a n d t h e air in t h e


-

bul b ex hausted by ap p lyi n g suction at t h e oth er ( u p p er ) tube ,

t h e sto p cock is clos ed th u s s ealin g t h e vacuum


-
T h e ca p illary .

tube is th en di ppe d in to t h e acid t o b e sampl ed t h e low er sto p ,


13 6 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

c ock th en O p en ed and t h e acid will b e drawn into t h e bu l b T h e .

lower sto p co ck is clos ed and t h e c ap illary cov er ed with t h e cu p


-

a n d t h e whol e a g ain w ei g h ed T h e p i p ett e i s em p ti ed by p la cin g


.

t h e c a p illary Und er wat er O p enin g both sto p cocks and allowin g


,
-

t h e acid to run ou t th en washing thoroughly


,
Dilut e to 15 0 t o .

2 00 c c and titrat e
. . .

2 G la s s tu b e M eth o d
.
- —
S om e ch emists u s e glass tub es b ent
. .

in di ff er ent sha p es for w ei g hin g fumin g acid T h e a cid i s drawn .

i n to t h e tub e by a p p lyin g su ctio n and em p ti ed by subm erg in g


und er wat er and allowin g to run o u t by g ravity r eg ulati n g t h e ,

outflow by p la ci n g a fin g er ov er t h e en d of t h e tub e or by r eg u
l ating t h e flow of wat er som etim es us ed to for ce t h e acid out .

3 G la s s b ul b M eth o d
.
- —
I n t h e bulb m ethod thi n g lass bulbs
.

o f about 2 c c ca p a city a r e us ed T h e bulbs hav e a c apillary


-
. . .

tub e from two sid es on e about ,


in lon g which is s eal ed and
.

us ed a s a handl e and t h e oth er about 3 in lon g Th es e bulbs . .

may b e easily mad e by an amat eur g lass blow er A ft er w ei g hin g .

t h e bulb h eat mod erat ely ov er a low alcohol flam e th en p la ce


, ,

t h e lon g tub e into t h e acid to b e sam p l ed and allow to cool .

T h e contraction o f t h e air upon coo l in g w ill draw t h e acid into


t h e bulb D raw
. to 2 g rams S eal t h e en d with t h e flam e
.
,

wi p e t h e acid Off carefully and w ei g h I ns ert t h e bulb alon g .

with about 5 0 water in a w ell sto p p ered bottl e lar g e enou g h


-

to allow t h e bulb to b e p lac ed loos ely G iv e t h e bottl e a vi g or .

W
o u s shak e so as to br eak t h e bulb A sudd en vibration o ccurs
.

from t h e conta ct of t h e a cid with t h e wat er and clouds o f S O3

W
ris e whi ch will b e absorb ed by a littl e shakin g h en t h e S O3 .

fum es a r e com p l et ely absorb ed O p en t h e bottl e a n d crush t h e


,

c a p illary tub es with a g lass rod ash into t h e titrating v ess el


.
,

dilut e to 15 0 2 00 c c and titrat e



. . .

A dvanta g es of t h e bulb m ethod :

1 C onv eni enc e in handling a s compar ed to t h e awkwardn ess


.

o f t h e oth er m ethods .

2 To facilitat e drying t h e tub es or pip ett e r equir es that th ey


.
,

b e ri ns ed in alcohol follow ed by eth er th en h eatin g dry air


, , ,
13 8 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

I f t h e t emp eratur e of t h e standard alkali di ff ers from t h e tim e


ofits standardization adj ust t h e t em peratur e corr ection
makin g calculations .

E xa m p l e

G rams acid ( w eight of sampl e)


C ubi c c entim et ers standard alkali us ed
Tem p eratur e of sta n dard alkali
G ram S O3 equival en t p er cubic cen ti
°
m et er sta n dard alkali a t 2 6 C .

° °
26 22 C .

4 X

X 40 X 100
p er cent

Thus far all o p erations have b een carri ed on und er t h e a s s u m p


tion that no S 0 2 is p r es ent in t h e sul p huric a cid I f S 0 2 is p res .

en t ,
o p erations and calculations must b e ex t end ed accordin g to
t h e indi c ator us ed .

S ul p hur dio x id e dissolv es in wat er formi n g sul p hurous acid .

Wh en p h enol p hthal ein i s us ed as an indicator t h e r eaction i s

W H 28 0 3 2N a OH N a QS

ith m ethyl ora n g e t h e p oint of n eutrality i s r each ed wh en


,

t h e acid salt N a H S 0 3 has b een form ed thus r equiring only o n e


O3 2 H20

half as much alkali for n eutralization as wh en p h en ol p h t h a l em 18


us ed
11 2 8 0 3 N aOH N 3 HS Oa H20

D et ermin e t h e amount of S 0 2 p r es ent by titrating a s eparat e


sam p l e with N / 10 iodin e usin g starch as an indi cator T h e en d .

p oint is reach ed wh en a blu e color is obs erv ed .

Let x p erc ent S 0 2 .

a cubic c entim et ers N 10 I us ed ;1 cc . gram 80 72


g rams acid in sampl e
QUA N T I T A T I VE A N A L YS I S 13 9

a X X 1 00
b
80 3
80 2
Usin g p h enol p hthal ein
P er c en t S 0 3 a s total a cidity
. c en t S 0 2 X
.

a ctual per cent . S O3 .

Usin g m ethyl ora n g e


P er c ent S 0 3 as total a cidity
.
( per c ent S O2 X
.

a ctual p er cen t . S O3 .

I f it is d es ir ed t o cal c u late f u mi n g a cid as p er


nt free S O3 n o ce .
,

S O2 bein g p r es ent t h e formul as giv en und er t h e ca p tio n F orm


,

ulas for us e i n sul p h u ri c acid cal c ulatio n s may b e used I f S 0 2
-
.

is p resent it should b e c al c ulated as follow s :


E xa m p l e —
M ethyl ora n ge is used as indi c ator :

Total a cidity p e r c e nt . S03


P er cen t . S02
P er c en t .

A ct u a l tot a l s os (2 x
11 2 0
C ombin ed 8 0 3 X
F ree S 0 3
B eS OI

Th erefore t h e com p osition of t he a cid would b e


P er ce n t .

£12 8 0 4
F ree S 0 3
S02

OO
a
QUA N T IT A T IVE D E T E RM IN A T I N F LE A D IRO N , A N D ZI N C IN
R
S UL P H U IC A C ID

Le d
'

Weigh 100 grams of t h e acid and dilute with an equal volum e


Of w a ter a n d twi ce i t s vo um e of alcohol
l
Upon c oo li n g t h e l ead .
14 0 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

s ettl es as a whit e pr eci p itat e of sul p hate F i l t er direct l y on an .

asb estos mat in a tar ed G ooch crucibl e wash s ev eral tim es with ,

dilut e alcohol dry and w eigh as l ead sulphate


,
.

1 gram P b S OI gram P b .

Weigh 100 grams of t h e acid add a few drops of hydro g en


,

p e ro x id e to o x idiz e t h e iron M ak e a.l kalin e by addin g ammo n ia


which wi l l pr ecipitat e t h e iron h eat to boiling a n d filt er Di s
, .

W
solve t h e pr ecipitat e from t h e filt er with dilute sul p huric acid ,

wash with h ot wat er add about 10 ,


conc entrat ed sul p huric
acid a n d pass throu g h pure zi n c shavings ash t h e latt er .

thorou g hl y and th en titrat e with potassium p erman g anat e .

This i s b est employ ed as an empirical so l ution prepared by di s


so l vin g 5 6 4 m g KM n O4 p er lit er
. .

1 c c g ram F e or p er c ent F e on a 1 00 gram


-
. . .

sam p l e .

Wei g h 100 g rams acid dilut e to about 4 00 c c n eutraliz e with


,
. .
,

am m onia and filt er off t h e iron P ass through H 2S gas allow


.
,

t h e Zn S to s ett l e D ecant t h e sup ernatant liquor


. D issolv e .

t h e p r eci p itat e with hydrochloric a cid n eutraliz e with amm o n ia


, ,

add a s m al l amount of ammonium chlorid e and an ex c ess of 10


c c hydrochloric acid D ilut e to about 2 5 0 c c h eat to boiling
. . . . .
,

and titrat e whil e hot with p otassium ferrocyanid e usin g uranium

O
n itrat e on a s p ot p lat e as indicator .

T HE A N A LYS I S F M IXE D A C ID A N D N I T RA T E D S UL P H U IC R
A C ID

M i x ed acid i s t h e t echnical nam e for a mi x tur e of str ong sul


h
p u ri c acid and nitri c a cid T h e analysis includ es t h e d et er
.

m in a ti on of H g S O4 H N 0 3 and l ow er ox i des whi ch may b e ca l


,
14 2 S UL P H URI C A C I D HA N D B OO K

with N 10 K M n O4 t h e r eagent b eing add ed rapidly at first a n d


,

finally dro p by dro p a s t h e en d point is a p p roach ed T h e r ea o .

tion at t h e en d i s a p t to b e slow so that tim e must b e allow ed for


c om p l et e o x idation T h e titration is compl et ed wh en a p ink

color i s obtain ed that do es not fad e in 3 min ‘


.

Organic matt er i s also o x id i z ed by K M n O4 h enc e will int erf er e


if pres ent I f org anic matt er is pres ent t h e titration shoul d b e
'

mad e with N / 10 iodin e solution .

KM n OI r eacts with nitrous acid o r a nitr a t e as follows

2 KM n O4 5 H N OZ 3 H2S 0 4 K 28 0 4 5 HN 0 3
3 H20 2M u S OI

4 KM D0 4 ON 2 0 3 “
1 011 2 8 0 4

2 K 28 0 4 4M II S O4
5 N 20 5 6 H20

Th er efore I c c
. . N / 10 K M n O, .
g ram N 2 0 3
g ram N Q
OI
g ram H N Oz

T h e KM n O4 solution is standardiz ed a g ai n st sodium o x alat e .

R eaction :

SIN 2 KM D0 4 8 13 28 0 4
K 28 0 4 2M D S O4 5N S
8 ¢
> O4 1 00 0 2 8 H20 .

E xa m p l e.— M i xed f ree S 0 3 a b s en t


a ci d a n a l ys i s .

T h e total acidity in t erms of S O3 is found t o b e p er c en t ,

T h e total S 0 3 aft er eva p oration p er c e n t .

T he N 20 3 p er c ent .

To cal culat e t h e com p osition of t h e m i x ed acid :

p er c ent H N 0 3
. H N 0 2 as S 0 3 .

T he amount of a cidity as n itri c a cid is :

2 HN 0 3
X 33 2 1 p er c en t HN 0 3
S03
.

HN Oz as H N O3 .
A N A L YS I S O F M I X E D A CI D 14 3

2 H N O3
X 0 09 6 0 16 per cen f
N 20 3

T he amount of n itri c a cid p resen t is

p er ce nt H N Os
. .

T he amount of sul p huri c ac id p r es e nt is :

121 28 0 4 9 8 0 76
X p e r cen t H 28 0 4
.

80 3

F rom th es e fi g ures t he an alysis of t he m i x ed a cid is :

H 28 0 4
HN 0 3
N 20 3 '

By diff eren ce H 2 0

p er c ent .

E xa m p le M i x ed a ci d a n a l ys i s f r 80 3 p es ent

. ee r .

N itri c a cid in t h e p rese n ce of free S O3 i s assum ed to b e t he

T he total a cidity i n terms of 8 0 3 is found t o b e 84 p er cent .

T he total S 0 3 after eva p oration 82 p er c ent .

84 82 2 per c ent S 0 3 diff eren ce. .

N 20 5
X 2 p er c ent N 20 5 .

S03
.

Water 1 00 ( 82 per c ent .

H 2S 0 4 68
144 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K

F rom t h es e fi g ures t he analysi s of t h e m i x ed


11 2 80 4 30
F r ee S 0 3
N 2 O5 2 70

T h e p rin ci p l e of
D u P on t i t r t r th
N
1 00 00 p er

om e e Me
itro m et er m ethod fo r t h e d et ermination
t he n
nt
ce

od
.

of nitrog en a c ids in sul p huri c a cid and mi xed acid i s t h e r ea c tion

b etw een sul p huric a c id and nitro g en a cids i n t h e p r es en ce o f


m er cury This conv erts all nitrog en a cids i n to N O
.

Th ere a r e s ev era l ty p es of nitro m et ers t h e D u P ont having ,

p rov ed t o b e t h e most a ccurat e a n d c onv en i ent in fa ct in t h e , ,

Un it ed S tat es it i s now p racti cally a ccep t ed a s t h e s t a n dard


nitrom et er a p p aratus T h e Unit ed S tat es g ov ern m en t us es it ex
.

cl u s i vel y in all nitrom et er work B y u s e o f this a p p aratus dir ect


.
,

r eadi n g s in p er cen t m a y b e obtai n ed without r ecours e to co r


.
,

r ection of t h e volum e of g as to standard c onditio n s a n d c al cula


tio n s su ch a s a r e r equir ed with ordi n ary nitro m et ers .

T h e a p p aratus co n sists o f a g en erati n g bulb D of 3 00 c c ca p a c . .

ity with i t s r es ervoir E co n n ect ed with h eavy wall ed r ubb er tub :


ing . . D carri es two g lass sto p co cks a s is shown I n illustration
-
.

c i s a two way sto p co c k c om m u n i c ati n g with eith er t h e cu p or


-

t h e ri g ht a n g l e c a p illary ex it tub e C is t h e cha m b er r eadi n g


.

bur ett e calibrat ed to r ead in p erc en tag es of nitro g en and g radu


,

at ed fro m 10 to 14 p er c en t divid ed i n to on e hu n dr edths B e


.
,
-
.

tw een and c c o f g a s m ust b e g en erat ed to obtain a


. .

r eadi n g B i s t h e u n g raduat ed co m p en satin g bur ett ev ery simi


.

l ar in form to t h e r eadi n g bur ett e C A i s t h e l ev eli n g bulb .

whi ch i s co n n ect ed with B and C with h eavy wall ed rubb er tubin g


by t h e g lass co n n ectio n y B y raisi n g o r low eri n g this bulb t h e
.

sta n dard p r essur e o f t h e syst em may b e O btain ed F i s a m eas .

uring bur ett e that may b e us ed in pla ce of C wh er e a wid er ra n g e


14 6 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K

S ta n da r d iz i n g t h e A ppar a tu s .
-
T he
a p p aratus having b een
arrang ed and t h e various p arts fill ed with m er cury t h e i n s t ru
,

m ent is standardiz ed follows :


as

2 0 to 30 c c of sul p huric a cid a r e drawn into t h e g en e


. .

rati n g bulb throu g h t h e cu p and at t h e sam e tim e about


,

2 10 c c o f air ;co c ks c and d a r e clos ed a n d t h e bulb w el l


. .

shak en ;this thorou g hly d esi c c at es t h e air whi ch is th en run


ov er i n to t h e com p ensatin g burett e until t h e m ercury i s about
on a l ev el with t h e p er c ent mark on t h e r eadin g bur ett e
.
,

t h e two b eing h el d in t h e sa m e r elativ e p osition aft er whi ch t h e ,

com p ensating bur ett e i s s eal ed o ff by closi n g sto p co ck a A -


.

furth er quantity of air i s d esi ccat ed in t h e sam e mann er and run


into t h e r eadi n g bur ett e s o a s to fill u p to about t h e sam e mark ;
t h e co c k b i s th en clos ed a n d a small g lass U tub e fill ed with sul -

p h u ri c acid ( n ot wat er ) i s atta ch ed to t h e ex it tub e of t h e r eading


burett e ;wh en t h e m ercury columns a r e balanc ed a n d t h e en clos ed
air cool ed down t h e co c k b i s car efully o p en ed a n d wh en t h e sul
,

p h u r i c acid bala n c es in t h e U tub e and-


t h e m er c ury c
,
olu m n s in
both burett es a r e at t h e sam e l ev el th en t h e air in each o n e i s
,

und er t h e sam e conditions o f t em p eratur e a n d p r essur e A r ead .

i n g i s now mad e from t h e burett e and t h e barom etri c p r essur e and


t em p eratur e car efully not ed usin g t h e formula :
V OP . ( 2 73 t)
I 5 2 73

T he vo l um e this enclos ed air would o c cu p y at 76 0 mm pr essur e .

and 2 0 C i s found T h e cock b is again clos ed and t h e r es ervoir


°
. .

A ma n i p ulat ed s o as to bri n g t h e m ercury in both bur ett es to t h e .

sam e l ev el and in t h e r eading burett e to t h e cal culat ed valu e a s


w ell A strip of pa p er i s now p ast ed on t h e com p ensati n g b u
.

r ett e at t h e l ev el of t h e m er cury and t h e standardization is


com p l et e .

T h e b et t er and most rapid m ethod of standardizing i s t o fill


t h e com p ensatin g chamb er with d esiccat ed air a s stat ed in t h e

p r ev i ous m e thod and th en to introduc e i n to t h e g en eratin g cham


A N A L YS I S O F M I X E D A CI D 14 7

b er 1 g ram of pur e potassi um nitrat e dissolv ed in 2 t o 4 c c of . .

wat er , t h e cu p is rinsed Ou t with 20 c c 6 6 B é sul p huric a cid


. .
°
.
,

m a ki n g three or four washin g s of it ea ch l ot bei n g drawn sepa


,

r a t el y into t h e bul b. T h e g en eratin g bulb is th en shak en


vi g o rously c ar e bein g tak en that sto p cock d is o p en unt i l a p
, ,

p a r en t l y a l l g a s is form ed Th en close co ck d a n d r ep eat t h e


.

shakin g for two m i n utes T h e g en erated g a s is th en transf erred


.

into t h e m easurin g bur ett e T h e columns in both bur ettes ar e


.

bal anc ed so that t h e r eadin g b urett e is at ( p er c en t N in .

KN A stri p o f p a p er is p ast ed on t h e com p ensatin g b u r ette


at t h e l evel of t h e m ercury and t h e stan dardization is a cco m
p l i s h ed . B y this m ethod t h e temperat u r e an d pr ess u r e r ea di n g s
and t h e cal culations a r e avoid ed .

M a k in g t h e T es t —
T h e a cid is w eigh ed t h e amount bein g g o v
,

ern ed by its nitrog en cont en t and tran sf err ed into t h e cu p of t h e

g en erati n g b ul b . I f any fr ee S O; i s p resent t h e acid sh ould b e


mi x ed aft er w eighin g with 95 per cent r eag ent sul p huric a cid . .

T h e sam p l e is drawn into t h e bulb ;t h e cu p is th en r i n s ed w ith


three or four washin gs of 9 5 p er cen t sul p huri c a cid t h e t otal .
,

quantity b ein g 2 0 c c C ar e should b e ex ercised that no air


. .

en ters t h e b ul b wh en drawi n g t h e a c id in .

To g en erate t h e g a s t h e bulb i s shak en vi g orously until a p


,

p a r e n t l y a ll t h e g as is form ed tak i n g car e that sto p cock d has


,
-

been l eft o p en ;this co c k is th en close d and t h e shakin g repe ated


for two minutes T h e r es ervoir A is th en lowered u n til about
.

60 c c of m ercury and 2 0 c c of a cid a r e l eft in t h e g en eratin g


. . . .

bulb Th er e w ill r emain th en suffi ci en t s p ac e for 2 2 0 c c o f g a s


. . . .

I f t oo much m erc u ry is l eft in t h e bulb t h e mi xt ur e will b e so


th i c k that it will b e found diffi c ult to com p l et e t h e r ea ctio n a ,

long tim e wi l l b e r equir ed for t h e residu e to s ettl e and s o m e of


t h e gas is li abl e t o b e h eld i n suspen sion by t h e m ercury so that ,

i nacc u rate r esults follow .

T h e g en erat ed g a s is now transferr ed to t h e r eading b u r ette ,

an d aft er waitin g a cou p l e of minut es to allow fo r coolin g bo th ,

bur ettes are ba l anc ed , so that in t h e compensatin g tube t h e


14 8 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K

m r ury colu m n i s on a l ev el with t h e p a p er mark as well as


e c ,

t h e r eadi n g i s th en tak en :
with t h e colum n in t h e readi n g bur ett e ;
HN O
4 4 98 1
N
B ur ett e
r eadi n g
X 4 4 98 1 p er cen t H N Oa
.

W ei g ht a cid tak en
N ote .

bulb should b e flush ed ou t with 9 5 p er
T h e g en erati n g
cen t sul p huri c a cid aft er ev ery d et er m ination
. .

A t est should al ways b e m ad e to s ee wh eth er t h e g lass sto p


c o c ks a r e ti g ht Th ey will hardly r emai n s o without g r easin g
.

o ccasio n ally with vas eli n e but this ou g h t to b e do n e v ery sli g htly
, ,

s o a s t o avoid a n y g r eas e g ettin g i n to t h e bor e fo r if it com es ,

r l hat th
in c onta ct with a cid troubl esom e fr o th will b e form ed
,
.

Fe ou s -
su p e Me od

N itric a cid may b e es timat ed quantitativ ely in sul p huric acid


and mi x ed acid by titration with f errous sul p hat e i n t h e p r es enc e
of strong sul p huri c a cid T h e stro n g sul p huri c a cid i s us ed as t h e
.

m edium in whi ch t h e titration is p erform ed Thi s m ethod ch ecks .

t h e n itrom et er m ethod v ery w ell a n d v ery a c c urat e r esults may


b e obtain ed .

T h e followi n g equation r ep r es en ts t h e r ea ctio n taking p lac e

4 F es o, 2 H N O, 2 H 28 0 4 N 20 3

F or d etail ed p ro cedure t h e a n alyst i s r ef err ed to S c ott



s

OO O
S ta n dard M ethods of C h emi cal A n alysis .

CA LI B RA T I N F ST RA G E T A N K S A N D T A N K CA RS
On e of t h e p rob l ems
oft en co n front ed in a cid pra cti ce is t h e
a ccurat e calibration of stora g e tan ks a n d tank cars Wh en .

th es e a r e m er ely of u p right cylindri cal shap e t h e solution i s v ery ,

simp le, but wh en t h e cy l ind er h a s bump ed ends and l i es on i t s


LP K
i ai
15 0 S U H URI C A CI D H A N DB OO

D et erm n t on of V ol . A

C al culat e t h e h eight of t h e s egm ent as a d ecimal fraction of

t he diam et er of t he tan k
(3) C onsult t h e following tabl e and

find t h e corr esponding co effici ent .

V ol A .
( C o effi ci ent ) X (S quar e o f diam et er ) X (Length o f tank )
I f t h e tan k is fi ll ed to ov er on e ha lf cal cu l ate t h e vo l um e of
-

t h e empty spac e and d educt th is from t h e total capacity of t h e


cyli nd er .

Th en V ol A .
( Total ca p acity of cy l ind er)
( V olum e of em p ty s p ac e )
CA L I B RA T I O N R
OF S T O A G E TA N KS 15 1

. 089 2 9

. 06 7 5 3

09 5 3 7

. 04 9 5 3 . 14 9
. 05 0 1 7
15 2 S ULP H URI C A CI D H B
A ND O OK
H UR H B
t r ati
15 4 S ULP I C A CI D AN D OOK

De e m in on of V ol . B

C alculat e t h e h ei g ht of t h e p ortion of t he sph eri c al s eg m ent


di am
as a d ecimal fra ction of t he et er of t he tank
(3) C onsult

t he following tabl e and find t h e


corr es p ondin g co effi ci ent o r int er
p o l a t e to find t h e a pp ro x imat e c o

effi ci en t if n ec essary .

V ol . B ( C o effi c i ent ) X ( C ub e o f
diam eter )
If t he
ta n k i s fill ed to ov er o n e
half cal culat e t h e volum e of t h e
,

em p ty s p a ce and d edu c t this from

t h e total c a p acity of t h e bum p ed


en d .

Th en V ol B ( Total c apa city of bum p ed en d)

t r ati tal a a ity


.

( V olum e of em p ty s p a ce) .

De e min on of T o C p c

C alculat e on e half t h e volum e of t h e tank by t h e p r evious


-

m ethods D oubl e this r esult whi ch g iv es t h e total c ap a city


. .

W
Or V ol A.
( quar e of
S diam et er ) X X (L ength of ta n k )
V ol B. X h (3 a 2
h )
z
.

h er e a radius of bas e of s eg m en t
h h ei g ht of s eg m en t
r radius of s p h ere
T h e h ei g ht o f t h e s eg m en t can b ett er be c al culated
m easured .

If k h ei g ht of s egm en t
R radius of s p h ere
r radiu s o f bas e of s eg m en t

T ota l capacit y V ol A . 2 V ol . B .

C ubic f eet X g allons


MAT H E M A TI C A L TA BLE 15 5

C I RC UM F E B E N CE AN D A RE A
A ND
or

C U C
BE R
U
R LE S
CI
oo rs
,
'
, , U
SQ A RE S C UBES S Q A RE
H
U U
15 6 S ULP H UR I C A C I D A N DB OO K
CHRC U M F E RE N C E A ND A RE A O
U F C I RC LE s ,
C RE B o o r s '
SQU A R ES
C o n ti n u ed )
,
C BES ,
SQ AR E AN D

12 5 6 6
. . 5 66 5 8 74
1 2 88 1
. . 2 03 2 02 4 9.

. 19 5 . 85 4 N 04 9 4 . 6 134
1 3 5 09
. . 5 22 N 07 3 6 . 6 26 1
1 3 82 3
. . 2 05 C
[ 09 76 . 6 3 86

14 13 7
. . 904 M 12 13 . 6 5 10
N 144 8
J

. 45 1 . 6 19 . 663 1
J

14 7 6 5
. . 349 N 1 6 80 . 6 75 1
15 . M 1909
15 . 394 . 85 7 M 2 13 6 . 6 985

15 . 708 . 6 35 M 23 6 1
l

t

7. 100
16 02 2 42 8 M 2 5 83 H 7 2 13
—73 2 5
. . .


237 M 2 804

16 3 3 6
. . b .

06 2 M 3 02 2 74 3 5


. l .

90 2 N 3 238

1 6 96 5
. . l

3 45 2 H 76 5 2
)

1 7 2 79 75 8
—775 8
. . N .

N 36 6 4

1 7 5 93 6 30
—7863
. . P .

N 3 875

. 9 07 . 5 18 P .

18 2 2 1
. . 42 1 N 4 083 H 7 96 7 .

18 5 3 5
. . 34 0 O
I 4 2 90 H 8070 .



8 17 1
J
18 85 0 2 74 N 44 9 5
i

. . . p .

16 4 225 N 4 6 98 8 2 72
s

. . p .

1 9 4 78
. . 19 1 M 4 900 . H 83 7 1 .

19 79 2
. . 1 73 M 5 1 00. H 84 6 9
.

2 0 106
. . 1 70 N 5 298 . H 85 6 6
.

5 4 95
)

20 42 0
. . 183 N .

2 0 73 5
. . 2 12 N 5 691 . . 875 8
. 04 9 . 25 7 N 5 88 4.

21 363. . 3 17 M 6 077 . . 8 94 5
2 1 6 77
. . 3 93 N 6 26 8
. . 903 8
H H B
I CU C U I C U U
15 8 S UL P URI C A CI D A ND OOK

C R M F ERE N E A N D A REA OF C R L ES ,
SQ U ARES C BES SQ A R E
, ,
AND
C BE ROOT S -

( C on t i n u ed)

3 1 4 16
. . 5 40 100 .
0
0 16 2 3 M 15 4 4
3 1 73 0 1 19 102 0 1 30 1 1 7 80
0 J
. . . 0 N 16 1 6
3 2 044 7 13 104 04 1 93 7
0 J
. . . . 2 08 0 N 16 87
32 35 8
. . 3 23 106 09 . 72 7
0
0 2 09 4 N 1 75 7
3 2 6 73
. . 94 9 108 16 . 86 4
3
0 2 24 9 M 1 8 28

5 90 1 10 2 5 6 25 0
2 4 04 N 18 9 7
x
' o . . 0 .

'
n
c 3 3 3 01
. . 2 47 1 12 3 6
. . 0 16 3
0 . 25 5 8 N 196 7
1 14 4 9
x
3 3 6 15 04 3
0
k . . 920 . 0 . 2711 N 2 03 6.

b
o
3 3 929
. . 6 09 116 . 7 12 3
0 . 286 3 N 2 1 04.

é
o 3 4 243
. . 3 13 1 18 8 1
. 02 9
0
0 . 3 01 5 N 2 1 72.

033 12 1 3
34 5 5 8 3 16 6
J

o . . . 0 . N 22 39 .

f-
i 3 4 8 72
. . 76 9 12 3 2 1
. 631 0
0 . 3 3 17 N 2 3 07.

i
o 35 . 18 6 . 5 20 12 5 . 928 0
0 . 3 46 6 M 2 3 74.

b
o
12 7 6 9
. 89 7
3
0 . 3 6 15 N 2 44 1.

L
a 3 5 8 14
. . 07 12 9 . . 5 44 3
0 . 3 75 4 O
[ . 2 5 06

'c
n
3 6 12 8
. 8 75 0
0 3 9 12 M 2 5 72
896
s 0
’ c 3 6 4 42
. 0 . 4 05 9 N 26 37
' q 3 6 75 7
. . 6 13 0
0 . 4 2 05 M 2 702
b
o
3 7 07 1
. . 03 2 0
0 . 435 1 M 2 76 6
E
o 3 7 3 85
. 15 9 0
0 . 44 9 6 N 2 83 1

o 3 7 6 99
. . 000 3
0 . 46 4 1 M 2 89 4
fi-
i 3 8 0 13
. . 5 61 0
0 . 4 78 5 M 295 7
84 8
J

38 3 2 7 4 92 8 3 02 1
3
i
c . 0 . N

'
a
c 3 8 6 42
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I CU C U I C U U
MAT E M A T I CA L TA BLE 15 9

C R M F ERE N E A N D A REA OF C R L ES SQ U ARES


, ,
C BES , SQ ARE A N D
C BE Ro m s— ( C on t i n u ed )

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H H B
IU C U U U
16 0 S UL P URI C A CI D AN D OOK

C R C M F ERE N E A N D A REA or C 1 RC LE S, SQ ARES C BES SQ U A R E


, , AND

C BE ROOT S -

( C on ti n u ed)

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IU I C
S UL P URI C A CI D A N DB O OK

C
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R C M F E RE N C E A N D A REA
C BE
OF

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C U U
MAT E M A T I CA L TA LE 16 3

C I RC UM F E B E N CE A ND A R EA OF C IR LES ,
SQ U AR ES ,
C BES ,
SQ ARE AN D
Ckn n a li oo r s —
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H H B
I CU C U I C U U
16 4 S UL P URI C A CI D AN D OOK

C R M F ERE N E AND AR EA O C R L ES
F ,
SQ U A R ES ,
C BES ,
SQ ARE A N D
C BE R o mo—
(C on ti n u ed )

i
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H B
I CU C U I C U U U
16 6 S ULP URI C A CI D H A N D OOK

C R M F ERE N E AND A REA O F C R L ES ,


SQ ARES ,
C BES ,
SQ ARE A N D
C BE RO O TS -

( C on t i n u ed )

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C U U U
MAT E M A T I CA L T A LE 16 7
"

C I RC U M F E B E N CE A ND A REA O F C IR L ES SQ AR ES
, ,
C BES SQ AR E
,
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H H B
I CU C U I C U U U
S ULP URI C A CI D AN D OO K

C R M F ERE N E A N D A REA OF C R L ES ,
SQ ARES C BES
, ,
SQ ARE A N D
C BE RO O T s— ( C on ti n u ed)

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H H
I CU C U I C U U U
S ULP URI C A CI D A N DB OOK

C R M F ERE N E A N D A REA O F C R L ES , SQ ARES C ,


B ES ,
SQ ARE A N D
C BE fl o or s — ( Con ti n u ed )

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C U IC U U U
M AT E M A T I CA L T A LE 17 1

C I RCU M F E RE N E AND A REA O F C R LE S , S Q ARES C ,


BES ,
SQ ARE AN D

C BE ROO T S ( Con ti n u ed )
-

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H H B
I I
1 72 S ULP URI C A CI D AN D O OK

C R C U M F E RE N C E AN D AREA O C R C L ES
F ,SQ U A R ES C UBES SQ U AR E
, , AND
C UBE ROO TS ( C -
on cl u ded)

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1 74 S ULP H URI C A CI D H A N DB O O K

DE CI MA L S OF A P o or FO RE C
A H IN .

( C on t i n u ed)

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88 9 3
1 78 S UL P H URI C A CI D H A N DB OO K

D ivid e by 12 and t h e r esult is t h e s peed of the b el t in feet p er

minut e .

To F i n d Lengt h of B elt M ulti p ly t h e distanc e b etw een t h e


— .

shaft c en t ers by 2 a n d add to t h e r esult on e half t h e s u m of t h e -

cir c umfer enc es of ft h e t w o p u ll eys


To F ind D i a m eter of P u l l ey N ec es s ary to M ak e A n y R
.

equir ed

N umb er o f R evo l ution s — M ultiply t h e diam et er o f t h e p ull ey ,

t h e s p eed of w h ich I S known by i t s r evolutions , a n d divid e by


,

t h e n umb er of r evolutions at w hi ch t h e oth er p ul l ey 18 requir ed


to r u n .

T o F in d D iam et er of D riving P ull ey M ultiply diam eter of



.

driv en p ull ey b y i t s r evolution s a n d divid e t h e produc t by t h e


'

r evolution of t h e drivi n g p ull ey


To F in d R evolutio n of Dr ivi n g P u ll ey M u l t i p l y diam et er of .
-

driv en pull ey b y i t s r evolution a n d divid e t h e p roduct by t h e


. ,

diam et er of t h e d ri ving p u ll ey .

To F in d t e pproxi m a te L en g th of B elti ng i na R
.

h A oll —A dd .

tog eth er t h e diam et er of t h e roll and t h e hol e I n t h e c ent er in ,

i n ch es . M ulti p ly by t h e numb er of c oils I n t h e roll an d th en ,

multi p ly by O 1 3 1 T h e r esult will b e t h e appro x imat e numb er


. .

of f eet of b el ting in t h e r oll .

AN T I F
-
RE E ZI N G LI QUI D S F ORP R R
E S S U E A N D S UC T I O N G A G E S

°
33 B é sul p huri c acid i s a ve g ood anti fr eezi ng liquid to u s e
.
-

in p erma n en t p r essur e a n d s u ct i o g a g es . This acid has a sp ecifi c


gravity of 1 2 9 5 an d a fr eezin g point of 9 7 F
. I f a g a g e i s to
°
.

b e mad e with t wo s ep arat e g l ass tub es construct a s fol l ow s z ,

B end t h e tub es o n t h e b ottom a t ri g ht a n g l es so th ey m eet J om


with rubb er tubi n g a n d wir e fast th en wra p with ordi n ary el ec



trician s fri ction t a p e I n this way a conn ection 1s mad e that
.

resists w eath er and t h e acid will hav e but littl e action on t h e


rubb er T o obtain wat er r eadin g s from t h e acid r eadings it is
.
,

of cours e n ec essary to mul ti p ly by


,

F or g ag es wh er e high suction and pr essur es a r e to b e rea d , .


AN TI F -
RE E Z I N G L I QUI DS 179

IC G U VI I UC I U C I
m ercury w ith a s pecifi c gravity of an d a freezing p oi n t of

is v ery satisfactory .

T FR EE S L T TI G ES REA D G S

p p g gp
AN I -
Z N S O ON FO RS ON A N D P RESS RE GA . N

I N I H ES C ER T
N ON E D N T O A PP R OX M ATE IN H ES OF W A TE R
°
33 Bé . su l h i
ur c a c id s ec ifi c ra iy
v t f i
r ee z n oint

M er c u r y S p g ec ifi c ra iy
v t f r ee z i n gp i
o nt

4 116 55
1 80 S UL P H URI C A CI D H B AND OOK

F LA N G E S A N D F LA N G E D F I T T I N G S

uch confusion h a s r esult ed in t h e p ast du e to t h e various


M ,

standards for flan g e dim ensions a n d boltin g ado p ted by manu


fa ct u r er s and en g i n eeri n g so ci eti es I n 1 9 12 t h e A m erican .
,

S o ci ety of M echanica l E n g in eers and t h e M ast er S t eam and H ot


Wat er F itt ers A ssociatio n ado p t e d what i s known as T h e 19 12


U S S tandard
. . and in t h e sam e y ear at a m eeti n g of manu
, ,

fa ct u r er s in N ew York C ity t h e M anufa ctur er s S tandard

,

was p romul g at ed T h e disadvan tag es of havin g two sta n dards .

in ex ist enc e w er e imm ediat ely r eco g n iz ed and c ommitt ees of t h e ,

A S M E a n d t h e ma n ufactur ers unit ed in a c om p ro m is e known


. . . .

“ ”
as t h e A m erican S ta n dard t o b e effectiv e aft er J a n 1 19 14 ,
.
,
.

tt r a fadard r latrra lhb a r lar i t ltbrai htarry a di i


N o t es on t h e A m erica n S tan dar d —
T h e followi n g not es a p p ly .

to t h e A m erican S tandard for flan g es and fla ng ed fittin g s :

tarrya adard i ti ra hfaa yt fa r lar t latrtari ahtl r d i y


(a ) S n a n d ex e vy edu c n g e ow s c t he s m e m en s o n s

to o w s of siz e

lta dara d d alt li i il r rktti hi kr r tha lb f r thi


cen e - -
ce a s eg u e g es s g .

S n a n d ex e v ees , c o s s es a n d e s, e u c n g on ru n o n l ,

m d m en s to siz e

ha r l rat ir t i i i i kr f r lb had lyl rlab i


c s e on s ce - -
ce a s g es s g .

F nge fi ngs f or ow e wo ng p es s u es n 12 5 . con o m to s

in d m en s n es s o f s h el l

lb ta dardlat i rbht it i d ly arha t d lb rk r r


s n on s ex c ep c .

W e e on g -
d us fi ngs a r e s p ec fi ed , e e en ce is on to e ow s

m de i n t w o e t o f a ce d m en s on s a n d n own a s e ow s a n d d

trathraah ya yt i t i flalb ha arai d rfa hi hi i


c n e - -
on g -
us

e ows , t he e e n g u se on w en s o S p e ci fi e d .

S we g fi f or 1 2 5 wo ing p es s u e a n d

b lt h llt h l a k t ltaar arr diai htt rtt hi a b lt fla tra l lai


n n g s a re gu n ee .

ex e v fi ngs f or 2 5 0 .

E fi ng s and in de

t rliiz all t i h l di i at i id dia t r rt


x e v n g es ve se su ce 6 .
g ns

of o o es f or g s e s. S n d d we g fi ng s and n g es a re p n

f a ce d B in in me s, an d s dd t he

f a f a i i r r i t h r t r a i ht t r i al l
. o o es a r e .
ge e n o e

r q arr h a alt itthhath ia altablt i r i d


c en e n e.

T he s e of fi n g s sc edu e nd c es t he ns e m e e of po s.

T he to d m en s on o f edu ce s , e f or

lt ar ri ltiz t d ith a a h ta atarid fa t ry a al


ce - -
ce e s g o r eccen c,

p es s u es , is t he s m e a s g ven i n e of d m en s on s .

S d bo w eco m m en de F or in

t a ar d i t l y l i t h r h
u e-
e s ex g on nu s a re .
-
.

and bo w n u t on e en d a r e s Hex g o n

i i d i ta dar l r r i r i h
ge s, s u s c s c o .

nu s f or p p e s es u p t o 46 i n . on t h e 12 5 l b -
. s nd , a nd up t o 16 i n . on

t he 25 0 l b s -
. nd ca n be co n ven en pu ed u p w o p en w en c es of

m n m um es g n of h e a ds . F or a ge p p e s z es ( up t o 100 i n . on 12 5 l b -
.
,

and t o 48 i n . on 25 0 l b -
. s n d ) u s e b ox w en c es .
H H
Ia C it i
18 2 S ULP URI C A CI D A N DB OOK

A MER AN S T A N D AR D
N m es of F ng s

Red u c in g E l bow

°
Ra di u e E l b o w
'

Lo n g 45 E l b ow

Dou b le Sw ee p T ee S i de O u t let T ee

S in leg p
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Sw T ee ee S i de O u t l et T ee
F LA N G E S A N D F LA N G E D F I T T I N GS 1 83

FO R DR I GV D
LL IN

VA
S
L ES
T A D AR D
N

AN
AN D

F IT T I N
Lo w
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-
P RESS RE U G F LA N ED

hfa t q laart t r b lt hltil l tra f l r thatfitt r ti lt h l a


ril d lar rtha i aldia t r lt
1
T es e em p es a re in m u p es o f ou ,
so i n g s m a y b e m de
to ce in an y u e and o o es s dd e t he cen e l ne . Bo o es a re

d e in .
ge n t he n om n m e e of bo s .
1 84 S UL P H URI C A CI D H B
AN D OOK
H H B
I I UCI D
1 86 S ULP URIC A CI D AN D OOK

ri a ta ard
G EN ERA L D MEN S ON S OF S TA N D AR D RE D N G T EES A N C R OSSES (S H O RT
B O DY P A TT ER N )
Am e c n S nd

1 t o 16
s
r i fit
All
m
t i f r
e c en
l i ha
a t r fa i i trai ht i fitti
ed u c n g

e -
to -
ce
ngs

d m en s
om 1 t o 16 i n
on s a s s
. in c
g
u s ve

-
s ze
ve
ngs
th e

b y att r h t l t l a r rt h a i
abi tiabl th r f r iha flaa fiti ti i altraiayht riz fitlatti d by
L on g od e n s a r e u s ed w g ven i n t h e

r it tii r i tl t ly l b y att r il al ay
p en ou e s a re ge n
-

o ve e, e e o e ve s m e d m en s on s a s s g
-
s e ng s . T he
“ ”
d m en s of red u c n g ed w t he

t bl t hi h r d al ay
on s . ng ngs a re s eg u e

ed u c o n Of t he

tha l h ra larfitt ti ha i tl t lar r tha il a


ou e .

F ng s ed u c n g on th e ru n on , t he on g -
od p e n w w s be
u s ed , ex cep d ou e s w eep w t he ed u ce en d is w l on g er

l th tl t t r fa a lall a byi bya all il i r byi


-
ees , o n c s

n t he eg u ngs .

B ds n t he ru n w b e t h e s me

i i i fa l fab y a ly t r fa all
u e or e es v n g ou e s ge
en g cen e -
to -
c e Of O p en n g s a s t ee w i t h o p en n g s Of t h e s z e o f

t he F or mp 12 12 18 i n t ee w b e g ove n ed t he

i l ar y a t r f a i i
ou e . ex e, -
.

1
d m en s on s Of t h e 18 i n od t ee, m l 6/ é in to ce o f

lar t trai ht iz
-
. on g -
n e , . c en e - -

o p en n g s a n d 33 in . ce -
to -
ce .

Red u c ng e b ow s c r s me cen e -
to -
ce d m en s on

g es s g s e.
I UCI
FLA N GE D F I T T I NG S 187

ri a t ar
N ERA L D I ME N S ON S OF S TA N D AR D RE D N G LA TERA LS (S H RT B
O -
O DY
PA TTER N )
Am e c n S a nd d

to
A ll
-
rfa i i ifitti trai ht izi fitl t i ha a t r
ed u c n g

ce d m en s
ngs

on s a s s
1 t o 16 i n
g -
s
. n c us

e
ve

in g s
ve t h e s m e c en e

h
a i ibr a h ltraiaht rti ha t i i
al lyay r l lat dyby
u s ed w g ven i n t h e

d ti bra h fitti d i
en nc es are rg e n

s me d m en s on s as s g -
s ze fi ngs .

a re w s eg u ed t he
re uc o n of t he nc ; n gs re u c n g on t he run on , t he on g -
bo pa t
1 88 S ULP H U R I C A CI D H A N DB O O K
H H B
I I V UCI G
19 0 S ULP URIC A C ID A ND OOK

ri a ta ar
G E N ERA L D MEN S ON S OF T RA
E X H EA RE D
Y N T EES
( S H RT B O -
O DY PA TTE R N )
Am e c n S nd d

1 t o 16
to -
fa i i
ce d m en s on s a s s t ra i g h t a s iz e fitti ng s

b y att r h t l t
abi tiabl thrr f ri hafla a fittii i al aytrari htlatiz byt
1
L od l a r rt h a i
a r e u s ed w

t i it i r t l t
on g p e ns en o u e s a re ge n g ven
-

o ve me d m fi in g s

l y l b y at t r i l
e, e e o e ve s en s o n s a s s g
-
s e .

“ ”
d m en s o n s of edu c n g n g ed w ed t he

t bl t hi h r d d
ng s a re s eg u

on of t he

tha l ra larfitt ti ha i tl t lar r tha


ou e .

F ng s e du ci n g on t h e run on , t he on g -
od p e n w
u s ed , ex cep d ou e s w eep w t he en d is al w

l th tl t t r fa a lalla byi bya ith all il


-
ees , o n c e u ce

n t he eg u ng .

B h ds t he

i i i fa l f a b y a l y
u e or e es v n g ou e s ge n ru n

en g cen e -
to -
c e of op en n g s a s t ee w o p en

t he F or mp 12 12 18 i n t ee w be

i l b ar r y a t r f a i
ou e . ex e, -
.

d m en s of t h e 18 i n od t ee, me 18 i n

lar t trai ht iz
on s -
. on g -
n ,
.

O p en n g s a n d 36 in . ce -
to -
ce .

Redu c n g e ow s c s me c en e -
to -
ce d m en s i on
g es s g s e .
I I UCI
FL A N GE D F I T T 7N GS 19 1

ri a ta ar
RA L D ME N S ON S OF EX TRA H EA V Y RE D N G LA T ERA L S (S H RT B
O -
O DY

Am e c n S nd d

t o—
rfa i ifitt trai ht i i fitl t i ha a t r
Al l ed u c n

ce
g
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-
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h
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fiti ti l ay yr latl byb y
u s ed w g ven i n t h e

r
en nc e s a re ge n

s m e d m en s on s a s s g -
si z e ing s .


n g ed ngs a re aw s eg u ed t he

gs ed u c n g on th e run onl , the on g -


od
19 2 S UL P H H B
URI C A CI D AND OOK

T EM PL A T ES FO R DR I I ri a Vta ar G V
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H H B
I IG I I I U U
1 94 S ULP URI C A CI D A ND OOK

N O M N A L W E HT OF C AS T R O N P P E W
-
T H O T F L A G ES N ,
PO N DS
P ER FO O T 1

T hi ck n e s s o f m et a l in i nc h es

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19 6 S UL P

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19 8 S UL P H URI C A CI D H B AN D OOK

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Ki n d

qi htli htt
ditr tr
A u ed u c
Ex g .

Lg

t r
Me um
S

qi htd t thi k
on g
E x . s on g
E x . ex . s on g

tr tr tr i h
A ue uc
L g
M edi u m ( {3
6 1n c ) 8 00 .

S on g ( V4 I n

qdt
.

Ex s . on g nc )
E x ex . . s on g ( 94 i n ) 1 7 . .

t h i k
A ue uc

Ex s
tr tr tr
M edi u m
S on g

E x ex
.

. .
(M
on g
s
,

on g
In
in
.
.

in
c

)
In .
) 9 00
.

) 20 00 .
I
LE A D P I P E 2 07

LE A D P PE — C
( on cl u ded )

qi htl htt thi k


K i n

it
A u edu c

t r t r r th k
6 . E x ig .

Lg (M m . c )
M ed u m in .
)
S on g in . ic ) 1 6 1 1) S ro n g in ) .

E x . s on g in )
.

E x . ex . st on g m )

S H EE T L EA D
T hi c k n ess in i nc h es
2 08 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D
. H A N DB OO K
2 10 S ULP H URI C A CI D H BAN D OOK

F IB E RRO P E KN OT S AN D HI C
T H E S —
A N D H O W T O M A KE T H E

T h e p rin ci p l e of a k n ot i s that n o 2 p arts whi ch would m o


in t h e sa m e di r ect i o n i f t h e ro p e w er e to sli p , should l i e a l o n g s i

m l
Q

~
;
or

t al r i t h i t a b k
of a n d to uchi n g ea ch oth er . Thi s p ri n ci p l e i s
t he square k n ot ( I )
H nd

F rOIn LI DDE LL s s a nd C
l ’
S M e u g em s s oo .
F I BE RROP E K N O T S AN D H H I TC ES 2 11

numb er of knot s hav e b een d ev is ed of whi ch a fewOf ,

useful a r e h er ewith illustrate d by courtesy Of C W . .

N ew York I n t h e en g ravi n g s th ey a r e .

bei n g draw n taut i n ord er t o show t h e ,

o f t h e p arts T h e na m es u s ually giv en to th em a r e :


.

A
B . S im p l e ov erh an d k n ot
or .

F i g ur e 8 k n ot .

D oubl e knot .

E . B oat knot .

B owli n e first step ,


.

B owlin e s ec on d s t ep

.
,

B owl in e co m p l et ed
,
.

S quar e or r eef k n o t .

S h eet b en d or w eav er s k n ot

.

S h eet b en d with a to g g l e .

C arri c k ben d .


S tev edore k n ot com p l ete d .

S tev edore knot c ommen ced .

o S l i p knot .

w F l emi s h l oOp .

p C hai n k n ot with to g g l e .

w H alf hit ch
-
.

Timb er hi t ch -
.

C l o v e hi t ch
-
.

R olli n g hit ch
<
-
.

Tim b er hit ch a n d half h it ch


- -
.

€ B la c kwall hi t ch -
.

N F ish erm an s b en d

.

R oun d turn a n d half h it ch -


.

Wall knot com m en ced .

Wall k n ot co m p l et ed .
-

Wall knot crow n co m m en ced .

Wal l k n ot crown c o m p l eted .

HH . E y e s p lic e co m m en ced and com p l eted .


2 12 S UL P H UR I C A C I D H B A ND OOK

T he bow li n e ( G ) i s on e o f t h e most us eful knots ;i t will n o t


Sli p and after b eing strain ed i s easily unti ed I t should b e ti ed
, .

with facility by ev eryo n e who ha n dl es rope C omm en ce by .

makin g a bi g ht in t h e ro p e th en p u t t h e en d throu g h t h e bi g ht
,

and und er t h e standin g p art as shown in t h e en g raving th en


, ,

pass t h e en d a g ain throu g h t h e bi g ht and haul ti g ht ,


.

T h e squar e or r eef k n ot ( I ) must not b e m istak en f or t h e


«


granny knot that sli p s u n d er a strain K nots ( H K and M ) .
,

a re easily unti ed aft er b ein g und er strain T h e k n ot ( M ) i s .

useful wh en t h e ro pe p ass es throu g h an ey e a n d i s h eld by t h e


knot a s it will n ot sli p and i s easily unti ed aft er b ei n g strai n ed
, ,
.

T h e wall knot looks comp l icat ed but is easily mad e by p r o .

ceedi n g a s follows :

F orm a bi g ht with strand 1 and pass t h e strand 2 arou n d t h e


,

en d O f it a n d t h e strand 3 around t h e en d O f 2 a n d th en thr o u g h


, ,

t h e bi g ht Of 1 a s shown in en g raving Z
,
H aul t h e ends taut .
,

wh en t h e a p p earan ce i s as shown in t h e en g ravi n g A A


. T he .

en d of t h e stra n d 1 is n o w laid ov er t h e c ent er Of t h e knot ,

strand 2 laid ov er 1 and 3 ov er 2 wh en t h e en d O f 3 i s p ass ed


, ,
O

throu g h t h e bi g ht of 1 a s shown in t h e en g ravin g B B


,
H aul .

all t h e stran ds taut as shown in t h e en g ravi n g C C


,
.

“ ”
T h e st ev edor e knot ( M ) (N ) i s us ed to hold t h e en d o f a
,

m m from p assi n g throu g h a h ol e Wh en t h e m m i s strain ed


.

t h e knot draws up tight but it can b e eas ily unti ed wh en t h e


,

strain i s r em ov ed .

I f a knot or hitch o f any ki nd i s ti ed i n a ro p e i t s f ai l ur e und er ,

stress i s sur e to occur at that p lac e E ach fib er in t h e strai g ht .

p art O f t h e rop e tak es pro p er shar e of t h e load but in all knot s ,

t h e ro p e i s cram p ed o r h a s a short b end whi ch throws an ov er ,

load On thos e fib ers that a re on t h e outsid e of t h e b end and on e


fib er aft er anoth er br eaks unti l t h e m m is torn a p art T h e .

short er t h e b end i n t h e standing rope t h e wea k er i s t h e knot ,


.
H
th iarii i iliq ida rar
2 14 S UL P H U I C A C I D R A N DB OO K

ra liiq ti
A po ec es L qu d Me su e

60 m n m s 1 u d m

a
8 d m s 1 u d o u n ce

iq art t q arkt
16 ou n ces 1 p n

Dry Me s ur e

ki i b hhtl
2 p n s 1 u

8 u s 1 p ec

dra rraai
4 p ec s 1 us e

A vo r du p o s W ei g

th rat l
16 ms g ns 1 ou n ce

16 = 7000 m 1 p ou n d

d r y li ht
o u n ces g s

100 p ou n ds 1 cen
2 000 p ou n ds 1 s o t on

rai y i ht y i ht
2 24 0 p ou n s 1 on g t on

T o We g
24 g ns 1 p en n w e g

trahi ari ri htl


20 p en n w e g s 1 ou n ce
1 2 ou n ces 1 p ou n d

rra l ra
A po ec es We g s

20 g ns 1 sc u p e

3 sc u p es 1 d m
8 d m s 1 o u n ce

th
12 ou n ces 1 p ou n d

M ET RI C M E A S URES
L en g

cm .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
H
!
WE I G TS AN D M E AS U E S R 2 15

Un i t
l Sy m b l
o V a lu e in s q u a re m e t e rs

Vo l um e

C UB I C M E A S U E R

Cu bi h t t r
c ec o m e e
2 16 S UL P H URI C A CI D

We i ht H B AN D OOK

iil ri rara
ti i rara
M c og m
M m

raka ra it
g
C en g m
Dec g m
G m (u n )
De g m

O
h
E QUIV A L E N T S F M ET RI C A N D C US T O M A RY (U S ) W E I G H T S
. .

I
A N D ME A S U E S 1
R

iltii tt rr ii hh
L en g t
M E TR C U S S TA N D ARD

tt rr i hf t
. .

1 m me e o 039 3 7. nc

1 me o 3 93 7

tkil t r — yar

cen e nc
°

37
J
1 me Oo

il I
e c . nc es

2 8083
o
1 me e o . ee

09 3 6 1 ds

1 me

iltii tt rr
er l .

1 om e e O 6 2 13 7 m
. e

U S S T A N D AR D M E TR C

tt rr
. .

25 . 400 1 m me e s

2 5 400 m

kil t r
. cen e e s

0 3 04 8 m
. e e

0 9 14 4 m e
. e

I
1 6 09 3 5
. om e e s

qq arar il tii tt rr M E TR C
qq arar i i hh U S S T A N D AR D

qq arar tt rr qq arar yarf t


. .

1 s u e m m e e O 00 15 5. s u e nc

1 e cen O 15 5 0

qa r ar il
m

qh tarar kil t r
s u e e . s u e nc

1 m HO 7 6 4 0
—196 0
s u e e e . s u e ee

ds

1 s u e m e e l . s u e

l ilt r a ta dard
1 s u e om e e O 386 1 s u e m e

1 ec e N 47 1 . c es

1
T ab e of eq u va en s, U S Bu . e u of S n s.
2 18 S ULP H URI C A CI D
'

H B
AN D OOK

laiq tih ari ra


U S . . S TA N D AR D
il il i t r
aliq tih qarari t r l
1 d m

llititr r
u ou n ce e s

1 d m

q ar t
po ec es

1

liq ki all lliitt rr


po ec es s c up e

1 u d u e

1 dry u 1 10 12

kb h l kal i t
. e s

1 u d g 3 78 5 4 3

lithr t lit r
on . e s

1 p ec

b hl
e s

1 p ec de er

1 us e e s

a
1 us e ec o e

ICM E TR
M ss

r ai
tr y
g ns

o o u n ce

ra aiir i
U S S T A N D AR D
. .

ra
tar yir i ra
1 g n
g m
1 vo du p o

tr y d
s o u n ce

1 o o u n ce 3 1 103 4 8 g m s

1 vo du p o s p ou n d
1 o p ou n
I C C
T HE RM O M E T RI C S CA LE S

F ahr h it r it
CO M P AR IS O N

°
en

C .
OF

e
T H E RM O ME T R
deg ees a s u n

3 2)
S

s
A LES

+ 79 4

+O 6.
C OM I t i rad r I i t C
S ULP H UR I C

P AR S
C en
ON

g
OF
A CI D H A N DB OO

T
e
H E R M O ME T R
deg ees a s u n
C S
s
K
A L ES
H H B
I U I U U IdC t Dd b i
2 22 S ULP URI C A CI D AN D OOK

(C al lat fhyr r t r i i atitabl


cu
DE N S
ed

z a t i on O f
TY
om
OF

d
SO L
Dr .

om e e s
J .
T ON

Do m k e
nd c
S OF

s
S

ng
LPH R
e

p er
.
3
A
c en t l h ri a i at
A
op e

.
CI 1

Of s u
( H 2S 0 4 ) A T 2 O O
as

p
t he
u c
as
c
s

d
°
.

20 C
2

fo r s t an d a r di
°
.
)
H
Ial lat fr U I tUablIC D t ba
S ULP URI C A CI D 2 23

hy r t r i i ati t l h ri a i at
DE N S TY O F SO L T ON S O F S U LPH R A CI 1
( H 2 8 0 4 ) A T 2O G
°
.
Z —
( C on cl u ded)
(C cu ed om Dr . J Do m k e s
.

e .
3
A do p ed a s t he s is fo r s t a n d a r d i
°
z a t i on Of d om e e s nd c ng p er cen . Of su p u c c d 20 C .
)

r ar a l
t i l h r r i t i l a b r a t tt a ar ablh l
1 8 3 605

al ay it r ftart r a ta ar r r
F o r g en e
1
t he m o e ex e n s ve a n d e S nd d T

i ti ar h
u se o e es

u n de t h e c p
°
on , Su p u c a c i d — O Bé .

100 p e r ce n . H 2S OI , s ou d
w s be e e ed to

i t y al t h i t a bl r i al l y ait ifi
.

2
Un ed S B u e u Of S d ds , Ci cu l a N 19 , 5 t h ed M

ra ity atth t rat rr r f r r at rat


es n O . on , c

3 0, 1 9 16 , p 2 8 . .

T h e dens
.
v u es i n s e a re num e c t he s m e as s pe c c
°
g v is em pe u e e e ed to w e 4 C . as un -

y .

3
W IS S . A bh . der K a i s e l i chen No m a l E i c h u n g s Kom m i s s i on , 5
- -

, p . 13 1 ,
U C I H H BU UUR

I C
I
2 24 S UL P I C A CI D AN D OOK

alla a lar t dfi atrat rrial lta h data tatbl hrratl rdi i tarbl tah hfar ti a
EM P ERA T RE C RRE T S O P R C E T S LPH R A CI D D E T ER
1
T O ON T E N O F .

M N E D B Y H Y D R O ME T ER ( S T A N D AR D A T 2 O G ) °
.
2

ard t rat r fr t rapt r g r g


( C cu e om t h e s m e a s t h e p ec e ng e s s u m n g J en
,
g ss a st he m e u s ed T he . e s ou d b e u s ed W i c u i on , a n d
for p p ox m e es u s w en t h e em p e u e d ff e s m u c om t h e s t
em p e u e or om t h e em p e u e Of t h e s u ou n di n g a I r ) .

T em er a t u re i n d e r ees Cen t i ra d e

S ub
5

t ra ct f
10

m“ ved
15 25 30

A dd
i 35

b
, 40

d
45 50
l 55
'60

f23 a
:
to O s er ve per c en t .

l e 1

3 57 2 78 1 93 1 01 1 13 2 44 4 1
3 91 3 06 2 13 1 12 1 32 3 00
4 29 3 38 2 37 1 26 1 64
4 75 3 77 2 69 1 46
5 29 4 26 3 12 1 76

r a l r t i l a b r a t t a ar abl
4 88 3 65 2 19

r a t i l h r i t h l
5 68 4 42 2 90

al arayhit r f trat r a ta ard r


F o r g en e u se t he m o

iti
e ex en s ve a n d e S d d T
1
o e n es

u n de t h e c p on , Su p u c a ci d— °
O Bé —1
00 p er cen .
. H 280 4 s , ou d
w s be e e ed t o .

2
Un ed S es u e u B of S nd s, C i r cu l a N O . 19 . 5 th ed on .

M c 3 0, 1 9 16 , p 2 9 . .
H H B
CI IC l rVI a Uf U IC CI
2 26 S UL P URI C A CI D AN D OOK

AB L E I PE F G RA TY F S LPH R D

p g
T .

S O A

g g g g
Lu n g e ,
Is e ,
and N e

1 00 a rt s by w i h t
e 1 li t er c o n t a n s i in

De r ees De r ees
con ta i n , ra m s k il o ra ms

B a um é Tw a dd e ll

0 00 1
O H
CI C I Up U IC g D
S P E CI F I C G RA V I T Y F S UL P URI C A CI D 227

g
T AB L E I .
-
S PE FI G RAV TY OF S LPH R A CI —
( C on t i n ued)

1 00 t
ar s by we i h t 1 li t e r i
c o n t a ns in
co n t a i n , g ra m s ki lo r am s

i n va cu o
s o4
HH B
CI I VI Up U IC g D
2 28 S ULP URI C A CI D AN D OOK

g g
AB L E S PE F C LPH R CI

g g
T I .
— G RA T Y OF S A —
( Cont i n u ed)

1 00 a rt s by w i e ht 1 li t e o
r c n t a i ns in
c on t a i n ra m s k il ora m s
De r ees De r ees
,

m va cu o
H 2S O4 11 2 80 4
H
H B
CI VI p U IC g D
23 0
. S UL P URI C A CI D AN D OOK

g g
AB L E S PE G RA T Y S ULPH R CI

g
T I .
— F IC OF A —
( C on t i n ued)

100 t
ar s by we i ht l
il i t er i
co n t a n s in
D eg r ees De r ees
co n t a m , ra m s ki lo ra m s

B au m é Tw a dd e ll

1 5 49
O H
CI IC VI Up U IC g CI
S PE C I FI C G RA V I T Y F S ULP URI C A CI D 23 1

T AB LE I . S
— PE F G RA T Y OF S LPH R A D— ( C on cl u ded)

1 00 ar s
t by we i ht 1 li t e l c o n t
r ai ns in
c on t a i n g ra m s ki og r a m s
D ,

B a um e T wa dd el l
m u"
s oi s OI
H H B
U
23 2 S ULP URI C A CI D A N D OO K

d r ti ra d
A LL O W A N C E FO RT EM P ERA T R E
( Lu n g e )
P er eg ee C en g e

Up to s p eC I fi c gravi ty
1 1 70 t o 1 4 5 0
. s pecific g ravity
to s pe cific gravity
to spe cific gravity

T AB L E II —
. CI IC VI U U IC CI
to

SPE F G RA TY OF S
( Lu n g e )
speci fi c
LPH R
gravity
A D AT
°
60 F .

1 8 14
.
id al lati
I N DE X

Ba um é
B
hy r
litlii r li l h ri a it
d rom e e , 8

ti a barrd r t t
177

rri k hai th a
e ng u es ,

Ac c cu on s , 86 89 , 96 Bo ng po n ts , su p u c c d , 5 5 , 6 7,

l a hl ri ta i rat hydr
1 03

rt
s nd , 1 27 Bi c pes s ,
208
A c ds i n for , 1 1 3 B g g s p pe

itlrih a iid a i
u ne g a s , es re d s , 204
A ow n ce fo r em p e u re, o Bu es 4 1 1 34

ala ibrlaattii atai k


e , ,

c o c c d, 5 2
50
C

i l hat
n c c

tti rra i al
,

d , 5 7, 60, 6 7 , 7 1 ,

aly i itrat i d l hi ri a i
su p ur c c C cu on s , c d , 24 , 86
224 , 2 3 2 C l o n Of n s , 148

ir l ir f r ar a
A m m on um ;3 1

ll hh r i i i q alitati
su p e C a s i o n p p e , 1 94
-

An s s of m xe ac d , 140 Cen g d e s c e, 2 19 , 220

ilra l f r hy r ir l t r
of n ed su p u c c d , 1 40 C c es , c c um e en c e a n d e Of ,
of s u di o x de, 109

qt taalatit iti b r r
p u 15 5

ffihydri t hl ri aa ii
of su p u rc ac d, u ve, C cu m e e n c es o f c c es , 15 5
12 5

hyti fr idzi lliqh i ri


C i n es s Of d om e e s , 8

itlrih a i i a i
e n
u n a ve, 1 26 , 1 3 9 Coe c en o f ex p n s on , 29
Of ds i n g a s , 1 13

r i at bailii i t
o c u ne oc o c c d, 5 2
An dr e, su p u c, 33 d, 5 0

ari i ht tri
n c c

A ds , 1 7 8

q aai r t i l h ri
n -
ee ng u d , 5 7 , 60 , 6 7, 7 1
su p ur c c .

'
A pp ox m e o ng po n s, su l 224 , 2 3 2

th r tri al
p h uri c d, 5 5 , 6 7

rrbaitraryi lal hy r t r
c Co m p son Of m e c an d U . S .

A u eo us v po ens o n of , s u p u c We g 2 16

itrtaiti l h r a i
, s ,

c d , 1 05 of e m om e c sc es , 2 19 ,
A sc e d om e e s , 5 22 0
A e Of c r c es 15 5 C o m p os on o f d ry g a s , 1 2 3 , 1 2 4

r i d ty ba i
,

C o n cen Of su p u i c c d , 89

a dq i al t ifi ra ity
on

1 08

tb i t fib rra ty
Co n ve s o n of en s i s s, 3
B ume

of S Oz t o 80 3 , 1 13

i ty b r
eg rees , s pec c g v
e u v en s , 11 C o rrec o ns , Sp eci c g vi , 2
C u e roo s o f n u m e s , 1 5 5
,
16 Cu es of n u m be s, 15 5
r la ti l h i a id al l
2 36 I N DE X

i al i afh t r zi i t l h ri a id
Fo mu s for su p ur c c c cu a

24 , 89

r ifi ra rity di i trl h thi ai id i a id


on s ,

Dec m s of oo , 1 73 F ee ng po n s, su p u c c ,

o f a n n c , 1 77 63

q ai all t r ifi dira ity thifid ra ityi hi


D eg ees B a u m é co es p on ng to Fu m n g su p ur c c ,
2 3 , 71
16 f or m x ed 97

r a i t y
v

t a bl
s p ec c g , s en g en n g c ,

v of , 11 m s of we g 1 35

ityfi iti r i ba i
e u en s p ec c g v e o ng ,

T w dd e co es p on ng to spe Sp ec c g v of , 72 , 73 , 2 3 3
ci fi c v 21 7 2 , 7 3 , 74 , 76 , 79 , 2 3 3

hydrl h trir a id
g ,
es ,

D en s c on ve s o n of 3

a r t i
, s s,

de o n of , 1

at r i t i
n

om e e s , 5

ri tiard a idr taarblati ta la t b lb ththd d


of s u p u c c ,
222 G g es , p ress u e an d suc on , 1 78
of w 22 1 G a s co m p o s on o f, 12 3 , 1 2 4

iil hti yla i l ht rti a id


e , ,

Des c p on o f p ep on o f s nd G ss u m e o ,
13 6
27 be m e 13 6

t it r t r
c es , u o ,

D u on of s u 89

iydrt h r ri a id all a
p u c c ,

D p en m ne es ,
12 5
D u P on om e e 144

t r a t r
n ,

H 2 10

l y tb l a itabl fi ra ity
c es , op e,

H o chl o c c ,
ow n ce

em 52

q i al ifi ara ityd r ydr r aratli hid t t


pe u e,

E em en s , n m es of , 1 s p ec c g v of , 51
m o s of , 1 51

tadri l d r i ht ifi ydr t r
s e,

E u v en t s of B um e eg ees and p ep on of , 44
v 1 1, 16 H 12 6

r a i t y a l t i
s p ec c g ,
og en s u p e es ,

of M c and U S we g 2 16 H om e e s , 2, 5

ti ati a id t k addl
e . . s,

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R m od fo r d and m d, 1 2 7

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91 s od u m d 3 9, 1 3 1

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O e c es , so u on s , p o ec ng s en g

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12 8

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S02 t o S 0 3 , 1 13 Su p 33

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72 , 73 , 2 22 , 22 5 5 5 , 6 7 , 1 07

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1 23 , 1 24

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su p u e u i re to m e 1 00 We g s a n d m e s u es 2 1 3 ,

lb 1 09 Wes p v n ce 1

tl h ri i a hydraqi a r
.
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5 4 , 6 0, 6 1 , 68 , 22 5 W ou g ro n p pe 1 9 7

i a aly i l h ri a i
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o n of , 46

bl l t
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,

Su p u c n de, 23 Z n c, n s s of , in su p u c c d,
S ym o s of e em en s , 1 1 40

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