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RI C A CI D
H A N D B OOK
BY
T H OM A S J . S ULLI V A N
WIT H T HE Ml N E RA L POI N T ZI N C CO M P A N Y , A S UB S I D I A RY
OF T HE N E W J E RS E Y ZI N C CO M P A N Y
FI RST E D IT I O N
M cG R A W H ILL B OOK C OM P A N Y, I N C
-
.
L
23 9 WE ST 3 9T H S T RE E T . N E W YO K R
LO N DO N : H I L P UB LI S H I N G C O .
,
1m ) .
6 a 8 B O UVE RIE ST .
, E . c .
19 18
C O P YRI G HT , 19 1 8, B Y T HE
B OO K
M A P L E
P RE F A C E
As s u lphuri c a cid i s o n e of t h e most impo rtant of ch em i ca l s ,
This is certain ly n o t strictly cor rect but sul p h u ric acid for m s
,
( )
a F o r d e composing s a l t s with t h e p roduction of nitric acid ,
or g alvani zing .
3 8748 1
V i P RE F A C E
several tim es and it is ho ped that t h e errors hav e b een redu ced
,
p la n n ed ,
but if t h e d em a n d fo r t h e p ub l ication j u stifi es it t h,
e
r
.
T H O M A S J S U LL IV A N
. .
D E P UE , I L L .
M a ch 1 , 1 9 1 8 .
PR AE F CE
T M E TS
I N T E RNA TI O NAL A O C W IG H
I
C ON T E N T S
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S pec c G v es Co rres po n n g t o Deg ees Tw d e
N OMEN CL U E OF S ULPHU I C A CI D
RIC A CI D A D O P D B Y TH E M NUF C U I N G C HE I A O CI I ON ’
yd hl ri i abl
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D I LU I ON N D C ON C E N TI O U I CA CID T o FO SO L UTIO NS
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abl i i
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F O M I ON OF M IX U OF S ULPHU IC N D N I IC A CID OF D F I N I
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C O P O I I ON ( S o—C LL D M IX E D A CID )
B O ILI N G O I N S ULPHU IC A CID
M L I N G OI N — S U LPHU IC A CID
T N I ON OF A Q U O U V P O S ULP H U IC A CI D —
PP SS RR TATA AA RR PP SS R
S N G H F O RE Q UILI B IU M W I H A MO P H IC M O I U
P I ON OF H M ONO H D
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-
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C LCUL I N G H E C N G S O C ONVE D O 8 0 W H EN H E z 3
80 I N T H B U N E A N D E X I G E I K NO W N U D I N HE —
C ON C OC
T
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TH O IC L C O P O I I ON OF D RY G A S F O H RO I N G OF
ME LLIC S ULPHID
A TATitr STSi l i R ad r i
.
TH O IC L C OM P O I I ON OF D RY G A F O H E C OMB U I ON OF S U L S T
PHU
QU LI IV E T E S ULPHU IC A CID
R
-
N o g en A c ds — S e en u m — Le — Ir on an d A s en c
QU N I IV A N L I OF S ULPHU IC A CID
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QU N I I VE D E M I N I O N OF L D I O N N D ZI NC I N S ULPH
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A CID
T H E A N L I OF M IX D A CID N D N I D S ULP H U IC A CID
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n H e v F n ged F n g s —
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t r a a y i t i
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ER A REAR S S TA AR A ER D TRA TP E D
TT .
S n d Sc ew ed F in g s .
Ex He S c rew ed F n gs
EA P E
v .
A M IC N B I GG S ND D F O RT P AN S IGH IP A N LO C K
N UT T H
L D IP
ST ARY E TS D EAS R S
S N D D 9 AN 9 S I B IC K S H P
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. .
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T U .
E Q UIV L E N OF M IC AN CU OM (U S ) W IGH AN
ah h it r it
. .
M U
C OM P I ON OF T HE OME IC S C LE
F ren e d eg ees a s u n s
t i rad r i t
xii C ON T E N T S
i t y
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VVA T E R
R ETER
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and V l um e
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1 9 17 1
t y
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D efin on of th e T erm S p eci c Gr v of 3 . L qu d
°
substan ce em p loyed is wat er at its ma x imum d en sity (4 C or
r th tr ifi ra ity i i
.
Mo e C om m on Me od s of De e m i n i n g t h e S p ec c G v of L qu d s
1 . P ycn om et er .
—
H ere w e hav e v es s els O f u n k n own volu m e,
but eith er havi n g a mark o n t h e n ec k or havin g g lass sto p per ,
°
Wh en t h e p lumm et is imm ers ed i n wat er at 4 C t h e equilibriu m .
,
W
call ed a rid er Oth er rid ers w ei g hin g r es p ectively
.
3 H ydrom et er s
.
— Th es e instrum ents consist o f a spindl e
.
t i ifi a ity t i ti
at which t h e hydrom eter was calibrat ed or prop er corr ection
mad e .
C orr ec i on s t o b e A p pl ed i n S p ec c Gr v De erm n a on s
t h e cas e of wat er this incr eas e of volum e with ris e of t emp eratur e
i s not uniform but has b een d et ermin ed with gr eat car e
,
K now .
°
tem p eratur e O f t h e substa n ce was 1 5 C at t h e ti m e of t h e d et er .
g ravity ,
RS E S TY AS S
°
mad e with t h e w ei g ht of a unit volum e O f substanc e at 15 O .
a d r d i r a i ahy r t r r a d a i i
°
com p ared with t h e w eight o f a unit volum e of water at 4 C
atra f trh r ta ata r tat ia ratrairfi idtyt at ar rfatr rifi dt ta rdaratitry t atb r i
.
CO NV E I ON O F D N I B I
P re re fo r u se in e uc n
g e d n g s of d om e e g u t ed to nd
f a t r i i t i t h i al l a l t i l dby
c e en s i t y or s p ec fi c g v S p ec e s n d em p er u e, T
ed
’
e e to w e s p ec e em pe u e, T as un , t o t he as s Of
nd rd
’
no e s em pe u e, 1, and e e en ce em pe u e, t .
T he (g t he dec m ) p ie t he
ahydr t ri i at i fi r a i t y at i t q i r
c o A ven I n u n s of S x p ce , mu
en s o r s p eci fi c -
g v e di n g , g ves t h e co ec on to b e p p i ed t o t h e
k th r ti r that it i i a i ra ity at
e ing t o e u ce t o t he re u e s s .
2
S u p p os e om e e nd c
3 es s pe c c g v
7
-
0 ,
an d is re u ed
to n ow t h e
°
co ec on in o rde sh a l l nd c te s p ec fi c g v
° en ,
15 5 6
r t i t t h r f r a
T is , if t he d om e e nd c es co rrec S p ec fi c g vi of
i h r a at a
0
4
0 00 106 2
. A co ec on o f 0 00 17 m us
.
, e e o e, b e dded t o t h e
nd c on of t he d om e e
°
15 5 6
Or , i f nd in g D C w
.
m e us n g s rd s n d c —
s es to g du e
E S6
°
t a ar r a
° °
d om e e to nd c d en s 20 C to w 4 C (D t he
r r t i
e . e e e e .
S u pp o s e t h e s n d d e ds .
T h e co es p o n di n g co ec on is X
at r a t a ar d r r di t i ar h
Co ec ed re d n g
fo Jen
TE r a t a ar ak if r t y a
T he b e is c cu e r 1 6 11 1 g ss .
30 l 1i
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By m eans o f t h e stirr er w hich r each es to t h e bottom of t h e
v ess el t h e liquid should b e thorou g hl y mi x ed
, .
TE r i r a t a ar t h i t fi r
‘
bl it t rai
th en normal to t h e st em .
N O : B
A cco d n g t o t h e u e u o f S nd ds , en , t h e po n A (see gu e
e ow ) n ot t h e p o n B i s t h e on e t o b e n o ed a s the e d ng .
In flu en ce
of T m t In e p a ur e
er —
at wh i ch h h d t i obs rv d di ff rs from h
'
p e r a t u r e t e y ro m e er s e e e t e
In flu en ce of S ur f a ce T en s i on —
S urfa ce—t en sion eff ects on h y
.
C l eanl i n es s —
T h e ac curacy of hydrom et er obs ervatio n s de
p ends in many cas es u p on t h e cl ea n lin ess of t h e instrum ents a m
, ,
cl ean,
s o that t h e liquid will ris e uniforml y and m er g e into a ]
soa p and wat er rins ed and dri ed by wi p ing with a cl ean lin e
, ,
cloth .
iq id a i rtha at r
.
, ,
AM E RI CA N S TA N DA RD B A UM E HYDRO M E TE R
(L u s He v e n W e )
T he M anufacturin g C h em ists A sso ciation o f t h e Un ited S tat ’
S p eci fi c g ravity at —
8
—
5 F .
S pecific g ravity at
g% F .
B A UM E H YDR
’
OM E TE RS 9
r at i b t i r a i t y d r r t by
19 16 :
t he o m u s g ven w a s op e s B u e u i n 1 904 , w en fis oo up
t he o n Of dr o m e At me eve m po m
r i i ar l y hi t r al b ad i r a bl y
u es es ng e s . n nu
of B a um é d om e e s i n t h e Un ed S w as
as t he s s Of ese ns u m en s , or e s su c was e c m .
“
T he and e y of t he B a u m é h as m
e e P o . C F C . . n l e in p pe re e o e t he N on A c a d em
of Sc P i in 188 1 As i s p per m a y n o t b e e d
al r t r d d by t i
en ces e p .
to so m e who in t he m m a y b e w e t o nc u de
ere p r of t he m e p ep ed P o . C n e .
“
T he B a um é was fi and An Baum é
i by th h i l i al r r t itbli i h ad
sc e s p opo s e u se o ne ,
Fren c c em s ,
i n 1 768 , and om s eg n n n g ve c o m e d ff e en
B a um é ve b een ed m T h e d ec o ns
g ven B a u m é f o r m p r od u c i n g h i s s c e w e e fi s pu s e i n L A va n t i n
’
e s ep o uc e . It i s n ot S n g e, e e o e, d fe en c es s oo n ap
d ve g en ce d i d
s c u oc cu is we s own t he ge num e of
B a u m é s c es ve been P C 23 fe
sc es fo r u s e ve n w e .
B a um é i f or h is fo r t h e
’
om e e
sc e fo r i u s e v e nw e he use so u on o f s od u m c o de
( c o m m on ) co n 15 p ts Of s we g i n 85 p of
w we g He be t he s
‘ ’
a n d ve
‘
t l t l
e . es c as e ng Ve pu e
an d s the m w ere ed o u t in in w t he
em pe u e w as 10
°
Re um u , e u v en to 12 5 C
°
. or 54 5 F .
°
.
“
T h e po to w t he om e e i n t h e 15 pe r
dir id dd dbt y dq al a t i dt r d i i a l th
n c s n cen . sa so u
m em w as m T he w een t w o po n
t e m ers o f B au m é o m e e s s oo n beg n t o d ev e om t h e p ro
in e B a um é t h e dev
h al diti at f i
ce u t e ou ,
on s e ng , no ou , p cc en
and p r n en on ,
and in cou s e o f m e, a s re po n e ou t ,
m n
di ff e en Baum é sc es we e in u se .
“
T is con on Of a fla i rs l ed t o g re c on u s o n in t he u se of t he
B a um é sc e .
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r a i d r a t i ar i a t i t h at r di t i d t
10 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO
s om e me ns of de fi n ng a nd ep o du c n g t he sc e m o e ex c n
d be on e t he mp B a um é d, be
itr t rat atr h ati alt rt r d ffi rit it q hati thi thr lati
c ou s e u es g ven s ou p os s e,
ou n d T m wa s ov ded ssu m n g x ed
‘
. s ea n S e p e on
d w een t h e B a u m é e and t he s p ec i fi c s om e
g v sc e
de fi n e em pe u e, a n d in e m s o f s om e e n e un . W en s e on
is ex p es s ed in m em m in t he m of a n the
B aum é sc e is x ed e o nd u es o n s of d ou . A t t he p es en me
B a um é in s su m e on , a n d t h e d ff e
i i fi r a i t y i a i t y r di
or on c ou s s c es a r e s n
p er a t u re w the r u m en d to be
i r ri d r at al lat d if al ik ra tihty
c ns s a re n en e co ec .
“
If de fi n e m o du u s l is dop e ,
en t he eg ees B au m é co es p on ng
to r t h e s p ec c gr v ng t o any fi
l d t r i d l t al al l a df r
any g ven
g v , o
s p ec c co es p on
g ven d eg ee B a u m é m a y b e c cu e ;o r t h e s p ec c g and fi
th i i l i t
v
'
co es p on d n g eg ee B a u m é a n y p oi n t of t h e s c e a re n ow n , en t h e
m odu u s ca n b e e e m n e a n d t h e com p e e B a u m é s c e c cu t e om
ir ra ity
s s ng e po n .
d l
3 s p ec fi c g v .
h liq i h a i rtha at r
d deg ees B a um é .
m m o u us .
T en fo r u ds e v e n w e
t i r a t a dar d t l a t i
rrk i tartdara t izi rihya r a t fra t r r ilhyi rti qt irry a
A t t he m t he B t a ki
u e u of S was em t he
wo of s n d ng d om e e s d g en n u wa s m de of t he
m m po Am e m e s of d om e e s a s t o t he B au m é
sc es u s ed em . W ou ex cep on e ep ed e we e us ng
“
t he m o du u s 14 5 f o r ds w T the Am e
“
T e e v ng een no o jec on or p o es om any m nu ac u e or
u se of B au m é om e e s t he m e t he sc e wa s do p e t he B u e u,
was s su m e e we e en e s s c o t o t he A m e c n e
”
and we e in un ve s u s e.
RA T S AT RR S R ES
B A UM E H YDROM E TE RS .
11
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D G E B A UM E —
( Con t i n u ed)
1 6 075
1 5 5 75 .
E RA T S REAT S A RES
‘
B A UM E H YD ROM E T E ’
RS 15
‘
°
60—
SP CI FI C G VI I E
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C R P O NDIN G
DE G E B U ME — ( Con d u ded )
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i
a fi a
e w w w w m e w m m m a w a
O n
S
o
www w w n u w n v m o Q » m fi s s
u
m
c
v w e
m o m
m n »
o m N a fi u m v w w
n w e m c v u a fi o
e v w v e w m fi n n
m w w m N m m m m fi m a ~ N fi a m o n c
a m o o w m w o a n m w v m n w fi w m u
n m w m m N ~ ~ m s c e ~a s n m o w m
m e N w w o m m m m n h m a a m ~ w w n
u m e o w fi m o fi ~ e a m w u u © n a o
m u w w w m fi o o m w m m e w m w w s w
m n m w v ~ n a m n m N m m m w a o
o ©v N m fi a e fi m u a w m w w
fi ~fi @w h n w m fi m m m a e e
18 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB O O K
m m « m m m w o m m m w m
2 0
N S N n
L
S E
A
a m N e m h e w a e m m
w m m S
u
m. m o N
. g o n v o : w m m m . 5 N
. m
m v m m O m 0 m m m m m m m
Ei
h o
a v a m o a m m m m 3 S h
S
g g E»
e a o
S
s .
m. a m d m o o m o m w o m . o w N m
.
w $ m m 0 w m h w o w N m w «
m w u m m S v 3 u m n w a m n m
w 2 m m m w N m m . m m e o e m w o
m m m m
m . m . m m
—i v l
I - -
F -l v l l —l H - l
v r- i r- ‘v- i ——— —
v i v i v i r-l v i
B A UM E R
H YD O M E TE RS 19
LP K
Lral y la
20 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO
T WA D D E HYDRO M E TE R
1 Let
t
M e h od s
x
of C on ve
= d e rees
rti ifi a ity
( G en e
Twaddl e
ng S p ec
u s ed
c
in E
Gr v
ng nd )
t o D eg r e e s
.
g .
y s p ecific g ravity .
1000y 1000
5
2 . Or a: 2 00 ( y
th ti al
,
Me od s of C on ver ng D eg r ees T w dd e to
y d eg rees Twaddl e .
5g 1000
1000
2 . 0r a: + 1
s p ecific gravit y o f
LP H UR K
L O L
22 S U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
N O M E N C A TU E R F S U P HU RI C A C ID
S u l p huric
ac i d shows a d efin ite r elation b etw een t h e s pecifi c
gravity and str ength u p to p er c ent H zS O4 A S it is much . .
De g r ees B aum é S p g
ec ifi c ra i y
v t P er c en t . 80 ; P er c en t . H zS O c
slight cha n g e from t h e tabl e of 188 2 and thos e valu es hav e b een
used in this country ev er sin ce I n G er m any es p ecially an d
'
.
,
9 8 p er c ent .
°
T h e 6 6 acid i s also known a s O il of vitriol ( O V ) and str engths . .
°
0 V
. a 6 0 B é a cid containing
.
,
.
p er cent s oA b ein g .
call ed p er c ent 0 V . . .
N OM E N C A L T URE OF S U LP H URIC A CID 23
W
.
2 T h e pe r c en t o f total S 0 3
. . .
(B n on -
u mg
n c d is m e n s en g s u n de p er c en .
(B um ng c is m e n s en g s o ve p er cen . 80 3 )
m o.
”2 5 0
s o.
H zO
H zS O4
H .S O.
5 4 4 38
H zO
’
80 3
4 4 4 38
H zO
H 20
80 3
'
Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t S Os .
—
N on -
f u m zn g A ci d
P er c ent H zS O4 X
.
P er c ent H 28 0 4
.
Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t H g S O
'
.
4
—
N 0n -
f u m zn g A ci d
P er c ent 8 0 3 .
P er c ent 8 0 3 X
.
T o Ca l cu l a te P er
100 p er c ent H 28 0 4 .
P er ce nt H 28 0 4
.
per c ent S 0 3
.
P er cent H 28 0 4 X
.
P er c ent 8 0 3 . X
S U LP H URIC A C ID CA -
LL
CU A T I ON S 25
T o Ca l cu l a t e P e
r Cen t C om bi n ed H g O .
—
F u m i n g A ci d
P er c ent H 28 0 4 X.
100 p e r c en t total S O 3 .
P er c ent combin ed 8 0 3 X
.
T O Ca l cu l a t e P er C en t . H g S OI J — ’u m i n
g A ci d
100 p et free S Os
r cen .
P er cent combin ed H z O X
.
or
T o Ca l cu l ate E qu i va l en t 1 00 P er Cen t H g S OI .
—
F u m i ng A ci d
P er cent total S O3
.
P er cent total 8 0 3 X
.
Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t C om bi n ed S Os .
—
F u m i n g A ci d
P er cent H g S O4 X
.
P er cent c ombin ed H 2 0 X
.
P er cent tota l 8 0 3
.
per cent fr ee S 0 3 .
T O Ca l cu l a te P er C en t F r ee S Os .
—
F u m i n g A ci d
( P er ce nt total . S O3 X 8006
or ( P er c en t .total 80 3 X
or ( P er c en t .total S O3
or P er c ent .total S 0 3 ( per cent combin ed H zO X .
Or
. 1 00 P er c ent H zS O4.
26 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K
T o Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t T ota l S Og .
—
F u m i ng Aci d
( P er c en t fr ee S 0 3 X . 8006
or ( P er c ent fr ee S 0 3 X .
or ( 100 p er c en t fr ee S 0 3 ) p er cen t fr ee 8 0 3 . .
or P er c ent free S O3 .
p er c ent combin ed 8 0 3 .
T o C a l cu l a te W ei g h t p er Cu bi c F oot A ci d
O
6 O
S p ecific g ravity
°
at
60
— —
° F . C
) X w eight per cubic
wat er at 60 F .
( 37
6 2 . lb ) .
( W
T o Ca l cu l a te
e ight of
W ei g ht 8 0 3
a cid p er c
p er
ubi c foot
Cu bi c F oot
X p er c ent S O3 ) . 100)
T o C a l cu l a te th e E qu i va l en t P er Cen t a n d W ei g h t . of
S t ren g th A ci d af Com p a red to A n other
°
quival ent p er c ent in 6 6 B é
T he e . .
p er c ent H g S OI )
.
°
an acid of 6 O B é ( 7 p er c ent H g S O4) is . .
X 100 per ce nt . 66 Be .
°
and as 60 B é orr es p onds to 1 705 9 s p ecific gravity
. c .
, t h e p ounds
° °
of 66 Bé . equival ent to 1 cu ft of 6 O B é is . . .
N OT E — W of um n g d,
ech
’
u s ed for t h e c cu o n s ca n e e be en a s p er c en . 80 3 o r of p er .
H 28 0 4
t
.
If c cu ng um ng -
c e u v en s, s en
g s s ou be u sed I n e m s
A N D H YD R O C HL O R I C A CID A D O PTE D B Y T HE ,
RS
M A N U F A C T U R IN G C HE M I S T S ASS O
’
C IA T I ON O F T HE UN I T E D S T A T E S
1
BY W . C . F E GU O N
IN T RODUC T ORY
'
onl y was th ere disa gr eem ent between s p ecific g raviti es and cor
res p o ndin g perc enta g e c om p osition wh en reduc ed to t h e sa m e
standard but di ff erent moduli tem peratur es et c were us ed a s
, , , .
,
standards .
tak en for nitri c a cid hydro ch l oric acid amm onia and sul p h u ri c
, ,
r ly
a r e lar g ely gov ern ed by t h e d eg r ee B a u m é ;th ey a r e al so u s eful
1
J ou S oc C hem I n d Ju
. . . 3 1 1 905 p p 78 1 7 90
.
, , ,
.
—
.
28 SU LP H URI C A C I D HA N DB OO K
T he a cids and ammon i a us ed w ere t h e p urest obta i nab l e c p . .
,
S P E C IF I C G -
RA V ITY DE TE RM IN A TI O N S
°
A ll gravity d et erminatio n s w er e tak en at 6 0 F com
s p eci fi c -
.
,
°
p ar ed with wat er at 6 0 F T h e work w a s
. don e in wi n t er and no
account w a s tak en of diff eren ces of atmos p h eric p ressure or
°
t em p eratur e whi ch avera g ed about 76 0 mm and 6 5 F
,
. .
°
r esults show ed that 1 F .
g ram eff ect o f ex p ansion
of 5 0 c c bottl e
-
. . 100 .
g ram which would mak e a
di ff er enc e of s p ecific gravity whi ch is l ess than t h e ,
W W
for it .
P r epa r atio n of S ta n da r d s —
T h e followin g sta n dards w er e
.
p er c ent sul p huric acid ;sul p huri c anhydrid e ;sul p hani lic acid
. .
t q i al t
tur er Ou r analysis show ed it to contain in addition to som e
.
sodium chlorid e
qq ii alal tt
P er c en .
q i al t
e u v en
e u v en N 3 20 0 3
e u v en N 3 20 0 3
e u v en N a z C os
°
I t was th en dri ed at 100 C p rot ected from acid g as es fin ely
.
, ,
g rou n d and k ep
,
t in a s eal e d bottl e u n til used A bo ut 20 g rams .
p er c en t g reater
,
.
“
5 2 5 in quoting t h e work o f P i c k erin g says :
,
Wh en sodium ,
” “ ”
ga g ed I n L un g e s Un t ers u ch u n g s M ethod en vol I p 83
’
. . .
, , ,
S od iu m C arb o na te ( b ) —
A p ortio n of t h e wash ed a n d dri ed
.
an alyz ed .
A m m oni um S ul ph a t e —
T en g rams of t h e standard acid ( to b e
.
and p rot ect ed from acid fum es A m m onia was add ed from tim e
.
sli g htly l ess than 100 per c ent and anoth er sli g htly more than
.
cas e .
S ul ph ur i c A n h ydr i d e —
A noth er m ethod us ed as a ch eck o n
.
follows
F uming s u l p huric acid contai ni ng 4 0 p er c ent free S 0 3 was .
t il l ed rej ecting t h e first few cubic c en tim ete rs and coll ectin g
,
°
t o 14 0 F and c ooli n g t h e r ec eiv er about 20 grams of sul p huric
.
,
s ul ph a n il i c A c i d —
I n looking throu g h t h e lis t of or g anic acids
.
A N A L S IS Y O F S TA N D A RD S
F or t h e comparison of t h e abov e carefully p r ep ared com p ounds
a s standards 2 lit ers of c p sul p huri c a cid w er e u s ed
. . This acid .
d et ermin ed as follows :
S o di u m C a r b o n ate ( a ) F iv e g rams of fr eshly ignit ed sodium
—
.
p er c ent sul
.
p huric a c id .
°
stant w eight at 2 30 F a s d escrib ed above was cool ed in a d esic
.
, ,
into a cass erol e contai n in g cold water and titrated w ith sodium ,
to t h e m ethod to b e d escribed .
A ssumi ng t hi s a cid to b e 100 per cent sul phur i c acid and usin g .
,
9 7 39
.
p er ce nt sul p huric .a c id A cid c rystalliz e d from .
p er cen t s ul p huri c a c id
. Usin g this standard ex actly as
.
s u l p huric a cid .
S ul ph u r i c An h ydr i d e —
T h e tube containi ng t h e su l phur i c a n
.
diluted t o 1 lit er and 300 c c m easur ed w ith t h e divi ding bur ette
. .
S u l ph a ni l i c A ci d —
Twenty g rams of this ac i d prepar ed as ,
aci d .
S od i aritbdatat h at ta t i ht
um c on e
at dat ta t i ht
( A ) Ig n e l ow r ed e to con s n we g
d r t l h tri a id r ar fr a id li htly [
Am m on um su p e m e o
1 00 p er om d
rl h ri a hydridt
c en . su p u c c p ep e c s g
un e 100 p er c en .
100 p er c en . su p u c c p ep ed om c s g
o ve 100 p er c en
Su p
Su p l ha ili a id
u
n
c
c
n
c .
e
p e ct ed p rovid
, ed t h e standards th ems elv es w er e p ur e T h e .
fi g ur es .
rraa a qq i i alal tt
h eatin g to red n ess
m N a 2 0 0 3 a re e u v to rraa s oz
ra
g s en g m s
g m N c o, a re e u v en to g m 11 2 8 0 4
f r hraati a r d q i al t
2
ra
.
9 2 5 03 g m s H 28 0 4
r a dalkali ity a f r
B e o e e ng to e n es s
ms N c u v to m H 28 0 4
q i al t t
g a a re e en g s
In c e se n du e t o N 20 o m ed
E u v en to p er c en . o f
By h eat '
2N
r a f
HC 0 3
q
ft rrha ati r d q i al t
3
i al t N a 20 0 3 002
44
H 20 .
ra
ra
g m 00 2 ou n d a r e e u v en t o 0 02 2 8 g
. m N a H C Oa .
f r rha ati r d
A e e ng to e n es s
g ms N a 20 0 3 a re e u v en to 9 2 44 7 g
. m s H 28 0 4
q i alra t ra
B e o e e ng to e n es s
g m s N a 20 0 3 a re
q i al t ra
e u v en to .
g ms
g m N a H C Os a re
e u v en to .
g m
In c
or of
r a dalkalfri ity f rq ati ial t
e se
N a z c o.
'
n
om N
du e t o
a H0 0 3
o
e
m
u v
on
en
. .
to p er c en t . of
N 8 30 +C 0 3 .
A N A L YS I S OF S T A N DA RDS 39
,
°
weight at 5 72 F was h eat ed u n til it had com p l et ely fuse d an d
.
, ,
accounted for .
betw een t h e oth er sta n dards and sod ium carbonate igni ted at
°
5 72 F . a r e v ery c onvi n c in g argum ents i n favor of prep arin g
,
p er c e n t su l p huri
. c a c id .
c austi c soda that was em p loy ed for a l l analyt ica l d eter m in ations
embrac ed in th es e tabl es .
d eterm i nation .
c ess had b een add ed and aft er 3 min drai n in g t h e bur ette was ,
-
.
t h e soda solution was add ed from a bur ett e until a trac e chan g ed
t h e color of t h e solution from yellow to oran g e T h e en d po int .
H 2 S 0 4 tak en H 2 S 0 4 2 d titration
g rams of sul p huric a c id
cc
. . N a OH
°
found to b e cc 1 F to b e subtra ct ed wh en t h e t em
. . .
,
wh en b elow .
ammonia .
ag reed withi n c c . .
t o this mark
‘
gram .
N IT RI C -
A C ID T A BL E
T he p
c nitr
. i
. c acid em p loy e d was free from nitrous an d hydro
°
chl oric acids and t h e residu e u po n eva p oration at 2 12 F was
, .
°
a l l sam p l es u p t o 4 3 B é and for t h e str on g er sa m p l es this acid
.
,
was conc entrated by distill in g with p ure g la cial p hos p hori c a cid
a n d po tassium perm angan ate t h e l atter t o p r ev ent t h e formation
,
42 S U P HUL RI C A C I D HA N DB O OK
sto p p er of t h e tub e with a g lass fork whil e imm ers ed in a cass erol e
containing a pp ro x imat ely 4 00 c c of wat er T h e titration w a s . . .
di t i on s d escrib ed in standardizin g .
Al low a nc e f or T em p eratur e —
A ft er d et erminin g t h e s p ecific
.
°
g ravity of t h e di ff er ent str en g ths em p loyed at 6 0 F t h e t em .
,
°
p er a t u r e was rais ed to 70 F and t h e p i cnom et er w ei g h ed ;li ke
.
,
°
wis e at S O F from this data t h e allowa n c e for t em p eratur e
.
° °
from 5 0 to 90 F .
14 5
Deg r ees B aum e 14 5
S p ecifi c g ravity
1 109 5
.
1
1
T h es e d e
s p ec
ti rrai attyi
fi
e
c g
m n
vi
on s
and
a re t he
pe r
a tra r r lt thhiath h k l ithti
ve
c en .
g e of es u
, t h e rec o d
s
of w c
c
h as
ec ed
been
w
os .
n
rea ding of a d eli cate B a u m é hydrom eter and thermom eter gradu
°
a te d to 1 F in terms of s pecific gra vi ty :
.
,
LP K
O O
44 S U H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO
H Y D R C HL RI C -
A CID T AB LE
°
F or t h e sa m p l es abov e 2 2 B é this acid was conc entrat ed by .
tt tt
By s il ve r c h l id
or e i
B y t t ra t io n
p er c en . H Cl p er c en . HCl
2 9 9 8 p er
. cen . H Cl 3 0 00 p er
. c en . HC]
46 S U LP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K
R
S UL P H U I C A C ID T A BLE -
free from hydrochloric and nitric acids and ammonia and gave a
tra ce of r esidu e u p on eva p oration T h e im p uriti es w er e l ess .
°
above ex c ep t that in brin g ing t h e t em p erature to 6 0 F t h e
,
.
,
°
T h e allowanc e f o r t em p eratur e for ev ery 10 F b etw een 5 0
°
.
°
and 9 0 F w a s d et ermi n ed at t h e following d egr ees B a u m é
.
6 6 6 3 5 7 5 1 44 3 6 2 9 2 1 12
, , , ,
I t w a s found to b e p ractically
, , , ,
.
°
fi ed th ermom et er ac curat e t o 1 F w a s sus p end ed in t h e a cid . .
14 5
lated by t he formula : D egr ees B a um é 14 5
s p ec i fi c g ravi ty
T h e d eg r ee Twad dl e was c al cul at ed by d ividi n g t h e d eci m a l
p art of t h e s pecific gra vity by .
1 4 66 78
48 S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OOK R
W
, ,
of t he tabl es
. P . KE RN , B S. . N . A L A U R Y, B
. . S .
J . G M E L E N DY, B
. . S . A . J . L OT KA , B . SO
H A R DE E C HA M B L I S S , M . S .
,
PH D . . A . B I G E L OW , B . S .
H B B I S H OP, B S
. . . . A . F . WA Y B S ,
. .
W W . . S A N D ER S , B . S . H P M E RRIAM , P H D
. . . .
T . LYN T O N B R I G G S , F . I C . .
,
F . C S
. .
RS
N IT A CI D 49
N I TR IC A CID
BY W . C FE
. GU ON
50
NI TR D
S ULP H U I C A CI D H A N DB OO K R
IC A CI —
( Concl uded)
38 5 0 . 5 7 65 .
gp
39 5 0
p g g
.
3 9 75
Sp ec ifi c rav i t y d et er m i n a t i o n s w er e m a d e a t GO F c o m °
a re d wi t h w a t er a t 60 F
°
p
ec ifi c g r a vi t i es t h e co rr es o n d i n d egr ees l l d
.
by
.
g
f l
ol o w n i gf
or m u l a :
D egr ees
,
Baum é 14 5
5
s p ec rfi c r a vit y
B aum e h yd r o m et er s f or us e i
w th t hi s ta ble m us t b e g d ra u a t ed by the a b ove f or m u l a
w h hf
i c or m u a s l h ld
ou a l w a ys be i
r n t d e on t he s ca e l
,
p
At o m i c i ht fr o m Cla r ke s bl
.
we s F . W .
’
ta e of 19 0 1 . O 16 .
A LL O W A N CE F O R T E M P ER A T U RE
At °—
10 2 0 °
Bé —
%0 Bé
°
or 000 2 9 s p ifi c gr a vi t y
ec
°
1 F
pp
p
.
ecifi c g r a vi t y
. . .
° ° °
20 3 0 -
B A H—Vi a B é or 00044 s 1 F
ec ifi c gr a vi t y
. . .
°— ° ° °
30 40 Bé —
}é o Bé or s 1 F
p ec ifi c g r a vi t y
. . .
°— ° °
40 48 5 . Bé or . 00084 s 1 F .
A UT H ORI T Y— W C F ER G U S O N
is t a b l e h as b een a ro ved a n d a o t ed a s a b h
. .
Th St a n d a r d the M a n u fa ct u r i n g C i ’
dFI B O W ER
em s t s
As s o ci a t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t es as L M O RG A N
HE N RY H O W A RD A R T H U R W YM
. .
, ,
A N
G R
, .
A . OS E N G A R T E N
. ,
N ew Yo r k M , ay 1 4 , 1 903 . E x ecu t i ve C o m m i tt ee .
H YD OD
R C H LORI C
RS
A CI D 51
H Y RO C H LOR IC A CID
BY W C FE GU O N
. .
52
H Y D R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
RO C H L O R IC CI D K
A —
( C oncl u ded )
r a i t y t r i at
atat r by f l i i rfa riti la r i r r
S p eci fi c g v
°
-
de e m n i r
on s w e a at ar i t h at r e m de 60 F
°
.
,
com p ed w w e
r
60 F .
r a t y
F om t h e s p ec c g v es t h e co fi . es p o n d ng d eg ees B a u m é we e ca l cu
A LL W O N C FO RT P U
ER S
° °
10 1 5 B é 0002 g r fo r 1 F
—
. or Sp . . .
hi t a bl b a r a t a t a ar by
.
° °
15 2 2 B é
—
. or . 0003 s p g r for 1 F
. . .
t ri h i t ati E RY it ARtat RT R R A
° °
22 25 B é
—
. or . 00035 S p g r f or 1 F
. . .
A U TH OR I TY F —
GU W C . . ON
T has een oved a n d d o p ed a s S nd d t he M a n u fa c
s e
p p
S ART
C on o f t h e Un ed S
’
u ng em s s A s s o ci es
rk
.
. B OW ER ,
J As . L . GNM O ,
H N H OW D A HU W YM A N
RO E N G
.
,
A . G . EN ,
N ew Yo , M ay 14 , 1 903 .
S UIZ
P II U TC A CID HA N DB OOK R '
A
‘
y
54
’
BY W C . . F ER S
S U L P H UR I
GU ON
C A CTD‘
AND
’
HJ P . T A EROT
i r a i t y d t
at r ifi ra iti r i r r
S p ec fi r iGat i r a at ar i t h at r de
°
ed
y f r la r
c v e e m n on s we e m 60 F .
,
com p w w e
i fi
°
60 F .
F om t h e S p ec c G v es , t he co es p o n d n g d eg ees B a um é we e ca l
t i i ht fr t lark ttablt
o ve o m u ,
w c o m u s ou d w be p s n ed on t he sc e .
°
66 Bé . s p ec c g v of V o ( .
°
1 cu . . w e 60 F . we g s 1h a v . .
A om c we g s om F W. . C
’
e s e of 1 90 1 O . 16 .
H 28 0 4 100 p er cen
P er c en . P er c en
H 2S 0 4 O V
C . F
R
S ULP H U I C A C I D
ER S R DMATE A TP TS
S UL PHU
GU O N AN
R
IC C
A ID
H P
. . T LB O
55
A PP O I X B O ILI N G O I N
A UTH ORI T I ES —
W C FE GU ON ;H P T A L B OT
R
. . . . .
T has been d a nd b t he M
E RY R ARA
s e pp o ve an op e as s nu
fa ct u ri n g C em s s
’
A s s oc o n of t h e Un e S es .
W H OW E B
YSE AART
. .
,
H N H OW D ,
J As L M O G N . .
,
A R TH UR W M N ,
al lat dfr i k ri r lt
A G R O N G EN
. .
,
I I E x ecu t i ve C om m i t t ee .
1
C cu e om P c e ng s
’
es u s, J ou r: Lon C hem S oc
. . .
,
vol . 5 7, p 3 63
. .
R
S ULPHU R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N DB OOK
IC A CI D —
( Con t i n ued)
S ULPHU IC R R
S ULP H U I C A C I D
C
A I D— ( C on t i n u ed )
57
At
A LL W
°
10 B é
O
. .
A E EM ERAT RE
NC
°
02 9 B é
FO RT
. Ol
‘
.
P
000 2 3 sp
U
.
gr .
° °
At 2O B é 03 6 B é 000 3 4
‘
. . . 01 . sp .
gr .
° °
At 3O B é 03 5 Bé 000 3 9
‘
. . . Ol . sp .
gr .
° °
At 4O B é 03 1 B é 0004 1 sp
‘
. . . 01 . .
gr .
°
At . 02 8 B é . Ol
‘
. 0004 5 sp .
gr .
° °
At 60 é . 02 6 B é . 01
‘
. 000 5 3 sp .
gr .
° °
At 63 B é . . 02 6 B é . or . 000 5 7 sp .
gr .
° °
At 66 B é . . O2 3 5 B é . or . 0005 4 sp .
gr .
'
—
59
- C
‘
al at dfr i k ri r lt
cul e om P c e
’
ng s es u s ,
J ou r . Lo n C hem S
. . oc .
, vol . 5 7, p 3 6 3
. .
R
R D
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
S ULPHU IC CI
K
A —
( Con cl u ded )
D egr ees P er c en t
dd l
.
Twa e H 280 4 in 1 cu . ft .
S ULP H U I C A CI D R
D
A CI — ( Concl ud ed )
59
P er ce n t . P er cen t .
+ 12 6
60 R
S ULP H U I C A CI D H A N DB OO K
R
S UL P H U I C A CID
94 100 p er
—
c ent H 2S 0 4
.
1
H . B . B I SHOP
. . . .
.
A ll o w a n c e f o r p
tt
t em er a t u r e
tt
1 F
°
At 9 4 p er cen . sp .
gr . .
°
At 96 p er c en . sp .
gr . 1 F .
°
At p er cen . sp .
gr . 1 F .
°
A t 100 p er cen . sp .
gr . 1 F .
1
W W . . SC O TT ta ar th d h i al aly i
: S nd d M e o s of C em c An s s, 1 9 17 .
S ULP H UR
°
O Bé
S ULPHU
.
—
R tD
I C A CI D HA N DB OO K
100 p er
IC
cen
A CI
. H 2S 0 4
°
O Bé
S ULPHU
.
—
R tD
R
S ULP H U I C A C I D
100 p er
IC
cen
A CI
. B 280 4
63
S UL P H UR
D K
t
I C A C I D H A N DB OO
S U LP H UR IC A CI
°
O Bé .
—
100 p er c en . H g S O 4— ( Con t i n u ed)
°
0 Bé .
—
S ULPHU
100 p er c en
Rt D
.
R
S UL P H U I C A C I D
IC A
H g s OI
CI
—
( Con t i n ued)
65
R
S ULPHU Rt D K
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
IC A CI
H z S O I — ( Con cl ud ed )
°
O Bé p e r c en .
R MATE P TS
S ULP H UIiCI C A C I D 67
g
A PP O I
X B O ILI N G O I N
De r ees Baumé
O
A LL W A E EM ERAT RE
NC F ORT P U
9 6 per
per
C en tt
c en
. s
.
og
'
H aS O. .
68 R
S ULPHU R D
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
IC
K A CI 1
°— °
50 62 Bé .
t h e va l
T he val
u es
u es
for
d r r
for t h e even
t h e ten s of a
t a k
eg f r
th d r l l t d l t r
ees di t
we a
eg ee ca cu a e
bl
e en
by
om t he p
rpo a
In t e
ece n
i on .
g e and
R
S ULPHU
‘
R D K
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
IC A CI
°— °
50 62 Bé .
—
( Con cl u ded )
F UM I N G S UL P H URI C A CI D 71
C lear c
FUM I N G
T .
S UL P H U I C A C ID
J . S ULLIV
R
A
omm er cial a c id w a s use d in all a n alyti c al s pecifi c grav
N
,
S pe ci fi c g ravity
-
d eter m in atio n s were mad e at co m
‘
rate sam p l es at ea c h g iven p oi n t ag reed on a ll d eterminations .
E P TS p g
S l i g ht d eviatio n s may b e du e t o im p uriti es always p r esent in
FI X D OI N
S ec i fic i y
—83 9
ra v t
—
t
I 1
I 84 8
H 85 3
— 8 65
‘
-
r .
I . 8 77
—
88 7
A
i
-
900
t
- 9 11
—9 2 2
I
f .
b
- . 9 34
‘
h
- . 9 42
‘
95 8
tt rr
-
h
tt r
FO
A t 82 p e r c en . S O; p e r deg ee C .
83 pe r S O; p er d eg C
tt rr
ce n . ee .
84 p e r cen . S O; I
I
p e r deg ee C .
85 pe r S O, I p e r deg r ee C
t r
cen . .
86 pe r cen . S O; I p er deg ee C .
F U ING S ULPHU IC A CI
1 18 .
1 18 .
1 18 .
1 18 .
1 18 .
H 908
. 1 19 .
H 9 10
. 1 19 .
H 9 12
. 1 19 .
H 9 14
. 1 19 .
H 9 16
. 1 19 .
H 9 18
. 1 19 .
H 920
. 1 19 . 102 3 9
H 92 2
.
H 9 24
. 12 0 .
H OoO
?
C t 12 0 .
H 12 0 .
H 12 0 .
H 12 0 .
H 12 0 .
H 12 0 .
H 12 0 .
H 12 1
ry taatl iz dat
.
H 12 1 .
H 95 8 12 2
at
. .
C s e 15 .
°
18 O .
°
35 C
t r ai ta tat
Ac of in
1
s s en g on em ns so u on m o m en w en coo e
°
t o 18 C . C s on s s and t he c so fi es w s e of em pe
°
u re a n d em n s c on s n 26 C .
R D
F UM I N G S ULP H URI C A CI D 73
F U IN G S ULP H U IC A CI
P er c en . ee S O;
, as un s
Rit D
F UM I N G S ULP H URIC A CI D 75
P er cen t fr
FU
’
.
MI N G S ULP HU I C A C I
ee $0 3 as u n s— ( C oncl u ded )
K
M t t tal R iDt
R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
FU IN G S ULPHU IC A CI
P er cen . o S0 3 as un s
1 02 17
.
K
Mt t tal Rit D
R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
FU ING S ULPHU IC A CI
P er cen . o S03 as un s— ( C on c l u ded )
R D
F UM I N G S ULPH URIC A CI D 79
E q i al t t t i
u v en
FU
per
MI N G S ULPHU IC
c en . 100 p er cen
A
.
CI
H2S 0 4 a s un ts
M R D K R
S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO
q i al t t t it
‘
F U ING S ULPHU IC A CI
E u v en p er c en . 100 p er c en . s O4 as u n s— ( Con ti n u ed)
M R D
q i al t t t it
S P E CI F I C O RA V I T Y TE S T 81
-
FU I NG S ULPHU IC A CI
E u v en p er cen . 1 00 p e r cen . s O4 as un s— ( C on cl ud ed )
S P E C IF I C G R
-
A VI T Y
J S ULLIV N
T . .
TE S T
p er c en tA
S UL P H UR
.
I C A CID
80 3
readin g s Ov er
.
pe r c ent S 0 3 t h e di l ution t est cannot b e
.
6
82 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
us ed with a c Ira cy as t h e sudd en evolution of h eat u p on mix in g
with wat er c aus es t h e solution to s p lash about and som e th ere ,
°
Let A d ensity of wat er at 15 5 6 O . .
B s p eC I fi c gravi ty of a cI d ° C °
15 5 6
.
C wei g ht of S 0 3 in B
D p er centag e S O3 in mi x tur e
E s p ecific gravity of mix tur e corres p o n din g to D
1 00 C
A B
T he t emperature allowanc e for each d egr ee C entigrad e is
s p ecific gravity I f t h e s p ecific gravity of t h e diluted
.
”
S p ecific g ravity o f t h e dilut ed solution for t h e valu e of t h e
p g
corr ec t ed s p ecifi c gravity .
S ec ifi c r a v t i y
co r r ec t I o n
S P E CIFI C G
-
RA V I T Y TE S T
84 .
R
S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB O O K
T w o hundr ed cubic c entim et ers of ac i d at 15 5 6 O and 2 00 c
°
. . . c .
°
of wat er at 1 5 5 6 O a re a conv eni ent amount to m i x
. . .
°
vary from 1 5 5 6 O u s e t h e a m ounts g iven b elow for t h e various
. .
2 00 ( s p eci fi c at ity
'
g ra v
°
s p ecifi c g rav i ty at t C .
E xa m p l e
. sam p l e of acid i s drawn fro m a stora g e ta n k a n d
—
A
°
t h e t em p eratur e i s found to b e 3 D C .
T h e t em p eratur e of t h e wat er to b e us ed i s
A ft er consulting t h e p recedi n g tabl es to asc ertai n t h e amou n ts
to u s e for thos e t em p eratur es c c acid and ,
c c wat er . . . .
p er ce nt S O3 corr es p onds to
. s p ecifi c g ravity .
K
R D
86 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO
P er ce n t . H 2 80 4 co r i r ta
S ULPHU IC
es p o n d n g
A
to
CI
e ven pe c en g es S 0 3
A C I D C A L C ULA T I O N S , US E
M A T IN G
O F S P E CIF IC G -
S T O C KS , E T C
RA VI T Y
.
T A B LE S , E S T I
°
tem peratur e of 3 8 C .
33 di ff eren ce
° °
g r ee C en ti g rad e and that t h e corr ec tion f o r 5 0 B é is 0 05 0 B é . . .
°
X O 84 B é
. .
amou n t mu s t b e add ed .
°
T h e B a u m é of t h e acid at 1 5 5 6 O is th en . .
, ,
°
5 7 72 B é
. .
°
T h e B aum e of t h e a cid at 38 C .
, t he te m peratur e of t h e acid
in t he tank is cal cu lated
, ,
38 di ff erenc e
°
X 1 08 B é. .
° °
5 6 64 B é . . at 38 C .
88 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
T heasi est way to obtain t h e s p ecifi c
e g ravity corr espondin g
to this d eg ree B a u m é is by i n t er p olati n g t he g iv en data :
°
5 7 Bé 1 6 4 7 7 S p eci fi c gravity
°
. .
°
5 6 Bé . s p ecific gravit y
di ff er enc e
°
0 06 4 B é
. . diff erenc e
X
s p ecifi c gravity corr es p ond
°
ing to 5 6 64 B é .
Th en as 2 100 cu ft . . a re in t he tank ,
t h e p ounds a re
°
2 100 X X lb . 5 7 72 B é
. .
If it °
is
r equired to calculat e this acid on a 5 O B é basis t h e .
,
° °
p ounds of 5 0 B é corres p ondi n g to 5 7 72 B é is easily found by
. . .
° °
5 8 Bé .
p er c ent . 5 0 Bé .
° °
5 7 Bé .
p er c ent . 5OBé .
°
p er cent . 5 O Bé
di ff erenc e .
°
O 72 B é differ enc e
. .
X
°
1 17 c ent 5 O B é acid
p er . . cor
°
r es p onding to 5 7 72 B é acid . .
°
X lb of 5 O B é . .
°
5 8 Bé .
p er c e nt S 0 3 .
°
5 7 Bé .
p er cent S 0 3 .
di ff eren ce
X
°
p er ce nt S 0 3 corr es p onding to 5 7 72
. . Bé .
X lb 8 0 3 . .
90 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
E xa m p l e 2 .
—
H ow many pounds of c ent S 0 3 and how
per .
X 5 5 , 74 6 1b .
Y lb .
X Y 70, 000 1b .
E xa m p l e 3 . Ho w many p ounds
—
of a per c ent S 0 3 mus t.
be add ed to l b of .
per c ent . 8 0 3 130 mak e a whol e of .
p er c ent S 0 3 ?
X X
.
lb .
p er cent .
D lb .
per cent .
of p e r c ent : S Os .
D I L UT I O N O
A N D C N CE N T RA T I O N 91
X
T h erefor e we have t h e ratio
14 , 2 5 4 : 5 5 , 74 6 :: X : 70, 000
1 7 , 899 l b s . 6 0 7 pe r
. cen t that must
. be add ed .
t h u s P r od u ci n g G reater Am o u n t of a M or e C o n cen tr a t ed
X
a
XX
C str en gt h of solutio n to b e correc ted
-
E xa m p l e 4 .
-
H ow many p ou n ds of p er nt S O3 must b e
ce .
add ed to lb of
.
p er ce nt . S 0 3 to mak e a whol e of
p er ce nt . S03?
X
D X
.
X
E x am p l es 1 and 2 show lb of p er c ent S O3 must . .
X
of p er c ent S 0 3 . .
X
Th erefore w e have t h e ratio
lb .
p e r ce nt that must
. be add ed .
s tr en g th .
5 00 X 96 0 1 2 5 lb 80 p er cent S O3 . .
5 00 X 96 0
1 3 75 lb 6 0 p er c ent S Os . .
5 00
S u p p os e
it i s r equired to know how m uch 6 0 p er cent S 0 3 must .
cent S 0 3
. .
P ro ceed a s follows :
5 00
5 00 15 00 lb . 6 0 p er ce nt . S O3
Or 1
% X 5 00 1 5 00
c ent S 0 3
. .
94 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
abl i i l h i i
unn ecessary a s v ery accurat e r esults may b e obtain ed without
°
T e f or M x ng 5 9 Bé 1
Su p ur c Ac d
t tg
.
G v ng pe c en ge ( vo u m e ) of v ou s s en g s wea k a ci d to us e w
v ou s s en g s s on g c
H gS O
°
5 9 Bé .
p er c en . S Os p er cen .
P er ce n t . 80 3 i n s t r on ac id
m on
1
a i
s on
abl hi t r
s
cco u n
i
th a t hl rfr zi i t
It i s dv t ad d rei
of
i t
to s p
i t s m uc
or s o e
ow e
59
°
ee
ns e
ng po n
of
.
60
°
u ng t he w n er
O O O
a l l h r i i
DI L UT I N AN D C N CE N T RA T I N 95
t t
G v n g pe cen ge ( vo u m e ) o f v ous s en g s wea k a ci d to use w
hs d
g
v ou s s en g s on g ac
°
60 Bé .
p er c en . S03 pe r cen . H 28 0 4
P er c en t . in s t ro n ac id
RI C B OO
abl i i ltr h trhi r i
96 S UL P H U A CI D H A N D K
i i r ta by arl i tr artih M 66 B é
aka i t th
°
T e f or x ng . Su p u c Ac d
t
G v n g p e c en ge ( vo u m e ) o f v ou s s en g s s t o n g a ci d to use W i
g
v ou s s en g s we c
°
66 Bé .
p er c en . S0 3 p er c en . H eS O
P er c en t . 80 3 in s t ron ac id
O OO
F RM A T I N F M IXT URES OO O O
F S ULP H U I C A N D N I T R RI C A CID S O F
all i i
D E F I N IT E C MP S IT I N
(So -
c ed M xe d A c ds
M i x ed acid is
a com m er cial t erm g en erally m eanin g a m i x ,
tur e o f nitri c and sul p huri c a cids S u ch mix tur es a r e ex t ensiv ely .
Wat er a s su ch i s s eldom us ed
, , .
add tt
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D K
t f taik l h ri a i a i i hi h
H N O, ( as p er c en . H N Oa )
H zS OI ( a dd as p er c en .s O4 a n d as 2 0 p er
c en . um ng su p u c c d m n m um of w c
is t o be en )
P er ce n t .
S ol u ti on .
x E N G3 cal l ed for
x H 2 S 0 4 call ed for
x H20 call ed for
x H N 0 3 in tank
x H 2 80 4 in tank
x H20 in ta n k
Thus we hav e :
R equir ed lb H 2 S 0 4 lb H N 0 3
. lb H 2 0 . .
I n tank 14 3
'
To b e add ed : lb H 2 80 4 lb H N O3
. l h H20 . .
Thus :
lb c ent H g S O4
.
p er .
35 1 lb H 2 0 add ed with t h e
.
p er c ent .
H 2 80 4
35 1 lb . H zO r emaining
FO M A R T I ON OF M I X T URES 99
X 1 00 p er c en t H N Os r equir ed t o co m
.
p l et e t h e m i x .
116 9 4 5 p er cent H N O3 to a dd .
lb E 2 0 add ed with t h e
.
p er c ent .
HN 0 3
B ut t he m i x o nl y
ls for
c al lb of wat er h enc e .
,
2 2 3 lb H 2 0 will b e ad d ed in ex cess
. This .
E N Os l b 1 00 p er c en t E N O3 . .
H eO lb 100 p er c ent H 2 0 . .
p er c ent .
In p er ce n t .H aS O4 t h e p e rc e n tag e of S 0 3 is X
p er ce nt .
( 1 00 2 0 ) 2 0 p e r c en t .
1 00 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N D B OO K
Th en to mak e
,
lb of . c ent H 2 S 0 4 from
p er .
lb . 2 0 p er
cent fuming sul p huric a cid
.
,
lb .
p er c ent H 2S 0 4 .
H2S 0 4 lb .
p er c en t .
H 2S 0 4 lb c ent
W
.
p er .
X 22 3 9 9 1 lb fr ee S 0 3 and t h is is contain ed in
.
lb 2 0 p er c ent
. .
addition of
X lb of 100 p er c ent H 2 S 0 4 . .
y et to b e add ed .
c ent H zS OI
. .
E xa m p l e 3 —
I t i s fr equ ently d esir ed to pr epar e a m i x from
.
T h pi é i
gff
o i e W h av et h
e
:
e fUl l o w i n g quatio n s
e
( 1) x ( 0.6 0 1 2 ) y ( 0 97 5
.
) 6 00 lb H 2 S 0 4
.
( )
2 x ( 0.2 02 3 ) z ( 0 905 )
. 2 25 lb H N 0 3
.
( )
3 x ( 0.1 9 6 5 ) y ( 0 02 5 )
. z (0 9 05 )
. 1 75 16 H zo
y ( 00
6 x ( 0 6 1 6
. 6 2 )
z ( 22 5 x ( 0 22
. 35 4 )
S ubstitutin g in equation
y ( 6 00 lb of .
p er ce nt H 2 8 0 4
.
to tak e .
S ubstitutin g in equation
z ( 22 5 lb . of p er cent H N 0 3
.
to tak e .
i da i t
Th er efor e for ea ch 1 000 lb . of t he d esir ed mi x tur e us e
t
M xe c d
:
p er c en . H 2S O
p er cen . H N O,
”
s p ent acid K nowin g t h e ratios p er
. lb t h e quantiti es .
“ ”
M elting point i s und erstood to b e t h e t em p eratur e to
which t h e m ercury of t h e th ermom et er di p ping into t h e s olidify ,
a cc or d with t h e g iv en data ,
ME L P TI N G OI N T S OF S UL H U I C A CI D P R 103
(Lu n g e B er ,
, S ULPHU
. 1 1 , 3 7 0)
IC A CI
.
1 00 p e r c en t b b il at O ri
. eg i n s
M E LT I N G P OI N
to o
TS
2 90
F
°
and s es
S UL P H U I C A CID
t o 338
R
°
(M ari a gn c ) .
K n i et s ch (B er .
,
1 9 01 , p . 4 100) g iv es t h e followin g m eltin g
p oin ts of sul p huric acid non fumin g and fumin g from 1 to 100
p er c ent S Os . .
T h e m on o dr ( 100 t H eS O.) fo r h as i n g po
of bo u 0 C
°
. an d me n g po n of 10 C
°
. F om my ow n de e m n on s ,
°
S 0 3 fo r i n g g du 18 O
to ee e , s o di fi es w s e of em pe u e a n d em ns con s n 26 C
°
.
°
g po Kn i et s c h
'
18 w ou b e t he and 26
°
t he m
a i l b l l t i t l l f y t i l i t r h
e ee n n e ng po n .
g ves hi s m t he em w t he i di l d
em n s co n s a n .
An c d c oo ed e ow i ts m e i n g po n wi n ot s o i di un ea c es i ts
ee ng po n u n es s be g ed o r ag m en of c s in ro u ced .
OO
R D E T P TS
104 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B K
S ULPHU IC A CI ,
M L I NG OI N
R adi E iSl i t r E r S rial r r
106 R
S UL P H U I C A CI D HA N DB OO K
R e ngs in m l me e s of me cu p ess u e
P er cen t .
O O
R di E iSl i t r r S rial r r
T E N S ION F A QUE O US VA P R 107
Rea ngs in m me e s of m e cu p es s u e
l r i i t th
S u ph u c A c d— S r en g f or E q u l b r i i i th t h i i t
um wi A m os p er c Mo s ure
l
TT t ar h i al al i
t o contain p e r c e nt H 2 8 0 4 T h e av
. era g e t em p
. e ratur e o f
t h e labo ratory was 74 F
°
t h e av erag e va po r of t h e air ( 7 t ests )
.
,
“
1
W W
. . S CO ; S an d d M et ods of C hem c An y s s, 19 1 7, p 5 0 2
. .
1 08 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
wa s gram H g O p er standard cubic f oot T h e av era g e .
°
a g e t em p eratur e 6 2 F T h e av era g e humidity for t h e p ast 33
.
a ati hy at t
°
years was 72 p er c ent t h e av erag e t emp eratur e 5 7 F .
P r ep r on of th e M on o dr e ( 1 00 P er C en . H 2S 0 4)
is about p e r c en t H 2 8 0 4 . .
°
at a littl e b elow 0 C On e hundr ed p er cen t a ci d may b e ob
'
. .
°
t a i n ed from this str ength a cid by coolin g it to b elow 0 and
s ep arating t h e crystals whi ch form at about that tem p erature ,
P S R D TA A E R M P S R
OUND S ULPHU IC A CI OB IN BL F O 100
R ec o ver y
O U ND S U LPHU
G ra de
4 18 1 7
tt
.
°
60 Baum é 33 4 78
.
°
66 Baum é 328 26
tt ffrr
.
9 8 p er cen . H 2S 0 4 . 3 12 1 5 .
1 00 p er c en H 2S 0 4 2 14 1 4
tt ffrr
. . .
10 p er c en . ee S 0 3 . 2 99 1 7 .
2 0 p er S03 2 9 2 75
t
c en . ee .
3 0 p er cen . ee S0 3 . 2 72 2 4
. 2 43 5 8
.
40 p er c en . ee 80 3 . 2 38 5 5 2 24 5 2
. .
1 00 p er c en . S O3
1 10 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
W
t a i n ed in a wid e n ec k bottl e and co l or ed b l u e b y a dd i ng starch
-
tak es p l ac e as follows
21 S02 2 E 20 2 HI H 2S 0 4
W
I t i s equal to that of t h e gas asp i rat ed wh en i ncr eas ed b y that
o f t h e S 0 2 absorb ed .
aft er a short tim e a g ain turns blu e b ecaus e th en its p erc entag e
, ,
b e us ed .
°
grams at 0 C and a barom etric p r essur e of 76 0 mm . .
standard conditions .
Let x p er c en t S 0 2 in g a s
.
SU LP H URDIO X I DE I N B URN E RGA S 111
-
I used
10
b cc
. .
g as us ed
109 4 a .
T h e“ f
b + 1 09 4 a
.
°
P w
V = V
0
76 0 ( 1 0 003 6 7t )
.
°
V m easur ed volum e
°
P O bs erv ed baro m etri c p r ess u re
t t em p erature of g a s .
P r ep a r a ti on of To pr ep a re N 10 iodin e solu
I o d in e S olutio n —
.
W
solution and d i lut e t o 1 liter .
P r epar a ti o n of S ta r ch S ol u t i o n —
T o pr ep ar e tak e about 3 ,
P er c en t r i l at
. S02
R IC H
B u r n er g a s
co
’
T F O
es p on d n g
RS02
t o vo u m e of w er
E xi t g a s
10 c c
. . E I l i
s o u t on 10 c c
. . £1 I s o l u t i o n
1.
1 14 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
If b quals
e t he fra ction that t he S O ;is of t he
3 25
(
b 1
2) e quals t he quantity o f unconv ert ed
X
3a X
ex it g as and
b
( 1
2
a
a p er c ent S 0
.
2 in roast er gas /
. b p er c ent S Oa i n ex it gas
.
100 (2 a
2
2 b)
2OOO Sab
S 02 C O N VE RT E D T O 80 3 1 15
P E R C E NT . S O? C
P er
ONVE
ce n t . 80 2
RTE
in e
D
xi t
To
g as
1 16 S ULP H URI C A C I D H A N DB OO K
C E NT . S02 C O V
N
P er
ERTE
c en t .
D T o
80 2 i n
S O 3— ( Conti n u ed)
e x it g as
1 18 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
P E R C ENT . S Oa C ONV
P er
ERTE
ce n t .
D T o
80 : i n
s oy
e xi t g
—
as
( Con t i n u ed)
O
S Oz C N V E RT E D T O 8 0.
”
1 19
C E N T 8 0 2 C ONV
.
P er
ERTE
ce n t .
D To
S O: i n
S Or
e xi t
—
g as
( C on ti n u ed)
12 0 S ULP H URI C A C ID H A N DB OO K
P E R C ENT . S O2 C ONV
P er
ERTE
c en
D
t .
T o
S02 in
S Os —
e xi t
( C o n ti n u ed)
g as
12 2 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
C E NT . C O N VE
P er
RT
c en t
ED
.
To
80 2 i n
S Os
e x it
—
g
( Con cl u ded )
as
COM P OS I T I ON OF D RY GA S 12 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
P er Cen t Sul p h ur Di ox i de
12 4 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
P er Cen t S ulphu r Diox i de
12 6 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
of iron .
A r s eni c
M ars h T es t — In t he
pres enc e of nasc ent hydrog en both ,
inflam ed .
Hydrog en s ul ph i de T es t
- —
T h e acid is di l ut ed and hydro g en
sul p hid e g a s p ass ed thr ou g h I f any ars eni c is p r es ent it will
.
.
QU A N T I T A T I VE A N A L YS I S 12 7
ta r i
,
S and r d N o m al A c d
ti i r t
mate standard for acidim etric and alkalim etric volum etric
analysis .
P r ep a r a on of S od um C a b on a e
S odi um bicarbonat m a d by e e t he
ammonia soda proc ess may b e -
b ottl e u ntil u s ed .
W
carbo n at e or wat er i s l eft b ehind and y et no sodium o x id e or -
pur e .
p ur p os es it may b e n eg l ect ed .
ta ar zi ta i
°
3 GO C for 1 hour a s a p r ec aution
. .
S n d di ng th e S n da r d A c d
calculations .
0 9 86 8N
.
M ol ecular w ei g ht S03
M ol ecular w ei g ht N a 2C 0 3
1 32885
g ram S 0 3 n eutraliz ed by 1 g ram N a 2C 0 3
a X
b
I t i s n ec essary to know t h e r elativ e str engths of
standard t he
acid and alkali solutions so that t he valu e of t h e alkali so l ution
QUA N T I T A T I V E A N A L YS I S 13 1
t o n eutraliz e 30 c c of acid . . .
0
T h e factor th en would b e
30
m
T he tem p eratur e of t h e standard a cid shoul d b e observed at
t h e tim e of its sta n d a rdization for futur e u s e T h e c o effici ent .
p er a t u r es
ibi ht t t r a i d d ra
E x a m p l e:
a id fa t r
g u se s
Cu im e d
at a id
c cen e s c use c c..
Cu c cen im e e s l u se c c . .
c c
. . l w l n eu i ze 3 0 c c
. . of c 1 0 10 1
.
( c o )
T em p er
°
u re of c 23 C .
0 92 X 1 0101
S t an da r d S odi u m H dr ox d e y i
A normal so l ution of so dium hydro x id e contains g rams
N a OH p er li ter g ram p e r cubic c en tim et er ) I t is n o t .
”
ess ential t o hav e t h e s olution
“
j ust normal but for sim p lifyin g
cal c ulations it shoul d b e as n ear l y equi v a l ent t o t h e stan dard
acid as possib le .
13 2 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N D B OO K
S t a ndard
-
o f t h e alkali standardization .
is c c or . .
g ram S 0 3 equival en t p er c ubic c enti
m et er p er d egree C enti g rad e for av erage l aboratory t em p era
tures
E x a m p l e:
°
G ram S03 p er cubic c entim et er standard acid at 23
°
T emp eratur e acid at tim e of alkali s tandardiz a tion 27
° ° °
27 23 4
4 X
gram S O3 per cubic ce nti
°
m et er t nd a rd a cid a t
s a 27 C .
13 4 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
t
tim e saturating t h e air with moistur e .
B ur e t es
holding 2 5 c c i s g raduat ed
. .
,
.
Ob r at
m et er M en i scus read ers a re of great val u e
. .
s ervi n g T em pe ur e
it at l
from t h e r es ervoir at t h e bas e o f t h e burette .
T r i n g V es s e s
a t lt
white b a ck g rou n d ,
e nabli n g t he an alyst to s ee t he en d point
P r ep ri n g In di ca or So u i on
t ih i
r eag ent per lit er of n eutral 9 5 per c ent al c ohol . .
Me h ods of We g ing Ac d
N on fu m in g
-
Tar ed g l ass sto
.
—
r d co ical sha pe wei g hin g
,
-
pp e e ,
n -
F um i n g —
F umin g a cid must b e confin ed durin g w ei g hi n g a n d
until dilut ed with wat er without loss of S 0 3 I f t h e a cid is .
wholly or par tly crystalliz ed h eat mod erat ely until it b ecom es ,
in a sto p per ed bottl e and mix ed in this with a known and ex a ctly
°
an alyz ed quantity of a w eak er a cid at a t em p eratur e from 3 0
°
t o 40 C I n this way an a cid that will r emai n liquid at ordi n ary
.
,
.
2 00 c c and titrat e
. . .
2 G la s s tu b e M eth o d
.
- —
S om e ch emists u s e glass tub es b ent
. .
outflow by p la ci n g a fin g er ov er t h e en d of t h e tub e or by r eg u
l ating t h e flow of wat er som etim es us ed to for ce t h e acid out .
3 G la s s b ul b M eth o d
.
- —
I n t h e bulb m ethod thi n g lass bulbs
.
W
o u s shak e so as to br eak t h e bulb A sudd en vibration o ccurs
.
W
ris e whi ch will b e absorb ed by a littl e shakin g h en t h e S O3 .
o f t h e oth er m ethods .
E xa m p l e
° °
26 22 C .
4 X
X 40 X 100
p er cent
en t ,
o p erations and calculations must b e ex t end ed accordin g to
t h e indi c ator us ed .
W H 28 0 3 2N a OH N a QS
a X X 1 00
b
80 3
80 2
Usin g p h enol p hthal ein
P er c en t S 0 3 a s total a cidity
. c en t S 0 2 X
.
a ctual p er cen t . S O3 .
A ct u a l tot a l s os (2 x
11 2 0
C ombin ed 8 0 3 X
F ree S 0 3
B eS OI
£12 8 0 4
F ree S 0 3
S02
OO
a
QUA N T IT A T IVE D E T E RM IN A T I N F LE A D IRO N , A N D ZI N C IN
R
S UL P H U IC A C ID
Le d
'
asb estos mat in a tar ed G ooch crucibl e wash s ev eral tim es with ,
1 gram P b S OI gram P b .
W
solve t h e pr ecipitat e from t h e filt er with dilute sul p huric acid ,
sam p l e .
O
n itrat e on a s p ot p lat e as indicator .
T HE A N A LYS I S F M IXE D A C ID A N D N I T RA T E D S UL P H U IC R
A C ID
2 KM n O4 5 H N OZ 3 H2S 0 4 K 28 0 4 5 HN 0 3
3 H20 2M u S OI
4 KM D0 4 ON 2 0 3 “
1 011 2 8 0 4
“
2 K 28 0 4 4M II S O4
5 N 20 5 6 H20
Th er efore I c c
. . N / 10 K M n O, .
g ram N 2 0 3
g ram N Q
OI
g ram H N Oz
R eaction :
SIN 2 KM D0 4 8 13 28 0 4
K 28 0 4 2M D S O4 5N S
8 ¢
> O4 1 00 0 2 8 H20 .
T he N 20 3 p er c ent .
p er c ent H N 0 3
. H N 0 2 as S 0 3 .
2 HN 0 3
X 33 2 1 p er c en t HN 0 3
S03
.
HN Oz as H N O3 .
A N A L YS I S O F M I X E D A CI D 14 3
2 H N O3
X 0 09 6 0 16 per cen f
N 20 3
p er ce nt H N Os
. .
121 28 0 4 9 8 0 76
X p e r cen t H 28 0 4
.
80 3
H 28 0 4
HN 0 3
N 20 3 '
By diff eren ce H 2 0
p er c ent .
E xa m p le M i x ed a ci d a n a l ys i s f r 80 3 p es ent
—
. ee r .
N 20 5
X 2 p er c ent N 20 5 .
S03
.
H 2S 0 4 68
144 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H A N DB OO K
T h e p rin ci p l e of
D u P on t i t r t r th
N
1 00 00 p er
om e e Me
itro m et er m ethod fo r t h e d et ermination
t he n
nt
ce
od
.
S ta n da r d iz i n g t h e A ppar a tu s .
-
T he
a p p aratus having b een
arrang ed and t h e various p arts fill ed with m er cury t h e i n s t ru
,
M a k in g t h e T es t —
T h e a cid is w eigh ed t h e amount bein g g o v
,
en ters t h e b ul b wh en drawi n g t h e a c id in .
t h e r eadi n g i s th en tak en :
with t h e colum n in t h e readi n g bur ett e ;
HN O
4 4 98 1
N
B ur ett e
r eadi n g
X 4 4 98 1 p er cen t H N Oa
.
W ei g ht a cid tak en
N ote .
—
bulb should b e flush ed ou t with 9 5 p er
T h e g en erati n g
cen t sul p huri c a cid aft er ev ery d et er m ination
. .
o ccasio n ally with vas eli n e but this ou g h t to b e do n e v ery sli g htly
, ,
r l hat th
in c onta ct with a cid troubl esom e fr o th will b e form ed
,
.
Fe ou s -
su p e Me od
4 F es o, 2 H N O, 2 H 28 0 4 N 20 3
OO O
S ta n dard M ethods of C h emi cal A n alysis .
CA LI B RA T I N F ST RA G E T A N K S A N D T A N K CA RS
On e of t h e p rob l ems
oft en co n front ed in a cid pra cti ce is t h e
a ccurat e calibration of stora g e tan ks a n d tank cars Wh en .
D et erm n t on of V ol . A
t he diam et er of t he tan k
(3) C onsult t h e following tabl e and
V ol A .
( C o effi ci ent ) X (S quar e o f diam et er ) X (Length o f tank )
I f t h e tan k is fi ll ed to ov er on e ha lf cal cu l ate t h e vo l um e of
-
Th en V ol A .
( Total ca p acity of cy l ind er)
( V olum e of em p ty s p ac e )
CA L I B RA T I O N R
OF S T O A G E TA N KS 15 1
. 089 2 9
. 06 7 5 3
09 5 3 7
. 04 9 5 3 . 14 9
. 05 0 1 7
15 2 S ULP H URI C A CI D H B
A ND O OK
H UR H B
t r ati
15 4 S ULP I C A CI D AN D OOK
De e m in on of V ol . B
effi ci en t if n ec essary .
V ol . B ( C o effi c i ent ) X ( C ub e o f
diam eter )
If t he
ta n k i s fill ed to ov er o n e
half cal culat e t h e volum e of t h e
,
( V olum e of em p ty s p a ce) .
De e min on of T o C p c
W
Or V ol A.
( quar e of
S diam et er ) X X (L ength of ta n k )
V ol B. X h (3 a 2
h )
z
.
h er e a radius of bas e of s eg m en t
h h ei g ht of s eg m en t
r radius of s p h ere
T h e h ei g ht o f t h e s eg m en t can b ett er be c al culated
m easured .
If k h ei g ht of s egm en t
R radius of s p h ere
r radiu s o f bas e of s eg m en t
T ota l capacit y V ol A . 2 V ol . B .
C I RC UM F E B E N CE AN D A RE A
A ND
or
C U C
BE R
U
R LE S
CI
oo rs
,
'
, , U
SQ A RE S C UBES S Q A RE
H
U U
15 6 S ULP H UR I C A C I D A N DB OO K
CHRC U M F E RE N C E A ND A RE A O
U F C I RC LE s ,
C RE B o o r s '
SQU A R ES
C o n ti n u ed )
,
C BES ,
SQ AR E AN D
12 5 6 6
. . 5 66 5 8 74
1 2 88 1
. . 2 03 2 02 4 9.
. 19 5 . 85 4 N 04 9 4 . 6 134
1 3 5 09
. . 5 22 N 07 3 6 . 6 26 1
1 3 82 3
. . 2 05 C
[ 09 76 . 6 3 86
14 13 7
. . 904 M 12 13 . 6 5 10
N 144 8
J
. 45 1 . 6 19 . 663 1
J
14 7 6 5
. . 349 N 1 6 80 . 6 75 1
15 . M 1909
15 . 394 . 85 7 M 2 13 6 . 6 985
15 . 708 . 6 35 M 23 6 1
l
t
—
7. 100
16 02 2 42 8 M 2 5 83 H 7 2 13
—73 2 5
. . .
—
237 M 2 804
‘
16 3 3 6
. . b .
06 2 M 3 02 2 74 3 5
‘
—
. l .
90 2 N 3 238
‘
1 6 96 5
. . l
3 45 2 H 76 5 2
)
1 7 2 79 75 8
—775 8
. . N .
N 36 6 4
‘
1 7 5 93 6 30
—7863
. . P .
N 3 875
‘
. 9 07 . 5 18 P .
18 2 2 1
. . 42 1 N 4 083 H 7 96 7 .
18 5 3 5
. . 34 0 O
I 4 2 90 H 8070 .
—
—
8 17 1
J
18 85 0 2 74 N 44 9 5
i
. . . p .
16 4 225 N 4 6 98 8 2 72
s
. . p .
1 9 4 78
. . 19 1 M 4 900 . H 83 7 1 .
19 79 2
. . 1 73 M 5 1 00. H 84 6 9
.
2 0 106
. . 1 70 N 5 298 . H 85 6 6
.
5 4 95
)
20 42 0
. . 183 N .
2 0 73 5
. . 2 12 N 5 691 . . 875 8
. 04 9 . 25 7 N 5 88 4.
21 363. . 3 17 M 6 077 . . 8 94 5
2 1 6 77
. . 3 93 N 6 26 8
. . 903 8
H H B
I CU C U I C U U
15 8 S UL P URI C A CI D A ND OOK
C R M F ERE N E A N D A REA OF C R L ES ,
SQ U ARES C BES SQ A R E
, ,
AND
C BE ROOT S -
( C on t i n u ed)
3 1 4 16
. . 5 40 100 .
0
0 16 2 3 M 15 4 4
3 1 73 0 1 19 102 0 1 30 1 1 7 80
0 J
. . . 0 N 16 1 6
3 2 044 7 13 104 04 1 93 7
0 J
. . . . 2 08 0 N 16 87
32 35 8
. . 3 23 106 09 . 72 7
0
0 2 09 4 N 1 75 7
3 2 6 73
. . 94 9 108 16 . 86 4
3
0 2 24 9 M 1 8 28
5 90 1 10 2 5 6 25 0
2 4 04 N 18 9 7
x
' o . . 0 .
'
n
c 3 3 3 01
. . 2 47 1 12 3 6
. . 0 16 3
0 . 25 5 8 N 196 7
1 14 4 9
x
3 3 6 15 04 3
0
k . . 920 . 0 . 2711 N 2 03 6.
b
o
3 3 929
. . 6 09 116 . 7 12 3
0 . 286 3 N 2 1 04.
é
o 3 4 243
. . 3 13 1 18 8 1
. 02 9
0
0 . 3 01 5 N 2 1 72.
033 12 1 3
34 5 5 8 3 16 6
J
o . . . 0 . N 22 39 .
f-
i 3 4 8 72
. . 76 9 12 3 2 1
. 631 0
0 . 3 3 17 N 2 3 07.
i
o 35 . 18 6 . 5 20 12 5 . 928 0
0 . 3 46 6 M 2 3 74.
b
o
12 7 6 9
. 89 7
3
0 . 3 6 15 N 2 44 1.
L
a 3 5 8 14
. . 07 12 9 . . 5 44 3
0 . 3 75 4 O
[ . 2 5 06
'c
n
3 6 12 8
. 8 75 0
0 3 9 12 M 2 5 72
896
s 0
’ c 3 6 4 42
. 0 . 4 05 9 N 26 37
' q 3 6 75 7
. . 6 13 0
0 . 4 2 05 M 2 702
b
o
3 7 07 1
. . 03 2 0
0 . 435 1 M 2 76 6
E
o 3 7 3 85
. 15 9 0
0 . 44 9 6 N 2 83 1
o 3 7 6 99
. . 000 3
0 . 46 4 1 M 2 89 4
fi-
i 3 8 0 13
. . 5 61 0
0 . 4 78 5 M 295 7
84 8
J
38 3 2 7 4 92 8 3 02 1
3
i
c . 0 . N
'
a
c 3 8 6 42
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-
RE E ZI N G LI QUI D S F ORP R R
E S S U E A N D S UC T I O N G A G E S
°
33 B é sul p huri c acid i s a ve g ood anti fr eezi ng liquid to u s e
.
-
’
trician s fri ction t a p e I n this way a conn ection 1s mad e that
.
IC G U VI I UC I U C I
m ercury w ith a s pecifi c gravity of an d a freezing p oi n t of
is v ery satisfactory .
T FR EE S L T TI G ES REA D G S
p p g gp
AN I -
Z N S O ON FO RS ON A N D P RESS RE GA . N
I N I H ES C ER T
N ON E D N T O A PP R OX M ATE IN H ES OF W A TE R
°
33 Bé . su l h i
ur c a c id s ec ifi c ra iy
v t f i
r ee z n oint
M er c u r y S p g ec ifi c ra iy
v t f r ee z i n gp i
o nt
4 116 55
1 80 S UL P H URI C A CI D H B AND OOK
F LA N G E S A N D F LA N G E D F I T T I N G S
”
U S S tandard
. . and in t h e sam e y ear at a m eeti n g of manu
, ,
”
fa ct u r er s in N ew York C ity t h e M anufa ctur er s S tandard
’
,
“ ”
as t h e A m erican S ta n dard t o b e effectiv e aft er J a n 1 19 14 ,
.
,
.
to o w s of siz e
S n a n d ex e v ees , c o s s es a n d e s, e u c n g on ru n o n l ,
m d m en s to siz e
in d m en s n es s o f s h el l
W e e on g -
d us fi ngs a r e s p ec fi ed , e e en ce is on to e ow s
m de i n t w o e t o f a ce d m en s on s a n d n own a s e ow s a n d d
e ows , t he e e n g u se on w en s o S p e ci fi e d .
S we g fi f or 1 2 5 wo ing p es s u e a n d
ex e v fi ngs f or 2 5 0 .
E fi ng s and in de
of o o es f or g s e s. S n d d we g fi ng s and n g es a re p n
f a ce d B in in me s, an d s dd t he
f a f a i i r r i t h r t r a i ht t r i al l
. o o es a r e .
ge e n o e
T he s e of fi n g s sc edu e nd c es t he ns e m e e of po s.
T he to d m en s on o f edu ce s , e f or
p es s u es , is t he s m e a s g ven i n e of d m en s on s .
S d bo w eco m m en de F or in
t a ar d i t l y l i t h r h
u e-
e s ex g on nu s a re .
-
.
and bo w n u t on e en d a r e s Hex g o n
i i d i ta dar l r r i r i h
ge s, s u s c s c o .
nu s f or p p e s es u p t o 46 i n . on t h e 12 5 l b -
. s nd , a nd up t o 16 i n . on
t he 25 0 l b s -
. nd ca n be co n ven en pu ed u p w o p en w en c es of
m n m um es g n of h e a ds . F or a ge p p e s z es ( up t o 100 i n . on 12 5 l b -
.
,
and t o 48 i n . on 25 0 l b -
. s n d ) u s e b ox w en c es .
H H
Ia C it i
18 2 S ULP URI C A CI D A N DB OOK
A MER AN S T A N D AR D
N m es of F ng s
Red u c in g E l bow
°
Ra di u e E l b o w
'
Lo n g 45 E l b ow
Dou b le Sw ee p T ee S i de O u t let T ee
S in leg p
Re d ig
uc n
Sw T ee ee S i de O u t l et T ee
F LA N G E S A N D F LA N G E D F I T T I N GS 1 83
FO R DR I GV D
LL IN
VA
S
L ES
T A D AR D
N
AN
AN D
F IT T I N
Lo w
GS l
-
P RESS RE U G F LA N ED
d e in .
ge n t he n om n m e e of bo s .
1 84 S UL P H URI C A CI D H B
AN D OOK
H H B
I I UCI D
1 86 S ULP URIC A CI D AN D OOK
ri a ta ard
G EN ERA L D MEN S ON S OF S TA N D AR D RE D N G T EES A N C R OSSES (S H O RT
B O DY P A TT ER N )
Am e c n S nd
1 t o 16
s
r i fit
All
m
t i f r
e c en
l i ha
a t r fa i i trai ht i fitti
ed u c n g
e -
to -
ce
ngs
d m en s
om 1 t o 16 i n
on s a s s
. in c
g
u s ve
-
s ze
ve
ngs
th e
b y att r h t l t l a r rt h a i
abi tiabl th r f r iha flaa fiti ti i altraiayht riz fitlatti d by
L on g od e n s a r e u s ed w g ven i n t h e
r it tii r i tl t ly l b y att r il al ay
p en ou e s a re ge n
-
o ve e, e e o e ve s m e d m en s on s a s s g
-
s e ng s . T he
“ ”
d m en s of red u c n g ed w t he
t bl t hi h r d al ay
on s . ng ngs a re s eg u e
ed u c o n Of t he
F ng s ed u c n g on th e ru n on , t he on g -
od p e n w w s be
u s ed , ex cep d ou e s w eep w t he ed u ce en d is w l on g er
n t he eg u ngs .
B ds n t he ru n w b e t h e s me
i i i fa l fab y a ly t r fa all
u e or e es v n g ou e s ge
en g cen e -
to -
c e Of O p en n g s a s t ee w i t h o p en n g s Of t h e s z e o f
t he F or mp 12 12 18 i n t ee w b e g ove n ed t he
i l ar y a t r f a i i
ou e . ex e, -
.
1
d m en s on s Of t h e 18 i n od t ee, m l 6/ é in to ce o f
lar t trai ht iz
-
. on g -
n e , . c en e - -
o p en n g s a n d 33 in . ce -
to -
ce .
Red u c ng e b ow s c r s me cen e -
to -
ce d m en s on
g es s g s e.
I UCI
FLA N GE D F I T T I NG S 187
ri a t ar
N ERA L D I ME N S ON S OF S TA N D AR D RE D N G LA TERA LS (S H RT B
O -
O DY
PA TTER N )
Am e c n S a nd d
to
A ll
-
rfa i i ifitti trai ht izi fitl t i ha a t r
ed u c n g
ce d m en s
ngs
on s a s s
1 t o 16 i n
g -
s
. n c us
e
ve
in g s
ve t h e s m e c en e
h
a i ibr a h ltraiaht rti ha t i i
al lyay r l lat dyby
u s ed w g ven i n t h e
d ti bra h fitti d i
en nc es are rg e n
s me d m en s on s as s g -
s ze fi ngs .
a re w s eg u ed t he
re uc o n of t he nc ; n gs re u c n g on t he run on , t he on g -
bo pa t
1 88 S ULP H U R I C A CI D H A N DB O O K
H H B
I I V UCI G
19 0 S ULP URIC A C ID A ND OOK
ri a ta ar
G E N ERA L D MEN S ON S OF T RA
E X H EA RE D
Y N T EES
( S H RT B O -
O DY PA TTE R N )
Am e c n S nd d
1 t o 16
to -
fa i i
ce d m en s on s a s s t ra i g h t a s iz e fitti ng s
b y att r h t l t
abi tiabl thrr f ri hafla a fittii i al aytrari htlatiz byt
1
L od l a r rt h a i
a r e u s ed w
t i it i r t l t
on g p e ns en o u e s a re ge n g ven
-
o ve me d m fi in g s
l y l b y at t r i l
e, e e o e ve s en s o n s a s s g
-
s e .
“ ”
d m en s o n s of edu c n g n g ed w ed t he
t bl t hi h r d d
ng s a re s eg u
on of t he
F ng s e du ci n g on t h e run on , t he on g -
od p e n w
u s ed , ex cep d ou e s w eep w t he en d is al w
n t he eg u ng .
B h ds t he
i i i fa l f a b y a l y
u e or e es v n g ou e s ge n ru n
en g cen e -
to -
c e of op en n g s a s t ee w o p en
t he F or mp 12 12 18 i n t ee w be
i l b ar r y a t r f a i
ou e . ex e, -
.
d m en s of t h e 18 i n od t ee, me 18 i n
lar t trai ht iz
on s -
. on g -
n ,
.
O p en n g s a n d 36 in . ce -
to -
ce .
Redu c n g e ow s c s me c en e -
to -
ce d m en s i on
g es s g s e .
I I UCI
FL A N GE D F I T T 7N GS 19 1
ri a ta ar
RA L D ME N S ON S OF EX TRA H EA V Y RE D N G LA T ERA L S (S H RT B
O -
O DY
Am e c n S nd d
t o—
rfa i ifitt trai ht i i fitl t i ha a t r
Al l ed u c n
ce
g
di m ens
i n g s l t o 16 i n
o n s as s g
-
.
s ze
n c us ve
in g s
ve t he s m e c en e
h
a fla i bria h traliahtr rthafitt i
fiti ti l ay yr latl byb y
u s ed w g ven i n t h e
r
en nc e s a re ge n
s m e d m en s on s a s s g -
si z e ing s .
”
n g ed ngs a re aw s eg u ed t he
T EM PL A T ES FO R DR I I ri a Vta ar G V
LL G
N EX
Am e
T RA H EA Y F LA N
c n S n d d
ED V A L ES F ITT I N G S 1
ce
h t
T
in
l a
es e
any
t em p
u
l t i l f
es a re
e an d
r t
o
h atfit
in m u t i
faril d q l aarr t rrtha b lt hi lalditara tl r b lt t rli lt h l
p
o es s
es Of
dd
ou
e
,
so
t he c en e
ngs
ne .
m a y b e m ade t o
Bo o es a re
d e in .
ge n n om n me e of o s .
H H B
I IG I I I U U
1 94 S ULP URI C A CI D A ND OOK
N O M N A L W E HT OF C AS T R O N P P E W
-
T H O T F L A G ES N ,
PO N DS
P ER FO O T 1
T hi ck n e s s o f m et a l in i nc h es
cu bi f t
c oo .
19 6 S UL P
S
H URI C A CI D
H O O '
d‘l o
H B AN D
—c i fi '
l
OOK
o
Q O O h m O
O O fi O
m
a S IB U IS
N m n h O N m O fi
a N fi fi H m
z a “ N v w O m
o
O O w N m w ~m
n 143 11 8 1
1
m w N h N w w N m
£ ~a N N m ¢w
5
m A
l
?
0 O3 m N N
4 O O
N
m
N
h
m O w
fl O fi
O
N
fi H N N m O
O O N w h O fi
O N O O a N m m
O O O fl fl fl fi fl
n
N m N a N w n o m
N m O n O
- w w
a a
O
N
v
o “ O N o w m
m
o O O O N m fi
m N O fi O N w
O N N N m m
4O 0 d
7
N m N w O O « O O
v O O N O O O O m
fi N N w
:
fi
n m u . O
o u w O O a N m n
O O O O ~N a fi fi
N N m n O N w m O N
9 M UU
N m O m O fi w w w m
“Om S
m G
N m fl O O a m O O O
fi fl fi N fi
m w m n m
t
O O h h
fi O w m O fi w n O
U.fi u 8 .
m a w O m O w w N
fi fi fi N N m w N
h N O
4 0 0 11 O O w N O o O N fi w
m O w a w w H O O m
fi fl fi N N m m
‘
s s e u xot ql
efi u e g
N fi m «N O O m ww
9
12 11 1 8 N m m O O O N m w m
N N fi N m
m w N w N N O O fi fi
o a w n O O w O m m
qm
fiu a l
w m wm
’
s o N N O N
.
fi fi N N N m w w
s a q ou t
8 8 3 11 310 t
fl H H H
.
fi M fi fl
N N O O O O fi w w
s
no q 10 q
. u a fi # fi fi N N N N N N
m m m O m o O
s e q ou t
‘
s IOI I o O N h N O n O o N
ql o q go J eq eu mt q O N m h O N O h N O
a a a a N N N N m m
s a q ou r
efi u s
‘
g Io I e ae u rs
tq
s a q ou r
O N «O m O fi O
fi a afi a N N m
19 8 S UL P H URI C A CI D H B AN D OOK
XD N
OO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO C OO
N N O O O O O O N O
O O O O O N N w O N O
O O O O O N o O O
N N N N O OO w w w
O N N O O O N O N
O N O N N N O O N N
O “ N O O N O O O N N
O O v w w O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O
O
O
O 3 $
4 0
O
fi
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O
O N O « N o O O
O O N S
4 O N OO w O O
W Qt O Ob O —
v t cfb fl fi"
O O O N N O O N O O O
O N N O N O N O O O ”.
O O O O
3
N O O O
N O O O O O O N O N
N O O O O O O O O O O
O O w w N N N N w O O
m m m
8 8 8
a
3 m 8 s o 8 . m
O N O N O O O
O O O O O O N
O N O N N
OO
N
N O O O O
O N N N O
N N N N O O
O O O O O
O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O N O O N N N
O N O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O N
O H N O
O O O O N N
N N N 3 H a
O O O O O O O O O O O
N N N N N O O O O O O
O O O O O N N N N N N
CD N XJ
OO C OD O O O H N N
WROUG H T -
I R ON A N D S TE E L P I P E 1 99
~~N
°
O O O N O O N O
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O N O O fl O O N N O O O O O N N N N O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N N N
O O O O H H H F fl N N CQ Q ‘ Q ‘ l Q l Q QO h w a o r -‘ N
\N \N W
N —
4\
1 v- t \
‘
—
f\
v —
1\
r -I H H N N O OJ O
‘
O IQ O b - OO O O O C
N
2 00 S UL P H U R I C A CI D H A N DB OO K
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 8
7 0 7 6 8 5 5 0
1 9 3 8 2 7 2 8 3 3
1 2 2 3 3 5 6
7 5 1 2 1 6 8 7 1
6 O 5 3 5 5 1 6 4
5 9 6 4 3 2 2
5 4 0 0 1 1 3 9 6 5 6 9 8 0 4
5 6 9 3 0 6 3 0 9 8 7 6 5 5 4
4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 9 5 1 9 7 2 7 8 6 4 1 6 1
5 7 0 5 9 6 0 5 7 1 6 3 8 5 3
0 0 1 1 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 1 5 8 1
1 1 1 2
5 4 7 2 3 4 2 0 9 2 8 7 7 1 2
0 1 2 6 9 7 4 1 7 7 9 9 6 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 5 7 9 2 8 7 7
1 1 2 3
5 7 6 6 4 3
5 8 3 1 8 4
0 0 1 2 2 4
4 8 8 2 0 6
9 0 5 8 0 3
2 3 3 3 4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 3 0 9 0 0
2 4 6 8 1 5
0 0 0 0 1
33 5 1
“
N X
‘
R R ‘
L
Q
‘
202 S ULP H URI C A CI D H A N DB OO K
C I I
r i at i ht i i G
S T A N D AR D S RE W E D F TT N S
( A p p ox m e We g s a n d D m en s on s )
M a ll ea b l e i r on
D i m en s i o n s in i nc h es
Cast i r on
2
2
4
.
OOO 7,
n
"c8 a
O
7, 800 6 , 900 10,
14 ,
2 1,
(A p p
EX V
ox m
I I
r i at i ht i i
TRA H EA
e
Y
We g
SC RE W E D
s and
F
D m en s
TT G S N
o ns )
g p p
M a ll ea bl e i ron
D i m en s i o n s in i nc h es W ei h t in oun d s p e r 1 00 i e ces
E ll s
I
°
45 T ees C r os s es
Ca s t i r o n
2 04 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D H B
AN D OOK
H H B
I
2 06 S ULP UR ND OOK
'
I C A CI D A
LEA D P PE
Ki n d
qi htli htt
ditr tr
A u ed u c
Ex g .
Lg
t r
Me um
S
qi htd t thi k
on g
E x . s on g
E x . ex . s on g
tr tr tr i h
A ue uc
L g
M edi u m ( {3
6 1n c ) 8 00 .
S on g ( V4 I n
qdt
.
Ex s . on g nc )
E x ex . . s on g ( 94 i n ) 1 7 . .
t h i k
A ue uc
Ex s
tr tr tr
M edi u m
S on g
E x ex
.
. .
(M
on g
s
,
on g
In
in
.
.
in
c
)
In .
) 9 00
.
) 20 00 .
I
LE A D P I P E 2 07
LE A D P PE — C
( on cl u ded )
it
A u edu c
t r t r r th k
6 . E x ig .
Lg (M m . c )
M ed u m in .
)
S on g in . ic ) 1 6 1 1) S ro n g in ) .
E x . s on g in )
.
E x . ex . st on g m )
S H EE T L EA D
T hi c k n ess in i nc h es
2 08 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D
. H A N DB OO K
2 10 S ULP H URI C A CI D H BAN D OOK
F IB E RRO P E KN OT S AN D HI C
T H E S —
A N D H O W T O M A KE T H E
m l
Q
~
;
or
t al r i t h i t a b k
of a n d to uchi n g ea ch oth er . Thi s p ri n ci p l e i s
t he square k n ot ( I )
H nd
’
F rOIn LI DDE LL s s a nd C
l ’
S M e u g em s s oo .
F I BE RROP E K N O T S AN D H H I TC ES 2 11
N ew York I n t h e en g ravi n g s th ey a r e .
A
B . S im p l e ov erh an d k n ot
or .
F i g ur e 8 k n ot .
D oubl e knot .
E . B oat knot .
B owlin e s ec on d s t ep
’
.
,
B owl in e co m p l et ed
,
.
S quar e or r eef k n o t .
S h eet b en d or w eav er s k n ot
’
.
S h eet b en d with a to g g l e .
C arri c k ben d .
”
S tev edore k n ot com p l ete d .
o S l i p knot .
w F l emi s h l oOp .
p C hai n k n ot with to g g l e .
w H alf hit ch
-
.
Timb er hi t ch -
.
C l o v e hi t ch
-
.
R olli n g hit ch
<
-
.
€ B la c kwall hi t ch -
.
N F ish erm an s b en d
’
.
Wall k n ot co m p l et ed .
-
makin g a bi g ht in t h e ro p e th en p u t t h e en d throu g h t h e bi g ht
,
”
granny knot that sli p s u n d er a strain K nots ( H K and M ) .
,
ceedi n g a s follows :
t h e bi g ht Of 1 a s shown in en g raving Z
,
H aul t h e ends taut .
,
, ,
O
“ ”
T h e st ev edor e knot ( M ) (N ) i s us ed to hold t h e en d o f a
,
strain i s r em ov ed .
ra liiq ti
A po ec es L qu d Me su e
60 m n m s 1 u d m
a
8 d m s 1 u d o u n ce
iq art t q arkt
16 ou n ces 1 p n
Dry Me s ur e
ki i b hhtl
2 p n s 1 u
8 u s 1 p ec
dra rraai
4 p ec s 1 us e
A vo r du p o s W ei g
th rat l
16 ms g ns 1 ou n ce
16 = 7000 m 1 p ou n d
d r y li ht
o u n ces g s
100 p ou n ds 1 cen
2 000 p ou n ds 1 s o t on
rai y i ht y i ht
2 24 0 p ou n s 1 on g t on
T o We g
24 g ns 1 p en n w e g
rra l ra
A po ec es We g s
20 g ns 1 sc u p e
3 sc u p es 1 d m
8 d m s 1 o u n ce
th
12 ou n ces 1 p ou n d
M ET RI C M E A S URES
L en g
cm .
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
H
!
WE I G TS AN D M E AS U E S R 2 15
Un i t
l Sy m b l
o V a lu e in s q u a re m e t e rs
Vo l um e
C UB I C M E A S U E R
Cu bi h t t r
c ec o m e e
2 16 S UL P H URI C A CI D
We i ht H B AN D OOK
iil ri rara
ti i rara
M c og m
M m
raka ra it
g
C en g m
Dec g m
G m (u n )
De g m
O
h
E QUIV A L E N T S F M ET RI C A N D C US T O M A RY (U S ) W E I G H T S
. .
I
A N D ME A S U E S 1
R
iltii tt rr ii hh
L en g t
M E TR C U S S TA N D ARD
tt rr i hf t
. .
1 m me e o 039 3 7. nc
1 me o 3 93 7
tkil t r — yar
‘
cen e nc
°
37
J
1 me Oo
il I
e c . nc es
2 8083
o
1 me e o . ee
09 3 6 1 ds
‘
1 me
iltii tt rr
er l .
1 om e e O 6 2 13 7 m
. e
U S S T A N D AR D M E TR C
tt rr
. .
25 . 400 1 m me e s
2 5 400 m
kil t r
. cen e e s
0 3 04 8 m
. e e
0 9 14 4 m e
. e
I
1 6 09 3 5
. om e e s
qq arar il tii tt rr M E TR C
qq arar i i hh U S S T A N D AR D
1 s u e m m e e O 00 15 5. s u e nc
1 e cen O 15 5 0
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