University of Basra For Oil and Gas

Chemical and Refining Department

Name of student : Barakat Khalid Ismail

Number of student : (3)

Name of experiment : Flow Control

Number of experiment : (2)

Date of experiment : 5 \ 12 \ 2017

Group : (A1)
The objective of the experiment
 On/off control of flow (Closed loop)

To demonstrate the operation of an On/Off Controller using flowrate as

the measured
variable to control the operation of a water pump.
To show that On/Off control is not suitable for controlling a variable
such as flowrate
because a steady flowrate cannot be maintained.

 Proportional control flow (Closed loop, P

only and P + I)
To control the flow of water through the process loop using a
proportional controller
to automatically vary the speed of the feed pump (flow control).
To determine the response of a process loop when using a P only
controller to vary the pump speed.
To determine the response of a process loop when using a P+I controller
to vary the pump speed.
To change the flow of water through the process loop by changing the
set point on the P or P+I controller.
To test the stability of the flow control loop by applying disturbances
using the solenoid valve.
To investigate the effect of different ranges of flow.
Introduction
In most networks, there are circumstances in which the externally
offered load is larger than can be handled even with optimal routing.
Then, if no measures are taken to restrict the entrance of traffic into the
network, queue sizes at bottleneck links will grow and packet delays will
increase, possibly violating maximum delay specifications. Furthermore
,as queue sizes grow indefinitely, the buffer space at some nodes may be

exhausted. When this happens, some of the packets arriving at these

nodes will have

to be discarded and later retransmitted, thereby wasting communication

resources. As a result, a phenomenon similar to a highway traffic jam
may occur whereby ,as the offered load increases, the actual network
throughput decreases while packet delay becomes excessive. It is thus
necessary at times to prevent some ofthe offered traffic from

entering the network to avoid this type of congestion. This is one of the
main functions of flow control.Flow control is also sometimes necessary
between two users for speed matching,

that is, for ensuring that a fast transmitter does not overwhelm a slow
receiver with more packets than the latter can handle. Some authors
reserve the term "flow control" for this type of speed matching and use
the ten n "congestion control" for regulating the packet

population with in the subnet work. We will not make this distinction in
tenninology; the type and objective of flow control being discussed will
be clear from the context.
Theory
 On/off control of flow (Closed loop)

An On/Off controller is a simple and effective way of controlling many

does have disadvantages because its output can only be on processes but
or off. In the case of the flow process in this exercise the pump is started
and stopped An on/off controller incorporates a dead band to avoid rapid
switching of the controlled variable when at the setpoint i.e. in this case
the flow must rise above the Setp oint by a fixed amount before the
pump switches off and the flow must fall below the setpoint by a fixed
amount before the pump starts again
Note: On PCT51 an On/Off controller with fixed dead band is created by
setting the Proportional Band to 0 % in the PID controller. In a
commercial On/Off controller the dead band can be varied to suit the
process. This allows the choice of less frequent switching but larger
variations in the process variable or closer control of the process
variable but more frequent switching with attendant wear etc. of the
When the measured flow is below the setpoint the pump .components
will be switched on and when the flow exceeds the setpoint the pump
will be switched off by the on/off controller. This results in alternate
starting and stopping of the pump withcorresponding oscillation of the
flowrate showing that on/off control is unsuitable for
such a process
  Proportional control flow (Closed loop, P
only and P + I)
Proportional Band (P)
The Proportional Band, P, setting on a process controller makes a
output (pump speed on PCT51) that is proportional to the change to the
difference between the measured flowrate and current error value (the
proportional response can beadjusted the set point on the controller). The
by multiplying the error by a constant Kp called the Proportional Gain.
controller as This is related to the Proportional Band setting on the
follows
% Proportional Gain (Kp) = 100 % / Proportional Band
i.e. 100 % P term means unity gain (change in controller output = error
and 50 % P term means a gain of 2 (change in controller output = 2x
error at input)
A low setting of the P term (large gain) results in a large change in the
given change in the error. If the P term is too low, the output for a
In contrast, a large setting of the P term .system can become unstable
to a large input error, and a (low gain) results in a small output response
is too high, the less responsive or less sensitive controller. If the P term
control action may be too small when responding to system
disturbances resulting in slow response and offsets of the resulting
from the set point A Proportional-only controller will process variable
steady-state offset. not always settle at the set point, but may retain a
Offset can be reduced in Proportional-only control by reducing
Experimental procedure
 On/off control of flow (Closed loop)

Choose the PID box on the mimic diagram, set the Proportional Band to
Time to 0 and Derivation time to 0 then set the Set Point to 0 %, Integral
1.5 L/min (default at start up). Click ‘Apply’ to enter the changes to the
setting
Choose the Automatic Mode of Operation
Select the (Go) icon to begin data logging
The pump will switch on, the flowrate will quickly increase and water
the flow indicator tube. The flow will instantaneously will flow into to
set on the controller i.e. the setpoint of increase until it reaches the flow
setpoint by a fixed amoun 1.5 L/min. When the flow rises above the
(The dead band) the pump will switch off and the water flow will rapidly
drop-off as the pump has stopped. When the flow falls below the
setpoint by a fixed amount (the dead band) the pump will switch on
cycle will continue resulting in widely fluctuating again and the
flowrate that is completely unacceptable. Observe that the level rises and
falls in the flow indicator but reduced amplitude because of the time
indicate instantaneous constant of the indicator (the tube does not
In the PID .)flowrate because it must fill or drain to indicate a new level
controller adjust the set point to 1.0 L/min, click ‘Apply’ then observe
the same behaviour at the reduced setpoin Adjust the set point to 2.5
L/min and observe the same behaviour the increased

DISCUSSIONS

On/off control of flow

The device controlled by an on\off controller (in this case a water pump) is simply
on or off as required to maintain the process variable
The flow meter and the flow indicator have different response times so the
indication from the two devices is different. The flow meter with a fast response
indicates the instantaneous flow rate but the indicator tube with a slow response
indicates more of an average
When the valve is closed and the speed of the pump (50) set point (1.5), the flow is
turbulent and the payment of the pump frequency and a high load on the pump
In the case of raising the group gradually to a point (2.5), the load on the pump
increases and disorder flow increases
In the case of LED Open and set point (1.5), the load on the pump less and less
.runoff disorder
When a set point change to (2.5), the load gradually at least on the pump
 4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00

flow
1.50 Series1
1.00
0.50
87, 0.04 0.00
100 80 60 40 20 0 -0.50
time

Closed valve position ,speed pump=50,pid set point=2.5

Proportional control flow

A large Proportional Band setting will result in stable control but will result in
slow changes and large offsets in the process variable Reducing
the Proportional Band will improve the speed of response and give smaller offsets
but the process may become unstable if the proportional band in reduced too far
Optimum results are obtained with a suitable combination of Proportional and
Integral action to eliminate any offset from the setpoint
Reducing the Integral time setting increases the speed at which any offset is
reduced but settings that are too short will result in instability because the process
is unable to respond quickly enough to the changes from the controller.
The effect is called integral saturation or integral wind up and must be avoided
Increasing the Proportional Band reduces the effect of Integral Action so shorter
setting of I is required to eliminate offset quickly
When the proportional flow control the flow of the pump is constant, so the
pressure on the pump would be very small and the load on the pump would be very
small because the continuously
So be seamlessly flow line and not as troubled
Because the pressure and the load on the pump would be very small
 2.00

1.50

flow
1.00
Series1
0.50 Linear (Series1)

0.00
01:26 01:09 00:52 00:35 00:17 00:00
time

open valve position ,speed pump=50,pid set point=1.5,integral time =50,proportional band=200