Ways in which a river TRANSPORT its load:

1. Traction :
This is where large stones and boulders are rolled/ dragged along the riverbed by the
hydraulic force of the moving water. Materials that are transported via traction are
known as the bed load. Traction requires the most energy out of all the transport
processes of a river.
2. Saltation:
This is where solid materials such as small boulders and sand particles are bounced
along the riverbed in a ‘leap frog’ movement.
3. Suspension:
This is where fine silt and clay particles are cared within the water flow as the
suspended load.
4. Solution:
Minerals from rocks, soil and weathered material can be dissolved by the river water.
This process requires the least amount of energy compared to the other
transformational processes.

Drainage Pattern Shape Rock Structure

Radial Circular, dome shaped Volcanic cone
Trellis Rectangular grid Alternate layers of hard and soft
rock
Dendritic Tree-like appearance Uniform rock structure

Explain how a flood plain is formed. Include well labeled diagrams.

A floodplain is a lowland area surrounding a river and subject to flooding by the river.
Floodplains are mainly formed by the flooding of a river, when materials carried by the river are
deposited on its banks. Fine materials are spread on the land surrounding the river and form a large
flat area on both sides of the river, called a floodplain.
*Include a diagram
For a named Caribbean country, assess the value of any two measures that have been used by the
national agencies to reduce the impact of flooding.
Define:
Urbanization: is the process that leads to an increasing proportion of the population living in towns
and cities and the depopulation of rural areas. Eg: Kinston, Jamaica.
Urban Sprawl: is the migration of people from central populated towns to lower density residential
development leading in the expansion of the city. It is when people from the urban areas leave and
live on the outskirts or the region surrounding the urban area. It is a process of sub-urbanization.
Describe three problems caused by population growth in urban areas of the Caribbean.

Explain how any of the three factors below influence the development of tourism in the Caribbean:
- Location
- Climate
- Physical features
- Cultural
Climate:
The Caribbean is well-known for its warm and sunny temperatures throughout the year. Many people
living abroad visit the Caribbean during the winter season because of our climate. The Caribbean’s
climate also promotes recreational activities such as zip lining, hikes and beach visits for those
tourists that enjoy outdoor activities.
Location:
The Caribbean is located in proximity to 3 world markets (Europe, USA, UK) which makes it easy for
tourists in those places to come and visit often as they don’t have to travel very long. Because
Caribbean islands are surrounded by water, they are not only accessible by plane but also by boat
which increases the ease of visiting.
Physical features:
Many Caribbean countries have magnificent and beautiful beaches, rivers, waterfalls, corals and
caves. Eg: Harrison Cave, Barbados; Maracas Waterfall, Trinidad. Many tourists visit just to see these
places as it is promoted to be unique to the Caribbean and they want the experiences that come with
them. The Caribbean also does a great job in advertising its physical features. Caribbean islands have
recently started to promote more ecotourism such as hikes and forest reserves for the tourists that
enjoy nature. The main reason tourists visit the Caribbean is for the physical features.