Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

Step 2- recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428

Group: 2030580_24

Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez

OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD

Palmira (Valle)

February of 20
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:

1-.) Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an example.
Calculate the loss tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10kHz. Calculate again at
100MHz.

Solution:
The dry soil parameters are𝜎 = 10−4 𝑠𝑚⁄𝑚 ∈𝑟 = 3
There is the lost tangent to 10 kHz
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 60
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
Which gives an angle of losses of:δ = tan−1(60) = 89°
When you change the frequency to 100MHz, you get:
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 0 − 006
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 108 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
δ = tan−1(0.006) = 0.3°

2.-) What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic

waves propagation?
The velocity of propagation can be measured as the time necessary for a zero crossing or a
maximum of the signal to occur again at the same point in space.
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

3.-) Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free

space, perfect dielectrics and good conductors.

Maxwell's equations give rise to harmonic solutions which were first found by James Clerck
Maxwell in 1884. Based on these solutions Maxwell predicted the existence of
electromagnetic waves and discovered that signals can be transmitted over long distances
without necessarily having physical means for transmission.
In the year of 1887, Einrich Hertz discovered the waves predicted by Maxwell and showed
that electricity can be transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, which propagate at
the speed of light and have many of their properties.
This is the principle of wireless telephony, radio, TV, telemetry, among many other wonders
of modern life.
It is possible to find equations that describe the behavior of fields in free space in the absence
of volumetric load or electric conduction currents, under these conditions, Maxwell's
equations are reduced.

4.-Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical

application of every type of radiation.

Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than R-Xs. These are the most energetic photons. Although
they do not have a clear lower limit for their wavelength, it is usually accepted that they are in the
frequency range: 3 EHz <f <30 ZHz They are used in astronomy to study objects or regions of high
energy and, in general, in research of high energy physics. Also as radiotherapy of some types of
cancer, with the well-known "cobalt bomb".

X-rays are used to see through some objects and not others, taking advantage of the difference in
absorption between different matter (medical diagnoses, for example). Also in high energy physics
and astronomy - black holes and neutron stars emit R-X, allowing its study. Its frequency is
conventionally accepted: 30 PHz <f <50 EHz

Ultraviolet rays are EM radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the visible
spectrum. This part of the spectrum corresponds to frequencies: 750 THz <f <300 PHz The sun is a
very important source of ultraviolet radiation. This type of radiation, artificially created has
applications such as, sterilization of instruments and certain equipment, germicidal lamps for
swimming pools or other environments, tanning lamps, etc.
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

Radiación visible. -

Electromagnetic waves whose frequencies are between 4.6 x 1014 Hz and 6.7 x 1014 Hz constitute
a region of the spectrum that is of special importance to us, since this radiation is capable of
stimulating human vision, since it deals with the light waves or light. This is a very narrow region of
the spectrum, so our eyes are not able to perceive most of the radiation that makes up the spectrum.

The lower frequencies of the visible radiation give us the sensation of the red color. - By increasing
the frequency of the waves we will have successively, those corresponding to the colors orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and at the end of the visible region, the color violet.

The Infrared covers the part of the spectrum from approximately 300 GHz (1 mm) to 385 THz (780
nm). It is divided into three regions:

Far infrared 300GHz <f <30THz

The lower part of this range can be qualified as a microwave.

Average infrared 30THz <f <120THz

Near Infrared 120THz <f <385THz

Typical applications of infrared rays are found in astronomy, industry, medicine, etc.

The lasers are EM radiation in the range, generally, of the visible spectrum (He-Ne laser of 638 nm,
Nd-YAG laser of 1.06 mμ, etc.), although they can also be located in infrared (CO2 laser of 30 μm)
and even in the ultraviolet.

Specific characteristics of laser light is that it is a monochromatic, coherent and collimated light. The
applications are innumerable. In dentistry and other medical-surgical specialties, for readers-
recorders of CD's and DVD's, etc.

Radio ondas o Radio Frecuencia (RF) refer to the portion of the EM spectrum in which EM waves
can be generated by alternating currents that feed an antenna Radios waves are used for data
transmission, via modulation, television, mobile phones, wireless networks, commercial
broadcasting stations, amateur radio, microwave ovens, etc.

Las bandas ELF, SLF, ULF y VLF, en conjunto, se conocen como Audio Frecuencia (AF).

ELF son usadas por la armada de USA para comunicarse con submarinos sumergidos. La banda VLF
también se usa con el mismo propósito, pero cuando la nave se encuentra cerca de la superficie (a
unos 20 m o menos).

SLF es típica en líneas de transporte y distribución (50 o 60 Hz). 10 KHz es frecuente en

radionavegación (banda VLF). Cocinas de inducción trabajan en el rango de 25-40 KHz (bandas VLF-
LF).

Las bandas LF (onda larga), MF (onda media), HF (onda corta) y VHF (FM radio y TV), son
vulgarmente conocidas como Radio Frecuencia (RF). Además de en radiodifusión, otras aplicaciones
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

son calentamiento por histéresis dieléctrica – soldadura, fusión y reblandecimiento de plásticos-

(13,56 MHz - 27,12 MHz - 40,68 MHz), calentamiento por inducción, etc.

UHF, SHF y EHF, popularmente se conocen como Microondas (MO). La telefonía móvil (GSM, DCS y
UMTS 14) opera en esta franja del espectro frecuencial. Otras aplicaciones: hornos microondas (2,45
GHz), radares para control policial de tráfico (10 GHz), radares de aeropuertos (15-100 GHz), Wi-Fi
15, etc.

5.- What is the refraction index and what kind of information

give us about the electromagnetic waves behavior?
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and
the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by
the letter n.
The inverse of the refractive index is also a characteristic parameter of the different
means of propagation and is called speed factor:

Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1.

6.- What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are
they used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and
where are they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain
practical models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?

plane wave

By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are approximately flat in a localized
region of space. For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an antenna produces
a field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is to say that, at a distance far from
the source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered as such
electrodynamics are used to easily model the behavior of the wave.

non-plane wave

magnetic medium

it is a device that stores information in the middle of magnetic waves. Magnetic media are hard drives,
3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes.
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum.
Perform a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the
forum.
In a medium with the following characteristics,𝜀𝑟 = 4, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 y 𝜎 = 2.3𝑥10−4 𝑆/𝑚
find these parameters for a 90MHz signal:
 Loss tangent.
 Propagation constant
 Phase velocity.
 Wavelength.
 Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.

Solution

LOSS TANGENT

𝜎 2,3 ∗ 10−4
tan(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 ∗ 97 ∗ 4 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
2,3 ∗ 10−4
1
8 ∗ 97 ∗ 10−9 𝜋 36𝜋

2,3 ∗ 10−4
531441
500000000

0.00023
531441
500000000

500000000 ∗ 0.00023
531441
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

115000
= 0.21639
531441

δ = tan−1 0.21639 = 12.4

R/. - tangente de perdida es de 12.4°

The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower the conduction current
compared to the displacement current, the better the quality of the electrical insulation; The IEEE 400-
2001.20 standard illustrates the basic elements that must be taken into account when evaluating the
quality of power cable insulation through the tangent of losses.

PROPAGATION CONSTANT

Solution

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 97
𝑠𝑒𝑔

𝜇 = 1.6

𝜎 = 2.3 + 10−4

𝜀𝑟 = 4

1
𝛾 = √𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 97 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 107 (2.3𝑥10−4 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 97 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋

531441𝑗
= √2 ∗ 4 ∗ 97 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.6𝜋𝜋𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3)
500000000

531441𝑗
= √97 ∗ 107 ∗ 12.8𝜋𝜋𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3)
500000000
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Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

531441𝑗
= √12.8 √𝜋 2 √97 ∗ 107 𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3)
500000000

531441𝑗
= √12.8 √𝜋√97 ∗ 107 𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3) =
500000000

= 𝜋√6.122214 𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)

= 2√6.122214 = 24743080.49

= 24743080.49𝜋√𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)

= 7732679.89√𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)
attenuation constant

𝑁𝑝⁄
𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝜎 = 0.00023 𝑚

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝛽 = 0.001063 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚

As can be seen in the complete solution, the constant α is related to an attenuation of the amplitude of
the wave as a function of distance; while the constant β is related to the phase gain as a function of
distance.
These are called attenuation constant and phase constant, respectively.
The phase constant is measured in radians per unit of length, while the attenuation constant is measured
in units inverse to the unit of length.
 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

PHASE VELOCITY.
Solution

𝐶0
𝑉𝑝 =
√𝜀𝑟

where 𝐶0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔

𝜀𝑟 = 4

3 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝 = = 150000000
√4

150000000 𝐾𝑚⁄𝑠

The phase velocity of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on the electromagnetic properties of
the medium in which they propagate and not on the relative displacement between observers, which
clearly violates the laws of mechanics known. This observation gave rise to the so-called special theory
of relativity, whose fundamental statement was published, in the year 1905, by Albert Einstein.

WAVELENGTH.
Solution
𝑪𝟎
𝝀=
𝒇

𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀=
90 ∗ 103 3 𝑠𝑒𝑔−1

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀= = 𝟑. 𝟑𝑲𝒎
90000 𝑠𝑒𝑔−1

𝑹/ 𝟑. 𝟑 𝑲𝒎
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Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI
Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1

For a constant time, space points that have the same field magnitude are separated by a distance such
that the phase gain is equivalent to π radians

INDEX OF REFRACTION.
Solution

𝑪𝟎
𝒏=
𝑽𝒑

𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑲𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈

𝑹/. 𝟐
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the phase
velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by the letter n.
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in a vacuum, the refractive index
of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to