b) i) How is mirror image function used in CNC programs? Give an example.

G51—mirror images

G50 – Cancels the mirror

A G51 applies scaling/mirror to all positions, lines, and arcs following this G-code until a
G50 are entered.

Example:

G51 X-0.5 Y0.0 Z.0 I-1 J1 K1 ( turn mirror on)

G00 X0.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 ( rapid traverse to X0, Y0, Z1)

G01 X1.0 Y0.5 Z1.0 ( line to X1, Y.5, Z1)

G01 X0.0 Y1.0 Z1.0 ( line to X0, Y1, Z1)

G01 X0.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 ( line to X0, Y0, Z1)

G50 ( cancel scale)

ii) What is parametric programming? Discuss with examples.

Parametric programming is a G/M code programming in which axis position (x, y, z, a, etc.),
feed and speed functions can be specified by a parametric expression. Similar to computer
programming languages such as Pascal or C, computer-related features such as variables,
arithmetic, logic statements and looping are available in parametric programming.

Applications Of Parametric Programming

-Feature-based CNC programming

Parametric programming technique allows the creation of program modules for specific part
features such as a hole, slots, pockets, threads, etc. These pre-programmed machining
modules can be selected based on design features. Each time a new part is designed, the
CNC program calls parametric modules associated with design features. This approach
eliminates the need for programming features already available in parametric-modules.

Example:

A group of non-similar parts are depicted in Fig. 1. These parts require different machining
operations except for machining a common center hole.
13) b) i) Discuss the tooling system used for machining centres with an illustration.

CNC tooling systems normally of three components: the automatic tool changer, toolholders
and cutting tools.

Automatic tool changer: The automatic tool changer (ATC) is the mechanism that automates
the selection and changing of a number of cutting tools under the control of the part program.
A typical ATC system consists of a tool magazine and tool gripper.

Toolholders for machining centres: Modern CNC machining centres provide a standard
spindle nose taper and size for insertion of toolholders.

Retention knob: allows the locking

drawbar to pull the tool firmly into the
spindle and to release it automatically.

Tapered shank: allows for fitting the

toolholder to the spindle. The ANSI
standard defines six basic tapered shank
sizes: #30, #35, #40, #45, #50, #60, for
small to large machines.

Adaptors: allow to use different types of

cutting tools.

Flange: allows the toolholder to be grabbed by the tool gripper or the machine spindle.

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*Antifriction guideways: