MATERIALS

SELECTION FOR
SPECIFIC USE -1
Sub-topics

Density
What determines density and stiffness?
1 Material properties chart
Design problems
LOADING

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STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS
Stress is applied to a material by
loading it
Strain – a change of shape – is its
response
Stiffness is the resistance to change
shape that is elastic – the material will
return to its original shape when
unloaded
Strength is the resistance to permanent3
distortion or total failure
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Stress and strain are not material properties –
they describe a stimulus and a response

Stiffness and strength are material properties

which are measured by the elastic modulus (E),
elastic limit (σy), and tensile strength (σts)

Stiffness, strength, and density

are three material properties
central to mechanical design
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HOW TO MEASURE MATERIAL DENSITY?
Mass per unit volume – kg/m3 or lb/in3

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Double-weighing method for calculating density
 The elastic
MODES OF LOADING response
depends on the
way the loads
are applied.
(a) – axial tension
(b) – compression
(c) – axial tension on one
side and compression
on the opposite side
(d) – torsion (shear)
(e) – bi-axial tension or
compression

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1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
106 Pa = 1 MPa STRESS

(a)
• Force applied normal to surface
• Positive F indicates tension
• Negative F indicates
compression
(b)
• Force applied parallel to
surface
• Shaded plane carries the shear
stress
(c)
• Equally applied tensile and
compressive forces on all six
sides of a cubic element
• Hydrostatic pressure
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STRESS-STRAIN CURVES
Initial portion of curve is
approximately linear and is
elastic –
the material returns to its original
shape once the stress is removed
Within the linear elastic region,
strain is proportional to stress

E: Young’s modulus
G: shear modulus
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K: bulk modulus
STRAIN Strain
is the ratio of two lengths
and is therefore
dimensionless

• Tensile stress lengthens

the element causing a
tensile strain (+)

• Compressive stress
shortens the element
causing a compressive
strain (-)

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POISSON’S RATIO

Negative of the ratio of transverse strain

to axial strain in tensile loading

Relates the Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and

bulk modulus to one another

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MODULUS – DENSITY CHART

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Identifies materials that are both stiff and light

Critical for material selection of stiffness-limited designs
MATERIALS FOR STIFFNESS LIMITED DESIGN
A cylindrical tie-rod loaded:
(a) in tension, (b) in bending,
(c) in torsion and
(d) axially, as a column.

The best choice of materials depends on 12

the mode of loading and on the design goal.
LOADING CONDITIONS AND SHAPE

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MATERIAL INDICES FOR ELASTIC DESIGN

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ELASTIC EXTENSION OR COMPRESSION

Relation between load, deflection and stiffness

Shape of cross-section does not matter because

the stress is uniform across the section 15
MINIMIZING WEIGHT
A light, stiff tie-rod:

Design Requirements
Length, Lo, is specified
Must carry a tensile force F without extending
elastically by more than δ
Stiffness must be at least S* = F/δ
Must have some toughness
Objective is to make it as light as possible
Cross-section area is free
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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

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 Objective function:
equation that describes the quantity
to be maximized or minimized

The goal is to minimize the value of the objective function

within the given constraints

Constraint: Section area A must be sufficient to

provide a stiffness of S*

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MATERIAL INDEX (MT) OF
LIGHT, STIFF TIE-ROD

It is most common to express material indices in a

form for which a maximum value is sought

High values of Mt are the best choice;

the function E/ρ is
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called the specific stiffness
 Ranking: indices on charts
All materials that lie on the selection
Selection lines are used based
line perform equally well;
on the material indices
those that lie above the line perform
better

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 METHOD FOR EARLY TECHNOLOGY
SCREENING
Design performance is
determined by the
combination of:
C Shape
C Materials
C Process
Performance isn't just about materials -
shape can also play an important role do not underestimate
Shape can be optimized to maximize impact of shape or the
performance for a given loading condition limitation of process
Simple cross-sectional geometries are not
always optimal
Shape is limited by material
Goal is to optimize both shape and
material for a given loading condition
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LOADING CONDITIONS AND SHAPE
Different loading
conditions are
enhanced by
maximizing
different geometric
properties

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MINIMIZING WEIGHT OF BEAM
Beams come in many shapes;
Let’s firstly consider beam of
square cross-section

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SHAPES AND MOMENTS

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