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Documente Cultură
Process of Communication
Feedback
Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people. (the sender and the
receiver)
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Elements of communication
1. Speaker – the source of information or message.
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words actions or other
forms that the speaker understands.
2. Receiver – this is the person that decodes the message transmitted by the
sender.
3. Message – this is the idea encoded by the sender. The message entails both the
context that the speaker wishes to transmit and the formulation or structure of the
ideas.
4. Medium – this is the channel through which the message is delivered. The
medium may be oral, written or non-verbal. Specific guidelines are followed when
using particular medium from the communication process.
5. Feedback – this is the response for the message. The feedback confirms that
the message has been correctly interpreted. By extension feedback validates
that the communication process has been effective.
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Models of Communication
Information
Source Transmitter Receiver Destination
Message
Noise Source Received Signal
Sender Receiver
Message
Feedback
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4. Transactional Model – Presented in Wood (2009) “respond to this flow”. The
model presents an even more realistic view of the communicative process a
spontaneous rapid flow of ideas. The transactional model also takes into account
the personal and professional background of the participants as well as the
changes that occur within the changes that occur within them and their
environment.
Sender
Noise
Receiver
The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) takes
functions as the gatekeeper.
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6. Ecological Model – The most complex of all communication model purposed by
Foulger (2004). This model expounded on the role of mass media, as well as
individuals and groups that control these outlets of information. This model
considered messages to be embedded in language which is subsumed within the
context of media. Note also the value of “creators” and “consumers” play in this
model. In this model there are roles that are productive and receptive.
Languages
Media
Functions of Communication
1. Control – communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional Expression – communication facilitate people’s expression of their
feelings and emotions.
5. Information Dissemination – communication functions to convey information.
Features of an Effective Communication
1. Completeness – complete communication is essential to the quality of that
communication process in general hence, communication (process) should
include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, or
evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness – does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct
or straight to the point. Insignificant or Redundant information should be
eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the recipient.
3. Consideration – to be affective, the speakers should always consider relevant
information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference,
education, status, and needs among others by doing so he/she can easily build
report with the audience.
4. Concreteness – effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures in real life the receiver is more
connected to the message conveyed.
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5. Courtesy – the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the
culture values and reliefs of his/her receiver being control of all times creates a
positive impact on the audience.
Verbal Communication
- Refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
2. Brevity – speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are
found to be more credible. Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your
words. Avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to the
message, such as “uh” “you know” “I guess” and others.
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Non-Verbal Communication
- Refers to an interaction where is used to convey and represent meanings.
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more
meaningful, truthful, and relevant.
3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.
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4. Stress – this refers to the emphasis on a certain word. You can stress an
important word by varying the volume of the pitch of your voice.
5. Phrasing – this refers to how you group the vowels in a sentences. You can
set apart words by pausing at certain points. The grouping of the word should
be determined according to the meaning you want to put across.
6. Speed – this refers to how quickly you speak. You can modify your voice to
make your speech go fast or slow. At times you can make your voice very fast
or very slow if that volume is appropriate to the message you are delivering.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
- When we use non-verbal communication we employ communication strategies
other than spoken vowels. Our non-verbal cues are just crucial in conveying our message
in our oral communication skills. Non-verbal communication strategies are the following.
1.Eye contact - by looking at the listeners as we speak, we can engage then in
the communicative contact give the expression that we are uninterested in the
discourse or the audience.
2.Facial Expression - adjusting the eyebrows, lips, and their facial features can
help convey the emotions in our message.
3.Head Movements and Body Movements - We can turn our head and move our
arms, hands, legs, and feet to emphasize certain points.
4.Posture - in general, we should stand upright to attain a level of dignity and
formality as we speak. When appropriate to the message, bending forwards or
backwards may be done.
5.Proximity - in public speaking situations, we can walk from one side to another
so that we can reach out to our audience on both the right side and the left side.
We can also try to walk towards them or away from them.
6.Personal Appearance - our clothing will be determined by the formality that the
communication situations demand. Thus we should know when to dress in
business attire. Semi-formal attire or casual attire. In all cases we should look neat
and presentable.
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BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1.Poor structure of message - this happens when the sender fails to organize
properly the ideas in his or her message. The receiver then becomes confused as
to senders the content or intent.
2.Noise - In the context of oral communication, these refer to the sound that
impede the transmission of ideas. In the context of non-verbal communication
noise may also refer to facial expression or bodily gestures that distract the
receiver from understanding the message.
3.Faulty Choice of words - This occurs when the sender user terms that are
suggested or ambiguous in meaning. The blurs the true content of the sender ‘s
message. Also the sender may use terms that understate or exaggerated the idea
of the terms may be too difficult to the receiver.
4. Inappropriate quantity of information - Here the sender reveals little or too
much information. In the case of the former the receiver will struggle to fill in the
gaps of the message. In the case of the former, the receiver will not be able to
process the ideas efficiently.
1.Poor retention of ideas - this happens when the receiver fails to remember
points from the sender message. If the deceiver does not retain ideas well, he/she
will get lost in the flow of the sender’s ideas.
2. In attentive - listening this happens when the receiver’s pays little or no
attention to the sender message. This may be because the receivers are not
interested in what the sender is saying or the receiver is thinking of other things
while the sender is speaking. Inattentive maybe caused by resistance to change or
difference in position.
3. Tendency to Evaluate - Here, the receiver judges the validity of the sender’s
message even before the sender finishes communicating. In this case the receiver
dies not pay attention to the rest of the sender’s message because the receiver
has already rendered judgment. Hastly evaluation may be caused by the
receiver’s attitude, prejudices or knowledge that is in conflict within the sender’s
message.
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CULTURE:
is linked to communication and a wide range of human experience including feelings
identity and sense making.
provides people with different ways of thinking, seeing, hearing and interpreting.
involves a number of man-made, collective artifacts and is shared by the member of
social group.
is something that shapes one’s behavior or structures one’s perception of the world.
It means that culture is passed on via communication reflects one’s culture “We
may say that intellectual communication is communication among those people who
have different cultural references that they perceive themselves as pertaining to
different culture.
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Non-verbal language, depending on authors, makes from 50% to 70% of direct
communication among human beings.
STEROTYPES
Stereotypes often, reflect the differences in socio-economic status, region or
dialect
It is important to suspend judgement avoid misconception, narrow
perspectives and immature reactions.
Stereotypes often contain a grain of truth but not characterized an entire
culture.
Setting the whole picture of culture needs active participation.
IDENTITY
Identity is the relationship between the “I” and the “other”.
There is no identity without the “other”
So when talking with the own identity we also have to consider the foreign-
identity
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It means that
Two people, participating at the same task, one monochromic and the other
polychronic.
Will consider the whole process from very different points of view.
Will have different objectives
Will have different priorities
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