3542 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO.
11, DECEMBER 2008
Eigenfilter Approach to the Design of
One-Dimensional and Multidimensional
Two-Channel Linear-Phase FIR Perfect
Reconstruction Filter Banks
Bhushan D. Patil, Pushkar G. Patwardhan, and Vikram M. Gadre
Abstract—We present an eigenfilter-based approach for the de-
sign of two-channel linear-phase FIR perfect-reconstruction (PR)
filter banks. This approach can be used to design 1-D two-channel
filter banks, as well as multidimensional nonseparable two-channel
filter banks. Our method consists of first designing the low-pass
analysis filter. Given the low-pass analysis filter, the PR conditions
can be expressed as a set of linear constraints on the complemen-
tary-synthesis low-pass filter. We design the complementary-syn-
thesis filter by using the eigenfilter design method with linear con-
straints. We show that, by an appropriate choice of the length of the
filters, we can ensure the existence of a solution to the constrained
eigenfilter design problem for the complementary-synthesis filter.
Thus, our approach gives an eigenfilter-based method of designing
the complementary filter, given a “predesigned” analysis filter, with
the filter lengths satisfying certain conditions. We present several
design examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Index Terms—Eigen-filter design, least-square filter design, two-
channel filter bank.
I. INTRODUCTION
O NE-DIMENSIONAL (1-D) two-channel FIR perfect-re-
construction (PR) filter banks have been extensively
studied in the literature [1], [2]. In many applications, it is
desirable that the filters in the filter bank have linear phase.
The analysis and design of linear-phase PR FIR filter banks
has received a lot of attention in the literature [1]–[5]. Various
methods for the design of 1-D linear-phase two-channel PR
filter banks have been proposed. Design methods using lattice
structures in the polyphase domain have been presented in
[4]–[6]. These methods rely on a lattice-structure parameter-
ization of the polyphase matrix, and the lattice parameters
are then chosen using some optimization method so that the
filters approximate the desired passband shape. However, the
objective function of the optimization is a nonlinear function
of the parameters, so the optimization becomes difficult with
increasing number of parameters (i.e., with increasing filter
lengths). Design approaches based on spectral factorization
are well known. In these approaches, a halfband product filter
Manuscript received December 30, 2007; revised March 20, 2008. First pub-
lished May 20, 2008; current version published December 12, 2008. This paper
was recommended by Associate Editor Y.-P. Lin.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Insti-
tute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India (e-mail: bhushanp@ee.
iitb.ac.in).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCSI.2008.925818
1549-8328/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
is first designed and is then factored into two filters, yielding
the analysis and synthesis low-pass filters in the filter bank.
Various time-domain optimization approaches have been pre-
sented [8]–[10]. In these approaches, the filters in the filter
bank are designed by a “time-domain” optimization of the filter
coefficients (i.e., a direct optimization of the filter coefficients,
without any parameterization) after imposing the PR constraints
on the coefficients.
The design of multidimensional (MD) nonseparable two-
channel filter banks is more complicated than the 1-D case
because of the lack of factorization theorems for general MD
polynomials. Thus, the spectral-factorization-based approaches,
which are commonly used for the design of 1-D two-channel
filter banks, can no longer be used for the MD case. The method
of transformations [13]–[15] is a commonly used approach for
the design of MD two-channel filter banks. This method divides
the MD filter-bank design problem to a set of two independent
problems: 1) that of designing a 1-D two-channel filter bank
and 2) to design an MD transformation kernel satisfying certain
constraints. The design of 2-D two-channel Quincunx filter
banks has been considered in [15]–[17], [28], and[29]. Design
of MD nonseparable filter banks using lattice structures has
been presented in [16] and [24]. However, unlike the 1-D case,
the lattice structures are not complete. Furthermore, due to the
considerations of the “shape” of the frequency passbands, the
optimization of the lattice parameters becomes increasingly
difficult with increasing number of filter coefficients.
In this paper, we use a time-domain formulation of the PR
problem and present an eigenfilter approach for the design
of two-channel linear-phase PR filter banks. We use the term
“time-domain formulation” in the 1-D as well as the MD case to
refer to a formulation which directly uses the filter coefficients
and does not use any other parameterization. This approach
can be used for the design of 1-D, as well as nonseparable
MD, two-channel filter banks. Although the eigenfilter method
and its extensions have been effectively used for the design of
1-D and MD filters [11], [12], [20], [21], [25], the eigenfilter
method has not been applied to the problem of filter-bank
design. Our method consists of first designing the low-pass
analysis filter. Given the low-pass analysis filter, the PR con-
ditions can be expressed as a set of linear constraints on the
complementary-synthesis low-pass filter. We then design the
complementary-synthesis filter by using the eigenfilter design
method with linear constraints. We show that, by appropriately
PATIL et al.: EIGENFILTER APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF 1-D AND MD FIR PR FILTER BANKS 3543

choosing the lengths of the filters, we can ensure the existence the eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalue of the
of a solution to the constrained eigenfilter design problem for matrix minimizes the error .
the complementary-synthesis filter. Thus, our approach gives Consider a 1-D zero-phase low-pass FIR filter , where
an eigenfilter-based method of designing the complementary . We note that, within a delay factor, this is
filter, given a “predesigned” analysis filter, with the filter an odd-length linear-phase filter, with length . Since
lengths satisfying certain conditions. is zero-phase, we have . With this, the fre-
The paper is organized as follows. Section II gives a brief quency response of takes the form
review of the eigenfilter method as it applies to the design of
FIR filters. In Section III, we consider the case of 1-D two- Defining the vectors
channel filter banks. In Section III-A, we present a formulation
of the 1-D two-channel FIR PR filter-bank design problem and
cast it in an eigenfilter-design framework in Section III-B. We
present design examples of 1-D filter banks in Section III-C.
In Section IV, we present the extension of the formulation for (1)
the case of MD two-channel nonseparable filter banks, and in
Section IV-A, we present the detailed formulation for the case can be written as .
of the 2-D nonseparable Quincunx filter banks and present de- The frequency response of the 1-D low-pass filter should ap-
sign examples. proximate a desired response given by
Notation: Boldfaced lowercase letters are used to repre-
sent vectors, and bold-faced uppercase letters are used for
matrices. denotes the transpose of . denotes the in-
verse of . denotes the determinant of the matrix .
denotes the absolute value of the scalar .
The following notation is required for Section IV which dis-
cusses the case of MD filter banks. where and are the passband and stopband cutoff frequen-
A vector raised to a vector power gives a cies, respectively.
scalar defined as follows: , where With this desired response, the stopband error can be defined
and .A as
vector raised to a matrix power , where is a
matrix, is defined as follows: is a vector whose th entry is
, where , , are the columns of the
matrix . denotes the set of all integer vectors. The
lattice generated by a nonsingular integer matrix can be written in the form , where
is denoted by and is defined as the set of all
vectors of the form , where . is the
set of integer vectors of the form , with .

II. REVIEW OF THE EIGENFILTER DESIGN METHOD [11], [12]

is a real, symmetric, and positive-definite matrix.
In this section, we briefly review the eigenfilter design The passband error can be expressed as
method, as it applies to the design of zero-phase FIR filters , where is the deviation of the re-
[11], [12]. We will first review the 1-D case and then review sponse from the zero frequency response, which is given as
the extensions of the method to the MD case. We then review .
the technique of imposing linear constraints on the eigenfilter Thus, can be written in the form , where
design method (we refer to [11] and [12] for more details on
the eigenfilter design method and its various extensions for the
design of 1-D and MD filters).
1) Eigenfilter Method for the Design of 1-D FIR Filters: In
the eigenfilter design method, the objective is to formulate the
error function to be minimized in the form , where is a real, symmetric, and positive-definite matrix.
is a real, symmetric, and positive-definite matrix, and is The total error to be minimized is
a real vector. The goal is to find a vector which minimizes
. For the design of 1-D FIR filters, the elements of (2)
the vector are related in some manner to the filter impulse re-
sponse . The constraint is imposed to avoid trivial is a real, symmetric, and positive-definite matrix, as required
solutions. The error measure should be chosen to properly for the eigenfilter formulation.
reflect the deviation of the passband and the stopband from the With this, the eigenvector associated with the smallest
ideal values of the desired response . Once such an error eigenvalue of matrix minimizes the error . can then be
measure is chosen, by the Rayleigh principle [11], [12], [26], used to obtain the filter coefficients using (1).
3544 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 11, DECEMBER 2008

the PR condition for the filter bank can be written as [1]–[5]

(3)

For the PR condition in (3), any constant value instead of two

could be used. We use the constant value of two in this paper.
Fig. 1. One-dimensional two-channel filter bank. Defining the “product filter” as ,
(3) states that should be a halfband filter, i.e., the coeffi-
cients of corresponding to the terms with even powers,
2) Eigenfilter Method for the Design of MD FIR Filters: other than the origin, should be zero. This can be written as
The eigenfilter method can be extended to the case of MD
zero-phase FIR filters [12]. Consider an -dimensional (4)
zero-phase low-pass FIR filter , where is an
vector. Since is zero-phase, we have . where is the inverse -transform of .
With this, the frequency response of takes the form is the convolution of and
, where is the
set of integer vectors corresponding to the indexes of the (5)
independent coefficients of the zero-phase filter . Now,
by imposing some ordering on the independent coefficients of
Let be of length and be of length, i.e.,
, we can form a vector . With this, can be written as
, where is a vector consisting of elements
of the form . With this “vectorization,” the design
of the -dimensional zero-phase low-pass FIR filter can (6)
be formulated as an eigenfilter design problem, similar to the
formulation done earlier for the 1-D case. Using (6) in (5), we have
3) Imposing Linear Constraints on the FIR Eigenfilters:
Linear constraints of the form , where is a matrix
having constant elements and is a vector having constant
elements, can be imposed on the FIR eigenfilter design [11],
[12]. Note that, here, is the “coefficient vector” corresponding (7)
to the filter to be designed. The constraint can be
expressed in the following form (we refer to [12] for details): Note that, since and are zero-phase, it follows that
, where , where is the is also zero-phase. Thus, we have only considered positive
reference frequency which we choose to be the zero frequency values for in (7). The length of is , i.e.,
for the case of low-pass filters. The linear constraints , for .
can be imposed as follows: if and only if lies in But since is also zero-phase, .
the null space of . Any such can be expressed as , We would like to note that the filters and can be
where is a rectangular unitary matrix whose columns form an made causal by having delay factors and in the zero-
orthonormal basis for the null space of and is any arbitrary phase and , respectively. This results in a delay
vector. Using this, it can be shown that, after imposing linear factor in , which retains PR with a delay factor
constraints, the error function to be minimized can be written as in the right-hand side of (3). However, in this paper, we will
. Therefore, the optimal is the eigenvector assume zero-phase filters for convenience.
corresponding to the smallest eigenvalue of . Once we Using (7) in (4) gives
find the optimal , the optimal is given by .

III. DESIGN OF 1-D TWO-CHANNEL LINEAR-PHASE FIR PR

FILTER BANKS
In this section, we present the design of 1-D linear-phase PR
filter banks using the eigenfilter approach.

A. Problem Formulation
A two-channel 1-D filter bank is shown in Fig. 1.
In this paper, we will assume that and are zero- (8)
phase, i.e., and . We note that,
within a delay factor, this corresponds to odd-length filters [3].
With the following choice of the two high-pass filters: where denotes the highest integer less than .
Thus, to design a PR two-channel filter bank, we need to de-
sign zero-phase and , such that (8) is satisfied.
PATIL et al.: EIGENFILTER APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF 1-D AND MD FIR PR FILTER BANKS 3545

B. Design Method zeros. This technique works well, because, for a

general 1-D filter, it is “almost always” true that
We observe that, given , (8) gives a set of linear
its polyphase components are coprime. In fact, this
equations for the unknown independent
holds for the filter design examples that we show in
coefficients of , for .
Section III-C as follows.
The set of linear (8) can be written in matrix notation as
b) Choose as the analysis filter of a “known” PR
, where is the vector containing the “variables”
filter-bank pair. For example, in one of the design
, for of the linear equations, is the
examples as follows, we choose as the anal-
matrix containing the “constant coefficients” of the
ysis filter of the Daub97 biorthogonal filter bank [2].
linear equations, and is an vector,
Therefore, in such cases, is valid “by design.”
whose first entry is two, and all other entries are zeros.
c) Another simple way is to design as a halfband
The elements of the matrix are given by
filter. Since one of the polyphase components is a con-
stant (or a monomial, in general), a halfband is
always valid.
2) Choose a such that .
3) Design zero-phase of length by imposing the
linear constraints , where is as defined in (9),
(9)
and

As an example, for and , the matrix is shown

as the equation at the bottom of the page. As discussed in
Section II, for the eigenfilter design formulation, the con-
straint can be written in the form , where This design can be done using the constrained eigenfilter
the dimensions of are the same as . Thus, the set of method as described in Section II. As discussed earlier,
linear equations in unknowns, with chosen as in 2) in the list, a solution is guaranteed
, will have a nontrivial solution if the rank of the to exist.
matrix , . In the earlier procedure, it is very easy to increase the length of
Since , the filters. We would also like to note that any FIR filter design
a nontrivial solution can be guaranteed if , i.e., method can be used to design , the only requirement being
. that should be valid, as discussed earlier. In fact, the earlier
We would like to note that, when , procedure can design the “complementary filter” , given
there exists a unique solution, i.e., the constraints completely any valid filter , within certain constraints on the lengths
determine the unknowns, and there are no “free variables” to of the two filters.
optimize. Thus, we choose the values of and so that We would like to note that our proposed design method im-
and so that we can use the eigenfilter poses constraints on the design of , whereas the design
design method to optimize the “free variables.” of is relatively mildly constrained (it needs to be valid).
Thus, this suggests the following procedure for the design of Thus, to achieve a certain frequency-response criteria (for ex-
the filters and . ample, stopband attenuation), the required filter length of
1) Design zero-phase of length . We note that will be larger than that of (with the same frequency-re-
cannot be arbitrary. As shown in [4], a necessary and sponse criteria).
sufficient condition for to be an analysis filter of a
PR filter-bank pair is that its two polyphase components C. Design Examples
be coprime (except for possible zeros at ). The 1) Design Example-1: In this example, for , we use the
techniques that we use in this paper to ensure that nine-tap analysis low-pass filter from the Daub97 filter bank
is valid (i.e., satisfies the earlier condition) are as follows. [2]. Given this , we design the complementary-synthesis
a) Design using the unconstrained eigenfilter filter with . In the eigenfilter error formulation
method and, then, verify explicitly by factorization of (2), we use , , and . The fre-
that its polyphase components do not have common quency-response plots of and are shown in
3546 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 11, DECEMBER 2008

Fig. 2. Plot of H (!) for Example-1. Fig. 4. Plot of H (!) for Example-2.

Fig. 3. Plot of G (!) for Example-1.

Fig. 5. Plot of G (!) for Example-2.
TABLE I
g n
COEFFICIENTS OF [ ]OF DESIGN EXAMPLE 1
, and after obtaining the coefficients of , we explicitly
verify that it is valid. We then design with . Again,
we use , , and . The frequency-response
plots of the filters and are shown in
Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. The coefficients of and
are shown in Tables II and III, respectively.
3) Design Example-3: For this example, we design a half-
band using the eigenfilter design method with .
Note that, for the halfband , every even indexed coefficient
except the origin is zero. We then choose for the design
of . The frequency-response plots of the filters and
are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively.
4) Design Example-4: One of the advantages of using the
Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The coefficients of are shown eigenfilter method is the ease with which certain time- and fre-
in Table I. quency-domain constraints can be incorporated in the design
2) Design Example-2: For this example, we use the uncon- [12]. In this example, we demonstrate that this flexibility of
strained eigenfilter method for the design of with the eigenfilter method can be effectively used in the filter-bank
PATIL et al.: EIGENFILTER APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF 1-D AND MD FIR PR FILTER BANKS 3547

TABLE II
COEFFICIENTS OFh [n]OF DESIGN EXAMPLE 2

TABLE III
COEFFICIENTS OFg [n]OF DESIGN EXAMPLE 2
Fig. 6. Plot of H ( !) for Example-3.

design. To demonstrate this, we impose the constraints corre-

sponding to having zeros at in both of the filters
and . For both the filters, we impose a third-order zero at Fig. 7. Plot of G (! ) for Example-3.
. We design by using the eigenfilter method after
imposing the zero constraints. Moreover, in the design of ,
the zero constraints are added to the “PR constraints.” Adding
the zero constraints increased the number of constraints, and vectors in as and , we can assume without loss of
so the minimum required length of , i.e., the value of , generality that (the zero vector). Let the high-pass
increases accordingly. For this example, we use and filters be chosen as [15], [22]
for the design of and , respectively. As
for the earlier examples, we use , ,
and . The frequency-response plot of the filters
(10)
and are shown in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. The
coefficients of and are shown in Tables IV and V,
respectively. where ,
are the columns of , and the symbol denotes the ele-
IV. EXTENSIONS TO THE MD CASE mentwise product .
With the choice of the high-pass filters as in (10), the PR
We now extend the approach to the case of MD two-channel
condition is [15]
linear-phase filter banks. An -dimensional two-channel filter
bank is shown in Fig. 10.
Here, is the sampling matrix, which is a nonsin-
gular integer matrix with . Denoting the integer (11)
3548 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 11, DECEMBER 2008

TABLE V
g n
COEFFICIENTS OF [ ]OF DESIGN EXAMPLE 4

Fig. 8. Plot of H (!) for Example-4.

Fig. 10. MD two-channel filter bank.

Note that is the MD convolution of and

(13)

Thus, from (12), we have the PR conditions as

(14)

Now, given , (14) imposes a set of linear constraints on

Fig. 9. Plot of G (!) for Example-4. . By choosing the number of coefficients of appro-
priately, we can ensure that a solution to (13) exists. Thus, this
TABLE IV problem can be cast into the framework of the eigenfilter de-
COEFFICIENTS OFh [n]OF DESIGN EXAMPLE 4 sign method with linear constraint, in a manner similar to that
done for the 1-D case in Section III. We now present the spe-
cific formulation and design examples for the case of 2-D Quin-
cunx filter banks. A similar formulation can also be done for
the design of 3-D two-channel face-centered orthorhombic filter
banks.

A. Design of 2-D Quincunx Filter Banks

By defining the product filter , the PR
condition of (11) can be written as [15] Consider the 2-D Quincunx filter bank, whose sampling ma-
trix is . Assume that the low-pass analysis and
for for
where synthesis filters and are zero-phase. Note that, for
the 2-D case, .
and (12) Assume that the filters have a square region of support, as
where denotes the set of all integer vectors and defined as follows:
is the MD inverse -transform of [23].
Equation (12) states that on all the nonzero points
on the lattice . (15)
PATIL et al.: EIGENFILTER APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF 1-D AND MD FIR PR FILTER BANKS 3549

Therefore, in this case, the product filter is given as follows: and

. Then, we have

(16)

Since is zero-phase, ,
and a set of independent coefficients of are where denotes the largest integer less than .
From (18) and (20), we now have a set of equations in
(17) unknowns (which are the independent coefficients
of ).
Thus, there are independent coefficients of Thus, by arranging the independent coefficients of
. in a vector , (20) can be written as
Using this, we can rewrite (16) in terms of the independent (21)
coefficients of as follows:
where is a matrix with rows and
columns, which is obtained from (20), and is a vector formed
from the “unknowns” (coefficients of ) of size
.
To ensure the existence of nontrivial solutions for (21), we
require that the number of rows of are less than the number
of columns
(22)
where is as given earlier.
(18) Thus, the overall procedure to design Quincunx filter banks
is as follows.
Since and are both zero-phase,
a) Design a 2-D FIR filter , , ,
is also zero-phase, i.e., . Thus, the in-
with a diamond-shaped passband. Again, like the 1-D
dependent set of equations are obtained by using the following
case, we note that cannot be arbitrary. It has
values for , in (18):
been shown in [27] that a necessary and sufficient con-
dition for an MD filter to be an analysis filter
of a PR filter-bank pair is that its two polyphase compo-
nents with respect to the subsampling matrix be co-
Now, from (12), we require that prime. The techniques b) and c) used for the 1-D case (see
Section III-B) can also be used for the 2-D case (and for
the MD case in general) to ensure that is valid (i.e.,
satisfies the earlier condition). We would like to note that
the method a) of Section III-B, which works well for the
1-D case, is in general difficult for the 2-D case. In the de-
(19) sign examples as follows, we present examples using both
the techniques b) and c) to design .
The condition , where , are integers and b) Choose such that (22) is satisfied.
, can also be written as follows: c) Use the eigenfilter design method with the formulation
presented in this section to obtain the filter .
We now present some design examples to demonstrate this
method.
Thus, we have (20), shown at the bottom of this page. 1) Design Example-5: For this example, we use the tech-
Let denote the number of locations , nique b) to obtain a valid analysis filter , i.e., we
where , i.e., denotes the number choose to be the analysis filter of a “known” PR
of locations in the set Quincunx filter bank. We obtain by using the method

(20)
3550 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 11, DECEMBER 2008

Fig. 11. Plot of H (z ; z ) for Design Example-5. Fig. 13. Plot of G (z ;z ) for Design Example-6.

Fig. 12. Plot of G (z ; z ) for Design Example-5. Fig. 14. Plot of H (z ;z ) for Design Example-7.

of McClellan transformations [23] on the analysis low-pass filter

of a 1-D PR filter bank. We use the following five-tap zero-phase
1-D analysis filter from the spline family of filter banks:

Moreover, we use the following 2-D kernel as the transformation

kernel:

Fig. 15. Plot of G (z ;z ) for Design Example-7.

With this, we have . The plot of the filter
obtained is shown in Fig. 11.
For designing , we use , which satisfies (22). 3) Design Example-7: In this example, we use a Quincunx
The plot of the filter obtained is shown in halfband filter as . The region of support of
Fig. 12. is , with . We then design
2) Design Example-6: In this example, we use the same using the earlier formulation with . The plots of
as Design Example-5. For , we use and obtained are shown in Figs. 14 and
. The plot of obtained is shown in Fig. 13. 15, respectively.
PATIL et al.: EIGENFILTER APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF 1-D AND MD FIR PR FILTER BANKS
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we presented an eigenfilter-based approach to
the design of two-channel linear-phase PR filter banks. This
method can be used to design 1-D as well as MD filter banks.
We independently designed the low-pass analysis filter. Given
the low-pass analysis filter, the PR conditions can be written as
a set of linear constraints on the synthesis filter coefficients. We
casted this problem of the design of the synthesis filter into an
eigenfilter design problem with linear constraints. We presented
detailed formulations of this method for the design of 1- and 2-D
filter banks and presented several design examples.
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Bhushan D. Patil received the B.E. degree in instru-
mentation engineering from Government College of
Engineering, Jalgaon, India, and the M.E. degree in
instrumentation engineering from Shri Guru Gobind
Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Nanded, Jalgaon. He is currently working toward
the Ph.D. degree in the field of communication
and signal processing at the Indian Institute of
Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
His research interests include wavelets and filter
banks and their applications.
Pushkar G. Patwardhan received the B.E. de-
gree (with an award for achieving second rank in
the college) in electronics engineering from K. J.
Somaiya College of Engineering, University of
Mumbai, Mumbai, India, in 1995 and the M.Tech.
degree (with the Prof. G. N. Revankar Award for
achieving second rank in the Electrical Engineering
Department) in communications engineering and the
Ph.D. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai, in 1997 and 2007, respectively.
He is currently with India Design Center, Tensilica
Inc., Pune, India. His primary research interests are in the area of multidimen-
sional multirate systems, filter banks, and wavelets.
Vikram M. Gadre received the B.Tech. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering from the Indian In-
stitute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, India, in 1989
and 1994, respectively.
He is currently a Professor with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
His research interests broadly include communica-
tion and signal processing, with emphasis on mul-
tiresolution approaches.
Dr. Gadre was the recipient of the President of
India Gold Medal from IIT Delhi in 1989 and the
Award for Excellence in Teaching from IIT Bombay in 1999 and 2004. He
was also the recipient of the SVC Aiya Memorial Award and the Prof. K.
Sreenivasan Medal from the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineers for contribution to education in Electronics and Telecommunication.