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SECTION 3
DRAINAGE WORKS
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3.10.3 Excavation and Backfilling for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts S3-72
3.2.2.1 Excavation
TABLE 3.3 - GALVANISED WIRE SIZES Stone fill for gabions shall be
FOR GABIONS clean rough quarry stone, or pit
or river cobbles, or a mixture of
any of these materials, and shall
be essentially free from dust,
Type of Wire Minimum Diameter
clay, vegetative matter and other
deleterious materials. Individual
pieces of stone shall have least
Selvage (perimeter) wire 3.50 mm dimensions not less than 20 mm
larger than the gabion mesh
openings and greatest dimensions
Mesh wire 2.70 mm not more than 250 mm. The stone
shall be hard, tough, durable and
Tying and connecting 2.20 mm dense, resistant to the action of
air and water, and suitable in all
wire aspects for the purpose intended.
The material shall be approved
by the S.O.
10.0mm 100
5.0mm 90 - 100
2.36mm 75 - 100
1.18mm 55 - 90
600um 35 - 59
300um 8 - 30
150um 0 - 10
This work shall comprise the supply Type A bedding shall consist of
and installation of reinforced grade 20/20 concrete complying
concrete pipe culverts, inclusive of with Section 9 of this
excavation, backfilling, jointing, Specification.
bedding, construction of headwalls,
wingwalls, aprons and sumps and Type B bedding shall consist of
channel protection works, all in clean, natural sand or gravelly
accordance with this Specification sand of suitable gradation and
and the details shown on the quality, approved by the S.O.
Drawings. The material shall have a
maximum particle size of not
more than 12 mm.
3.9.3 Excavation and Backfilling for R.C. Where rock or other hard
Pipe Culverts unyielding foundation
material is encountered in the
3.9.3.1 Excavation trench, it shall be excavated to
a depth below the bottom of
(a) General pipe design levels of at least
300 mm or 12.5 mm per 300
Unless otherwise directed by mm of fill to be placed over
the S.O., prior to construction the top of the pipe, whichever
of a pipe culvert, the earth is greater, up to a maximum
works at the required location of 75% of the internal
shall have been constructed diameter of the pipe. The
to a level at least 600 mm hard material so excavated
above the top of culvert shall be replaced with suitable
design levels or to the top of material uniformly compacted
subgrade levels, whichever is in layers of not more than 150
lower. mm compacted thickness to
provide satisfactory support
Pipe culverts specified to be for the pipe, all to the
constructed in trench satisfaction of the S.O.
conditions shall be excavated
in accordance with Sub- (c) Open Ground Method
Section 3.9.3.1 (b) below.
Where existing ground levels
Where drainage conditions or are above top of bedding
other circumstances so material design levels and
require, the S.O. may direct firm foundation materials are
the Contractor to construct the encountered, excavation and
pipe culvert without first foundation preparation shall
constructing the earthworks to be similar to that described
the level specified above, in in the trench method above.
which case excavation and Otherwise a firm foundation
foundation preparation shall plane shall be prepared, which
be in accordance with Sub- shall be essentially free
Section 3.9.3.1 (c) below. draining along the line of the
culvert, by trimming the
(b) Trench Method existing ground, or such fill as
it is necessary to place and
The trench to receive a culvert compact, over a width
pipe shall be of sufficient sufficient to permit
width and depth to enable the satisfactory construction of
placing of bedding material the pipe bedding, all to the
and construction of pipe joints satisfaction of the S.O. Hard
in accordance with this materials shall be excavated
Specification, and the bottom from the pipe foundation over
of the trench shall be trimmed a width equal to the outside
to a suitably smooth plane diameter of the pipe to the
surface which shall be kept same depth as specified in the
free from water, all to the trench method, and shall be
satisfaction of the S.O. replaced with suitable
3.9.4.4 Spigot and Socket Pipe Culverts Care shall be taken to see that the
rubber ring is adequately
The pipes shall be laid on Type compressed to seal the joint. All
B bedding in conformity with the pipes shall be laid to the
dimensions shown on the satisfaction of the S.O.
Drawings. The bedding material
shall be accurately shaped by a 3.10 CORRUGATED METAL PIPE
template to fit the lower part of CULVERTS
the pipe exterior for a height of at
least 10% of the outside diameter 3.10.1 Description
of the pipe. Gaps shall be left in
the bedding material and recesses This work shall comprise the supply
dug in the earth foundation of and installation of bolted, corrugated
sufficient width and depth to metal pipe culverts inclusive of
accomodate the socket without it excavation, backfilling, jointing,
resting on the bottom of the bedding, construction of headwalls,
recess. The widths of the wingwalls, aprons and sumps and
recesses in the foundation and the channel protection works, all in
bedding shall both exceed the accordance with this Specification
width of the socket by more than and the details shown on the
50 mm. Drawings.
3.10.3 Excavation and Backfilling for placed along the entire length
Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts of the culvert. The lining
shall be constructed after
Unless otherwise directed and/or completion of earthworks and
approved by the S.O., the pipe wingwalls.
culvert shall be laid in a trench
excavated in accordance with 3.11 PRECAST BOX CULVERTS
Sub-Section 3.9.3.1 (b).
3.11.1 Description
Where the open ground method
is approved, the work shall This work shall comprise the supply
comply with Sub-Section and installation of precast box
3.9.3.1 (c). culverts inclusive of excavation,
backfilling, jointing, bedding,
3.10.4 Installation of Corrugated Metal construction of headwalls,
Pipe Culverts wingwalls, aprons and sumps and
channel protection works, all in
3.10.4.1 General accordance with this Specification
and the details shown on the
The culvert sections shall be Drawings.
assembled, strutted, and
protected during construction 3.11.2 Materials
in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. 3.11.2.1 Precast Box Culverts
Special attention shall be
given to the sequence of Precast box culverts shall be of
tightening bolts and the approved manufacture complying
specified torque to be applied with Australian Standard
during assembly. After Specification 1597 Part 1, or any
assembly the bitumen coating equivalent alternative standard
shall, where damaged, be acceptable and approved by the
repaired and made good with S.O.
further application of the
bitumen coating. 3.11.2.2 Cement Mortar