Drawhe point diagram of the forces acting afe the wedge as shown in fig ().

Refering to point diagram of forces

(Forces normal to EF
applying the conditions of equilibrium, i.e
o-(GAcos ) cos-(ay A sinø) sin(ty A cos d) sin+(tyx
c-, cos a, sin' -2ty A cosd sin
nø) cos
Gos24
1+ cos 2
sin 2
(a)
cos 2-
sin 2
cos 2
1+cos 2
sin ø cos sin 2
Note :cos
Forces parallel to oblique plane ED
-(oxAcos ) sin + (oy A sin) cos
s ) cos +(ty
nø) sinø
ty(cos -sin)
(b)
- 0y) X sin 2
, cos2
Differentiating the equation for the normal stress a with respect to and equating the
tan 2
-cos 2
s2
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
o values for the angle (2 ) planes on which the
ve equation (c) defines tv
aximum and minimum normal stresses occur are 90 apart.
efore the normal stress a perpendi
cos 2(90+-, sin 2(90+ )
cos 2+ r sin 2....(d)
And the shear stress
sin2(90+6 )t txy Cos2(90+ )
sin 2
cos 20.
Note
TT
Note: cos(1 80+2)- cos2 6
sin(180+2ø)- sin2
Adding equation (a) and (d) defines that the sum of the normal stresses on any two
perpendicular planes.
In a similar manner, fig: ( ) differentiating equation (b) with respect to ý and sitting
the result equal to zero, we get
.(f)
tan 2 (s
2T
Equation () defines he two values of 2 s at which the maximum shear stress occurs
and the planes of maximum shearing stress are 90 apart.
The planes o of zero shearing stress are determined by setting equation (b) for shear
stress t equal to zero. Hence
Oy sin 2+
cos 2-0
Divide both sides by cos 2 , we get
cos 2ø
cos 20
.(g)
sin 2
.cos 26
+T
2T
tan 2
Compare equations (c) and (g), which are identical.
Hence maximum and minimum normal stresses occur on planes of zero shearing stress.
These two normal stresses are called the principal stresses (maximum principal stress
Oand minimum principal stress oz) and the corresponding planes principal planes
Comparing the equations (o) and , equion (f) is the negative reciprocal of equation
which deines that the maximum normal stress and
by 90° and the plane of maximum shearing stress are inclined at 45 with the planes of
principal stresses.
By substituting the value of 2 ø from equation (a), we o obtain the expressions for the
two principal stresses
.(h)

Similarly sutbstituting the value of 26, from cquation f) in to equation (b), we get the
maximum equation (b), we get the maximum shear stresses.
max
and
max
Comparing the equations for principal stresses and the maximum shear: Stre,we get
the relation
max
+T
max
O+ O
OO
O+O
+T
+T
Case(b) when normal 'n' makes an angle of lcw with the -axis, then the equations
for normal and shear stresses are
cos 2+, sin 20...k)
o+O
Sin 26
cos 20..
Note: cos(-ø) COS
Sin-ø) - Sing
Case (a) when shear stress component is zero, i.e., t xy -0, then the equations (a) &
(b) reduces to
O+O
cos 20
sin 2
&
Then the equstions for stresses redestopincipel

Mohr Circle: When external loads act on a body, the stresses caused due to these
loads definite directions. But sometimes it is necessary to ermine the stresses at
different planes.
Fig - is a general two-dimensional stress elements where ox Oy and XV are known.
Since the element is in equilibrium txy
plare at an angle of Ø to the y-axis as shown in fig-l.
tyx Suppose the element is cut by an oblique
The resultant stress c, applied to the oblique surface in order to maintain equilibrium of
the remaining portion of the body, can be resolved in to normal stress o and shear stress
By assuming the forces caused by all the stress components to zero, the normal stress o
and the shear stress t are given by
From the equilibrium condition of the forces in direction to included plane
, x1XAc
Xy
y xl xABSin ø-
GxlxBC
Cos ø
GxxlxABCos+ Gy x 1x ACSin
AB
BC
AB
BC
AB
AB
BC
Sin ø
COS ø+ Gy Siný
BC
COS
sin d cosý- tysin D cos ø
Sin cos ø
Sin nø cosø
OCOS +oysin
cos 2p
1+ cos 2p)
+O
-cos 2ø-
cos 2p+
o+ O
cos 20-
sin 2
Similarly from the equilibrium conditions of forces tangential to the inclined plane BC,
we obtain
cos 2
sin 2ø + T
cos (D +sin 2
O
sin 20 +cos 2d..b)
Differentiating equation (a) w.r.t ó and setting the result equal to zero, gives.
tan 2 ø
Equation (c)
2T---------------------------------------------

Gives two particulars values for the angle. The normal stresses corresponding to
these two angles are known principal stress and minimum principal stress. The
corresponding directions and the angle between the principal directions ia 90
Differentiating the equation-, sin2φ+なcos24...-4b) and setting the result
equal to zero gives two values of φ for which the sher stress τ mnimum (extreme).
2
from equation (c)
(ora.) Sin2@-2t.,c012
Sin24-latte-cos24....。...(e)
Substituting for Sin2 6 froh equation (e) in equation (b)
-cona«, cos 2@ = 0..._...(f)
σo,
The above equation () states that the shear stress is zero with both principal directions
From equation (di, we ge
cos2 2r
Sin2φ
Substituting for sin24 from equation (g) in equation (a) gives
2r
ch)
The above equatien (h) states that the two normal stresses associates with the directions
of the two maxinium shear stresses are equal
Substituting for gel 2@ from (c) in equation (a), the result is
Similarly ri,r,

Mohr's Circle:
A graphical solution for visualizing the stress state at a point associated circle plane
stress is called a Mohr Circle diagram.
Fig: 1 : shows the perpendicular axes with normal stress σ plotted along the ahscissa and
the shear stress τ plotted along the ordinates. Positive or tensile normal stresses are
plotted to the right of the origin "O" and the negative or compression normal stresses
are plotted to the left of the origin "O". The positive shear stresses are plotted upwards
and the negative shcar stresses are plotted downwards.
Graphical or Mohr Cirele method is easy and also saves time in solving the problems.
Construction of Mohr Circle:
Select perpendicular axes σ and τ with original at "O".
Plot the tensile stress o, and o. frcm the original towards right on the σ axis. So
that OA ox and OB y
Plot the positive shear stress tsy(cW) upwards from the point A' on the ordinate,
so that AC xy- and negative shear stress, tuy (cew) downwards from 'B' on
I.
2,
3.
the
4.
ordinate, so that BD y
Join CD which intersects σ axis。
Mohr Circle with center at E on the normal stress (a) axis
A at E, the line CED is the diamcter of the
5. Draw Mohr Circle with centre E and diameter equal to DB.
6. Join the OG and OF
7. On o axis OF gives maximum principal stress o and OG minimum prineiple
stress σ2
-----------------------------------------

Note: a) Point A represents the stress co-ordinates X Txy on the x-faces, and point B
represents the stress co-ordinates Gy, and yx on the y-faces.
b) EH EI is (txy
yx
Erect an ordinate from E touching the circle at H and I. Mark CE as x-axis and
DE as y-axis. The angle 20, measured clockwise from EC to ED, is 1800 which
corresponds to 0-90, r measured clockwise from x to y, on the stress element fig 1.
The extreme values of shear stresses are EH (positive shear stress) and El
(negative shear Stress).
AC
BD
OA
OB
Co-ordinates at point C-(G,ty
Co-ordinates at point D-(oy
yx
OG
OF
E-Centre of Mohr Circle with diameter CD
EF EG radius of the Mohr Circle R
EA EBRcos20
max
EA EB
OE OB + BE
O.+ O
+(
O+
(EC)-R-(EA) t (AC)
To determine d, and tat any plane making an angle ø with the plane ox.
Draw perpendicular fiom point P to the normal stress axis which joins OA ar: .
EJ EP cos (2 +2)
R cos 2 cos2-R
Rcos 2
AC
EC
EA
EC
- Rsin 2ø-
- EAcos2 ACsin2
cos 20-rsin 20
Co-ordinate of P in normal stress direction
OO
cos 20-
sin 2p
O.+ O
To determine Shear Stress:
The shear stress co-drdinate of the point P
JP P sin(2 2 6)
t R(Sin2 cos2 6 cos2 ø sin2 o)

The state of stress at point in a strained material is defined as follows:

ty 20
a. i) Draw the view of the stress element
ii) Draw Mohr Circle diagram for the given state of stress
ii) Draw the element oriented 30° clockwise from the x-axis and mark values of
all stresses
iv) Drawthe element correctly oriented for principal stresses and mark the
values
v) Draw the element for maximum shear stress and show values of all stresses
vi) Repeat problem (0) by analytical method and check the values obtained from
Molr Circle
problem (i) when the state of stress is defined as σ.-100"oy-40.
e. Repe.I problern l (1) when the state of stress is o, 이 00·9" 40° r,,-0.
d. Repet problern l (i) when the state of stress is o,-100-q-0. & to" 0.
e. Repe a problem 0) when the state of stress is o,-0* ,-0* -20
Solution:
c) Draw EP at angle 20-2 X 30 = 60° clockwise from x-axis and extend the line PP
draw perpendicular s PA, and PB, from point P and P, to normal
From Mohr Circle Diagram, for an angle 30° clockwise to the x-axis, determine the
normal and shear stresses.
IV) Referring to MOHR Circle
Maximum principle stress, σ' = of= 105
Minimum principle stress, σ2-0G-35*
Shear stress Fry-tys so
Measure angle CEF, 20 34
Therefore 0-1700
350w
IE = 35"cw.
v) Maximum shear stress. Tay2。EA
And
try,--
Normal stress, o OF 70°
Minimum principle stress, σ' OF-: 700
Analythical method
100+40 100-40
70+30cos60+20sin60
70+15+17.32 = 102.32*
+
cos 60° + 20 sin 60。
=
2
70-15-17.32
70-1-17.32-37.68