06mel77 - Cim - Auto

Department of Mechanical Engineering Atria I T
Atria Institute of Technology

…… Developing a Complete Professional
Anandanagar, Bangalore-560 024
www.atria.edu
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VII SEMESTER
06MEL77 – CIM & AUTOMATION LAB
ACADEMIC YEAR 2012 – 2013
LABORATORY MANUAL
NAM E OF THE STUDENT :
BRANCH :
UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :
SEMESTER & SECTION :
BATCH :
Atria Institute of Technology
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

06MEL77 – CIM & AUTOMATION LAB
LABORATORY MANUAL
CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 1 VII SEMESTER

CONTENTS
1. Introduction to CAD/CAM/CIM
2. N.C Procedure
3. Part Programming Preparation Methods.
4. Part Programming Geometry.
5. CNC Lathe Programming.
6. Milling Exercise
7. Turning Exercise
8. CAPSmill Exercise
9. CAPSturn Exercise
10. Introduction to FMS
11. Introduction Robotic Programming
12. Viva voce questions

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB

Subject Code : 06MEL77 IA Marks : 25
No. of Practical Hrs./ Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total No. of Practical Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 50
PART - A
CNC part programming using CAM packages

Simulation of Turning, Drilling, Milling operations. 3 typical simulations to be carried out
using simulation packages like Master- CAM, or any equivalent software.
PART – B
(Only for Demo/Viva voce)

1. FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System): Programming of Automatic storage and
Retrieval system (ASRS) and linear shuttle conveyor Interfacing CNC lathe, milling with
loading unloading arm and ASRS to be carried out on simple components.
1. Robot programming: Using Teach Pendent & Offline programming to perform pick
and place, stacking of objects, 2 programs.
PART – C
(Only for Demo/Viva voce)
Pneumatics and Hydraulics, Electro-Pneumatics: 3 typical experiments on Basics of these

topics to be conducted.
Scheme of Examinations
Two questions from Part A – 40 Marks (10 Write up +30)

Viva Voce – 10 Marks
Total – 50 Marks

Introduction to CAD: CAD involves the use of computers for design, analysis and
modification of a new or existing product. In CAD systems, the images are created using
basic geometric elements such as points, lines, circles, and curves. These can be
modified (rotated, moved, reduced etc), rotated and transformed on the CRT screen using
the respective commands leading to creation of desired model.
Geometric Modeling: Geometric modeling in CAD refers to the creation of the geometry of
an object, which is the computer compatible mathematical description. The software for CAD
is the interface between the designer and the hardware. In geometric modeling, the designer
creates the graphical image of the required product on the CRT screen of the ICG system by
inputting three types of commands to the computer. The first type of command generates
basic geometrics like points, lines, curves etc. The second type of commands is used to form
transformations actions like scaling, modifying, rotation etc. The third type of command is
used to obtain desired shape of the product. During geometric modeling process, the
computer converts these commands into a mathematical model, stores it in its data storage
place, and displays on the CRT screen.
There are 3 basic features of geometric modeling.
1. Wire frame modeling

2. Surface modeling
3. Solid modeling
The Wire Frame Modeling (WFM) is the basic form of geometric modeling. In this wire
frames are used to represent an object. The object is displayed by interconnecting lines.
WFM is classified into 3 types:
1. 2D: Two-dimensional representation is done for flat objects.

1
2. 2 D: This represents a 3-D object without any lateral surface details.
2
3. 3D: Three-dimensional representation with complete geometry.
Surface modeling is the enhancement of WFM, in which the object is represented with
surfaces. Solid Modeling uses solid geometric shapes such as cylinders, cubes etc called
primitives to construct an object. It also considers physical properties of the created object
based on the inputs given.

PART PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

1.1 NC Procedure
The following are the basic steps in NC procedure:

 Process Planning
 Part Programming
 Part Program Entry
 Proving the Part Programs
 Production
1. Process Planning: The part programmer will often carryout the task of
process planning. Process planning is the procedure of deciding what operations are to be
done on the component, in what order, and with what tooling and work holding facilities.
Both the process planning and part programming aspects of manufacture occur after the
detail drawings of a component have been prepared. The following procedure may be
used as a guide to assist the programmer, by describing each step required in preparing
the method of production.
Process Planning Procedure:
 Receive the part drawing. From part drawing information, check suitability of part to
he machined against the machine capacity.
 Determine a method of driving the component (chuck type, chuck size, type of jaw,
coller size, face driver etc.) & the method of machining.
 Determine the tooling required to suit the method of machining and utilise as much
possible the tools, which are permanently in the turret set upon the machine.
 Determine the order of machining and the tooling stations.
 Determine planned stops (Cycle Interrupt Procedure, Incorporating Block Delete
Code) for checking dimensional sizes where required by operator.
 Determine cutting speeds based on:
o Component material, method of driving, rigidity of component
o The tooling selected for roughing and finishing: tool holders with carbide with
carbide drills, high speed steel drills, & ceramics.
 Determine the depths of cut & feeds for roughing operations based on - Horsepower
available for culling and rigidity of the part.
 Determine from surface finish requirements the Cutter nose radius most suited for
finishing operations and determine feed rates.
 Allocate tool offsets as required.

 Complete planning sheet.

2. Part Programming
 After completing the planning sheet, draw the component showing the
cutter paths (a simple sketch is sufficient for simple components.
 Select a component datum & carryout the necessary calculations at
slopes and arcs.
 Prepare tooling layout sheet showing tools to be used in the program &
indicate the station number for each tool.
 Indicate the ordering code for each tool & the grade & the type of
inserts to be used.
 Write the part program according to the sequence of operations.
3. Part Program Entry or Tape Preparation: The part program is prepared /

punched on a 25 mm (1-inch) wide paper tape with 8 tracks and is then fed to MCU in
order to produce a component of interest on machine tool. Other forms of input media
include, punched cards, magnetic tape, 35 mm motion picture film. The input to the NC
system can be in two ways:
i. Manual Data Input
ii. Direct Numerical Control
i. Manual Data Input (MDI): Complete part programs arc entered into CNC control unit
via the console keyboard. It is suited only for relatively simple jobs. The most common
application for MDI is the editing of part programs already resident in controllers
memory.
One variation of MDI is a concept called "Conversational Programming" CNC

machines are programmed via a question and answer technique whereby a resident
software program asks the operator a series of questions. In response to the operators
input, and by accessing a pre-programmed data file, the computer control can.
 Select numerical values for use within machining calculations
 Perform calculations to optimize machining conditions
 Identify standard tools & coordinates
 Calculate cutter paths & coordinates
 Generate the part program to machine the component
A typical dialogue from the machine would be as follows for the operator to identify such
things as:
 Material to be cut
 Surface roughness tolerance
 Machined shape required
 Size of the raw material blank

 Machining allowances, cut directions
 Tools & tool details etc
The operator may then examine and prove the program via computer graphics simulation
on the console VDU. After this, the program is stored or punched on tape. Although there
is some sacrifice in machine utilization, actual programming time is minimal and much
tedious production engineering work (calculating feeds and speeds etc,) is eliminated.
ii. Direct Numerical Control: The process of transferring part programs into the memory of
a CNC machine tool from a host computer is called Direct Numerical Control or DNC.
4. Proving Part Programs: it is a sale practice to check the programmed path

for any interference between the tool & the work before using the part program for
production. This process known as Proving Part Program is done in several ways:
 Visual Inspection
 Single Step Execution
 Dry Run
 Graphical Simulation
a. Visual Inspection: it represents the method of checking visually the program

present in the memory of the CNC machine, In this, actual program is run and the
programmed movements in all axes are to be checked along with ensuring the tool
offset and cutter compensation feature. This method represents the least form of
verification and should not be relied upon entirely.
b. Single Step Execution: Before auto-running the part program it should be

executed in a single step mode i.e., block by block. During this execution, spindle
speed and feed rate override facilities are to be used so that the axes movement can be
easily monitored. This operation may be carried out with or without mounting the
component on the machine
c. Dry Run: A dry run consists of running the part program in auto-mode.
During this, the component is not installed on the machine table and the cutting is
done in air The purpose of this run is to verify the programmed path of the tool under
continuous operation and to check whether adequate clearance exists between the
clamping arrangement and other projections within the set up. Feed rate override
facilities are used to slow down the speed of execution of the program.

d. Graphical Simulation: A graphical simulation package emulates the machine tool and,
using computer graphics, plots out the machine movement on a VOU screen. Machine
movement often takes the form a cutting tool shape moving around the screen according
to the programmed movements. When the tool shape passes over a shaded representation
of the component, it erases that part of the component. The resulting shape, left after the
execution represents the shape of the finished component. Any gross deviations from the
intended tool path can be observed and any potential interference can be highlighted.
1.2 NC Organisation:
Program Preparation Methods: Part programming of NC production machines comprises
the collection of all data required to produce the part, the calculation of a tool path along
which the machine operations will be performed, and the arrangement of those given and
calculated data in a standard format, which could be converted to an acceptable form for a
particular machine control unit.
Different methods can be employed in the preparation of NC programs depending on how a

particular company has organized its NC programming, and also depending on what
additional data processing aids are available. They are:
 Programming in the planning department

 Programming in the workshop.
 Manual programming.
 Computer assisted programming
 Higher level programming languages
Programming in the Planning Department: This method is advantageous where
 The existing CNC systems are complicated

 The workpieces have complex geometry
 There are many similar CNC machines in the plant
 Workshop personnel are qualified
 Programming Systems can be utilized
Workshop Programming: Many CNC machines are designed for workshop programming as
a fundamental concept, and there can be wide differences in how the machines are operated.
To support the operator in the workshop, most CNC systems feature operator guidance. When
such guidance is available, the screen shows consecutively or simultaneously, in any
situation, these functions that can be selected. When inputting programs, it is particularly
useful that the screen not only shows the program instruction input, but also the possible
supplementary functions (coordinates, feed rates, etc.).

1.3 Part Programming Geometry
1. Coordinate System for a CNC Lathe: Machining of a workpiece by an NC program

requires a coordinate system to be applied to the machine tool. As all machine tools have
more than one slide. It is important that each slide is identified individually. There are
three planes in which movement can take place.
 Longitudinal
 Vertical
 Transverse
Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis. i.e.,

 Axis X
 Axis Y
 Axis Z
The three axes are identified by upper case X, Y and Z and the direction 0 movement
along each axis is specified as either PLUS (+) or MINUS (-). The Z-axis is: always
parallel to the main spindle of the machine. The X-axis is always parallel to tilt work-
holding surface, and always at right angles to the Z-axis. The Y-axis is at right angle to
both Z and X-axis. The Coordinate System for turning operations is shown in Fig. 1.
The coordinate system for designating the axes is the conventional “Right Hand
Coordinate System” as shown in Fig.2. A labeling of the axes is a right hand coordinate
system whenever the fingers of the fight hand are aligned with the positive X axis and are
then rotated (through the smaller angle) toward the positive Y axis, then the thumb of the
right hand points in the direction of the positive Z axis. Otherwise, the orientation is a
“Left Hand Coordinate System”.

The right hand coordinate system is also known as “Clockwise Rotating Coordinate
System”. The reason for this is the sequence of the axis definitions if the X-axis is
rotating in the direction of the Y-axis, the movement is the same as if a screw is turned in
the Z direction as shown in Fig.3.
One could use his right hand to get these alternative relative positions of the same right hand
coordinate system as shown in Fig.4
In programming it must be assumed that the workpiece is stationary and the tools move in the
coordinate system. The workpiece is positioned within the coordinate system so that the Z-axis
coincides with the turning center-line (axis of rotation) and the X and Y coordinates always have the
same values. Therefore the Y coordinate is not used in turning.

2. Zero Points & Reference Points:
On CNC coordinating systems controls machines tool traverses. Their accurate position
within the machine too1 is established by “Zero Points” as shown in fig. 5.
Machine zero point (M): is specified by the manufacturer of the machine. This is the zero
point for the coordinate systems & reference points in the machine. On turning lathes, the
machine zero point as shown in F/G.6 & FIG.7 is generally at the center of the spindle nose
face. The main spindle axis (center line) represents the Z-axis; the face determines the X-axis.
The directions of the positive X and Z-axis point toward the working area. When the tool
traverses in the positive direction, it moves away from the workpiece

Reference Point (R): This point serves for calibrating and for controlling the measuring
system of the slides and tool traverses. The position of the reference point as shown in FIG.8
is accurately predetermined every traverse axis by the trip dogs and limit switches Therefore,
the reference point coordinates always have the same, precisely known numerical value in
relation to the machine zero point. After initiating the control system, the reference point
must always be approached from all axes to calibrate the traverse measuring system. If
current slide and tool position data should be lost in the control system as, for example,
through an electrical failure. The machine must again be positioned to the reference point to
re-establish the proper positioning values
Workpiece Zero Point (W): This point determines the workpiece coordinate system in
relation to the machine zero point. The workpiece zero point is chosen by the programmer
and input into the CNC system when setting up the machine. The position of the workpiece
zero point can be freely chosen by the programmer within the workpiece envelope of the
machine. It is, however, advisable to place the workpiece zero point in such a manner that the
dimensions in the workpiece drawing can be conveniently converted into coordinate values
and orientation when damping/chucking, setting up and checking, the traverse measuring
system can be effected easily. For turned parts, the workpiece zero point should be placed
along the spindle axis (center line), in line with the right-hand or left-hand end face of the
finished contour as shown in FIG.9. Occasionally, the workpiece zero point is also called the
“Program Zero Point”.

Tool Point: Which machining a workpiece, it is essential to able to control the tool point or
the tool cutting edges in precise relationship to the workpiece along the machining path Since
tools have different shapes and dimensions, precise tool dimensions have to be established
beforehand and input into the control system. The tool dimensions arc related to a fixed tool
setting point during pre-setting.
The tool selling point .E is located at a certain point on the tool holder as shown in Fig. 10.
This setting point permits measuring of tools away from the CNC machine. The data thus
measured such as tool length, tool point offset or tool radius is input into the tool data storage
(memory) or the control system. The mate of the tool setting point is the Socket point N on
the tool carrier. When the tool or tool holder is inserted into the tool carrier (e.g., turret), the
setting point and the tool socket point coincide.

2. NC Related Dimensioning:
Dimensional information in a workpiece drawing can be stated in two ways: Absolute

Dimension System and Incremental Dimension System.
Absolute Dimension System: Data in absolute dimension system always refer to a fixed
reference point in the drawing as shown in Fig.11. This point has the function of a coordinate
zero point as shown in Fig. 12. The dimension lines run parallel to the coordinate axes and
always start at the reference point. Absolute dimensions are also called as “Reference
Dimensions”

Advantages of Absolute Dimension System:
1. In case of interruptions that force the operator to stop the machine, the cutting tool
automatically returns to previous position, since it always moves to the absolute
coordinate called for, und the machining proceeds from the same block where it was
interrupted.
2. Possibility of easily changing the dimensional data in the part program whenever require
3. When describing contours and positions, it is always preferable to employ absolute

dimensions, because the first incorrect dimensioning of an individual point has no effect on
the remaining dimensions & the absolute system is easier to check for errors

1.4 NC Program Buildup:

Table. 1: Address Characters as per DIN 66026
CHARACTER MEANING
A Rotation about. X-axis.
B Rotation about, Y-axis
C Rotation about, Z-axis
D&E Rotation about additional axes
F Feed
G Preparatory function, identifying the action to be executed
H Unassigned
I Interpolation parameter / Thread pitch parallel to X-axis
J Thread pitch parallel to Y-axis
K Thread pitch parallel to Z-axis
L Unassigned
M Auxiliary function
N Block number
O Not used
Thread movement parallel to X, Y, & Z-axes respectively. P & Q are also used
P, Q, R
as parameters in cycles
S Spindle speed
T Tool
U, V, W Second movement parallel to X, Y, Z axes respectively.
X Movement in X-axis
Y Movement in Y-axis
Z Movement in Z-axis
In an NC program, the machining steps (operations) for producing a part on the machine tool are laid
down in a form that the control system can understand. A program is composed of several blocks. A
block is a collection of NC words. An NC word is a collection of address letter and a sequence of
numbers. Table.1 shows the address letters according to DIN 66025.

Miscellaneous & Preparatory Functions
Miscellaneous Function (M codes): M Codes are instructions describing miscellaneous

functions 1ike caH1ng the tool, spindle rotation, coolant on etc.
Table: Miscellaneous Function
M01 Optional Stop: Cycle operation is stopped after a block containing MO1 is executed. This code
is only effective when the optional stop switch on the machine control panel has been pressed.
Example: M01
M02 Program End: This code is inserted at the end of the program. When encountered the cycle will
encl. To produce another the system must be reset.
Example: M02
M03 Spindle Forward: Starts the spindle spinning forward, clockwise or negative direction at the
last specified spindle rate. Example: M03 51200

M04 Spindle Reverse: Starts the spindle spinning reverse, counter clockwise of positive direction at
the last specified spindle rate. Example: M04 51000
M05 Stop Spindle: Stops the spindle without changing the spindle speed. Example: MOS
M06 Tool Change: The M06 in conjunction with “T” WORD, is used to can up the required tool on
an automatic indexing turret machine, and to activate its tool offsets. The left most digit of the “T”
ignoring zeros selects the new tool. Tool changes are normally performed with the tool post at a safe
position away from the workpiece, so the code G28 REFERENCE POINT RETURN would be used
in the block prior to M06.
Example: M06 and T0200

& T20
& T2 all select tool 2
M08 Coolant On: M08 turns the coolant on.
M09 Coolant Off: M09 turns the coolant off
M10 Chuck Open: M10 opens pneumatic or similar automatic chuck to allow for bar feed.
M11 Chuck Close: M11closes the chuck
M13 Spindle Forward, Coolant On: Sets spindle rotation forward and coolant all. Example: M13
51000

FAST TRAVERSE – G00
Description: The rapid traverse instruction

(function) is identified by the program word
GOO. A rapid traverse instruction traverses the
tool to the target point at maximum traverse rate.
As supplementary functions it will be necessary
to input the coordinates of the target point. The
tool normally takes the shortest path from the
starting point to the destination point. The tool
path is determined by the non-linear interpolation
type positioning. Positioning is done separately
with each axis. The rapid traverse is used for Note: The rapid traverse rate in the G00 command is
movements where no tools in engagement. set for each axis independently by the machine tool
builder. Accordingly, the rapid traverse rate cannot be
specified in the address F when programming.
G01 Linear Motion

Description: In accordance with the established
standards, the instruction "straight-line at feed
rate" requires the program word G01. The
following Supplementary Functions are also
needed: Target point coordinates feed rate,
spindle speed or cutting speed. GO I traverses the
tool along a linear path to the given target point
with the feed rate input as a supplementary
function. The feed rate determines the speed with
which the workpiece is machined. The choice of
feed rate depends on the tool (tool point geometry
and tool material), the material being machined,
and the required surface finish and the drive When giving the instructions G01, the
rating and rigidity of the machine tool. coordinates of the destination point can be
expressed using either absolute or incremental
dimensions.
Note on G02/G03:
 10 and K0 can be omitted.
 If X (U) all Z (W) are both omitted or if the end point is located at the same position as the start
point, and when the center is commanded by I & K, an arc of 360 (q complete circle) is assumed.
 If I, K & R addresses are specified simultaneously the arc specified by address R lakes
precedence and the others are ignored.
G04 DWELL

Description Illustration
A G04 causes the program to wait for a specified amount of time. The time can
be specified in seconds with the “X” or “U” prefixes or in milliseconds with G04 X 1.5
the “p” prefix. During cutter motion the NC controller usually applies a G04 U 1.5
deceleration at the end of the motion specified by one statement and G04 P 1500
acceleration at the start of the motion specified by the next statement. A G04
code can be inserted between the two statements to make a sharp comer.
G20 Imperial: A G20 causes position to be as being in imperial units. All the input values are in
inches. This can only be at the start of the main program.
G21 Metric: A G21 causes positions to be interpreted as being in metric units. All the input values are
in nun. This can only be at the start of the main program.
G28 Go to Reference Point:
Description Illustration
A G28 causes a fast traverse 10 the specified, position and then to the machine G28 X35 Z5
datum G28 DO WO
Compensate Function:
Description: Tool offset is used to compensate for the difference when the tool actually used differs
from the imagined tool used in programming (usually, standard tool), During programming, a four
digit number is programmed following the letter T, the first two digits represent toe Tool number, and
the second two digits represents the Tool offset number. Fig.18 illustrate the concept of Tool offsets
Tool Geometry Offset & Tool Wear Offset: With the option of tool geometry and wear

compensation, it is possible to divide the tool offset for compensating the tool shape or mounting
position to the geometry offset, & tool wear to the wear offset. The total value of the tool geometry
offset and tool wear offset are set as the tool offset value if the tool geometry and wear compensation
option is not equipped Fig's. 19 & 20 illustrate the method of differentiation of tool geometry offset
from tool wear offset
Tool Nose Radius Compensation (G40-642): In turning operations on lathe, the positions and cutter
path for contouring motion cannot be declined directly on the basis of the dimensions specified on a
part drawing. The coordinates of the end position in each contouring motion statement of an NC
program must be calculated. This calculation is time consuming and error prone. On modem CNC
machines, special calculation functions or cutter-radius compensation codes are provided to allow a
user to utilize part-profile coordinates obtainable from the part drawing to program a contouring
motion. These are the G41 and G42 codes for tool radius compensation on the left- and right-hand
sides of a profile, respectively. A left or right compensation is based on the fact that the tool is on the
left - or right-hand side when one goes along the part profile in the direction specified by the
contouring motion statements in the program. A G40 code is provided to cancel the cutter-radius
compensation. The tool nose radius compensation function together with the tool-offset function
automatically compensates for the error in culling due to tool nose roundness. FIG. 21 illustrates the
1001 nose radius compensation

The nose of a Lathe cutter is only a section of a circle and does not rotate, like an end mill, during the
cutting process. Therefore different cutter compensation vectors (or directions) must be applied with
different types of cutting tools as shown in Fig. 22, which illustrates the relationship between the tool
and the start point. The end of the arrow is the imaginary tool nose. The direction of the imaginary
tool nose viewed from the toot nose center is determined by the direction of the tool motion during
cutting; this is set in advance with the offset values. Imaginary tool nose numbers 0 and 9 are used
when the tool nose center coincides with the start point.
Fig. 24 shows programming using imaginary tool nose. The imaginary tool nose is required because it
is usually more difficult to set the tool nose center to the start point

The tools installed on the turret have different relative positions with respect to the turret center. To
compensate for these differences, one should set the offsets in the X and Z directions for different
tools as shown in the Table.2. The number of pairs of offsets is restricted to the number of tools
Table.2 Tool Offsets
OFR Tool Nose OFT Direction of
OFX Offset OFZ Offset
Offset Number Radius Compo Imaginary Tool
Amount on X axis Amount on Z axis
Amount No.
01 0,03 0,02 002 1
02 0.06 0.03 003 2
Note: On Tool Nose Radius Compensation
 In the linear move before entering the Tool nose compensation always add on a more than the radius of the
tool.
 After the Tool Radius Compensation has been applied and the particular move has been executed (i.e., an
arc has been turned) then two linear straight-line moves must be made before canceling the tool radius
compensation with a G.40
 The two linear moves must be greater than the tool radius compensation. I
G50 Co-Ordinate Setting: GSO enables tool nose radius compensation to the left of the programmed
path. G50 has 2 uses. Coordinate setting block has "X", "Z", "LJ" OR "W"' upon it. A maximum
spindle speed block docs not.
G50 Clamp Spindle: GSO sets the maximum spindle speed for constant surface control. An “X”,
“Z”, “u” or “W” prefix must not be on the block or it will be interpreted as a coordinate setting block.
G50 creates a new coordinate system in which the tools current position is set to the specified
coordinates. The new coordinates can be in absolute or incremental form.
G96 Constant Surface Speed: The cutting speed during turning is the peripheral speed of the work.
The peripheral speed of a rotating work represents the peripheral path in a given unit time as
shown ill FIG.33 The peripheral speed or cutting speed is thus the fully stretched chip length
produced in one time. The cutting speeds vary in direct relation to the diameters, even if the
number of revolutions per minute is the same in all cases.

The correct selection of the cutting speed for turning is very important.
Cutting Speed Too Low: Time Loss & Low surface finish with increasing cutting speed the surface
speed is improved
Cutting Speed Too High: High Tool Wear
Preparatory Words
Some G words alter the state of the machine so that it changes from cutting straight lines to cutting
arcs. Other G words cause the interpretation of numbers as millimeters rather than inches. While still
others set or remove tool length or diameter offsets. Most of the G words tend to be related to motion
or sets of motions. Table lists the currently available g words
Table: Preparatory function codes

CAM - EXERCISES
MILLING EXERCISE
Exercise No.01
Write a manual part program for mill profile as shown in figure
PROGRAM 01
O01 Program Name

G92 X0 Y0 Z0 Absolute presetting at A
N002 G90 Absolute programming.
N003 G00 X25.0 Y25.0 Z2.0 Tool brought rapidly at b, 2mm above xy Plane.
M06 T01 (6 Dia. End Mill) Tool Change
M03 S3000 Spindle ON and spindle speed
N004 G01 Z-12.0 F120 Tool goes down to full depth
N005 Y75.0 Proceed to C
N006 X65.0 Proceed towards right to D
N007 G02 Y25.0 I0 J-25.0 Cuts curved profile till E
N008 G01 X25.0 Proceed to B
N009 Z2.0 Tool moves 2mm above the XY plane
N010 G00 Z50.0 M05 Spindle stops and rapidly moves up
N011 X0 Y0 Rapid move to start position 0,0
N012 M30 End of the program and tape rewind

Exercise No.02
Write a part program to perform the linear slotting operation on the component as shown in
the figure.
PROGRAM 02
O02
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
G90
M06 T0101 (10 mm end mill)
M03 S1000
G00 X10 Y10 Z2
G01 Z-1 F50
X10 Y90
X90 Y90
X90 Y10
X10 Y10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05 M30
Exercise No.03
the figure.

PROGRAM 03
O03
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
G90
M03 S1000
G00 X-30 Y-30 Z5
G01 Z-1 F50
X-30 Y20
X-20 Y30
X30 Y30
X30 Y-20
X20 Y-30
X-30 Y-30
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Exercise No.04
the figure

PROGRAM 04
O04
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
G90
M03 S1000
G00 X20 Y10 Z2
G01 Z-1 F50
G03 X10 Y20 R10
G01 X10 Y80
X20 Y90
X80 Y90
G02 X90 Y80 R10
G01 X90 Y10
X20 Y10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Exercise No.05
Write a part program to perform the circle slotting operation on the component as shown in
the figure with out making use of a subprogram. Maximum depth of cut that can be given in a
single pass is 1 mm. Take cutter dia = 8 mm.
PROGRAM 05

Without Subprogram With subprogram

O05 O05
G21 G94 G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0 G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0 G28 X0 Y0
G90 G90
M06 T01 (8 mm end mill) M06 T01 (8 mm end mill)
M03 S1000 M03 S1000
G00 X-30 Y0 Z2 G00 X-30 Y0 Z5
G01 Z-1 F50 G01 Z0 F30
G02 X30 Y0 R30 M98 P053937
X-30 Y0 R30 G00 Z5
G01 Z-2 F50 G91 G28 Z0
G02 X30 Y0 R30 G28 X0 Y0
X-30 Y0 R30 M05
G01 Z-3 F50 M30
G02 X30 Y0 R30 O3937 (Sub program)
X-30 Y0 R30 G91 G01 Z-1 F50
G01 Z-4 F50 G90 G02 X30 Y0 R30
G02 X30 Y0 R30 X-30 Y0 R30
X-30 Y0 R30 M99
G01 Z-5 F50
G02 X30 Y0 R30
X-30 Y0 R30
G01 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Exercise No.06
Write a part program to perform the
mirroring operation on the component as
shown in the figure. Take cutter dia = 8
mm.
PROGRAM 6
O06
G21 G94

G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
G90
M03 S1000
G00 X0 Y0 Z2
M98 P067577
M70 (X Mirror ON)
M98 P067577
M80 (X Mirror OFF)
M71 (Y Mirror ON)
M98 P067577
M81 (Y Mirror OFF)
M70 (X Mirror OFF)
M71 (Y Mirror ON)
M98 P057577
M80 (X Mirror OFF)
M81 (Y Mirror OFF)
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
(Sub Program)
O7577
G00 X10 Y10
G01 Z-1 F50
X30 Y10
G03 X40 Y40 R30
G01 X10 Y30
X10 Y10
G00 Z5
M99
Exercise No.07 (Slab Milling)

Write a part program to perform the square slab milling operation on a work piece of dimensions
100mm×100mm×10 mm. The slab’s dimension is 64mm×64mm×6mm and is located at the
center of the work piece. Use a cutter diameter of 10 mm. Take program zero at the left bottom
end of the work piece.
PROGRAM 7

O07
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
G90
M03 S1000
G00 X0 Y0 Z50
G00 Z2
G01 Z0 F30
M98 P073456
G01 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
G90
M05
M30
(Sub Program)
O3456
G91 G01 Z-1 F30
G90
G01 X100 Y0
X100 Y100
X0 Y100
X0 Y0
X5 Y5
X95 Y5
X95 Y95
X5 Y95
X5 Y5
X10 Y10
X90 Y10
X90 Y90
X10 Y90
X10 Y10
G42 D1
G01 X18 Y18
X82 Y18
X82 Y82
X18 Y82
X18 Y18
X50 Y18
X50 Y10
G40
G01 X0 Y0
M99
Exercise No.08 (Circular Pocket Milling)

Write a part program to perform the Circular Pocket Milling operation on a workpiece of
dimensions 100mm×100mm×10 mm. The pocket’s dimension is R37×6mm depth and is
located at the centre of the workpiece. Use a cutter diameter of 10 mm. Take program zero at
Way1 Way2 the top face center of the workpiece. Write
subprograms in following two ways
O08 O08
(1) Subprogram in terms of absolute X, Y
G21 G94 G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0 G91 G28 Z0 coordinates & incremental Z coordinates.
G28 X0 Y0 G28 X0 Y0 (2) Subprogram in terms of incremental X, Y
G90 G90 coordinates & incremental Z coordinates.
M06 T01 (10 mm end M06 T01 (10 mm The 2nd method will be useful when we have
mill) end mill)
M03 S1000 M03 S1000
to machine more than one identical pockets at
G00 X0 Y0 Z5 G00 X0 Y0 Z5 different (X, Y) locations on the same
G01 Z0 F30 G01 Z0 F30 workpiece. Whereas, the 1st method will be
M98 P085973 M98 P085973 useful when we may have to machine only
G01 Z5 G01 Z5 one pocket.
G91 G28 Z0 G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0 G28 X0 Y0
G90 G90
M05 M05
M30 M30
O5973 (Sub program) (Sub program)
(X & Y Incremental) (X & Y absolute)
G91 G01 Z-1 F30 O5973
G01 X5 Y0 G91 G01 Z-1 F30
G03 X-10 Y0 R5 G90
X10 Y0 R5 G01 X5 Y0
G01 X5 Y0 G03 X-5 Y0 R5
G03 X-20 Y0 R10 X5 Y0 R5
X20 Y0 R10 G01 X10 Y0
G01 X5 Y0 G03 X-10 Y0 R10
G03 X-30 Y0 R15 X10 Y0 R10
X30 Y0 R15 G01 X15 Y0
G01 X5 Y0 G03 X-15 Y0 R15
G03 X-40 Y0 R20 X15 Y0 R15
X40 Y0 R20 G01 X20 Y0
G01 X5 Y0 G03 X-20 Y0 R20
G03 X-50 Y0 R25 X20 Y0 R20
X50 Y0 R25 G01 X25 Y0
G01 X5 Y0 G03 X-25 Y0 R25
G03 X-60 Y0 R30 X25 Y0 R25
X60 Y0 R30 G01 X30 Y0
Exercise No.09 (Rectangular Pocket
G41 G01 X7 Y0 G03 X-30 Y0 R30
G03 X-74 Y0 R37 X30 Y0 R30 Milling)
X74 Y0 R37 G41 G01 X37 Y0 Write a part program to perform the
X-37 Y37 R37 G03 X-37 Y0 R37 Rectangular Pocket Milling operation on a
G01 X0 Y-10 X37 Y0 R37
workpiece of dimensions
G40 X0 Y37 R37
Y-27 G01 X0 Y25 100mm×100mm×10 mm. The pocket’s
M99 G40 dimension is 73mm×61mm×5mm and is
G01 X0 Y0 located at the centre of the workpiece. Use a
M99
cutter diameter of 10 mm. Length of the
pocket is parallel to X axis. Take program
zero at the top face center of the workpiece.

PROGRAM 9
O09 (Main X15 Y12.5342
Program) X-15 Y12.5342
G21 G94 X-15 Y-12.5342
G91 G28 Z0 X15 Y-12.5342
G28 X0 Y0 X15 Y0
G90 X20 Y0
M06 T01 (10 mm X20 Y16.7123
end mill) X-20 Y16.7123
M03 S1000 X-20 Y-16.7123
G00 X0 Y0 Z2 X20 Y-16.7123
G01 Z0 F30 X20 Y0
M98 P098753 X25 Y0
G01 Z5 X25 Y20.8904
G91 G28 Z0 X-25 Y20.8904
G28 X0 Y0 X-25 Y-20.8904
G90 X25 Y-20.8904
M05 X25 Y0
M30 X30 Y0
(Sub program) X30 Y25.0685
(Absolute X & Y) X-30 Y25.0685
O8753 X-30 Y-25.0685
G91 G01 Z-1 F30 X30 Y-25.0685
G90 X30 Y0
G01 X5 Y0 G41 G01 X36.5 Y0
X5 Y4.1781 X36.5 Y30.5 Canned Cycle: Drilling, Boring & Tapping
X-5 Y4.1781 X-36.5 Y30.5 involve a set of operations which have to be
X-5 Y-4.1781 X-36.5 Y-30.5 repeated. All these operations can be
X5 Y-4.1781 X36.5 Y-30.5
represented by a single block. Depending upon
X5 Y0 X36.5 Y10
X10 Y0 X25 Y10 the G code in that single block, drilling, boring
X10 Y8.3561 G40 and tapping operations will be carried out. So,
a X-10 Y8.3561 G01 X0 Y0 canned cycle simplifies the program by using
a X-10 Y-8.3561 M99 single block with a G code. Conventionally,
X10 Y-8.3561 subprograms may be written to perform these
X10 Y0 operations. Instead, we have standard ready
X15 Y0 made cycles (the G70 series and the G80
series canned cycles, as shown below) which
when simply used in the program, executes the
required cycle.

G Code Cycle Purpose/Function
G81, G82 Spot drilling Cycles Drilling over small depths
G83 Peck drilling Cycle Tool retracts always to reference point
G73 Fast Peck Drilling Cycle Tool retracts to previous feed point
G74 Left Hand Tapping Cycle Tool retract CW
G84 Right Hand Tapping Cycle Tool Retract CCW
G76, G85, G86, Boring Cycles ------
G87, G88, G89
G80 Cancle Canned Cycle ------
Generally a canned cycle consists of a sequence of 5 operations – OP1 to OP5/OP6 as shown

below.
General syntax for the canned cycle:
Exercise No.10
Write a part program using Canned Cycle to obtain the 5 holes by drilling operation on the
component as shown in the figure. Component thickness = 50 mm. Take drill dia = 8 mm. Use
absolute dimensioning.

PROGRAM 10
PROGRAM using absolute dimensioning PROGRAM using incremental dimensioning
O010 O0010
G21 G94 G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0 G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0 G28 X0 Y0
G90 G90
M06 T01 (8 mm twist drill) M06 T01 (8 mm twist drill)
M03 S1000 M03 S1000
G00 X25 Y25 Z10 G00 X25 Y25 Z10
G98 G90 G73 Z-20 R1 P100 Q5 F100 G91 G99 G73 X0 Y0 Z-20 P500 Q1 R2 F50
X25 Y75 X0 Y50
X75 Y75 X50 Y0
X75 Y25 X0 Y-50
X50 Y50 X-25 Y25
G80 G80
G00 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0 G91 G28 Z0
M05 G28 X0 Y0
M30 M05
M30
Exercise No.11
Write a manual part program for mill profile as shown in figure with Canned and without Canned
Cycle

Without Canned cycle With Canned cycle

O011 O011
N1 T1 M6 N1 T1 M6
G90 G00 G54 X15. Y15. M8 G90 G00 G54 X15. Y15. M8
G43 H1 Z100. G43 H1 Z100.
Z3. Z3.
S1485 M3 S1485 M3
G01 Z-3. F148 G99 G73 Z-11.803 R3. Q3. F148
G04 X1. Y45.
G00 Z-2.5 X45.
G01 Z-5.7 Y15.
G04 X1. G80
G00 Z-5.2 M5
G01 Z-8.13 M9
G04 X1. Z100.
G00 Z-7.63 M30
G01 Z-10.317 G01 Z-5.7
G04 X1. G04 X1.
G00 Z-9.817 G00 Z-5.2
G01 Z-11.803 G01 Z-8.13
G04 X1. G04 X1.
G00 Z3. G00 Z-7.63
Y45. G01 Z-10.317
G01 Z-3. G04 X1.
G04 X1. G00 Z-9.817
G00 Z-2.5 G01 Z-11.803
G01 Z-5.7 G04 X1.
G04 X1. G00 Z3.
G00 Z-5.2 Y15.
G01 Z-8.13 G01 Z-3.
G04 X1. G04 X1.
G00 Z-7.63 G00 Z-2.5
G01 Z-10.317 G01 Z-5.7
G04 X1. G04 X1.
G00 Z-9.817 G00 Z-5.2
G01 Z-11.803 G01 Z-8.13
G04 X1. G04 X1.
G00 Z3. G00 Z-7.63 Exercise No.12
X45. G01 Z-10.317 Write a manual part program for
G01 Z-3. G04 X1. mill profile as shown in figure with
G04 X1. G00 Z-9.817 Canned and without Canned Cycle
G00 Z-2.5 G01 Z-11.803
M30 G04 X1.
G00 Z3.
Without canned cycle M5With canned
M9
cycle
Z100.
O012 M30No Canned
N1 T1 M6 cycle
(FACE MILL)
S846 M3
G90 G00 G54 X85.Y48.6 M8
G43 H1 Z100.
Z7.
G01 Z0 F248

X0. F355
G00 Z7.
X85. Y18.2
G01 Z0. F248
X0. F355
G00 Z7.
X85. Y11.4
G01 Z0 F248
X0. F355
G00 Z7.
M5
M9
Z100.
M01
N2
T2 M6
(POCKET MILLING)
S2499 M3
G54 X36.Y36.2 M8
G43 H2 Z100.
Z3
G01 Z-2. F367
X24. F524
Y31.4
X36.
Y26.6
X24.
Y21.8
X36.
G00 Z3.
X24. Y19.
G01 Z-2. F367
X36. F524 .
Y41.
X24.
Y19.
G00 Z3.
X36. Y36.2
Z-1.5
G01 Z-4. F367
X24. F524
Y31.4
X36.
Y26.6
X24.
Y21.8
X36.
G00 Z3.
X24. Y19.
G01 Z-4. F367
X36. F524
Y41.
X24.
Y19.
G00 Z3.
M5
M9
Z100.
M30

Problem No. 01
Write a manual part program for mill profile as shown in figure
Problem No 02
Write a manual part program for mill outside profile as shown in figure.
Problem No. 03
Write a manual part program for Drilling operation for the component shown in figure

Problem No. 04
Problem No. 05
Write a manual part program for Drilling Milling operation for the component shown in figure

Problem No. 06
Problem No. 07
Write a manual part program for Drilling & Milling operation for the component shown in figure

Problem No. 08
Write a manual part program for Drilling & Milling operation for the component shown in figure

TURNING EXERCISE
Exercise No. 01 Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
PROGRAM 1
O1
N1 G21
N2 G50 X40 Z60
N3 M06 T0101 F200
N4 M03 S1200
N5 G00 X40 Z60 G90
N6 X35
N7 G01 W-45
N8 G00 Z60
N9 G00 X30
N10 G01 W-45
N11 G00 Z60
N12 X25
N13 G01 W-30
N14 G00 Z60
N15 X20
N16 G01 W-30
N17 G00 Z60
N18 X15
N19 G01 W-15
N20 G00 Z60
N21 X10
N22 G01 W-15
M30

Exercise No. 02: Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure
below
PROGRAM 2
O2
N1 G21
N2 M06 T0101 F1200
N3 M03 S700 M08
N4 G50 X40 Z60
N5 G00 X40 Z60
N6 X35
N7 G01 W-45
N8 G00 Z60
N9 G00 X30
N10 G01 W-45
N11 G00 Z60
N12 X25
N13 G01 W-30
N14 U5 W-15
N15 G00 Z60
N16 X20
N17 G01 W-30
N18 U10 W-15
N19 G00 Z60
N20 X15
N21 G01 W-15
N22 G00 Z60
N23 X10
N24 G01 W-15
M30

Exercise No. 03 Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
PROGRAM 3
O3
N1 G21
N2 M06 T0101 F1200
N3 M03 S700 M08
N4 G50 X40 Z60
N5 G00 X40 Z60
N6 X35
N7 G01 W-50
N8 G00 Z60
N9 G00 X30
N10 G00 X30
N11 G01 W-50
N12 G00 Z60
N13 X25
N14 G01 W-50
N15 G00 Z60
N16 X20
N17 G01 W-50
N18 G00 Z60
N19 X15
N20 G01 W-30
N21 U5 W-10
N22 G00 Z60
N23 X10
N24 G01 W-30
N25 U10 W-10
N26 G00 Z60
N27 X0
N28 G03 U10 W-10 R10
M30

Exercise No. 04: Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
PROGRAM 4
O4
N1 G21
N2 M06 T0101 F1200
N3 M03 S700 M08
N4 G50 X40 Z75
N5 G00 X40 Z75
N6 X35
N7 G01 W-65
N8 G00 Z75
N9 X30
N10 G01 W-65
N11 G00 Z75
N12 X25
N13 G01 W-55
N14 G00 Z75
N15 X20
N16 G01 W-55
N17 G00 Z75
N18 X15
N19 G01 W-20
N20 U5 W-15
N21 G00 Z75
N22 X10
N23 G01 W-20
N24 U10 W-15
N25 G00 X20
N26 Z20
N27 G02 U10 W-10 R10
M30

Exercise No.05 Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
PROGRAM 5
O5
N1 G21
N2 M06 T0101 F200 (External Turn MTJNR 2020K 16 R0.8)
N3 M03 S700 M08
N4 G50 X30 Z68
N5 G00 X100 Z100
N6 G00 X30 Z48
N7 G01 U-10
N8 W-8
N9 U10 W-10
N10 G00 Z20
N11 G01 X20
N12 W-18
N13 G00 X30
N14 G00 X100 Z100
N15 M06 T0201 (External Turn PCLNL 2020K 09 R0.8)
N16 G00 X0 Z73
N17 G03 U15 W-15 R15
M30

Exercise No.06
Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
PROGRAM 6
O6
N1 G21
N2 M06 T0101 F200
N3 M03 S700 M08
N4 G50 X35 Z66
N5 G00 X35 Z66
N6 X30
N7 G01 W-51
N8 G00 Z66
N9 G00 X25
N10 G01 W-26
N11 U5 W-15
N12 G00 Z66
N13 X20
N14 G01 W-26
N15 U10 W-15
N16 G00 X100 Z100
N17 M06 T0202
N18 G00 X20 Z56
N19 G01 X10
N20 W-6
N21 G00 X30
N22 G00 X100 Z100
N23 M06 T0303
N24 G00 X30 Z15
N25 G03 U5 W-5 R5
M30

Exercise No.07: Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
Drawing 7
PROGRAM 7
O7
N1 G21
N2 M06 T0101 F200
N3 M03 S700 M08
N4 G50 X40 Z74
N5 G00 X40 Z74
N6 X35
N7 G01 W-37
N8 U5 W-9
N9 G00 Z74
N10 G00 X30
N11 G01 W-37
N12 U10 W-9
N13 G00 Z74
N14 X25
N15 G01 W-10
N16 U5 W-10
N17 G00 Z74
N18 X20
N19 G01 W-10
N20 U10 W-10
N21 G00 X100 Z100
N22 M06 T0202
N23 G00 X30 Z44
N24 G01 U-10
N25 W-7
N26 G00 X40
N27 Z18
N28 G01 U-10
N29 W-8
M30

Exercise No.08: Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
PROGRAM 8
Without canned cycle With canned cycle

O1 O12
N1 N1
G28 U0.0 W0.0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
T0101 G97
G50 S2000 T0101
G96 S200 M4 G50 S2000
G0 X50. Z7. M7 G96 S200 M4
X49. G0 X50. Z7. M7
Z3. X49
G1 X-2. F0.2 G72 W2. R0.5
G0 X49. Z3.5 G72 P20 Q60 U0. W0. F0.2
Z1. N20 G0 Z0.
G1 X-2. F0.2 N30 G1 X45. Z0.
G0 X49. Z1.5 N40 X-2.
X49. N50 Z5.
Z0.0 N60 G0 G40 X-2. Z7.
G1 X-2. F0.2 G0 X50.
G0 X41. Z3. Z2.
G1 Z-50. F0.2 X49.
G0 X42. Z2.5 G71 U2. R0.5
X37 G71 P70 Q130 U0. W0. F0.2
G1 Z-20. F0.2 N70 G0 X28.
G0 X38. Z2.5 N80 G1 X28. Z0.
X33, N90 Z-20.
G1 Z-20. F0.2 N100 X40.
G0 X34.Z2.5. N110 Z-50
X29. N120 X45.
G1 Z-20. F0.2 N130 G0 G40 X45. Z0
G0 X30. Z2.5 G0 X50.
X28. M9
G1 Z-20. F0.2 G28 U0.0 W0.0
X40.0 M05
G1 Z-50. F0.2 M30
X52.0
M9
G28 U0.0 W0.0
M05
M30 Exercise No.09 Write a
manual part programming
for the component shown in figure below with and without Canned Cycle


O2 O2
N1 N1
G28 U0.0 W0.0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
T0101 T0101 (PCLNL 2525M09 R0.8)
G50 S2000 G50 S2000
G96 S18 M4 G96 S18 M4
(PLAIN FACE) (PLAIN FACE)
G0 X50. Z6. M7 G0 X50. Z6. M7
X44. X44.
Z2. G72 W2. R0.5
G1 X-2. F0.2 G72 P20 Q60 U0. W0.5 F0.2
G0 X-1. Z2.5 N20 G0 Z0.
X44. N30 G1 X40. Z0.
Z0.5 N40 X-2.
G1 X-2. F0.2 N50 Z4.
G0 X3. Z3. N60 G0 G40 X-2. Z6.
X50 G0 X50.
(CONTOUR TURN) (CONTOUR TURN)
Z2.5 Z2.5
X44. X44.
G96 S180 G96 S180
G1 X35.998 F0.2 G71 U2. R0.5
Z-40.749 G71 P70 Q150 U1. W0.5 F0.2
G3 X36. Z-40.8 R1.3 N70 G0 X10.
G1 Z-60. N80 G1 X10. Z0.5
X40. N90 Z0.
G0 Z2.5. N100 G3 X20. Z-5. R5.
G1 X32. F0.2 N110 G1 Z-30.
Z-37.7 N120 X35. Z-40.
X35.48 Z-40.02 N130 Z-60.
G3 X35.998 Z-40.749 R1.3 N140 X40.

G0 Z2.5 N150 G0 G40 X40. Z0.5
G1 X28. F0.2 G0 X50.
Z-35.033 M9
X32. Z-37.7 N2
G0 Z2.5 G28 U0.0 W0.0
G1 X24. F0.2 M05
Z-32.367 T0202 (PDJNL 2525M15 R0.4)
X28.2-35.033 G50 S2000
G0 Z2.5 G96 S220 M4
G1 X20. F0.2 (FINISH FACE)
Z-3.34 G0 X50. Z0. M7
G3 X21. Z-5.8 R6.3 X14.
G1 Z-30.367 G1 G41 X10. F0.15
X24. Z-32.367 X-4.
G0 Z2.5 Z2.
G1 X16. F0.2 G0 G40 X50.
Z-0.775 (FINISH TURN)
G3 X20. Z-3.34 R6.3 Z1.985
G0 Z2.5 X10.
G1 X12. F0.2 G42 Z2.
Z0.237 G1 Z0. F0.15
G3 X16. Z-0.775 R6.3 G3 X20. Z-5. R5.
G0 Z2.5 G1 Z-30.
G1 X8.4 F0.2I X35. Z240.
G3 X12. Z0.237 R8.3 Z-60.
G0 X13. Z0.737 X40.
X44. G0 G40 X50.
X50. M9
M9 N3 G28 U0.0 W0.0
N2 G28 U0.0 W0.0 M05
M05 T0303(4.00MM. DIA. CENTER DRILL)
T0202(PDJNL 2525M15 R0.4) G50 S2000
G50 S2000 G97 S1193 M3
G96 S220 M4 (DRILL)
(FINISH FACE) G0 X0. Z2. M7
G0 X50. Z0. M7 G1 Z-11.202 F0.12
X14. G0 Z2.
G1 G41 X10. F0.15 M9
X-4. Z10.
Z2. G28 U0.0 W0.0
G0 G40 X50. M05
(FINISH TURN) M30
Z1.985
X10.
G42 Z2
G1 Z0. F0.15
G3 X20. Z-5. R5.
G1 Z-30.
X35. Z-40.
Z-60.
X40.
G0 G40 X50.

M9
N3 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M05
T0303(4.00 MM. DIA. CENTER
DRILL)
G50 S2000
G97 S1193 M3
(DRILL)
G0 X0. Z2. M7
G1 Z-11.202 F0.12
G0 Z2.
M9
Z10.
G28 U0.0 W0.0
M05
M30
Exercise No.10 Write a manual part programming for the component shown in figure below
with and without Canned Cycle


O4 O4
N1 G28 U0.0 W0.0 N1 G28 U0.0 W0.0
T0101(PCLNL 2525M09 R0.8) T0101(PCLNL 2525M09 R0.8)
G50 S2000 G50 S2000
G96 S200 M4 G96 S200 M4
(PLAIN FACE) (PLAIN FACE)
G0 X50. Z6. M7 G0 X50. Z6. M7
X54. X54.
Z2. G72 W2. R0.5
G1 X-2. F0.2 G72 P20 Q60 U0. W0. F0.2
G0 X-1. Z2.5 N20 G0 Z0.
X54. N30 G1 X50. Z0.
Z0. N40 X-2.
G1 X-2. F0.2 N50 Z4.
G0 X3. Z2.5 N60 G0 G40 X-2. Z6.
X50. G0 X50.
(CONTOUR TURN) (CONTOUR TURN)
Z2. Z2.
X54. X54.
G1 X46. F0.2 G71 U2. R0.5
Z-44.775 G71 P70 Q150 U1. W0.5 F0.2
G3 X46.238 Z-44.881 R1.3 N70 G0 X31.
G1 X49.531 Z-46.527 N80 G1 X31. Z0.
X50. N90 X35. Z-2
G0 Z2. N100 Z-28.5
G1X42.F0.2 N110 Z-31.5.
Z-44.5 N120 Z-45.

X44.4 N130 X46.
G3 X46. Z-44.775 R1.3 N140 X50. Z-47.
G0 Z2. N150 G0 G40 X50. Z0.
G1 X38. F0.2 G0 G42 Z2.
Z-44.5 G1 X31. F0.2
X42. G96 S220
G0 Z2. Z0. F0.15
G1 X34. F0.2 X35. Z-2.
Z-1.262 Z-45
X35.238 Z-1.881 X46
G3 X36. Z-2.8 R1.3 X50. Z-47
G1 Z-44.5 X54.
X38. G0 G40 X50.
G0 Z2. M9
G1 X31.946 F0.2 N2 G28 U0.0 W0.0
Z-0.234 M05
X34. Z-1.262 T0202 (12X12, 2.00W, 0.20R,
G0 X35. Z-0.761 08DEPTH,LH)
X54. G50 S2000
G42 Z2. G97 S2000 M4
G1 X31. F0.2 (EXTERNAL GROOVE)
G96 S220 G0 X50. Z-30.5 M7
Z0. F0.15 X39.
X35. Z-2. G1 X29. F0.15
Z-45. G4 X1.0
X46. Z-31
X50. Z-47. G0 X39.
X54. Z-31.5
G0 G40 X50. G1 X29. F0.15
M9 G4 X1.0
N2 G28 U0.0 W0.0 Z-31.
M05 G0 X39.
T0202 (12X12, 2.00W, 0.20R, X50.
08DEPTH, LH) M9
G50 S2000 N3 G28 U0.0 W0.0
G97 S2000 M4
(EXTERNAL GROOVE) M05
G0 X50. 2-30.5 M7 T0303 (THREAD 25 X 25,60 DEG.,
X39. DEPTH 3.0, RH)
G1 X29. F0.15 G50 S2000
G4 X1.0 G97 S909 M3
Z-31. (THREADING)
G0 X39. G0 X50. Z0. M7
Z-31.5 X39.
G1 X29. F0.15 G76 P020060 Q0 R0.
G4 X1.0 G76 X33.12 Z-30.5 R0. P940 Q383
Z-31. F1.5
G0 X39. X50
X50. M9
M9 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M05 M05
N30 G28 U0.0 W0.0 M30

M05
T0303 (THREAD 25 X 25, 60 DEG.,
DEPTH 3.0, RH)
G50 S2000
G97 S909 M3
(THREADING)
G0 X50. 20. M7
X34.23
Z2.0
G92 X34.232 Z-30.5 F1.5
X33.915
X33.671
X33.465
X33.284
X33.12
X33.1
G0 X39.
X50.
M9
G28 U0.0 W0.0
M05
M30
Problem No. 01
Write a manual part programming for step Boring operation for the component shown in figure below.

Problem No. 02
Write a manual part programming for step Boring operation for the component shown in figure below.
Problem No.03
Write a manual part programming for Peck Drilling operation for the component shown in figure
below.
Problem No 04
Write a manual part program for the profile given below using CANNED CYCLE

Problem No.05 :
Write a manual part program for the profile given below.
Problem No.6: Write a manual part program for Drilling operation for the component shown in
figure

PROGRAM No.07:
PROGRAM No.08:
PROGRAM No.09:

Exercise Based on CAPSmill
Exercise No. 01 : Obtain NC Program for the following object
Steps
1. Start a new part
If you have just started CAPSmill, Select Create a new part in the startup dialog box and click
on OK. If you have already started CAPSmill, select File → New.
2. Work setup
The Work setup dialog box appears automatically when you start a new part.
Setup data
• Enter the following data, leaving the rest unaltered:
For Units select ‘MM’.
For Work piece material select any material.
Documentation
• Click on the Documentation tab and enter suitable data.
All the data except the Remarks will appear in the NC program and in other documents like
the cycle time sheet. You can omit any or all of them. Any field that you do not enter appears
blank in the shop documents generated by the program.
• Click on ‘OK’ to exit from the Work setup dialog box.
Save the File
• Select File → Save.

• Enter the File name as ‘Plate’. The file will now be saved as Plate.cpm. All job files that you
create in CAPSmill will be stored with the extension, dot cpm.
• Click on the Geometry button at the bottom left of the screen.
3. Draw blank
Draw rectangle
• Select Draw → Shapes → Rectangle (Center – Length – Width).
• Enter the following data:
Length = 200
Breadth = 150
Corner radius = 0
Rotation angle = 0
• Click on OK.
• At the prompt Specify the center point of the rectangle, enter the coordinates 0,0 through
the keyboard and press the Enter key or Done.
4. Draw part
Draw points for 10mm diameter holes
• Select Draw → Point pattern → Points on Circle.
• Enter the following data and click on OK.
Diameter = 100
Angle of first hole = 0
Number of holes = 12
• At the prompt Enter the center point for this pattern enter 0, 0 through the keyboard and
press Enter.
Zoom picture
• Select View →Zoom all to expand the view. The part has now been defined; your drawing
should appear as shown.

5. Define blank shape

• Select Draw → Define blank .
• Click on Select contour button in the dialog box that appears.
• At the prompt select a contour click on the 200 x 150 rectangle drawn earlier.
• Enter the following data in the dialog box that appears and click on OK.
Blank thickness = 80.0
Z coordinate at bottom = -75.0
The Minimum and Maximum X, Y coordinates are picked up automatically from the selected
rectangle. Leave them unaltered.
Note : The blank definition is optional. If it is not defined, it is automatically assumed as a

rectangular block surrounding the area that is cut.
Steps in performing a machining operation:

Select the operation
Select the tool
Specify the area to be machined
Specify the machining parameters
You will find this sequence of steps repeated for every operation
6. Machining
Get into the machining mode by clicking on the Machining button at the bottom left of the
screen.
Face milling
• Select Machining > Milling > Face mill.
Select the tool
• Click on New tool.
• In the Select tool type list, select a face mill type with a square shoulder.
• In the Select tool list, click on the 125.0mm. dia.
face mill.

• Click on OK.
Specify the area to be machined
• At the prompt Select a contour click on the rectangle, which was defined as the blank
earlier.
• Select Rectangle-Center point, length and breadth from the select entity list and click on
done.
A machining parameters dialog box appears with
default values.
• Enter 5 for Material thickness.
• Click on OK.
• At the prompt Select a circle to specify the machining start point click on the top right
circle.
Note: While defining the blank you specified the blank thickness as 80.0 and Z coordinate at
bottom as -75.0 The extra 5.0 material is removed in face milling, and the top of the face
milled surface of the part becomes Z0 after this.
Default values and cutting parameters are automatically selected from the database for the
selected tool type, tool material and work piece material.
Drilling
• Select Machining → Hole → Drilling.
• Click on New tool. In the Tool type box expand the'Drill' list and select 'Twist drill'.
• Select a 9.8mm dia. drill and click on OK.
• At the prompt Select the points to be machined click on any point on the point pattern, click
on Done. Since the hole is part of a pattern, all the points in the pattern get selected.
• Select No for the prompt Do you want to omit any holes?

• For Work surface Z enter 0, and for Hole depth enter 32.0.

• Click on OK.
7.View tool path
• Click on the Toolpath button at the bottom left of the screen.

• Click on to simulate till the end.
• Select to start simulation.
• After viewing the simulation try out the other simulation options:
Modes: Solid or line mode
Views: Isometric, XY, YZ or XZ.
Simulate till: Next motion, next tool, next operation or end of the program.
NC program
• Click on NC program on the menu bar. Click on OK in the dialog box that appears.
• Click on Edit to view the NC program.
• Select File → Exit to exit from the editor.

Exercise Based on CAPSmill
Problem No.01 : Obtain NC Program for the following object
Problem No.02: Obtain NC Program for the following object.

Problem No.03: Obtain NC Program for the following object

Exercise Based on CAPSturn
Exercise No.01 : . Obtain NC Program for the following object
1. Start a new job

If you have just started CAPSturn, Select Create a new part in the startup dialog box and click
on OK. If you have already started CAPSturn, select File → New
2. Work setup
The Work setup dialog box appears automatically when you start a new part.
Setup data 1
• Select mm for Units, select any Work piece material, and enter this data, leaving the rest
unaltered:
Jaw position absolute Z = -210
Clearance Z = 5
Clearance OD = 200
Setup data 2
Leave the default data unaltered.
Documentation

• Click on the Documentation tab and enter suitable data. All the data except the Remarks
will appear in the NC program and other documents like the cycle time sheet. You can omit
any or all it. Anything that you do not enter appears as a blank in the documents.
• Click on OK to exit from the Work setup dialog box.
Save the File
• Select File → Save.
• Enter the File name as Shaft. The file will now be saved as Shaft.CPT.
Values can be entered as fractions. E.g., 7.5 can be entered as 7+1/2.
3. Draw the part
• Click on the Geometry button at the bottom left of the screen.
• Select Draw → Quick shaft.

• At the prompt Specify the start point enter 0,0 and press Enter.
• At the prompt Select the direction click on the arrow pointing vertically up.
• At the prompt Specify X coordinate enter 60 and press Enter.
• At the prompt Specify Z coordinate enter –80 and press Enter.
• Enter the following co-ordinates in sequence:
120
-110
180
-200
• Click the right mouse button and then select Done.
Define the part
Through this step you are telling CAPSturn “This set of lines is the part”.
• Select Draw→ Define Part.
• At the prompt Select the first object click on the line shown.
• Click on Yes at the prompt Create part shape?
Define the blank

• Select Draw → Define Blank.
• Enter the following data and click on OK:
Length = 240
Diameter = 184
Start Z = 5
If the blank shape is a complex shape and not a plain cylinder, Draw its shape.
In the blank definition screen click on Select contour and then select the contour. Through
this step you are telling CAPSturn “This set of lines is the blank”.
5. Machining
• Click on the Machining button at the bottom left of the screen.

We will now do the following machining operations:

Rough facing using the Plain face operation
Rough turning using the Contour turn operation
Finish facing using the Finish face operation
Finish turning using the Finish turn operation
To perform a machining operation in CAPSturn: Select the operation

Select the tool
Select the area to be machined
You will find this sequence of steps repeated for every operation.
Rough facing
• Select Machining → Turning → Plain face
Select the tool
• Click on New tool.
• Click on OK to accept the default tool that CAPSturn has already selected.
Select the area to be machined
• When you are prompted for the Start X and End X click on the points shown, on the
BLANK.
. • Specify the machining parameters, and in the operation dialog box click on OK to accept
the default data.
Rough turning
• Select Machining → Turning → Contour turn.
• In the Select an existing tool / new tool dialog box click on the tool selected earlier for
facing and click on OK.
• When you are prompted for the Start point and End point of machining click on the points
shown, on the PART.
• In the operation dialog box click on OK to accept the default data.

Finish facing
• Select Machining → Turning → Finish face.
• Click on New tool. Click on OK to accept the default tool that has been selected.
• For the Start point and End point of machining click on the points shown, on the PART.
• Enter this data in the operation dialog box, leaving the rest unaltered. Overshoot X = -0.5.
This is 25 % more than the tool nose radius.
Finish turning
• Select Machining → Turning → Finish turn.
• In the Select an existing tool / new tool dialog box, click on the tool selected earlier for
finish facing and click on OK.
• For the Start point and End point of machining click on the points shown, on the PART.
• In the operation dialog box click on OK to accept the default data.
Save the file.
6. View tool path

• Click on the Toolpath button at the bottom left of the screen.
• Select Toolpath → Start.

The mode can be solid or line mode. Simulation can be till the next motion, next tool, next
operation or end of the program.
The simulation can also be viewed in Single step mode. The tool moves one step at every
click of the mouse or space bar on the keyboard.
Use the Zoom and Pan functions for closer inspection of the tool path.
Generate NC program
• Click on NC program on the menu bar.
• Click on OK in the dialog box that appears.

• Click on Edit to view the NC program.
• Select File → Exit to exit from the editor. The NC program is saved as a text file with a
.PRG extension in the folder where CAPSturn is installed.
Exercise Based on CAPSturn
Problem No. 01. Obtain NC Program for the following object
Problem No. 02 Obtain NC Program for the following object

Problem No. 03. Obtain NC Program for the following object

FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (FMS)
Introduction
In the middle of the 1960s, market competition became more intense. During 1960 to 1970
cost was the primary concern. Later quality became a priority. As the market became more
and more complex, speed of delivery became something customer also needed. A new
strategy was formulated: Customizability. The companies have to adapt to the environment in
which they operate, to be more flexible in their operations and to satisfy different market
segments (customizability). Thus the innovation of FMS became related to the effort of
gaining competitive advantage. First of all, FMS is a manufacturing technology.
Secondly, FMS is a philosophy. "System" is the key word. Philosophically, FMS incorporates
a system view of manufacturing. The buzz word for today’s manufacturer is "agility". An
agile manufacturer is one who is the fastest to the market, operates with the lowest total cost
and has the greatest ability to "delight" its customers. FMS is simply one way that
manufacturers are able to achieve this agility.
An MIT study on competitiveness pointed out those American companies spent twice as
much on product innovation as they did on process innovation. Germans and Japanese did
just the opposite. In studying FMS, we need to keep in mind what Peter Drucker said: "We
must become managers of technology not merely users of technology". Since FMS is a
technology, well adjusted to the environmental needs, we have to manage it successfully.
1. Flexibility concept. Different approaches
Today flexibility means to produce reasonably priced customized products of high quality
that can be quickly delivered to customers. Different approaches to flexibility and their
meanings are shown Table 1.
So, what is flexibility in manufacturing? While variations abound in what specifically

constitutes flexibility, there is a general consensus about the core elements. There are three
levels of manufacturing flexibility

Approach Flexibility meaning
Manufacturing  The capability of producing different parts without major retooling

 A measure of how fast the company converts its process (es) from making
an old line of products to produce a new product
 The ability to change a production schedule, to modify a part, or to handle

multiple parts
Operational  The ability to efficiently produce highly customized and unique products
Customer  The ability to exploit various dimension of speed of delivery
Strategic  The ability of a company to offer a wide variety of products to its

customers
Capacity  The ability to rapidly increase or decrease production levels or to shift

capacity quickly from one product or service to another
(a) Basic flexibilities
 Machine flexibility - the ease with which a machine can process various operations
 Material handling flexibility - a measure of the ease with which different part types
can be transported and properly positioned at the various machine tools in a system
 Operation flexibility - a measure of the ease with which alternative operation
sequences can be used for processing a part type
(b) System flexibilities

 Volume flexibility - a measure of a system’s capability to be operated profitably at
different volumes of the existing part types
 Expansion flexibility - the ability to build a system and expand it incrementally
 Routing flexibility - a measure of the alternative paths that a part can effectively
follow through a system for a given process plan
 Process flexibility - a measure of the volume of the set of part types that a system can
produce without incurring any setup
 Product flexibility - the volume of the set of part types that can be manufactured in a
system with minor setup
(c) Aggregate flexibilities
 Program flexibility - the ability of a system to run for reasonably long periods without external
intervention

 Production flexibility - the volume of the set of part types that a system can produce
without major investment in capital equipment
 Market flexibility - the ability of a system to efficiently adapt to changing market
conditions
2. Seeking benefits on flexibility
Today’s manufacturing strategy is to seek benefits from flexibility. This is only feasible when
a production system is under complete control of FMS technology. Having in mind the
Process- Product Matrix you may realize that for an industry it is possible to reach for high
flexibility by making innovative technical and organizational efforts. See the Volvo’s process
structure that makes cars on movable pallets, rather than an assembly line. The process gains
in flexibility. Also, the Volvo system has more flexibility because it uses multi-skill operators
who are not paced by a mechanical line.
So we may search for benefits from flexibility on moving to the job shop structures. Actually,
the need is for flexible processes to permit rapid low cost switching from one product line to
another. This is possible with flexible workers whose multiple skills would develop the ability
to switch easily from one kind of task to another. As main resources, flexible processes and
flexible workers would create flexible plants as plants which can adapt to changes in real
time, using movable equipment, knockdown walls and easily accessible and re-routable
utilities.
3. FMS- an example of technology and an alternative layout
The idea of an FMS was proposed in England (1960s) under the name "System 24", a flexible
machining system that could operate without human operators 24 hours a day under computer
control. From the beginning the emphasis was on automation rather than the "reorganization
of workflow". Early FMSs were large and very complex, consisting of dozens of Computer
Numerical Controlled machines (CNC) and sophisticate material handling systems. They
were very automated, very expensive and controlled by incredibly complex software. There
were only a limited number of industries that could afford investing in a traditional FMS as
described above. Currently, the trend in FMS is toward small versions of the traditional FMS,
called flexible manufacturing cells (FMC). Today two or more CNC machines are considered
a flexible cell and two ore more cells are considered a flexible manufacturing system.
Thus, a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) consists of several machine tools along with
part and tool handling devices such as robots, arranged so that it can handle any family of
parts for which it has been designed and developed.
Different FMSs levels are: Flexible Manufacturing Module (FMM).
Example : a NC machine, a pallet changer and a part buffer;
Flexible Manufacturing (Assembly) Cell (F(M/A)C).
Example : Four FMMs and an AGV(automated guided vehicle);
Flexible Manufacturing Group (FMG).

Example : Two FMCs, a FMM and two AGVs which will transport parts from a Part Loading
area, through machines, to a Part Unloading Area;
Flexible Production Systems (FPS).
Example : A FMG and a FAC, two AGVs, an Automated Tool Storage, and an Automated
Part/assembly Storage;
Flexible Manufacturing Line (FML).
Example : multiple stations in a line layout and AGVs.
4. Advantages and disadvantages of FMSs implementation
Advantages
 Faster, lower- cost changes from one part to another which will improve capital
utilization
 Lower direct labor cost, due to the reduction in number of workers
 Reduced inventory, due to the planning and programming precision
 Consistent and better quality, due to the automated control
 Lower cost/unit of output, due to the greater productivity using the same number of
workers
 Savings from the indirect labor, from reduced errors, rework, repairs and rejects
Disadvantages
 Limited ability to adapt to changes in product or product mix (ex. machines are of
limited capacity and the tooling necessary for products, even of the same family, is
not always feasible in a given FMS)
 Substantial pre-planning activity
 Expensive, costing millions of dollars
 Technological problems of exact component positioning and precise timing necessary
to process a component
 Sophisticated manufacturing systems
FMSs complexity and cost are reasons for their slow acceptance by industry. In most of the
cases FMCs are favored.
Robot Programming: The methods used for development of robot programs or more
generally called as teaching a robot is as follows
1. Lead by nose
2. Tech pendant
3. Offline programming

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB: VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define the term CAD & CAM.

2. Give the abbreviations of
3. CAD & CAM
4. CIM
5. CAPP
6. CAQC
7. CNC
8. EIA
9. ACC & ACO
10. List some of the commonly used Modeling packages.
11. Difference between Solid & Wire frame modeling.
12. What are the advantages of solid modeling over wire frame modeling.
13. Differentiate between C-rep and B-rep.
14. List the benefits of CAD
15. List the achievements of CAD
16. Differentiate between topology and geometry.
17. Define the term Numerical control
18. Differentiate between NC and CNC.
19. List the operation devices that are commonly used in a CAD system.
20. Distinguish between ACC and ACO
21. Enlist the commonly used NC words.
22. What are the different NC motion controllers.
23. Configuration of hardware components in a CAD systems.
24. Give basic configuration of the system for usages of CAD/CAM.
25. List some of the commonly used analysis packages.
26. Where NC is most Appropriate
27. Advantages and Disadvantages of NC machines.
28. What is Fixed zero and Floating zero.
29. What is Absolute & Incremental; NC machine tool system.
30. What are G Codes & M Codes.
31. Give the General procedure for NC programming
32. Give the general procedure for Manual part programming for turning
33. What is FMS
34. What are the benefits of FMS
35. What are the major elements of FMS

36. Discuss the importance of material handling system in FMS
37. Give the name of materials handling devices in a FMS
38. How is FMS optimized
39. What are different type s of data associated with FMS
40. How are jobs scheduled in FMS
41. How NC program control is effective in a FMS
42. What are the significant advantages of using a robot in a computer integrated manufacturing
system
43. Describe the elements of a robot system
44. How do you justify the use of a robot
45. How do you classify robot
46. What are the different types of derives used in robot
47. What are the different type of control system used in robots
48. How do you specify a robot
49. Discuss the basic types of robot programming languages
50. Briefly describe significant application areas of robot.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Atria I T

Atria Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

06MEL77 – CIM & AUTOMATION LAB

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012 – 2013

NAM E OF THE STUDENT :

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :

SEMESTER & SECTION :

Atria Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 1 VII SEMESTER

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 2 VII SEMESTER

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB

CNC part programming using CAM packages

(Only for Demo/Viva voce)

(Only for Demo/Viva voce)

Pneumatics and Hydraulics, Electro-Pneumatics: 3 typical experiments on Basics of these

Two questions from Part A – 40 Marks (10 Write up +30)

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 3 VII SEMESTER

There are 3 basic features of geometric modeling.

1. Wire frame modeling

1. 2D: Two-dimensional representation is done for flat objects.

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 4 VII SEMESTER

PART PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

The following are the basic steps in NC procedure:

Process Planning Procedure:

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 5 VII SEMESTER

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 6 VII SEMESTER

3. Part Program Entry or Tape Preparation: The part program is prepared /

One variation of MDI is a concept called "Conversational Programming" CNC

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 7 VII SEMESTER

4. Proving Part Programs: it is a sale practice to check the programmed path

a. Visual Inspection: it represents the method of checking visually the program

b. Single Step Execution: Before auto-running the part program it should be

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 8 VII SEMESTER

Different methods can be employed in the preparation of NC programs depending on how a

 Programming in the planning department

Programming in the Planning Department: This method is advantageous where

 The existing CNC systems are complicated

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 9 VII SEMESTER

1. Coordinate System for a CNC Lathe: Machining of a workpiece by an NC program

Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis. i.e.,

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 10 VII SEMESTER

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 11 VII SEMESTER

2. Zero Points & Reference Points:

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 12 VII SEMESTER

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 13 VII SEMESTER

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 14 VII SEMESTER

Dimensional information in a workpiece drawing can be stated in two ways: Absolute

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 15 VII SEMESTER

Advantages of Absolute Dimension System:

3. When describing contours and positions, it is always preferable to employ absolute

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 16 VII SEMESTER

1.4 NC Program Buildup:

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 17 VII SEMESTER

Miscellaneous & Preparatory Functions

Miscellaneous Function (M codes): M Codes are instructions describing miscellaneous

Table: Miscellaneous Function

CIM & AUTOMATION LAB (06MEL77) 18 VII SEMESTER

Example: M06 and T0200

M08 Coolant On: M08 turns the coolant on.

M09 Coolant Off: M09 turns the coolant off