EMPHASIS MARKERS

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anyway, anyhow, after all, at any rate, in any case

~ to present an idea that is more important than the previous one.

1. Reduction
2. Exemplification/Reinforcement (clarifying or illustrating a previous idea)
in fact

(stresses the truth of assertion)

actually, as matter of fact

(emphasize the existing truth)

really, truly, indeed, namely, clearly, certainly, naturally, definitely, undoubtedly, of course, by
all means, without a doubt

(verify a previous idea)

particularly, specifically, that is, I mean, to clarify, to repeat, to rephrase, to illustrate, to

demonstrate, for example, for instance, in particular, in other words, as an illustration, that is to
say, this can be seen in, to put in another way

(expound further)

3. Concession
although, even if, even though, conceding that, it may appear that, although it is true that, in spite
of the fact that
(denote an illogical fact that either supports or changes an idea)
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS THAT EMPHASIZE A POINT ACCORDIN TO THEIR
CATEGORIES/FUNCTIONS.
EMPHASIS MARKERS

4. Addition

(supplementing ideas to make an argument more convincing)

and, too, also, plus, again, another, moreover, afterward, furthermore, additionally, and then, in
addition, as a matter of fact, equally important
(add information)

likewise, similarly, as well as, at the same time, in a like manner, in the same manner, e same
token
(indicate similarity)

besides

(add an idea and defend a negative position previously stated)

on top of that, to top it all off

(add surprising information)

Changing the perspective of a previous idea
~ Diminishing or upholding an accompanying idea.
5. Summary
(indicating conclusion)
so, in the end
(provide last details
)

to end, in short, after all, in summary, all in all

(capsulize previous statement)

to conclude, in conclusion, to summarize

(end a presentation)
6. Contrast (expressing opposition
instead
(replace a previous idea
)
yet, but, still, though, however, conversely, even so in contrast, on the contrary, on the other
hand
(disagree)
still, despite, nonetheless, nevertheless, notwithstanding, in spite of
(present a logical idea)
otherwise
(suggests contrasting result when certain condition is not met)
7. Cause and Effect
(relationship between reason and outcome)
for, since, because, the reason why
(stress the cause of something)
so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, thereupon, subsequently, consequently, so that, after that,
as a resutt, as a consequence, for that reason, an account of
(present an outcome)
8. Sequence

(chronology of ideas)
first, second, third...firstly, secondly, thirdly... initially, in the first place, then, next, later,
eventually, finally, lastly

(denote order)
meanwhile, in the moment

(present an action occurring at the same time with another action

An emphasis marker is a word or affix that expresses a speaker's stress upon the predicate of a
sentence.

Examples:

(Vietnamese)

In the following sentence, co is an emphasis marker (diacritical markings have not been included
here):

 on ba co xem quyen truyen ay

 Mr. Ba EMPHASIS read book story that
 ‘Mr. Ba did read that novel.’
 PRAYER FOR BURMA
by May Ng
Do you recall the land of golden spires?
Where morning bells are answered with murmurs of saffron prayers
And the silence of bare feet echoing their innocence
In a land overwhelmed by evilness and greed
A message of hope for hearts in deepest despair
In a language of love for a people enduring only callousness and betrayal
A s their Meta Sutra chants rose high up above
Reflecting in the stillness of their gaze
You can see great courage and dignity in the eyes of Burmese monks
I remember the summer a lifetime ago
When your soft hair was shaved and the first time you wore your
Thin-gann the novice monk's robe
And your beautiful boyish face was full of determination
With serene downcast eyes
After shedding Shinlaung's ceremonial finery
You remained a Buddhist monk
To devote your life to your people and your religion
I also remember the dark winter nights
When you stayed up late studying Buddha's scripture, poetry and politics
Looking to find answers for your people's suffering
Since last September
The war against evil has only just begun
And I know that you will fight on
I am quite sure that
Your prayer will be answered
Your hopes will come true
And your fight will be won
Not because
Your anger is fiercer
And your power mightier
Or their hatred more bitter
But because
Your cause is just
Your prayers are sincere
You will win in the end
There is nothing to stop your spirit and your hope
No one can silence your prayers for peace and freedom in Burma
We shall never forget our monks who were at the forefront of our march for freedom.
 Shhh* by Moon In-soo

I have been to his father’s funeral.

He told me a story: he, who had passed his sixtieth year, held his father,
beyond 90 and helped him urinate. Even though life’s important
controls had left the old body, his mind was still like a lantern. Afraid
that the old man might feel hopeless, he helped him, half joking and
half playing the baby, saying “Father, shhh, shhh, all right, all, right, you
must feel good.”

When he held his father, it was as if he entered deep into the whole
body. When he held his father like that as though giving back to the
body, how much might the old man have tried to shrink himself to
make himself smaller and lighter? His urine thread cut off frequently,
but such a long thread that the son again and again tried to tie it down
to the earth pitifully, but the father with difficulty might sever it now.
Shhh,

Shhh! The universe must be quiet.

 Tree of Unhappiness
Kim Sang – yong (1592 – 1637)
(Translated by Graeme Wilson)

On broad leaves of pau-low-nia

The one and only tree
Whereon the phoenix will set foot
The rain falls heartlessly.

The rain’s sad tapping overhead

Compounds my weight of grief.
Who now could have the heart to plant
Trees of so broad a leaf?
 The Country's Good Son by Minn New Thein
The Country‟s Good Son by Minn New Thein Lin Aung‟s mother had a shop in the
Mingaladon market, where she sold slippers. Lin Aung helped his mother in the shop during his
school holidays. As the Mingaladon market was an army market, soldiers could be seen
shopping there daily. It was more crowded on Sundays. Many soldiers could be seen moving
about busily. It was Sunday, and Lin Aung was sitting in front of the shop; “Younger Brother, do
you have real „Sin-kye‟ No. 9?” A young man, wearing trousers, entered and asked him. Quickly
Lin Aung took a pair of „Sinkye‟ No. 9 slippers and showed them. “How much are these
slippers, Young Brother?” Twenty -one Kyats, Elder Brother.” “Can I take only the right side
slipper and pay you ten Kyats and fifty pyas?” The young man‟s question made Lin Aung‟s eyes
become wide. If he sold only the right side, how could he sell the left side? And why did he
want only one slipper? “You can‟t do that. If I sell only the right side, the one left in the shop
will become useless. “Yes, but I want only the right side. But wait, I‟ll go and look for a partner.”
Lin Aung was left behind, looking at the back of the young man, who walked away, limping.
Soon, the young man came back. He had another young man with him. The first young man
asked Ling Aung for the slippers, and gave the left side slipper to the young man who had come
with him. He lifted the leg of his trouser and put on the slipper. Then he nodded with
satisfaction. Only then did Lin Aung understand. They were buying and sharing one pair of
slippers. The first young man had a false left leg, and second young man had a false right leg. So
everything was all right because there was one who wanted only the right side, and another
who wanted only the left side. Lin Aung was sorry to see the condition of the two young men.
They were quite young, and they each had a leg missing. “Don‟t you feel sad that you have only
one leg?” Lin Aung as inquisitive and asked them. “Why should we be sad?” the first young man
smiled. “We are soldiers who offered even our own lives for our country. We are proud to lose
a leg in protecting our country.” When Lin Aung heard the first young man‟s answer, he
respected them. They were very different from the young drug addicts about whom he had
often read in the newspapers. They were wasting their lives and killing themselves. These
young men were the country‟s good sons who were protecting the country from its enemies.
Their aims and intentions were as different from those of the addicts as east from west, north
from south. Although these young men had one leg missing, they still wanted to serve their
country. The two young soldiers told Lin Aung that they planned to work in the disabled
soldiers‟ cooperative shop. “I respect you and honor you. You good sons of the country are the
jewels of our country. When I grow up, I will try to be a good son of the country like you.” The
two young soldiers smiled to hear Lin Aung‟s words. “We admire your intention. Our country‟s
future will really be bright if there were more young people in our country with the same aim
and intention as yours. All right, we will go now.” The two young soldiers said goodbye to Lin
Aung and went away. Lin Aung was filled with the desire to become a good son of the country.
Vision by Feraya
A country of great beauty
People so gentle and kind

There is also ugliness

And cruelty
Fleeing and hiding
And foraging for food
To survive

Our people are in pain

Suffering like no hell on earth
Darkness and despair
Surround them

And freedom is out of reach

Beaten and battered by life

Death and diseases
Of the mind and spirit

Swallowed up by gloominess
And bitterness
How can they carry on?

Each of us has a role to play

To help our countrymen

Not by hatred and blame
Not by giving false hope
Or ideas
Or concepts

But to see the big vision

A vision that’s not small or limited

A vision that’s vast and spacious

So that Burma’s people may rise up

Like a beautiful lotus

From a muddy pond.