Chapter 3 Understanding The Role of Culture: International Management, 8e (Deresky)

International Management, 8e (Deresky)
Chapter 3 Understanding the Role of Culture
1) Cultural intelligence is also known as ________.

A) cultural accommodation
B) cultural quotient
C) cultural empathy
D) cultural sensitivity
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
AACSB: Multicultural and diversity understanding
2) ________ is an outsider's seemingly natural ability to interpret someone's unfamiliar and

ambiguous gestures in just the way that person's compatriots and colleagues would.
A) Multicultural sensitivity
B) Cultural accommodation
C) Multicultural transfer
D) Cultural intelligence
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
3) ________ is the awareness of and an honest caring about another individual's culture.
A) Cultural accommodation
B) Cultural empathy
C) Cultural sympathy
D) Cultural quotient
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
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4) Cultural sensitivity is also known as ________.
A) cultural empathy
B) cultural intelligence
C) cultural quotient
D) cultural diffusion
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
5) International managers can benefit greatly from cultural sensitivity because it ________.
A) enables them to develop appropriate policies
B) enables them to understand cultures better, by using stereotypes
C) helps them protect the organization from outside influences
D) helps them increase the long-term orientation of the organization
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
6) Global managers who exhibit cultural intelligence and cultural sensitivity will most likely be
able to ________.
A) negotiate effectively in expatriate assignments
B) request bonuses for overseas job assignments
C) implement technological changes quickly
D) conduct efficient performance appraisals
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
7) Which of the following is a primary reason for failed expatriate assignments?

A) creeping incrementalism
B) cross-cultural differences
C) moral universalism
D) economic barriers
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
2
8) ________ comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that over time
are passed on and imposed by members of a group or society.
A) Environment
B) Workforce
C) Economy
D) Culture
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
9) Globalization, in all its forms of personal and business contacts and information crossing
borders, brings about changes that result in ________.
A) cultural diffusion
B) multicultural sensitivity
C) cultural accommodation
D) multicultural incrementalism
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
10) When immigrants adopt some aspects of the local culture while keeping aspects of their
culture of origin, this process is called ________.
A) stereotyping
B) particularism
C) creolization
D) ethnocentrism
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
3
11) Which of the following is NOT categorized as a sociocultural variable of culture?
A) religion
B) economy
C) education
D) language
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
12) Which of the following represents the expectations, norms, and goals held in common by
members of a specific company or group?
A) cultural variable
B) societal culture
C) organizational culture
D) organizational system
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
13) An organization where employees typically wear casual clothes and interact casually is most
likely to have a(n) ________ organizational culture.
A) hierarchical
B) formal
C) rules-bound
D) informal
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
4
14) Which of the following is a drawback of organizational culture?
A) dishonesty toward organization
B) reduced cooperation
C) lack of commitment
D) resistance to change
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
15) Which of the following is an advantage of organizational culture?

A) long-term commitment
B) tendency to adopt changes quickly
C) excessive domestic focus
D) individuality
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
16) ________ is the phenomenon of the shifting of individual management styles to become
more similar to one another.
A) Parochialism
B) Convergence
C) Stereotyping
D) Particularism
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
17) The unconscious reference point of one's own cultural values is called a(n) ________.
A) self-reference criterion
B) cultural distance criterion
C) cultural diffusion standard
D) unconscious power-distance point
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
5
18) The first step for an international manager toward cultural sensitivity should be to ________.
A) work and travel in a foreign culture
B) interact with people from other cultures
C) understand his or her own culture
D) learn to speak another language
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
19) Which of the following terms refers to the expectation that foreigners should automatically
fall into host-country patterns of behavior?
A) geocentrism
B) nationalism
C) parochialism
D) ethnocentrism
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
20) ________ refers to the belief that the practices of one's own country are best no matter where
or under what conditions they are applied.
A) Geocentrism
B) Nationalism
C) Parochialism
D) Ethnocentrism
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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21) An international manager can best develop an understanding of a particular culture by
________.
A) creating a cultural profile for that country or region in which the firm does business
B) assuming that his or her own cultural styles and practices can be successfully followed in the
host country
C) using stereotypes to develop cross-cultural understanding in a business setting
D) hiring locals rather than expatriates for management positions in overseas subsidiaries
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
22) According to contingency management, international managers need to ________.

A) transfer home-country business practices to the local environment
B) adapt their management styles to the local setting and people
C) determine the extent to which locals will accept unequal power
D) provide training to locals before transferring new technology
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
23) Canada consists of distinct groups such as Anglophones, Francophones, and indigenous
Canadians. This is an example of ________.
A) subculture
B) stereotyping
C) cultural diffusion
D) convergence
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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24) ________ refers to the assumption that every member of a society or subculture has the same
characteristics or traits without regard to individual differences.
A) Diversification
B) Posturing
C) Stereotyping
D) Parochialism
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
25) Stereotyping should most likely be avoided by international managers because ________.
A) current variables of culture are grossly inaccurate
B) many cultures have diverse subcultures
C) many countries outlaw the practice
D) national culture is nonexistent
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
26) According to Harris and Moran, which of the following is NOT a category that forms the
subsystems in any society?
A) societal system
B) health system
C) education system
D) political system
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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27) The main purpose of Harris and Moran's eight categories is ________.
A) to show how subsystems in a society affect an individual's behavior
B) to emphasize how stereotyping can be used for learning about different cultures
C) to show how subcultures are beginning to converge with broader cultures
D) to indicate that global managers should adapt to subordinates from other cultures
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
28) According to Harris and Moran's eight categories, a kinship system refers to the influence of
________.
A) workplace relations
B) religious activities
C) family relationships
D) formal groups
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
29) Which of the following subsystems is most likely to underlie both moral and economic
norms?
A) kinship system
B) political system
C) religious system
D) education system
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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30) Which of the following terms refers to a society's ideas and convictions about what is good
or bad and right or wrong?
A) regulations
B) values
C) rules
D) procedures
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
31) Which of the following is a cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project team?
A) power distance
B) universalism
C) individualism
D) fatalism
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
32) Austria and Germany value competition and have a "can-do" attitude. Therefore, according
to the GLOBE project, Austria and Germany are most likely to be ________ societies.
A) accommodative
B) cooperative
C) humane-oriented
D) assertive
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
10
33) Which of the following is true of a future-oriented country?
A) It focuses on short-term planning.
B) It emphasizes solidarity.
C) It focuses on longer time horizon for decisions.
D) It emphasizes instant gratification.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
34) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following cultural dimensions refers to how
much people in a society are expected to be tough, confrontational, and competitive versus
modest and tender?
A) humane orientation
B) assertiveness
C) future orientation
D) performance orientation
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
35) People in Singapore and Denmark are inclined toward long-term planning. According to the
GLOBE project, such societies score high on ________.
A) performance orientation
B) assertiveness
C) humane orientation
D) future orientation
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
11
36) Managers from Singapore, New Zealand, and Hong Kong tend to take initiative and have a
sense of urgency, and the confidence to get things done. According to the GLOBE project, such
managers score high on the cultural dimension of ________.
A) humane orientation
B) future orientation
C) performance orientation
D) assertiveness
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
37) Med-Tex, a large pharmaceutical firm based in Texas, wants to establish its presence by
expanding overseas. The company's executives evaluate locations across the world for the most
suitable place to build the latest Med-Tex manufacturing facility.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the argument that Med-Tex should build its new
facility in Ireland?
A) Expanding into a similar culture reduces risks associated with different attitudes, values, and
communication styles.
B) Med-Tex's main competitor received government incentives for building a new manufacturing
facility in the U.K.
C) Collectivist societies like Ireland encourage the individual achievement necessary for
scientific advancements in pharmaceuticals.
D) Particularistic cultures apply rules and systems objectively, which is important within the
Med-Tex organizational culture.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
AACSB: Analytic skills
38) All of the following are value dimensions proposed by Hofstede EXCEPT ________.
A) uncertainty avoidance
B) assertiveness
C) power distance
D) individualism
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
12
39) Workplaces in high power distance cultures will most likely be characterized by ________.
A) flexible schedules
B) autocratic leadership
C) loosely defined chains of command
D) open communication of ideas
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
40) In which of the following countries would an autocratic style of leadership be most effective?
A) low power distance countries
B) high power distance countries
C) humane-oriented countries
D) high performance-oriented countries
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
41) According to Hofstede, societies that accept strong hierarchical boss-subordinate

relationships are high on ________.
B) collectivism
C) individualism
D) power distance
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
13
42) According to Hofstede, the extent to which subordinates accept a hierarchical system in a
company is known as ________.
B) power distance
C) individualism
D) masculinity
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
43) Which of the following Hofstede variables is associated with a strong sense of nationalism?
A) individualism
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) masculinity
D) femininity
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
44) According to Hofstede, the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate
family and to place less emphasis on the needs of the society is known as ________.
A) power distance
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) individualism
D) masculinity
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
14
45) Based on Hofstede's value dimensions, countries that have strict laws and procedures to
which their people adhere closely most likely have ________.
A) high power distance
B) high masculinity
C) high uncertainty avoidance
D) high individualism
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
46) Based on Hofstede's value dimensions, countries in which nationalism is less pronounced,
protests are tolerated, and job mobility is common are high on ________.
A) power distance
B) collectivism
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) masculinity
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
47) According to Hofstede, tight social frameworks, emotional dependence on belonging to the
organization, and a strong belief in group decisions are characteristics of ________.
A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) masculinity
D) high power distance
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
15
48) Which of the following is a primary characteristic of masculine societies?
A) assertiveness
B) emphasis on group achievements
C) tight social frameworks
D) lack of gender bias
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
49) Which of the following is true of countries with low masculinity?

A) more job conflicts
B) increase in work-related stress
C) more women in high-level jobs
D) lack of concern for others
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
50) Which of the following is NOT one of Trompenaars' s value dimensions?

A) universalism versus particularism
B) neutral versus affective
C) specific versus diffuse
D) intrinsic versus extrinsic
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
16
51) According to Trompenaars's value dimensions, which of the following is true of the
universalistic approach?
A) It emphasizes applying rules and systems objectively.
B) It focuses on expressing emotions openly.
C) It emphasizes relationships.
D) It focuses on separating work and private life.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
52) Based on Trompenaars's value dimensions, which of the following is a characteristic of the
particularistic approach?
A) application of rules and systems
B) open expression of emotions
C) obligation toward relationships
D) opportunity to achieve status
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
53) In which of the following societies are people more likely to pass on inside information to a
friend?
A) particularistic
B) universalistic
C) neutral
D) affective
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
17
54) According to Trompenaars's value dimensions, which of the following focuses on the
emotional orientation of relationships?
D) achievement versus ascription
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
55) Managers from Italy and Mexico would most likely express their emotions openly during a
business situation, while managers from England and Japan would most likely consider such
behavior unprofessional. Which of the following Trompenaars's value dimensions explains this
difference in behavior and attitude?
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
56) Based on Trompenaars's value dimensions, in which of the following cultures do managers
separate their work and private lives, and tend to be open and direct when communicating with
coworkers?
A) diffuse-oriented
B) specific-oriented
C) universalistic
D) particularistic
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
18
57) Which of the following Trompenaars's value dimensions explains the source of power and
status in society?
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
58) According to Trompenaars's value dimensions, if you are born and raised in an achievement
society, your source of status will most likely be based upon your ________.
A) father's occupation
B) age
C) level of education
D) gender
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
AACSB: Analytic skills
59) Which of the following is true of the way Arabs view time?
A) Deadlines and firm commitments are crucial to Arabs.
B) Arabs view time as a valuable and limited resource.
C) Arabs believe important decisions cannot be rushed.
D) Arabs honor deadlines by all means.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
19
60) Which of the following is true of the attitude toward work in Mexican culture?
A) Work is a sacred duty.
B) Group harmony at work is essential to success.
C) Workers are primarily focused on the future.
D) Leisure time is more important than work.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
61) Which of the following factors can cause changes in traditional, non-Western societies?
A) media exposure
B) religious activities
C) stereotyping
D) self-reference criterion
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
62) Which of the following is NOT a critical operational value difference?

A) time
B) etiquette
C) material factors
D) change
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
20
63) Which of the following factors primarily determines how the Internet is used in different
countries?
A) local connection speeds
B) availability of personal computer parlors
C) local attitude to information privacy
D) extent of intercultural communication systems
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 6
64) The European view of information privacy most likely stems from its ________.
A) foreign business practices
B) global nature of information technology
C) culture and history
D) competitive origins
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
65) Based on the study conducted by Harris and Moran, which of the following is NOT a
workplace behavior of most Americans?
A) following a formal culture
B) being highly organized and institutionally minded
C) having a strong work ethic
D) being competitive and aggressive
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
21
66) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Arab culture?
A) emphasis on hospitality
B) imposition of deadlines
C) five times a day prayer pattern
D) indirect communication style
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
67) Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of the Arab culture?
A) open admission of mistakes
B) indirect communication style
C) emphasis on hospitality
D) five times a day prayer pattern
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
68) Which of the following is likely to cause offense in Saudi Arabia?

A) introducing business subjects too soon
B) intolerance toward employees and coworkers
C) failure to make decisions with a long-term perspective
D) discrimination based on gender
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
69) With regard to small family businesses in China, a "guanxi" can be best described as a
________.
A) family hierarchy that determines who receives profits
B) competitive management style based on Confucian values
C) network of relationships centered on mutual obligations and favors
D) combination of modern and traditional methods for managing employees
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
22
70) Which of the following is a predominant characteristic of the Chinese management style?
A) paternalism
B) individualism
C) nepotism
D) religious affinity
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
71) Cultural intelligence is also known as cultural quotient.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
72) Cultural sensitivity requires the willingness to put oneself in another's shoes.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
73) Creolization is the process where immigrants completely disregard all aspects of the local
culture.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
74) Organizational culture tends to be stronger than societal culture.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
23
75) Contingency management requires managers to adapt to the local environment and people,
and to manage accordingly.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
76) Values are a society's ideas about what is good or bad.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
77) According to the GLOBE project team, highly assertive societies emphasize loyalty and
solidarity.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
78) Future-oriented societies tend to place more emphasis on instant gratification.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
79) Performance-oriented societies tend to take initiative and have the confidence to get things
done.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
24
80) Humane orientation measures the extent to which a society takes part in self-enhancement.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
81) Paternalism and patronage are important in humane-oriented societies.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
82) High power distance usually results in a centralized structure and autocratic leadership.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
83) Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by
ambiguous situations.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
84) Achievement and personal capabilities are valued in collectivistic societies.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
85) Social loafing is common in a collectivistic society.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
25
86) Assertiveness and materialism are values of a masculine society.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
87) In specific-oriented cultures, work spills over into personal relationships and vice versa.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
88) In an ascription-oriented society, the source of status and influence is based on how well one
performs the job and what level of education and experience one has to offer.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
89) Arabs avoid open admission of error at all costs because weakness is a failure to be manly.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
90) Chinese management style focuses on human-centeredness, family-centeredness,

centralization of power, and small size.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
26
91) What is convergence?
Answer: Convergence describes the phenomenon of the shifting of individual management
styles to become more similar to one another. The convergence argument is based on the belief
that the demands of industrialization, worldwide coordination, and competition tend to factor out
differences in organizational-level processes, such as choice of technology and structure.
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
92) What is the difference between parochialism and ethnocentrism?

Answer: Parochialism occurs when a Frenchman, for example, expects those from or in another
country to automatically fall into patterns of behavior common in France. Ethnocentrism
describes the attitude of those who operate from the assumption that their ways of doing things
are best—no matter where or under what conditions they are applied.
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
93) In reference to the GLOBE cultural dimensions, what does the performance orientation
dimension measure? Which countries score high and low in performance orientation?
Answer: The performance orientation dimension measures the importance of performance
improvement and excellence in society, and refers to whether or not people are encouraged to
strive for continued improvement. Singapore, Hong Kong, and the United States score high on
this dimension; typically, this means that people tend to take initiative and have a sense of
urgency, and have the confidence to get things done. Countries like Russia and Italy have low
scores on this dimension; they hold other priorities ahead of performance, such as tradition,
loyalty, family, and background; and they associate competition with defeat.
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
27
94) According to Hofstede, what is the relationship between individualism and national
economic performance?
Answer: Hofstede's research indicates strongly that individualistic cultures tend to have both a
higher gross national product and a freer political system than those countries scoring low on
individualism. There is a strong relationship among individualism, wealth, and a political system
with balanced power.
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
95) What is the Confucian work dynamism? What does it reveal about Asian managers?
Answer: Hofstede developed a fifth cultural dimension called the Confucian work dynamism,
which he labeled a long-term/short-term dimension. He defined long-term orientation as "the
extent to which a culture programs its members to accept delayed gratification of their material,
social, and emotional needs." In other words, since managers in most Asian countries are more
future-oriented, they stride toward long-term goals; they value investment in the future and are
prepared to sacrifice short-term profits.
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
96) Differentiate between the characteristics of a universalist culture and a particularist culture?
Answer: A universalist culture applies rules and systems objectively without consideration for
individual circumstances. In contrast, a particularist culture gives more weight to relationships
and is more subjective.
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
97) Differentiate between managers in specific-oriented cultures (such as the United States) and
managers in diffuse-oriented cultures (such as China).
Answer: Managers in specific-oriented cultures separate work and personal lives. They
compartmentalize their work and private lives, and are more open and direct. In diffuse-oriented
cultures, the manager's work spills over into personal relationships and vice versa.
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
28
98) What are the four culturally based variables that may cause frequent problems for Americans
in international management?
Answer: The four common, culturally based variables that may cause frequent problems for
American managers are time, change, material factors, and individualism.
Diff: 1
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
99) What types of behavior by international managers would most likely be offensive in Saudi
Arabia?
Answer:
• Using disparaging or swear words and off-color or obscene attempts at humor.
• Engaging in conversations on religion, politics, or Israel.
• Bringing gifts of alcohol or using alcohol, which is prohibited in Saudi Arabia.
• Requesting favors from those in authority or esteem, for it is considered impolite for Arabs to
say no.
• Introducing business subjects too soon.
• Pointing your finger at someone or showing the soles of your feet when seated.
Diff: 2
Chapter: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 5
29
100) Discuss the impact of the Internet on various cultures. How do cultural differences
complicate international management in regard to the use of technology? Provide specific
examples in your answer.
Answer: The Internet has affected many social variables, such as associations, education, and
the economy. At the same time that the Internet is affecting culture, culture is also affecting how
the Internet is used. One of the pervasive ways that culture is determining how the Internet may
be used in various countries is through the local attitude to information privacy. Generally in
Europe, each person must be informed and given the chance to object, if the information about
that person is going to be used for direct marketing purposes or released to another party. That
data cannot be used for secondary purposes, if the consumer objects. In the U.S., personal data is
collected and sold without government oversight. Differing cultures means that international
managers will often need to "localize" their use of IT to different value sets about its use. This
advice applies in particular to the many e-commerce companies doing business overseas. With
75 percent of the world's Internet market living outside the United States, multinational e-
businesses are learning the hard way that their Web sites must reflect local markets, customs,
languages, and currencies to be successful in foreign markets. Different legal systems, financial
structures, tastes, and experiences necessitate attention to every detail to achieve global appeal.
In other words, e-businesses must localize to globalize, which means much more than translating
online content into local languages.
Diff: 3
Chapter: 3
Skill: Synthesis
Objective: 6
30

Chapter 3 Understanding The Role of Culture: International Management, 8e (Deresky)

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Chapter 3 Understanding the Role of Culture

1) Cultural intelligence is also known as ________.

2) ________ is an outsider's seemingly natural ability to interpret someone's unfamiliar and

7) Which of the following is a primary reason for failed expatriate assignments?

15) Which of the following is an advantage of organizational culture?

22) According to contingency management, international managers need to ________.

41) According to Hofstede, societies that accept strong hierarchical boss-subordinate

49) Which of the following is true of countries with low masculinity?

50) Which of the following is NOT one of Trompenaars' s value dimensions?

62) Which of the following is NOT a critical operational value difference?

68) Which of the following is likely to cause offense in Saudi Arabia?

71) Cultural intelligence is also known as cultural quotient.

74) Organizational culture tends to be stronger than societal culture.

76) Values are a society's ideas about what is good or bad.

78) Future-oriented societies tend to place more emphasis on instant gratification.

81) Paternalism and patronage are important in humane-oriented societies.

84) Achievement and personal capabilities are valued in collectivistic societies.

85) Social loafing is common in a collectivistic society.

90) Chinese management style focuses on human-centeredness, family-centeredness,

92) What is the difference between parochialism and ethnocentrism?

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