Referensi nilai SQM terhadap kecerahan langit

With this nomogram the brightness of the night sky can be easily converted from one scale to the other. The
horizontal red line shows the natural sky brightness level for an unpolluted and clear starry sky. At this
natural level the Milky Way can be seen in all it’s beauty and around 6000 stars with the naked eye at the
hemisphere of an observer.

The comparison between the scales can be made by drawing a horizontal line and reading the various values
at this horizontal line. The more light polluted the sky is, the higher the horizontal line will be drawn.

A white text against a white background is hard to read

A white text against a black ground reads much easier.

The same is this for seeing the stars

The left scale gives the factor for a light polluted sky to the natural sky. The natural sky brightness level is
around 0.25 mcd/m2. So a factor 2 at this scale means that the night sky brightness is 2 times the natural
level or 0.5 mcd/m2 and at a factor 10 the night sky brightness is 10 times the natural level (or 2.5 mcd/m2).
The higher this factor the lesser dim stars can be seen and details in the Milky Way disappear or the Milky
Way cannot be seen at all.

The second scale is given in the well-known astronomical scale of magnitude per arc second (mag/sec2) in
the visual range (V-band). This gives the brightness of the sky of one square arc second. The natural level is
around 21.6 mag/sec2 at a solar activity minimum.
The third scale in mcd/m2 (millicandela per square meter) is a scale often used by lighting enigineers and
represents the brightness at the maximum response of the eye at 555 nm (green-yellow). As a comparison:
the natural sky brightness level of about 0.25 mcd/m2 is about one million times less bright than a computer
screen of about 300 cd/m2.

The fourth scale is the often used Bortle scale from 1 to 9. With scale 1 for a excellent dark sky up to scale 9
for the sky above an inner city.

The fifth scale (second from the right) shows the magnitude of the stars that can be seen by the naked eye. It
is an approximate scale because it strongly depends on the experience, age, sharpness and pupil diameter of
the eye. Younger people have larger pupils and sharper eye sight and will in general see fainter stars (higher
magnitudes) then older people and people with less sharper eye sight. At an excellent dark sky visual
magnitudes are around 6.6—6.8 for “average” observers, but values up to magnitude 8 are reported for
experienced observers.

The most right scale gives the approximate number of stars that can be seen by an observer at the observers
hemisphere.

Please note that the scales are approximate and should be used only for a first estimate. For more refined and
exact values the formulas from literature should be used. Design by H. Spoelstra; email: info@lumineux-
consult.com.

16.5
16.4
16.3
16.2
16.1
16
15.9
15.8
15.7
15.6
15.5
15.4
4:48:08
4:50:08
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5:44:08
25 juli

16.6
16.4
16.2
16
15.8
15.6
15.4
15.2
15
4:43:08
4:45:08
4:47:08
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26 juli
 17.5
17
16.5
16
15.5
15
14.5
14
4:45:08

5:20:08
4:43:08

4:47:08
4:49:08
4:51:08
4:53:08
4:56:08
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5:00:08
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5:22:08
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5:46:08
27 juli

Sky Quality Meter - FAQ

General SQM Questions

What kind of sensor is used in the Sky Quality Meter?
A TAOS TSL237S sensor is used, you can view the specs here. The sensor is covered with a
HOYA CM-500 filter, you can view the spectral response curves here, PDF spec sheet here
including response data points.

Do you provide a calibration certificate?

There is no calibration certificate available. The NIST meter that we use to calibrate against is the
EXTECH Instruments Model 401027. You can read more about Extech meters here

Do you have any benchmarks for linking magnitudes per square arc sec with the Bortle scale?
We believe that if you check this Wikipedia Bortle Dark-Sky Scale link, the descriptions associated
with each mag/sq arcsec are sufficiently detailed that you could draw up a pretty decent
correspondence.

Have you measured the spectral response of the detector with the IR rejection filter? How closely
does it match the response of the human eye?
We haven't measured the spectral response curve ourselves, but the sensor manufacturer has. It is
very close to that of the human eye. The Hoya CM-500 filter cuts off the entire infrared part of the
spectrum. The response is that of the "clear" line in Figure 2 of the TCS230 datasheet (which is for
a different sensor in the TAOS line).

Do you know the contribution from the Milky Way with the wide-angle of acceptance of your
photometer? I would like to subtract the Milky Way if possible.

The northern Milky Way contributes about 0.10 mpsas under 21.5 mpsas (moonless) skies.

The southern Milky Way might be as big an effect as 0.30 mpsas where it goes near-overhead.

For more information, see Surface Photometries of the Milky Way (Schlosser+ 1997)

How does transparency affect the SQM readings?

The SQM's readings are assuming 'best transparency'.

 You can get an updated definition of the transparency in your area from:

 Attila Danko's Clear Sky Clock for North America.

 Andrew Cool's SkippySky Astro-Weather Forecast for Europe, Australia, and North America.

Also, frequently local weather stations can provide "visibility" and "relative humidity" numbers which
could potentially be used as surrogates for actual transparency measurements (which aren't
possible with a handheld meter).

How does zodiacal light affect the SQM readings?

It is likely to be less than a 1 or 2 percent effect. The primary reason is that the brightest and widest
part of the zodiacal light is nearest the horizon where the SQM has almost no sensitivity (due to it
being a zenith-looking device). The portions at higher altitude are the narrowest and faintest and
they would barely creep into the sensitivity cone of the SQM.

What are "Magnitudes per Square Arc Second"?

Magnitudes are a measurement of an objects brightness, for example a star that is 6th magnitude is
brighter than a star that is 11th magnitude.

The term arcsecond comes from an arc being divided up into seconds. There are 360 degrees in an
circle, and each degree is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. A
square arc second has an angular area of one second by one second.

The term magnitudes per square arc second means that the brightness in magnitudes is spread out
over an square arcsecond of the sky. If the SQM provides a reading of 20.00, that would be like
saying that a light of a 20th magnitude star brightness was spread over one square arcsecond of
the sky.

Quite often astronomers will refer to a sky being a "6th magnitude sky", in that case you can see 6th
magnitude stars and nothing dimmer like 11th magnitude stars. The term "6th magnitude skies" is
very subjective to a persons ability to see in the night, for example I might say "6th magnitude skies"
but a young child with better night vision might say "7th magnitude skies". You can use this nifty
calculator created by SQM user K. Fisher to do that conversion, or this chart.

The "magnitudes per square arcsecond" numbers are commonly used in astronomy to measure sky
brightness, below is a link to such a comparison. See the third table in section 10 for a good chart
showing how these numbers in magnitudes per square arcsecond relate to natural situations:

www.stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html

Each magnitude lower (numerically) means just over 2.5 times as much more light is coming from a
given patch of sky. A change of 5 mags/sq arcsec means the sky is 100x brighter.

Also, a reading of greater than 22.0 is unlikely to be recorded and the darkest we've personally
experienced is 21.80.

Reading accuracy

The value produced by the sensor in the SQM is affected by temperature. There is a temperature
sensor in the SQM that compensates for this effect. However, when the SQM is first powered up,
the light sensor is colder than when the power has been on for a few seconds. Depending on the
ambient temperature this will result in the first reading being slightly higher than subsequent
readings.

For the most accurate results, it is best to take many readings and disregard the very first reading.
 This issue is due to the transient response of the TSL237 which briefly changes its light-to-
frequency characteristic when it is warmed by applied power. Ironically, the normally very sensible
practice of leaving it out at the environmental temperature probably makes it more significant.

What is the range of the Sky Quality Meters

There is no specific limit on the range of the SQM because the calibration step fixes the maximum
and minimum frequencies to intermediate values. For normal night-time viewing, the meter should
accurately read from about 16 to 23 mpsas.

Each sensor is slightly different. The calibration uses the dark period of the sensor compared to a
frequency at a specified light level.

The meter sets a bright limit of 400kHz which is the specification for light saturation of the TSL237S
sensor. When the sensor frequency reaches this value, the output is set to 0 mpsas. The only thing
that will extend sensitivity in bright settings is to limit the amount of light received with an optical
filter. Filters can be fitted over the meter manually or with the help of an adaptor like these.

The internal limit for the dark period is 60 seconds which works out to about 26mpsas for most
sensors.

Some testing can be done using the UDM software with simulation mode on a connected meter.

Can the mpsas readings be converted to Lux or Foot Candles

No. Lux (lx) and foot candles (fc) are a measure of "Illumination" (light hitting a surface). Meters that
measure this usually have a white surface were light hits and is measured by a sensor inside which
is calibrated to Lux or fc.

The SQM measures "Luminance", the light given off by a surface. In the case of night sky viewing
for astronomy, it is the light given from the night sky that you would see with your eye. Luminance
meters see the light as your eye would (from a point outwards in a cone) and only a small sensor
area is used. The SQM produces a reading of magnitudes per square arcsecond which can be
converted to other Luminance values like "candela per square meter". We have such a converter on
our website here.

When determining brightness differences with the SQM, you can convert the reading to cd/m^2 then
get the ratio between your various readings by division. Using this method, you should be able to
say that "light fixture A is X times brighter than light fixture B".

For the Sky Quality Meters, the un-diffused value of light is received in a cone shape with the
response shown here.

SQM & SQM-L Questions

What is the difference between the SQM and SQM-L?

Here is a chart showing the differences at a glance.

The main difference is the field of view. The SQM-L (with lens) is an improvement over the SQM.
The lens collects more light from a smaller cone so that the meter is not affected from lights or
shading on the horizon.
 The SQM spec for field of view is located in this technical report. A comparison of the angular
response for both meters is here. Generally speaking, the SQM-L 'Half Width Half Maximum' is ~10
degrees as opposed to ~42 degrees for the SQM.

The SQM-L is better suited for astronomy and dark sky enthusiasts. It has a lens to narrow the field
of view so that street lights and buildings or trees do not affect the reading very much.

If you expect to always take readings at dark sky sites in an open field then the regular SQM will do
fine for that task.

Note: The SQM-LE has the same optics as the SQM-L.

Does the SQM or SQM-L have an external port that can be connected to a PC?

No, the SQM and SQM-L do not have an external port. These models have a minimum of
components to reduce costs, and they cannot communicate with a PC.

The SQM-LE has the same optics as the SQM-L as well as a computer interface via an Ethernet
connection. If you intend on just connecting the unit to a laptop rather than a network, an Ethernet
crossover cable can be used.

Meter makes a quiet clicking noise instead of providing a reading.

Try replacing the battery with a fresh one.

How can I get the model and serial number from the SQM or SQM-L?
The temperature in degrees Celsius then degrees Fahrenheit are displayed when you press and
hold the button a second time. Also, the model and serial number are displayed after the
temperature.

For example, press and release the button once. While the display is still showing something, press
and hold the button and watch the following results:

1. Temperature in degrees Celsius. This is the temperature inside the unit, not the outside
temperature.
2. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. This is the temperature inside the unit, not the outside
temperature.
3. Model number, like _2.17. Model 1.xx is the SQM, Model 2.xx is the SQM-L. The last two
digits are the firmware revision.
4. Serial number, like 3647. Model _2.19/_1.19 and greater use hexadecimal numbers, for
example serial number 001C hex = 0028 decimal.

SQM Questions
What is the field of view for your device?

The "effective solid angle" is 1.532 steradians. The angular response if effectively that in the
TSL237S datasheet.

It is worth pointing out that this is not a "spot" meter - it accepts light from a wide cone - roughly 80
degrees diameter on the sky (we measured the effective solid angle to be 1.532 steradians). To
produce a spot meter, a fast lens and mounting hardware would have been required and this would
 have dramatically increased the price. In practice, we believe the reading is representative of the
range of altitudes over which observers would typically observe.

How was the solid angle of the detected light chosen?

We picked the large solid angle of the detector partly for greatest sensitivity and partly to be
representative of the sky conditions over the part of the sky where people would normally be
observing and imaging. It is straightforward to reduce this solid angle with a mask, but different
observers have different preferences for beam size and so our design offers the maximum flexibility
and customizability. The adoption of a different solid angle would require a fixed zeropoint
correction to the meter reading.

For equivalent sensitivity at a smaller solid angle, a lens and mounting hardware would be
necessary, significantly increasing the cost of the unit for little added functionality.

What if the SQM is reading too dark (reading 23 or 24)?

Ensure that the sensor is aimed at the sky. The SQM sensor is on the same side as the display, so
you will aim the display at the sky and press and release the button, when the beeping stops, then
you can turn the unit towards you to see the reading.

SQM-LE Questions
Is the SQM-LE waterproof?

No, the SQM-LE is not weatherproof. For permanent mounting outside, it should be mounted in a
weatherproof housing.

We sell such a housing here.

For people using the unit only during telescope observations, the meter can be stowed away with
the telescope.

Here are some sources for plastic domes:

 Global Plastics
 Electronic Goldmine

Some considerations for preparing a high end weatherproof enclosure:

 The enclosure should be thermostated and heated to keep condensation off the top of the
dome.
 There should be some airflow inside the enclosure to prevent condensation.
 Airflow from inside to outside usually means insects are a factor and that means a screen
would be required.
 Circulating the air may require a fan.

Does the SQM-LE stay dew-free and frost-free?

Yes, the heat generated inside the SQM-LE by the internal web server is high enough get rid of
dew. When used with this housing, no dew was ever seen inside the unit. In fact, drops of rain on
the glass cover evaporated after a few hours.
 It may be important to allow moisture to escape, that is why we have an air hole on the bottom of
our housing.

As far as frost goes, the unit is too warm to allow that. If the unit is un-powered then moisture will
likely build up. It is probably best to always keep the unit powered.

How can I reduce the wiring to the SQM-LE?

A PoE system can be used to transmit "Power Over the Ethernet" cable to the SQM-LE. A PoE
system consists of two units:

1. The PoE Injector puts power into an Ethernet cable.

2. The PoE Splitter gets the power from the Ethernet cable.

The PoE Injector would be located near the router, and the PoE splitter is located near the SQM-LE.

The PoE soution is very handy if you do not have an electrical outlet near the SQM-LE. You can just
run the Ethernet cable to the PoE Splitter then short wires come from the splitter to the SQM-LE.

We have tested these models successfully with the SQM-LE:

 DWL-P200 made by D-Link (Set switch to 5V)

 WAPPOE made by Linksys (Order 5V version)
 TL-POE200 by TP-LINK

How can the SQM-LE be made wireless?

The SQM-LE can be connected to a wireless router that communicates with another wireless router
at a base station. We have successfully tested the LinkSys WRT54GL.
The power requirements of the SQM-LE does not make it a candidate for a small solar cell or
batteries.

What is the upper operating temperatuire of the SQM-LE?

The maximum operating temperature of all the components inside the SQM-LE is 85C.
We have been operating the unit inside a housing and the unit temperature has reached 65C on
many occasions without affecting operation. Here is the housing that we are using: housing.pdf
The light sensor readings are compensated for temperature fluctuations. The temperature sensor
located very close to the light sensor.

Cannot find the device IP address on the network.

Use the red crossover cable and connect the SQM-LE directly to the Ethernet port of the computer
then use the Lantronix Device Installer to detect the unit.

Can find the device IP address but the unit does not respond.
Use the UDM facility ->Firmware tab -> XPort defaults

Bortle scale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Bortle Dark-Sky Scale)

"Bortle" redirects here. For the asteroid, see 4673 Bortle.

The Bortle scale is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular
location. It quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and the interference caused by light
pollution. John E. Bortle created the scale and published it in the February 2001 edition of Sky & Telescope
magazine to help amateur astronomers evaluate the darkness of an observing site, and secondarily, to
compare the darkness of observing sites. The scale ranges from Class 1, the darkest skies available on Earth,
through Class 9, inner-city skies. It gives several criteria for each level beyond naked-eye limiting
magnitude (NELM).[1] The accuracy and utility of the scale have been questioned in recent research.[2]

The table below summarizes Bortle's descriptions of the classes.

Approx.
Class Title NELM SQM[3] Description
mag/arcsec2

 the zodiacal light is visible and colorful

 the gegenschein is visible
 the zodiacal band is visible
 airglow is readily visible
 the Scorpius and Sagittarius regions of the Milky Way cast obvious
Excellent 7.6–
1 21.7–22.0 shadows
dark-sky site 8.0  many constellations, particularly fainter ones, are barely
recognizable due to the large number of stars
 many Messier and globular clusters are naked-eye objects
 M33 is a direct vision naked-eye object
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 17.5 (with effort)

 the zodiacal light is distinctly yellowish and bright enough to cast

shadows at dusk and dawn
 airglow may be weakly visible near horizon
 clouds are only visible as dark holes against the sky
Typical truly 7.1–
2 21.5–21.7  surroundings are barely visible silhouetted against the sky
dark site 7.5  the summer Milky Way is highly structured
 many Messier objects and globular clusters are naked-eye objects
 M33 is easily seen with naked eye
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 16.5

 the zodiacal light is striking in spring and autumn, and color is still
visible
 some light pollution evident at the horizon
 clouds are illuminated near the horizon, dark overhead
6.6–
3 Rural sky 21.3–21.5  nearer surroundings are vaguely visible
7.0  the summer Milky Way still appears complex
 M15, M4, M5, and M22 are naked-eye objects
 M33 is easily visible with averted vision
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 16

 the zodiacal light is still visible, but does not extend halfway to the
zenith at dusk or dawn
 light pollution domes visible in several directions
 clouds are illuminated in the directions of the light sources, dark
overhead
Rural/suburban 6.1–
4 20.4–21.3  surroundings are clearly visible, even at a distance
transition 6.5  the Milky Way well above the horizon is still impressive, but lacks
detail
 M33 is a difficult averted vision object, only visible when high in
the sky
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 15.5
  only hints of zodiacal light are seen on the best nights in autumn
and spring
 light pollution is visible in most, if not all, directions
 clouds are noticeably brighter than the sky
5.6–  the Milky Way is very weak or invisible near the horizon, and looks
5 Suburban sky 19.1–20.4
6.0 washed out overhead
 when it is half moon (first/last quarter) in a dark location the sky
appears like this, but with the difference that the sky appears dark
blue
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 15

 the zodiacal light is invisible

 light pollution makes the sky within 35° of the horizon glows
grayish white
 clouds anywhere in the sky appear fairly bright
Bright 5.1–
6  even high clouds (cirrus) appear brighter than the sky background
suburban sky 5.5  surroundings are easily visible
 the Milky Way is only visible near the zenith
 M33 is not visible, M31 is modestly apparent
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 14.5

18.0–19.1
 light pollution makes the entire sky light gray
 strong light sources are evident in all directions
 clouds are brightly lit
 the Milky Way is invisible
Suburban/urban 4.6–  M31 and M44 may be glimpsed, but with no detail
7
transition 5.0  through a telescope, the brightest Messier objects are pale ghosts
of their true selves
 when it is full moon in a dark location the sky appears like this, but
with the difference that the sky appears blue
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 14

 the sky is light gray or orange – one can easily read

 stars forming familiar constellation patterns may be weak or
invisible
4.1–  M31 and M44 are barely glimpsed by an experienced observer on
8 City sky
4.5 good nights
 even with a telescope, only bright Messier objects can be
detected
 limiting magnitude with 12.5" reflector is 13
<18.0
 The sky is brilliantly lit
 many stars forming constellations are invisible and many fainter
constellations are invisible
9 Inner-city sky 4.0  aside from the Pleiades, no Messier object is visible to the naked
eye
 the only objects to observe are the Moon, the planets, and a few
of the brightest star clusters
Inilah Hadisnya Kenapa Sholat Subuh Harus di Fajar Shodiq (1) ; 20-25 Menit
Paska Jadwal Depag

Dalam fikih dan hadis , fajar ada 2 jenis, yaitu fajar shadiq
(atau subuh shadiq) dan fajar kadzib (atau kadzdzab), dalilnya adalah sabda Nabi saw dalam salah satu
redaksinya:

ُ‫ َفجْ ٌر يُقَا ُل لَه‬،‫ان‬

ِ ‫الفَجْ ُر فَجْ َر‬: ‫ب ُط ْولا‬
ُ ‫ا َولَ يَ ْذ َه‬،‫ب ع َْرضا‬
ُ ‫ َوا ْل َفجْ ُر اْآل َخ ُر يَ ْذ َه‬،‫ب ع َْرضاا‬
ُ ‫ َولَ يَ ْذ َه‬،‫ب ُط ْولا‬
ُ ‫ِب يَ ْذ َه‬
ُ ‫َان؛ َوه َُو ا ْلكاَذ‬ ُ َ‫ذَن‬
ِ ‫ب الس ِْرح‬

“Fajar itu ada 2; fajar yang disebut sebagai ekor serigala yaitu fajar kadzib yang datang menjulang, tidak
membentang, dan fajar yang lain (yang akhir) datang membentang dan tidak menjulang.” (Silsilah as-
Shahihah, 2002; ia memiliki saksi hadits no. 693 dan 2031)

Imam Abu Mijlaz (Lahiq ibn Humaid as-Sadusi al-Bashri, w. 100 atau 101 H) seorang tabi’in yang
meriwayatkan dari Abu Musa al-Asy’ari, Hasan ibn Ali dan Muawiyyah serta Imran ibn Hushain, berkata:

«‫اب‬ ُّ ‫ َولَ ِكنَّ ذَاكَ ال‬،ِ‫صبْح‬

ُ ‫ص ْب ُح الكَذ‬ َ ‫اء لَي‬
ُّ ‫ْس ِبال‬ ِ ‫س َم‬
َّ ‫اط ُع في ال‬ ُ ُ‫ض َح األُف‬
ِ ‫الضَّو ُء الس‬. ‫ق‬ َ َ‫ص ْب ُح إِذَا ا ْنف‬
ُّ ‫إنما ال‬

“Cahaya yang menjulang (meninggi) di langit bukanlah subuh, akan tetapi itu adalah fajar kadzib.
Sesungguhnya subuh itu adalah apabila ufuk menjadi terbuka (tersingkap) berwarna putih.”[1]

Imam Al-Azhari (w. 370 H) dalam Tahdzib al-Lughah, pada materi Shubh (4/268) berkata:

‫ق ْاألَََ َّو ِل ِفي أَ َّو ِل اللَّ ْي ِل اهـ‬ َّ ‫ب ِإ َلى ال ُح ْم َر ِة َق ِل ْيالا َكأَنَّهَا لَ ْونُ ال‬
ِ ‫ش َف‬ ْ ‫ِق َي‬
ُ ‫ض ِر‬ ُّ ‫َولَ ْونُ ال‬
ِ ‫صبْحِ الصَّاد‬

“Dan warna fajar shadiq sedikit condong (mengisyaratkan) kepada warna merah seolah-olah ia warna
mega pertama di awal malam.”

Sementara dalam sunnah Nabi , fajar kadzib dan fajar shadiq itu disebut dengan banyak nama atau istilah,
antara lain secara berpasangan: fajar mustathil (meninggi) dan fajar mustathir (menyebar membentang),
Albayadh (hamburan cahaya putih) dan bayadh an-nahar (putihnya siang), as–sathi’ (terang ke atas) dan al-
Mu’taridh al-Ahmar (membentang kemerahan). Sementara untuk fajar shadiq sendiri masih memiliki sifat-
sifat yang lain misalnya al-bayyin, al-munfajir, al-muntasyir ‘ala ru`usil jibal.Hakikat fajar shadiq namun
jawabannya adalah salah satu hadits tentang selesainya Nabi dari shalat subuh.

Fajar shadiq adalah sesuatu yang konstan sementara selesainya Nabi dari shalat subuh tidaklah konstan, apa
maksud dari Fajar Shadiq , dapat menyimpulkannya harus dijelaskan dengan hal hal sbb :

a. disebutkan kumpulan hadits-hadits tentang sifat fajar, sehingga kita benar-benar memahami apa yang
dimaksud oleh Allah dan oleh Rasulullah , sebab hadits menafsiri ayat dan hadits juga menafsiri hadits.
Lebih dari itu harus mengemukakan pemahaman para sahabat tentang sifat-sifat fajar ini karena mereka
adalah manusia yang paling mengerti tentang maksud Rasulullah dan telah mengamalkan fajar shadiq tanpa
perselisihan.
b. sedangkan untuk selesainya Nabi dari shalat subuh maka harus dihadirkan sendiri kumpulan hadits
tentang itu. Selain itu harus menyebutkan kumpulan hadits yang menerangkan kadar bacaan Nabi dalam
shalat subuh, sehingga gambarannya utuh tidak sepotong-potong.

Untuk masalah selesainya Nabi dari shalat subuh maka kesimpulan yang benar adalah sebagai
berikut:

– Selesai dari shalat subuh di waktu ghalas bukanlah termasuk petunjuk Nabi yang terus menerus.
Beliau bervariasi dalam hal ini; terkadang beliau keluar saat ghalas, dimana para sahabat belum bisa saling
mengenali wajah, dan terkadang pula selesai pada saat isfar (terang), dimana para sahabat sudah bisa
mengenali wajah.

– Selesai pada waktu ghalas diterangkan oleh hadits Aisyah :

ِ‫َّللا‬
َّ ‫سو ِل‬ ُ ‫ش َهدْنَ َم َع َر‬ ْ َ‫ت ي‬ َ ِ‫كُنَّ ن‬-‫صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬- َ‫ ث ُ َّم يَ ْنقَ ِل ْبنَ إِلَى بُيُ ْوتِ ِهنَّ ِح ْينَ يَ ْق ِض ْين‬، َّ‫وط ِهن‬
ِ ‫سا ٌء ِمنَ ا ْل ُمؤْ ِمنَا‬ ٍ ‫صالَةَ ا ْلفَجْ ِر ُمتَلَ ِفعَا‬
ِ ‫ت بِ ُم ُر‬ َ
‫صالَةَ لَ يَ ْع ِرفُ ُهنَّ أَحَ ٌد ِمنَ ا ْلغَلَ ِس‬َّ ‫ال‬

“Ada sekumpulan wanita mukminat menghadiri shalat subuh bersama Nabi dalam keadaan berselimutkan
kain penutupnya kemudian beranjak pulang ke rumah-rumah mereka ketika usai melakukan shalat, mereka
tidak dikenali oleh seorang pun karena ghalas (gelap akhir malam di awal waktu subuh).” (HR. Bukhari,
Muslim (2/119), Nasa`i (94), Ibn Majah (669), Thayalisi (206), Ahmad (6/33; 37; 248) dan Thahawi, 104.)

– Selesai dari shalat pada waktu isfar, yaitu pada saat saling mengenali wajah, diterangkan oleh dua
hadits:

1. Hadits Abu Barzah al-Aslami ra dia berkata:

ُ ‫ف فَيَ ْع ِرفُهُ )صلى هللا عليه وسلم (كَانَ َر‬

” ِ‫س ْو ُل هللا‬ ُ ‫س ِه الَّ ِذ ْي يَ ْع ِر‬
ِ ‫الر ُج ُل إِلَى َوجْ ِه َج ِل ْي‬ ُ ‫صبْحِ فَ َي ْن‬
َّ ‫ظ ُر‬ ُ ‫”يَ ْنص َِر‬
ُّ ‫ف ِمنَ ال‬

“Adalah Rasulullah selesai dari shalat subuh lalu seseorang melihat kepada wajah teman duduknya yang ia
kenal maka ia mengenalinya.” (Diriwayatkan oleh as-Sittah (6 Imam) kecuali Tirmidzi, Baihaqi dan
Ahmad; ditakhrij oleh Syaikh Al-Albani dalam Shahih Abu Daud 587; hadits muttafaq ‘alaih.)

Sayyar ibn Salamah berkata: Saya dan ayah saya menemui Abu Barzah al-Aslami, lalu ayah saya bertanya
kepadanya: Bagaimana Rasulullah dulu melakukan shalat wajib? Maka beliau menjawab (menerangkan
shalat Nabi di 5 waktu, diantara jawabannya adalah):

‫سهُ َوي ْق َرأ ُ باِلس ِِت ْينَ ِإ َلى ا ْل ِمائَ ِة‬

َ ‫الر ُج ُل َج ِل ْي‬
َّ ‫ف‬ َ ‫وكَانَ َي ْن َف ِت ُل ِم ْن‬.
ُ ‫صالَ ِة اْلغَدَا ِة ِح ْينَ َي ْع ِر‬ َ

“Beliau selesai dari shalat subuh ketika seseorang mengenali teman duduknya, dan beliau membaca 60
hingga 100 ayat.” (Muttafaq ‘alaih; Abu Daud (66); Nasai (92); Thahawi (105), Ahmad (4/420, 423- 425)

2. Hadits Anas ra.

Abu Shadaqah Maula Anas berkata:

” ِ‫س ْو ِل هللا‬ ُ ‫صالَ ِة َر‬ َ ‫سا ع َْن‬ ‫سأ َ ْلتُ أَنَ ا‬

َ ( ‫ َفقَا َل )صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬: ِ‫س ْو ُل هللا‬ ُ ‫س )صلى هللا عليه وسلم (كَانَ َر‬ ُ ‫ش ْم‬ ِ َ‫يُص َِلى ال ُّظه َْر إِذَا َزال‬
َّ ‫ت ال‬
ِ َ‫ص ْب َح ِإذَا َطلَ َع ا ْلفَجْ ُر ِإ َلى أَ ْن يَ ْنف‬
‫س َح ا ْلبَص َُر‬ ُ َ‫شف‬
ُّ ‫ق َوال‬ َّ ‫اب ال‬
َ ‫غ‬َ ‫س َواْل ِعشَا َء ِإذَا‬
ُ ‫ش ْم‬َّ ‫ت ال‬ َ ‫ب ِإذَا‬
ِ َ‫غ َرب‬ َ ‫صالَت َ ْي ُك ْم َهاتَي ِْن َوا ْل َم ْغ ِر‬
َ َ‫“وا ْلعَص َْر بَ ْين‬
َ

“Saya bertanya kepada Anas tentang Shalat Rasulullah r maka dia berkata: Rasulullah dulu shalat Zhuhur
ketika matahari tergelincir, dan asar diantara dua shalat kalian ini, dan maghrib apabila matahari telah
terbenam, sedangkan isya` ketika mega (merah) menghilang dan subuh ketika terbit fajar hingga
pandangan terbuka.” (HR. Nasa`i, 1/94-95; Ahmad (3/129, 169), redaksi ini miliknya dan sanadnya shahih,
para perawinya adalah para perawi Bukhari dan Muslim, kecuali Abu Shadaqah yang namanya Naubah al-
Anshari al-Bashri. Demikian ucapan Syaikh al-Albani)
Kemudian, Nabi tidak memulai shalat subuh saat isfar kecuali sekali. Abu Mas’ud al-Anshari t berkata:

ْ ُ‫س َحتَّى َماتَ لَ ْم يَعُ ْد إِلَى أَ ْن ي‬

: ((‫س ِف َر‬ َ َ‫صالَتُهُ بَ ْع َد ذَ ِلكَ ا ْل َغل‬ ْ َ ‫صلَّى َم َّرةا أ ُ ْخ َرى َفأ‬
َ ْ‫سفَ َر ِبهَا كَانَت‬ َ ‫ص ْب َح َم َّرةا ِبغَلَ ٍس ث ُ َّم‬
ُّ ‫صلَّى ال‬
َ ‫))و‬
َ

“Rasulullah shalat shubuh pada suatu kali di waktu ghalas, kemudian pada kali yang lain pada waktu isfar.
Setelah itu shalat beliau di waktu ghalas sampai beliau wafat, tidak pernah lagi pada waktu isfar.” (HR.
Abu Daud, 65; Thahawi, 104; Daruquthni, 93; Ibn Hibban dalam shahihnya. Ini adalah sanad yang hasan
seperti yang dikatakan oleh Nawawi, sementara al-Khatthabi mengatakan: shahih sanadnya.”

Kedua: penerjemahan istilah ghalas dengan “saat kelam pada akhir malam” atau “gelap” begitu saja kurang
bisa memberikan pemahaman yang benar, belum bisa memahamkan maksud Rasulullah , sebab ghalas itu
adalah:

ِ َ‫ أَ ْو ِببَي‬،ِ‫صبَاح‬
ِ ‫اض النَّه‬
‫َار‬ َّ ‫اخت َ َل َطتْ ِبض َْو ِء ال‬ ِ ُ‫ظ ْل َمة‬
ْ ‫آخ ِر اللَّ ْي ِل ِإذَا‬ ُ

“Gelap akhir malam yang telah bercampur dengan cahaya pagi atau putihnya awal siang.” Atau suasana
gelap di akhir malam pada saat fajar shadiq tampak terang membentang. Perhatikan hadits Jabir t berikut:

ُّ ِ‫ ِإذَا َرآ ُه ُم –صلى هللا عليه وسلم – َكانَ النَّب‬،‫ َو ْال ِعشَا َء أَحْ يَانًا َوأَحْ يَانًا‬،‫ت‬
‫ى‬ َ ‫ َو ْال َم ْغ ِر‬،ٌ‫س نَ ِقيَّة‬
ْ َ‫ب إِذَا َو َجب‬ ُ ‫ش ْم‬َّ ‫ص َر َوال‬ ْ َ‫ َو ْالع‬،ِ‫اج َرة‬
ِ ‫ظ ْه َر بِ ْال َه‬
ُّ ‫ص ِلى ال‬
َ ُ‫ي‬
‫ص ْب َح كَانُوا‬ َ
ُّ ‫ َوال‬،‫ط ْوا أ َّخ َر‬ َ
َ ‫ َوإِذَا َرآ ُه ْم أ ْب‬،َ‫ى –اجْ ت َ َمعُوا َع َّجل‬
ُّ ‫ب‬
ِ َّ ‫ن‬‫ال‬ َ‫ان‬ َ
‫ك‬ ‫و‬
ْ َ ‫أ‬ – ‫وسلم‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫–صلى‬ ‫س‬ َ ‫ل‬ َ ‫غ‬‫ب‬
ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
َ ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ ‫ص‬
َ ُ ‫ي‬

“Nabi shalat zhuhur di waktu sangat panas (di pertengahan hari), ashar pada saat matahari cerah,
maghrib jika matahari terbenam, sedangkan isya` kadang segera kadang lambat, jika melihat mereka telah
berkumpul beliau menyegerakan dan jika melihat mereka terlambat maka beliau mengakhirkan, sementara
subuh mereka- atau Nabi r– melaksanakannya di waktu ghalas.” (HR. Bukhari, 560, Muslim, 1423, Abu
Daud, 397, Nasai dalam assughra 281)

Sementara di hadits Jabir yang lain kata ghalas ini diganti (ditafsiri) dengan “ketika fajar telah tampak
terang pada beliau”.

ُّ ‫ص ْب َح ِح ْينَ تَبَ َّينَ لَهُ ال‬

‫ص ْب ُح‬ ُ ‫صلَّى َر‬
ُّ ‫س ْو ُل هللا ال‬ َ .

“Rasulullah Sholallohu `alaihi wa sallam shalat subuh ketika tampak terang pada beliau subuh (fajar
shadiq).” (HR. Nasa’i, 543, dari Jabir).

Jadi ghalas adalah awal waktu subuh yaitu suasana gelap akhir malam yang telah bercampur dengan cahaya
fajar shadiq. Pada saat ghalas tersebut gelap masih mendominasi, sehingga masih tidak bisa mengenali
wajah orang lain, sebagaimana hadits Aisyah di atas. Ibnu Zubair berkata:

ُ ‫ف أَ َح ُدنَا َولَ يَ ْع ِر‬

ِ ‫ف َوجْ هَ ص‬
‫َاح ِب ِه‬ ُ ‫ع َم َر ِبغَلَ ٍس َفيَ ْنص َِر‬
ُ ‫ُكنَّا نُص َِلي َم َع‬

“Kami shalat subuh bersama Umar di waktu ghalas, lalu salah seorang kami beranjak pergi dan tidak
mengenali wajah sahabatnya.” (HR. Ibn Majah; Ithaf al-Khiyarah al-Maharah bi Zawaidil Masanid al-
Asyrah, 1/126).

Maka kalau kita runut perubahan waktu malam itu kira-kira sebagai berikut: pertama adalah ‘atamah
(Zhulmatullail, gelap malam), lalu muncul fajar kadzib, maka waktu itu disebut sahar, kemudian terbit fajar
shadiq, maka saat itu mulai disebut ghalas (gelap campur terangnya fajar shadiq, termasuk berkembang
menjadi ghabasy), lalu (kira-kira 30 menit berikutnya) adalah isfar (pagi yang terang), lalu humrah
(merahnya ufuq menjelang matahari terbit, kemudian syuruq (terbit matahari).
Dalam Gharibul Hadits milik Ibrahim al-Harbi (2/489/no. 742) disebutkan bahwa ghabasy sama dengan
ghalas (atau ghabasy adalah bagian akhir dari ghalas). Aisyah berkata:

‫ َو َما يُ ْع َر ْفنَ ِمنَ ْالغَبَ ِش‬،‫سا ُء ُمتَلَ ِفعَات ِب ُم ُر ْو ِط ِه َّن‬

َ ِ‫ َوت َْخ ُر ُج الن‬،‫ص ِلي ْالفَجْ َر‬ ُ ‫َكانَ َر‬
َ ُ‫س ْو ُل هللا صلى هللا عليه ي‬

“Rasulullah shalat fajar, dan kaum wanita keluar dengan menutup seluruh tubuhnya dengan kainnya
(terbuat dari wol, atau linen), dan tidak dikenali karena ghabasy (sisa gelapnya malam).

[1] Al-Afdhah adalah al-abyadh (putih) yang tidak sangat putih. Dari Jami’ul Bayan 2/235, no. 2450.

Ustadz Agus Hasan Bashori, Lc, MAg