International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF DI DIESEL ENGINE
USING ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA OIL AS
BIODIESEL*
R.KARTHIK M.E.
(Thermal engineering)
Department of Mechanical engineering,
jj college of engineering and technology,
trichy-9,tamilnadu,india.
Abstract— The present work is focused on
determining the performance and emission characteristics
biodiesel in DI diesel engine. Experimental investigation of
diesel engine was made with 25% (B25), 50% (B50) and 75%
(B75) and 100%(B100) blending of Ziziphus jujuba oil with
diesel and the results were compared with diesel.
Keywords— Ziziphus jujuba, Indian jujube, Edible,
Blending, direct injection (DI) diesel engine.
I. INTRODUCTION
From the very beginning, India’s energy scenarios
have been characterized by a mix of non- commercial and
commercial sources of energy, namely cow dung,
agriculture waste, coal, hydro, oil, gas and now nuclear. The
share of oil in the total energy consumption is about 34%.
These vegetable oils from oil seed crops like soya bean,
sunflower, groundnut, mustard etc. and oil seed from tree
origin have got 90 to 95% energy value of diesel on
volume basis, comparable cetane number and can be
substituted between 20-100 per cent.
Today, applications in the transport sector are based
on liquid fuels. The advantage of liquid fuels is that they are
easy to store. Furthermore, today’s infrastructure for transport
is mainly based on liquid fuels. Gaseous fuels are less utilized
in the transport sector. Even less applications exist for solid
fuels. They were only used in the past e.g. for trains.
However, today transport fuels are classified into two
basically different categories: fossil fuels which are mainly
based on crude oil and natural gas, and bio fuels made from
renewable resources.
Bio fuels have some common characteristics
although processes for bio fuels can be very different. These
common aspects are jointly described in three chapters of Part
A of this handbook: potential of biomass, bio fuel policies and
bio fuel life cycles.
E-ISSN :2348 - 8360 www.internationaljournalssrg.org
P. PRABHAKARN M.E.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR(SE.G)
Department of Mechanical engineering,
jj college of engineering and technology,
trichy-9,tamilnadu,india.
The use of bio fuels largely depends on the potential
of available feedstock sources. The overall bio fuel potential
which largely depends on climate, land availability and the
productivity.
Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made
from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible)
and animal fat. The world is confronted with the twin
crises of fossil fuel depletion and Environmental
degradation.
The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its
renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its
biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is
photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the
level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to
the greenhouse effect.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. Biofuel peparation
The biofuel was heated to the temperature of around 60ºC.
There is the color change from brown to yellowish brown. An
agent of 15gm KOH and 200ml of methanol for each liter of
Ziziphus jujube oil. At 65ºC the methanol complete the
process of heavy fatty oil compositions into low fatty oil.
Using the funnel the oil and fatty acids are separated. The oil
was washed for three times by using water and heated up to
100ºC for water removal. Finally we get the methyl ester of
ziziphus jujuba oil and the density of the biodiesel near to the
diesel.
B. Biofuel properties
For successful use in a diesel engine, the properties of
biodiesel analysed and compared with diesel. The values
shown in Table 1.
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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
TABLE 1:PROPERTIES OF FUEL

Properties Diesel Ziziphus

jujuba oil
( Biodiesel )
Specific gravity 0.8316 0.8881
@15/15c
Kinematic viscosity 3.60 6.72
@400C in CSt
Flash point 740C 1430C

Fire point 830C 1560C Fig 1: Experimental setup of DI diesel engine

Grosscalorific 42,700 42,752.112
value in
KJ/kg
Cetane Number 44 52.1
Density in gm/cc 0.8220 0.8868
C. Experiments
Performance of DI diesel engine is carried out by
blending of ZJ oil with diesel. Experiment started with 25%
blending of ZJ oil with diesel. All the Engine parameters
such as Specific fuel consumption (SFC), Exhaust gas
temperature (EGT) recorded using computerized data logger.
Raise the load to 25% of full load using electrical
dynamometer and again the parameters were recorded.
Similarly, Engine loaded with 50%, 75% & 100% of full
load and readings are recorded. Brake thermal efficiency
computed from the initial measurement.
D. Experimental setup
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the VCR
engine experimental setup. The specification of the VCR
engine listed in Table 2. Engine performance analysis software
package “Engine Soft” has been employed for online
performance analysis. The setup consists of single-cylinder
four-stroke Variable Compression Ratio diesel engine
connected to eddy current dynamometer for loading. A
specially designed tilting cylinder block arrangement was used
for varying the compression ratio. Setup was provided with
necessary instruments for combustion pressure and crank
angle measurements. Provision was also made for interfacing
airflow, fuel flow, temperatures, and load measurement.The
setup has stand- alone panel box consisting of air box, two
fuel tanks for duel fuel test, manometer, fuel measuring unit,
transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, and process
indicator and engine indicator. Rotameters were provided for
cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement.
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Engine was started with no load condition and run for few
minutes to reach unwavering working condition. After
reached steady running condition, fuel supply source for
engine changed from fuel tank to measuring burette by
closing the knob availed in the setup. Data such as Specific
fuel consumption, torque applied and exhaust temperature
were recorded by using “IC engine” software through the data
logger connected with the engine setup. Then the fuel supply
retrieved to origin condition. Load changes from 0 to 100% of
full load with the interval of 25% of full load. For each load
condition, the parameters were stored using software. BTE for
each load condition calculated from the values obtained from
software. The procedure repeated for each compression ratio
and variations of parameters such as SFC, BTE and EGT are
presented with respect to load for compression ratio of
15,16,17,18 respectively. The graphs in each figure
correspond to three different blending (B25, B50 &B75) and
(B100)diesel values.
A. Specific fuel consumption
Experimental results show that on fig 2 ,SFC was reduced
with increasing the load for all the compression ratios . Results
obtained were similar to results reported by many researchers.
The main reason for that brake power developed was higher
than fuel consumption in higher load. Also, increasing the At
higher load condition B25 registered lesser fuel consumption
when compared to other blending (B50 and B75) for all the
compression ratios selected except the compression ratio of
17:1. B75 register higher fuel consumption for the entire
compression ratio. This is due to combined effect of higher
density and lower calorific value with respect to increasing the
blend and also varying chemical structure. High density of the
ZJ oil causes higher mass injection of fuel for the same
volume at same injection pressure. Lower calorific value
causes higher fuel consumption for the same power
development. Also, Different chemical structure of oil have
poor combustion quality increases the fuel consumption
[2].SFC decreases with increasing the compression ratio in
consequence of higher temperature produced at the end of
compression.

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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)

C. Mechanical Efficiency
Fig 4, Shows that Experimental result shows that
Mechanical efficiency increases with increase in the load for
compression ratio selected from 15:1 to 18:1 . Results
obtained were similar to results reported by many researchers
[2, 3, 7, 9 &11]. Because increasing the load on engine
increase the brake power output. When the percentage of
blending increased then brake Mechanical efficiency reduced
for all the compression ratios selected. This is due to
increasing density and viscosity with increase of blending
from 25% to 75%. High density of blending.

Fig 2: BP vs SFC

B. Brake thermal efficiency

Fig 3, Shows that Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) shows
the capacity of mechanical energy conversion by engine
from heat released by the explosion of fuel inside the
cylinder volume. BTE is directly proportional to Brake
power developed and inversely proportional to mass of
fuel injection and calorific value. Experimental result
shows that BTE increases with increase in the load for
compression ratio selected from 15:1 to 18:1. Results
obtained were similar to results reported by many
researchers [2, 3, 7, 9 &11]. Because increasing the load Fig 4: BP vs ηMech
on engine increase the brake power output. When the
percentage of blending increased then brake thermal
efficiency reduced for all the compression ratios selected. D. Carbon dioxide
This is due to increasing density and viscosity with Fig 5,shows that the variation of smoke density with brake
increase of blending from 25% to 75%. High density of power for both biodiesel and biodiesel. It is observed that the
blending increased the mass of fuel injected for same load increases, the carbon dioxide gradually increases in all
power output. At higher load condition 25% blending of
Ziziphus jujuba oil (B25) with diesel having higher BTE cases. For ZJ25, the carbon dioxide varies from at no load to
among the three different blending for all the compression maximum load, which is higher than the diesel fuel. However
ratios selected except CR 17. At the same time, the the biodiesel ZJ25 reduces smoke density with respect to
percentage blending of ZJ oil increased with diesel results biodiesel for all the loads.
that elevated flash point and fire point of the fuel.
Increasing the compression ratio of the engine produced
higher peak pressure and higher temperature at the end of
compression. Such increased peak temperature helped to
achieve improved combustion quality of blended diesel
even it has higher viscosity. At compression ratio of 18,
BTE of engine fueled with 25% blending of ZJ oil given
same result as diesel

Fig 5: BP vs CO2
E. Oxides of nitrogen
Fig 6,shows that the NOx emission with, and without the
addition of nanoparticles on ZJ25. It can be seen that NOx
gradually increased with addition of biodiesel in all the cases.
Fig 3: BP vs ηBT NOx emission is mainly depended on temperature, the local

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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
concen-tration of oxygen and the duration of combustion
during dif-ferent combustion phases on the different
combustion zones. By the addition of biodiesel , which
increases the diffusion controlled combustion duration that
increases the NOx emission.
Fig 6: BP vs NOX
F. Carbon monoxide
Fig 7,shows that the biodiesel on carbon monoxide emissions.
Biodiesel(B25) lead to higher carbon combustion activation
and hence promote com-plete combustion [6]. The blended
fuels showed accelerated combustion due to the shortened
ignition delay. Due to shortened of ignition delay, the degree
of fuel–air mix-ing and uniform burning could have enhanced
[13]. Hence, there was an appreciable reduction in carbon
monoxide emis-sions for blended biodiesel. At the full load,
the CO emissions for ZJ25 were 8.079 g/kW h, 3.951 g/kW h
and 6.284 g/kW h respectively.
Fig 7: BP vs CO
G. Hydrocarbon
Fig 8,Shows that the Hydrocarbon emission is found to be
considerably reduced with the addition of biodiesel. From this
figure, it is seen that the HC emis-sion reduced with the
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increase of ZJ25 doing level with biodiesel. HC emission was
0.216 g/kW h, 0.162 g/kW h and 0.138 g/kW h for ZJME25
blends respectively.
Fig 8: BP vs HC
IV. CONCLUSION
The performance and emission parameters of DI diesel
engine fueled with Diesel blended Ziziphus jujuba oil have
been investigated. The experimental results showed that the
SFC, ME & BTE were varied with respect to blending and
compression ratios. From the experimental result, conclusion
were made as follows
 SFC decreases with increasing load for the
compression ratio from 15:1 to 18:1 and
increases with increasing percentage blending of
biofuel. B25 having lower specific fuel
consumption when comparing with B50 & B75.
 BTE and ME increases with increasing the load
for all the compression ratio (18:1 to 15:1) and
all the blending (B25, B50 & B75).B25 register
higher BTE when compared to B50 & B75
except the compression ratio of 17:1.
 The CO emission decreases with the use of ZJ25
blend.
 The HC emissions decreases with ZJ25 blend.
 The NOx emission is lower for the neat diesel
than the ZJME25. The NOx emission was found
to be slightly increased with the addition of
biodiesel blends.
 The amount of carbon dioxide is lower for
ZJME25 than the neat diesel. The addition of
biodiesel for further decreased.
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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
NOMENCLATURE
ZJ Ziziphus Jujuba Oil
B25 25%ZJ Oil + 75%Diesel
B50 50%ZJ Oil + 50%Diesel
B75 75%ZJ Oil + 25%Diesel
CR Compression Ratio
SFC Specific Fuel Consumption
BTE Brake Thermal Efficiency
ME Mechanical Efficiency
SM Smoke Density
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
NOX Oxides of Nitrogen
HC Hydro Carbon
Acknowledgment
I hearty thanks to my guide Mr.P.PRABAKARAN
M.E. (SE.G) Assistant professor,for his constant support and
guidance offered to us during the course of our project by
being one among us.
I hearty thanks to my Project coordinator Assistant
Professor Mr.P.SHANKARLAL M.E.,for their suggestion
during the course of the project.
We also thank to extend our hearty thanks to all our
staffs members and lab assistants for their kind co-operation. I
also express our indebtedness to our Parents for their
affectionate blessings and loving co-operation at all stages of
this academic venture.
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