SOLUTIONS TO LOAD FLOW

PROBLEM

1. Gauss – Seidel
2. Newton – Raphson
3. Fast Decoupled

Subject Code : EE 523

Subject Title : Advanced Power Systems Analysis
Subject Instructor : Engr. Dennis L. Aguirre
GAUSS – SEIDEL LOAD FLOW

At iteration k,

 
1 Pp  jQp n  
Ekp 1    YpqE q 


Ypp Ek q1*
 p q p 
 

p = 1, 2, …, n p ≠ swing

where:

k fp›q
  k 1 if p ‹ q

For a load bus (or generator bus) where P and Q are specified, the above
equation is used directly to compute the next estimate of the bus voltage.

For generator buses (where P and V) are specified, the equation cannot
be used directly since Qp unknown. The procedure for generator buses follows

1. Assume that at iteration k the estimate of the bus voltage is

Ek k k
p  Vp p

2. Define

Ekp(new )  VpSP kp

where VpSP is the specified bus voltage magnitude.

3. Estimate the reactive power using

Pp  jQp  E kp(new )  
* n
 YpqE q
q 1

4. Test for violation of limits:

 k
a.) If Q
p  Qmax , the generator cannot maintain the specified voltage.

Qkp  Qmax
Ek k k
p  Vp p

b.) If Qkp  Qmin , then likewise

Qkp  Qmin
Ek k k
p  Vp p

c.) If Qmin  Qkp  Qmax , the generator can maintain the specified
voltage.

Ekp  VpSP kp

5. Compute the next estimate of the bus voltage.

Ekp  Ekp 1  Ekp

Ekp(new
1 k k
)  E p  E p

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

FOUR BUS TEST SYSTEM

1 2

3 4

LINE IMPEDANCE DATA

From Bus To Bus R (p.u.) X (p.u.)

1 2 0.04 0.18
1 3 0.02 0.20
2 3 0.08 0.40
2 4 0.02 0.10
3 4 0.06 0.20

BUS DATA Base MVA = 100

Generation Load
Bus No. V(p.u.) δ (deg.) Type
MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.05 0.0 0 0 Swing
2 0.0 0.0 80 60 Load
3 0.0 0.0 100 60 Load
4 1.05 100 40 30 Generator

-40 ≤ Q4, gen ≤ 100 MVAR

Primitive Admittances:
 y12 = 1.17647 – j5.29412
y13 = 0.49505 – j4.95050
y23 = 0.48077 – j2.40385
y24 = 1.92308 – j9.61538
y34 = 1.37615 – j4.58716

Bus Admittance Matrix

Y11 = 1.67152 – j10.24462 = 10.38009 ∕∕-80.73

Y12 = -1.17647 + j5.29412 = 5.42326 ∕∕102.53
Y13 = -0.49505 + j4.95050 = 4.97519 ∕∕95.71
Y14 = 0.00000 + j0.00000 = 0.00000 ∕∕0.00

Y22 = 3.58032 – j17.313335 = 17.67967 ∕∕-78.32

Y23 = -0.48077 + j2.40385 = 2.45146 ∕∕101.31
Y24 = -1.92398 + j9.61538 = 9.80580 ∕∕101.31

Y33 = 2.35197 – j11.94151 = 12.17093 ∕∕-78.86

Y34 = -1.37615 + j4.58716 = 4.78914 ∕∕106.70

Y44 = 3.29923 – j14.20254 = 14.58071 ∕∕-76.92

where:

Yjj = Σ Yji , i ≠ j , i is from 1 to n

Yij = -yij

n = no. of busses
 GAUSS – SEIDEL LOAD FLOW

Initial Estimates: E2 = E3 = 1.0 ∕∕ 0.0o δ4 = 0.0o

Iteration 0:

Bus 2: (Load Bus)

 
1  P2  jQ 2 0
E12   Y E  Y E 0
 Y E
 
21 1 23 3 24 4
Y22  E 0 * 
 2 

1  0.8  j( 0.6)
E12  [ - (-1.17647 + j5.29412)(1.05)
Y22 1.0

- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)(1.0)
- (-1.92308 + j9.61538)(1.05)]

2.93530  j17.45882
E12 
3.58032  j17.31335

= 1.00137 ∕∕-2.1401 p.u.

= 1.00067 – j0.03739 p.u.

Bus 3: (Load Bus)

 
1  P3  jQ 3
E13   Y31E1  Y32E12  Y34 E 04 
  
Y33  E 0 *
3



1  1.0  j(0.6)
E13  [ - (-0.49505 +j4.95050)(1.05)
Y33 1.0

- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)(1.00137∕∕-2.1401)
- (-1.37615 + j4.58716)(1.05)]

1.35596  j11.83798
E13 
2.35197  j11.94151

= 0.97900 ∕∕-4.60785 p.u.

= 0.975840 – j0.07865 p.u.

Bus 4: (Gen. Bus)

 Set E 04 (new )  V4SP 04 = 1.05 ∕∕ 0.00

Estimate Q 04

  
P4  jQ 4  E 04 (new ) * Y41E1  Y42E12  Y43E13  Y44 E 04 (new) 
P4  jQ 4  1.05 [0 + (-1.92308 + j9.61538)(1.00137∕∕-2.1401)
+ (-1.37615 +j4.58716)(0.97900∕∕-4.60785)
+ (3.29923 – j14.20254)(1.05)]
= 0.96312 – j0.66609

Q 04  0.66609 p.u.

(0)
Q 4 , gen  0.66609  0.3 = 0.96609 p.u. (within limits)

thus, E 04  1.050 0 p.u.

 
1  P4  jQ 4
E14   Y41E1  Y42E12  Y43E13 
Y44  E 0 *
 4   


where:

P4 = 1.0 – 0.4 = 0.6 p.u.

Q4 = 0.66609 p.u.

1 0.6  j0.66609
E14  [ - 0 – (-1.92308 +j9.61538)(1.00137∕∕-
Y44 1.05
2.1401)
- (-1.37615 + j4.58716)(0.97900∕∕-4.60785)]

3.11836  j14.62695
E14 
3.29923  j14.20254

= 1.02572 ∕∕-1.0429 p.u.

= 1.02555 – j 0.01867 p.u.

This completes iteration 0.

Note: E14  1.02572  1.0429 p.u.

 The magnitude is not V4SP  1.05 . However, this value of E14 is used in
iteration 1 to calculate E 22 and E 23 . When we get to bus 4 in iteration 1, we
define E14 (new )  1.05  1.0429 p.u. and use this value to calculate Q14 .

Iteration 1:

Bus 2: (Load Bus)

1  0.8  j( 0.6)
E 22 
Y22
[
 
E12
* - (-1.17647 + j5.29412)(1.05)

- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)( E13 )

- (-1.92308 + j9.61538)( E14 )]
where:
E12  1.00137   2.1401 p.u.
E13  0.97900  4.60785 p.u.
E14  1.02572  1.0429 p.u.

we get E 22  0.98396  3.31426 p.u.

Bus 3: (Load Bus)

1  1.0  j( 0.6)
E 23 
Y33
[
 
E13
* - (-0.49505 +j4.95050)(1.05)

- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)(0.98396∕∕-3.31426)
- (-1.37615 + j4.58716)(1.02572∕∕-1.0429)]

we get E 23  0.96023  5.18916 p.u.

Bus 4: (Gen. Bus)

We got E14  1.02572   1.0429 0 p.u.

 Define E14 new  1.05  1.0429 0 p.u.

Estimate Q14

1
P4  jQ 4  E14   Y
*
41E1  Y42E 22  Y43E 23  Y44E 4 (new )
1

We get

P4  jQ 4  0.99637  j0.93998

Thus Q14  0.93998 p.u.

Q 4 , gen  0.93998  0.3  1.23998 p.u. (outside limits)

Set Q14 , gen  1.0 p.u.

E14  1.02572  1.04290 p.u.

 
1  0.6  j0.7 2
E 24   ( 1.92308  j9 .61538 )E 2
 ( 1 .37615  j 4 .58716 )E
 
2 3
Y44  E14
* 
 

We get

E 24  1.03035  2.21147 p.u.

End of iteration 1.

Load Flow Solution: GAUSS – SEIDEL

FOURBUS LOAD FLOW SAMPLE SYSTEM

From Volt. Volt. MW MVAR MW MVAR To MW MVAR MVA
Bus Mag. Angle Load Load Gen. Gen. Bus Flow Flow Flow
------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- ------------ ----- ------------ ------------ ------------
1 1.0500 0.000 0.00 0.00 124.1989 74.2668
2 59.8070 29.8668 66.8498
3 64.3919 44.4001 78.2156

2 0.9803 -5.335 80.00 60.00

1 -58.1856 -22.5706 62.4099
3 6.8790 3.6752 7.7993
4 -28.6676 -41.0339 50.0561

3 0.9600 -6.832 100.00 60.00

1 -63.2821 -33.3022 71.5099
2 -6.8284 -3.4220 7.6379
4 -29.8744 -23.2435 37.8515

4 1.0282 -4.172 40.00 30.00 100.00 99.9944

2 29.1891 43.6414 52.5031
3 30.8072 26.3529 40.5408

MW gen = 224.1989
MVAR gen = 174.2612
MW Load = 220.0000
MVAR Load = 150.0000
Total I2R MW Losses = 4.2361
Total I2X MVAR Losses = 24.3641
Total Charging MVAR = 0.0000

NEWTON – RAPHSON LOAD FLOW

 
n
Pp   Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq
q 1

 
n
Q p   Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q  pq
q 1
 Pp is known for all buses except the swing
Qp is known for all load buses

Systems of Equations

P1SP  P1 (1 ,  2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...V j )

P2SP  P2 (1 ,  2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...V j )
:
PiSP  Pi (1 ,  2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...V j )

Q1SP  Q1 (1 ,  2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...V j )

Q SP
2  Q 2 (1 ,  2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...V j )

:
Q SP
j  Q j (1 ,  2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...Vj )

where:

PpSP = real power injected into bus p

QpSP = reactive power injected into bus p

Vp = phasor voltage magnitude from bus p to neutral

δp = voltage phase angle at bus p

i = n – 1, j = no. of load buses

First – Order Taylor Series Approximation

  P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 
 P1SP  P1    
   1  2  i V1 V2 Vj   1 
  
   P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2   
 P SP  P     
2 2 1  2  i V1 V2 Vj    2 
     
       
   Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi   
 SP    
 Pi  Pi   1  2  i V1 V2 Vj    i 
 
                                   
 Q SP  Q   Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1   V1 
 1 1
  
   1  2  i V1 V2 Vj   
  
Q SP  Q   Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2   V2 
 2 2   
 1  2  i V1 V2 Vj   
     
      
 SP   Q j Q j Q j Q j Q j Q j   Vj 
 Q j  Q j    

 V V
 
Vj 
 1 2 i 1 2

or

 P P 
 P    V    
             
   Q Q   
 Q     V 
  V 

Given initial estimates for

1 ,  2 ,   i and V1 , V2 ,  V j

Evaluate P , Q and the Jacobian matrix

Solve for  and V .

Re – write
   P1  P1  P1  P1  P1  P1 
 P1SP  P1    V1 V2  Vj   1 
 
  1   2 i  V1  V2  Vj  

    P2  P2  P2 P P P   
 P SP  P     V1 2 V2 2  Vj 2    2 
2 2 1  2 i V1 V2 Vj  
   
      

    Pi  Pi  Pi P  Pi  Pi   
 SP    V1 i V2  Vj   i 
 Pi  Pi    1  2 i  V1  V2  Vj   
                           
 Q SP  Q    Q1  Q1  Q1  Q1  Q1  Q1   V1 
 1 1
   V1 V2  Vj  V1 
   1  2 i  V1  V2  Vj   V 

Q SP  Q    Q 2  Q 2  Q2  Q2  Q2  Q2   2
 2 2   V1 V2  Vj  V2 
 1  2 i  V1  V2  Vj   
   
      V 
 SP   Q j Q j  Qj  Qj  Qj  Qj   j
 Q j  Q j    

i
V1
 V1
V2
 V2
 Vj 
 Vj 
 Vj 
 
 1 2

 P P 
 V   
 P    V  
          

  
   Q  Q

 V 
 Q   V
   V  V 
 

 P   J1 J2    
          
   
     
 Q   J 3 J 4   V 

Elements of the Jacobian

Jacobian Matrix 1 (J1)

 Pp
 
n
   Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q  pq
 p q 1
qp

 Pp
 q

 Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q  pq 
Jacobian Matrix 2 (J2)
  Pp 2
Vp  Pp  Vp Ypp cos pp
 Vp

 Pp
Vq
 Vq

 Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq 

Jacobian Matrix 3 (J3)

 Qp
 
n
  Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq
 p q 1
qp

 Qp
 q

  Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq 

Jacobian Matrix 4 (J4)

 Qp 2
Vp  Q p  Vp Ypp sin  pp
 Vp

 Qp
Vq
 Vq

 Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q   pq 

The Jacobian matrices are evaluated every iteration. The unknowns  and V
are solved using L/U Factorization.

Update the current estimates. At kth iteration

k 1 k
p   p   p p = 1, 2, ...i

k 1 k
Vp  Vp  Vp p = 1, 2, …j
Check for convergence

max P k   p and max Q k   q

or max  k  1 and max V k   2

NEWTON – RAPHSON LOAD FLOW SOLUTION

Specified Values:

P2SP = - 0.80
 P3SP = - 1.00
P4SP = 0.60
Q2SP = - 0.60
Q3SP = - 0.60
V1 = 1.05
V4 = 1.05
δ1 = 0.0

Initial Estimates:

0
δ2 = 0.000
0
δ3 = 0.000
0
δ4 = 0.000
0
V2 = 1.0
0
V3 = 1.0

No. of Equations:

n = 4 (no. of buses)

i =n–1=3

j =2

Total no. of equations = 3 + 2 = 5

Power Injected Estimates Per Iteration:

 
n
Ppk   Vp Vq Ypq cos p   q  pq
q 1
  
n
Q kp   Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q  pq
q 1

P20 = (1.0)(1.05)(5.42326)cos (0 – 0 - 102.53)

+ (1.0)2(17.67967)cos (0 – 0 + 78.32)

+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)

+ (1.0)(1.05)(9.8050)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)

= -1.23541 + 3.57917 – 0.48077 – 2.01924

= -0.15625

P30 = (1.0)(1.05)(4.97519)cos (0 – 0 – 95.71)

+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)

+ (1.0)2(12.17093)cos (0 – 0 + 78.86)

+ (1.0)(1.05)(4.78914)cos (0 – 0 – 106.70)

= -0.51975 – 0.48077 + 2.35151 – 1.44502

= -0.09403

P40 = (1.05)(1.05)(0)cos (0 – 0 - 0)

+ (1.05)(1.0)(9.80580)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)

+ (1.05)(1.0)(4.78914)cos (0 – 0 – 106.70)

+ (1.05)2(14.58071)cos (0 – 0 – 76.92)

= 0 – 2.01924 – 1.44502 + 3.63801

= 0.17375
Q = (1.0)(1.05)(5.42326)sin (0 – 0 – 102.53)
2
0

+ (1.0)2(17.67967)sin (0 – 0 + 78.32)

+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)sin (0 – 0 – 101.31)
 + (1.0)(1.05)(9.80580)sin (0 – 0 – 101.31)

= -5.55880 + 17.31359 – 2.40385 – 10.08614

= -0.74520

Q30 = (1.0)(1.05)(4.97519)sin (0 – 0 – 95.70)

+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)sin (0 – 0 – 101.31)

+ (1.0)2(12.17093)sin (0 – 0 + 78.86)

+ (1.0)(1.05)(4.78914)sin (0 – 0 – 106.70)

= -5.19803 – 2.40385 + 11.94161 – 4.81650

= -0.47677

Compute Power Mismatch:

Pp0  PpSP  Pp0

Q p0  Q pSP  Q p0

P20  0.8  (0.15625)  0.64375

P30  1.0  (0.09403)  0.90597

P40  0.6  (0.17375)  0.42625

Q 02  0.6  (0.74520)  0.14520

Q 03  0.6  (0.47677)  0.12323

Evaluate the elements of the Jacobian Matrix

Elements of J1:

 Pp
 
n
   Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q  pq
 p q 1
qp
  Pp
 q

 Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q  pq 

 P2
 (1.0)(1.05)(5.42326) sin (0  0  102.53)
 2
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0  0  101.31)
 (1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) sin (0  0  101.31)
 5.55880  2.40385  10.09614
 18.05879

 P2
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0  0  101.31)
 3
 2.40385

 P2
 (1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) sin (0  0  101.31)
 4
 10.09614

 P3
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146 ) sin (0  0  101.31)
 2
 2.40385

 P3
 (1.0)(1.05)( 4.97519) sin (0  0  95.71)
 3
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0  0  101.31)
 (1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914) sin (0  0  106.70)
 5.19803  2.40385  4.81650
 12.41838

 P3
 (1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914 ) sin (0  0  106.70)
 4
 4.81650

 P4
 (1.05)(1.0)(9.80580) sin (0  0  101.31)
 2
 10.09614

 P4
 (1.05)(1.0)(4.78914) sin (0  0  106.70)
 3
 4.81650
  P4
 (1.05)(1.05)(0.0)
 4
 (1.05)(1.0)(9.80580) sin (0  0  101.31)
 (1.05)(1.0)( 4.78914) sin (0  0  106.70)
 0.0  10.09614  4.81650
 14.91264

 18.05879  2.40385  10.09614 

J1    2.40385 12.41838  4.81650 
 10.09614  4.81650 14.91264 

Elements of J2:

 Pp 2
Vp  Pp  Vp Ypp cos pp
 Vp

 Pp
Vq
 Vq

 Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq 

 P2 2
V2  P20  V2 Y22 cos  22
 V2
 0.15625  (1.0) 2 (17.67967) cos (78.32)
 3.42292

 P2
V3  V2 V3 Y23 cos ( 2   3   23 )
 V3
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0  0  101.31)
 0.48077

 P3
V2  V3 V2 Y32 cos ( 3   2   32 )
 V2
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0  0  101.31)
 0.48077
  P3 2
V3  P30  V3 Y33 cos  33
 V3
 0.09403  (1.0) 2 (12.17093) cos (78.86)
 2.25748

 P4
V2  V4 V2 Y42 cos ( 4   2   42 )
 V2
 (1.05)(1.0)(9.80580) cos (0  0  101.31)
 2.01924

 P4
V3  V4 V3 Y43 cos ( 4   3   43 )
 V3
 (1.05)(1.0)( 4.78914) cos (0  0  106.70)
 1.44502

 3.42292  0.48077 
J2   0.48077 3.29607 
 2.01924  1.44502 

Elements of J3:

 Qp
 
n
  Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq
 p q 1
qp

 Qp
 q

  Vp Vq Ypq cos  p   q  pq 
 Q2
 V2 V1 Y21 cos ( 2  1   21 )
 2
 V2 V3 Y23 cos ( 2   3   23 )
 V2 V4 Y24 cos ( 2   4   24 )
 (1.0)(1.05)(5.42326) cos (0  0  102.53)
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0  0  101.31)
 (1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) cos (0  0  101.31)
 1.23541  0.48077  2.01924
 3.73542
  Q2
  V2 V3 Y23 cos ( 2   3   23 )
 3
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0  0  101.31)
 0.48077

 Q2
  V2 V4 Y24 cos ( 2   4   24 )
 4
 (1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) cos (0  0  101.31)
 2.01924

 Q3
  V3 V2 Y32 cos ( 3   2   32 )
 2
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0  0  101.31)
 0.48077

 Q3
 V3 V1 Y31 cos ( 3  1   31 )
 3
 V3 V2 Y32 cos ( 3   2   32 )
 V3 V4 Y34 cos ( 3   4   34 )
 (1.0)(1.05)( 4.97519) cos (0  0  95.71)
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0  0  101.31)
 (1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914) cos (0  0  106.70)
 0.51975  0.48077  1.44502
 2.44504

 Q3
  V3 V4 Y34 cos ( 3   4   34 )
 4
 (1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914 ) cos (0  0  106.70)
 1.44502

 3.73542 0.48077 2.01924

J3  


 0.48077  2.44504 1.44502 

Elements of J4:

 Qp 2
Vp  Q p  Vp Ypp sin  pp
 Vp
  Qp
Vq
 Vq

 Vp Vq Ypq sin  p   q   pq 

 Q2 2
V2  Q 02  V2 Y22 sin  22
 V2
 0.74520  (1.0) 2 (17.67967) sin 78.32
 16.56839

 Q2
V2  V2 V3 Y23 sin ( 2   3   23 )
 V3
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0  0  101.31)
 2.40385

 Q3
V3  V3 V2 Y32 sin ( 3   2   32 )
 V2
 (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0  0  101.31)
 2.40385

 Q3 2
V3  Q 03  V3 Y33 sin  33
 V3
 0.47677  (1.0) 2 (12.17093) sin 78.86
 11.46484

 16.56839  2.40385
J 4  


 2.40385 11.46484 

Therefore, the matrix equation is:

  0.64375  18.05879  2.40385  10.09614 3.42292  0.48077   2 

    
 0.90597  2.40385 12.41838 4.81650  0.48077 3.29607    3 
 0.42625    10.09614  4.81650 14.91264  2.01924  1.44502   4 
    
 0.14520   3.42292 0.48077  2.01924 16.56839  2.40385 V2 V2 
  0.12323  0.48077  2.44504 1.44502  2.40385 11.46484   V3 V3 

Solving for the unknown quantities,

  2  0.035647 rad  2.0424 deg rees

 3  0.081966 rad  4.6963 deg rees

 4  0.071534 rad  4.0986 deg rees

V2 V2  0.016500 p.u.

V3 V3  0.016643 p.u.

V2  0.016500

V2 = 1.0 + (-0.016500) = 0.983500

V3  0.016643

V3 = 1.0 + (-0.016643) = 0.983357

Q 4  V4 V1 Y41 sin ( 4  1   41 )  V4 V2 Y42 sin ( 4   2   42 )

 V4 V3 Y43 sin ( 4   3   43 )  V4 V4 Y44 sin ( 4   4   44 )
 (1.05)(1.05)(0.0) sin ( 4.0986  0  0)
 (1.05)(0.98350 )(9.80580 ) sin (4.0986  2.0424  101.31)
 (1.05)(0.98336 )( 4.78914 ) sin (4.0986  4.6963  106.70)
 (1.05)(1.05)(14.58071) sin (4.0986  4.0986  76.92)
 0.0  9.71589  4.75092  15.65816
Q4  1.19135

Update initial estimates

1 0
 2   2   2  0  (2.0424)  2.0424 o

1 0
 3   3   3  0  (4.6963)  4.6963 o

1 0
 4   4   4  0  (4.0986)  4.0986 o

The process is then repeated until convergence is achieved.

Total No. of iterations = 7

 Max P Mismatch = 0.0000

Max Q Mismatch = 0.0000

Load Flow Solution: NEWTON - RAPHSON

FOURBUS LOAD FLOW SAMPLE SYSTEM

From Volt. Volt. MW MVAR MW MVAR To MW MVAR MVA

Bus Mag. Angle Load Load Gen. Gen. Bus Flow Flow Flow
------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- ------------ ----- ------------ ------------ ------------
1 1.0500 0.000 0.00 0.00 124.2403 74.3898
2 59.8315 29.9347 66.9021
3 64.4088 44.4552 78.2608

2 0.9801 -5.337 80.00 60.00

1 -58.2076 -22.6271 62.4509
3 6.8783 3.6702 7.7962
4 -28.6707 -41.0431 50.0654

3 0.9599 -6.834 100.00 60.00

1 -63.2977 -33.3445 71.5434
2 -6.8277 -3.4171 7.6350
4 -29.8745 -23.2384 37.8485

4 1.0281 -4.173 40.00 30.00 100.00 100.0002

2 29.1925 43.6523 52.5140
3 30.8074 26.3479 40.5377

MW gen = 224.2403
MVAR gen = 174.3901
MW Load = 220.0000
MVAR Load = 150.0000
Total I2R MW Losses = 4.2403
Total I2X MVAR Losses = 24.3900
Total Charging MVAR = 0.0000

VOLTAGE ESTIMATES (1)

Bus Delta V Delta Angle Voltage Angle

1 0.000000 0.000000 1.050 0.00
2 -0.003014 -0.092441 0.997 -5.30
3 -0.022821 -0.115511 0.977 -6.62
4 0.000000 -0.073892 1.050 -4.23

VOLTAGE ESTIMATES (2)

Bus Delta V Delta Angle Voltage Angle

1 0.000000 0.000000 1.050 0.00
2 -0.002344 -0.002463 0.995 -5.44
3 -0.004789 -0.003595 0.972 -6.82
4 0.000000 -0.003260 1.050 -4.42

POWER ESTIMATES (1)

Injected Scheduled Mismatch

Bus No.
P Q P Q P Q
1 0.0878 0.5378 0.0000 0.0000
2 -0.1550 -0.7455 -0.8000 -0.6000 -0.6450 0.1455
3 -0.0936 -0.4769 -1.0000 -0.6000 -0.9064 -0.1231
4 0.1732 0.7456 0.6000 -0.3000 0.4268
POWER ESTIMATES (2)

Injected Scheduled Mismatch

Bus No.
P Q P Q P Q
1 1.2090 0.5585 0.0000 0.0000
2 -0.7929 -0.5743 -0.8000 -0.6000 -0.0071 -0.0257
3 -0.9730 -0.5586 -1.0000 -0.6000 -0.0270 -0.0414
4 0.5964 0.7957 0.6000 -0.3000 0.0036