the

HISTORY
THEORIES and

PRINCIPLES
of urban and regional planning

RAGENE ANDREA L. PALMA, EnP

ragenepalma@gmail.com
HOW TO REMEMBER CONCEPTS

JOT DOODLE CONNECT

TELL ME IF YOU NEED ME TO

STOP REPEAT ELABORATE

I will discuss everything I can

The more you draw, the better

I arranged the lecture so that concepts
are clustered

I pulled together the highlights

But out of my 200 slides about 5-10
topics will just pop out in the exam
WHAT WE’LL LEARN ABOUT

1  The history and foundation of urban and

regional planning
2  Theories
3  Evolution of urban forms
4  Types of planning
5  The role of a planner
 ?
Urban and regional planning
Town and country planning
Environmental planning
Human settlements planning
City planning
Master planning
“urban”

“regional”
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/
Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_(revised).jpg/900px-
Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_(revised).jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/
Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg/2000px-
Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg.png
 LARGE CITY

“urban”
of, relating to, characteristic of, or
constituting a city (Merriam Webster)

LARGE AMOUNT
SIGNIFICANTLY-
DEVELOPED AREA

DISTANCE
BETWEEN
BUILDINGS IS
VERY SMALL

http://www.investorwords.com/5192/urban.html
 BELT
TERRITORIAL SECTION

A PART OF
PROVINCE

of or relating to a particular region,

district, area, or part, as of a
country; sectional; local QUARTER

LOCALIZED “regional”
ZONE
DIVISION DISTRICT

Google
PART
“rural”

“environmental”
 “rural”

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg

“environmental”

http://www.breakingnewstime.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/in.jpg
“rural” OFTEN AGRICULTURALLY-BASED

of or relating to the country and

the people who live there
instead of the city
SPARSELY
POPULATED
AREA
LOW
POPULATION

COUNTRYSIDE
 NATURAL FORCES

CLIMATE
CHANGE
LIVING ORGANISM

SOIL

PERSON’S
SURROUNDINGS
“environmental”
relating to the natural world and the
impact of human activity on its condition
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
http://
www.nscb.gov.p
h/activestats/
psgc/articles/
con_urbanrural.
asp
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/group-business-people-meeting-
planning-41699625.jpg
What is planning?
 GOAL AND
ORDERLY
OBJECTIVE
SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION

PLACE-MAKING
PROCESS ACTIVITY

STRATEGY-
“planning” ORGANIZATION
MAKING

PROFESSION
DISCIPLINE

OUTLINING
OF TASKS
STEP-BY-STEP INVOLVES
ALLOCATION
Environmental planning, also known as urban
and regional planning, city planning, town and
country planning, and/or human settlements
planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary art
and science of analyzing, specifying,
clarifying, harmonizing, managing and
regulating the use and development of land
and water resources, in relation to their
environs, for the development of sustainable
communities and ecosystems. (RA 10587)
 I’M A
PLANNER.

In the Philippines, an environmental

planner refers to a person who is
registered and licensed to practice
environmental planning and who
holds a valid Certificate of
Registration and a valid
Professional Identification Card
from the Board of Environmental
Planning and the Professional
Regulation Commission.
(RA10587)

http://img.freeflagicons.com/thumb/waving_flag/philippines/philippines_640.png
what is
my role?
o  One who creates and
recommends plans on land
use and other planning fields
o  An advisor and regulator to
the government, private
sector, and the communities
o  An urban designer
o  Someone who looks far into
the future for the welfare of a
place
o  A capacity builder, facilitator,
and educator
o  An advocate of causes
Let’s start history with the
Ancients.
http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/64/89964-050-7C939C5B.gif
 MESOPOTAMIA

10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD

•  “Fertile crescent” means land between rivers

•  Scope of the Tigris and Euphrates river systems
•  Water as a basis of urban development
 MESOPOTAMIA

http://lhmrramsey.com/Mesopotamia.jpg
 Sketch what you just saw.
They say planners see things that
other’s don’t.
What can you derive from
Mesopotamia?
 AGRICULTURAL LANDS
SMALLER HOUSES

HIGHER BUILDINGS
ZIGGURAT

MOAT

http://lhmrramsey.com/Mesopotamia.jpg
 MESOPOTAMIA

10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD

•  Sumer was one of the early civilizations

•  15 city-states created
•  Religion was power

purpleteal.wordpress.com
 ANCIENT EGYPT
http://newlinetravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ancient-Egypt-Pyramids-4.jpg
 ANCIENT EGYPT

3,000 – 300 BC

•  Religion still powerful: Ancient Egyptians

worshipped kings as gods
•  Once buried, lives forever
•  Pyramids constructed in capital cities
•  Cities of dead people (necropolis)
 PYRAMID IS A TOMB

TEMPLES

PHAROAH HEAD ON
MORTUARY TEMPLE

http://newlinetravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ancient-Egypt-Pyramids-4.jpg
 ANCIENT GREECE

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/acropolis-athens-H.jpeg
 HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS

498-408 BC

•  “Inventor / father of formal city planning”

•  Made the Hippodamian Plan or the grid city to
maximise winds in the summer and minimise
them in winter
•  Has a geometric, arranged style in design
•  Also worked on the Piraeus Port and Alexandria
 PIRAEUS GRID

museumofthecity.org
 PIRAEUS

museumofthecity.org
CHICAGO
BUENOS AIRES
 PLATO

428 - 347 BC

•  Established the Polluter Pays Principle

“If any one internationally pollutes the water of another,

whether the water of a spring, or collected in reservoirs,
either by poisonous substances, or by digging, or by theft,
let the injured party bring the cause before the wardens of
the city, and claim in writing the value of the loss; if the
accused be found guilty of injuring the water by
deleterious substances, let him not only pay damages, but
purify the stream or the cistern which contains the water,
in such manner as the laws… order the purification to be
made by the offender in each case.” 
 PLATO

428 - 347 BC

•  Polluter Pays is in our Environmental Code (PD1152)

It shall be the responsibility of the polluter to contain,

remove, and clean-up water pollution incidents at his own
expense. In case of his failure to do so, the government
agencies concerned shall undertake containment,
removal, and clean-up operations and expenses incurred
in said operations shall be against the persons and/or
entities responsible for such pollution.
 ARISTOTLE

384 - 322 BC

•  Provided the foundation for the concept of

intergenerational equity
•  For our children’s children

Human well-being is realised only partly by satisfying

whatever people’s preferences happen to be at a
particular time; it is also necessary for successive
generations to leave behind sufficient resources so that
future generations are not constrained in their
preferences.” 
 ARISTOTLE

384 - 322 BC

INTERGENERATIONAL
EQUITY

http://www.unis.unvienna.org/images/2015/Infographic_5_elem_related_l.jpg
 THE ROMAN EMPIRE

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg
 THE ROMAN EMPIRE

29 BC – 393 AD

•  Excelled in military science and engineering

•  Designs and inventions looked at improving
transport and military strategies
 ROME, THE
IMPERIAL CITY
GRID
STREETS

“CASTRA”
OR CAMP

WALLED FOR
PROTECTION

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg
 VIA APPIA

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg
 THE ROMAN FORUM
http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg
 COLOSSEUM

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg
 THE ROMAN EMPIRE

29 BC – 393 AD

•  Heavily dependent on water

•  Engineered sewerage, canals, hydraulics

ROMAN AQUEDUCT

roman aqueducts.info
 THE ROMAN EMPIRE

29 BC – 393 AD

•  Socio-political events resulted to religious

divisions, absence of military discipline, murder,
and citizen unrest
•  Moral decay led to the fall of Rome
•  Vikings destroyed the Aqueduct

roman aqueducts.info
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lorenzetti_amb.effect2.jpg
 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

5TH – 15TH CENTURY AD

•  The church and monasticism

•  Rise of Islam
•  Byzantine empire
•  State power
•  The Crusades
•  Carolingian dynasty

roman aqueducts.info
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
 HIGH WALLS

CENTER OF
ACTIVITIES
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lorenzetti_amb.effect2.jpg
 RADIAL GROWTH
WITH
DEFINED
BOUNDARY

CATHEDRAL
IN CENTER

maps.google.com MUNICH, GERMANY

 CATHEDRAL CITIES

•  Cathedral or monument as a focal point of the

city
•  Radial growth
•  Retained the walled city from Roman practice
•  Enclosure caused problems such as epidemics
and limited resources

roman aqueducts.info
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
 RENAISSANCE

https://daliennation.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/renaissance.jpg
 RENAISSANCE

14TH TO 17TH CENTURY AD

•  Commerce as a driving factor

•  Called for accessibility and mobility
•  Like the Medieval Period, had a radial growth
pattern
•  Plans began to follow the topography of an
area

roman aqueducts.info
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
 RENAISSANCE

FINGERS

VENICE, ITALY

maps.google.com
 LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI

1404-1472

•  Wrote the De Re Aedificatoria: Ten books of

planning and design principles

Growth is
characterized by
a star-shaped
form
GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN

1809-1891

PLAN AND RENOVATION OF PARIS

 GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN

1809-1891

RADIATING
AVENUES
OUTWARD
LINED WITH
TREES AND
POCKET
PARKS

ARC DE TRIOMPHE
AS CENTER

Paris, the best planned city

travellingandfood.com
 CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

https://nextdaybetter.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/DC.jpg
 CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

1800s – 1900s

•  Emphasized beauty and aesthetics

•  Think monuments, grand buildings, parks,
perfect landscapes, lakes, and circular road
systems

roman aqueducts.info
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
 DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

1846-1912

•  Father of American
City Planning
•  Together with
Frederick Law
Olmstead and John
Wellborn Root,
designed the World’s
Columbian
Exposition, the first
comprehensive
planning document in
the US
 DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

1846-1912

“Make no little plans; they have no magic to

stir men’s blood and probably themselves will not
be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and
work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram
once recorded will never die, but long after we are
gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever-
growing insistency. Remember that our sons and
grandsons are going to do things that would
stagger us. Let your watchword be order and your
beacon beauty.” 
 DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

1846-1912

CHICAGO MANILA BAGUIO

•  Greatest feat was the Plan of Chicago (called Paris on

a Prairie); other plans include Manila, Baguio,
Cleveland, and San Francisco

burnhampi.files.wordpress.com
CANBERRA

http://www.capitalmetro.act.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0020/802730/Canberra-
Carosel.jpg
 MELBOURNE
http://accorhotels.com.au/files/MelbourneBridge_2400x1350_0.jpg
 SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

1850 - 1928

•  Wrote the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow

•  Addressed population and pollution that came about by
the industrial revolution by creating garden cities
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg
 CONNECTED BY
ROADS AND
GREEN SPACES RAILWAYS

5,000-acre
CENTRAL CITY
58,000 PEOPLE

1,000-acre
GARDEN CITIES
30,000 PEOPLE

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg
http://33.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mb1k1lYqWy1rsuub0o1_500.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Howard-three-magnets.png
SIR RAYMOND UNWIN

Architect – city planner for Letchworth

Wrote Nothing Gained by Overcrowding

SIR FREDERIC JAMES OSBORN


Championed garden cities

LOUIS DE SOISSONS
Architect of Welwyn
http://www.letchworth.com/sites/default/files/images/letchworth_aerial_photos_142.jpg
http://www.shropshirestar.com/wpmvc/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6114828.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/
The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg/2000px-
The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg.png

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vanessa_Carlow/publication/279057647/figure/fig1/AS:
294368092147716@1447194230827/Figure-1-London-Green-Belt-official-map-Graphics-by-VM-
Carlow-Data-source-London.png
 question
What do you call the area
between a city and the
outskirts?
 say it
URBAN FRINGE
 LE CORBUSIER

(CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET)

1887-1965

•  Created the Radiant City

•  Modernist, futuristic, and orderly
•  But socially disadvantageous and unrealistic for
settlements
•  Criticized because he tried to solve congestion with
more congestion
•  Wrote the books Urbanisme and The City of Tomorrow
and Its Planning
 LE VILLE RADIEUSE
(THE RADIANT CITY)
http://alanamuir.wikispaces.com/file/view/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg/333908066/
Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg
 GRIDS

60-STOREY BOX-TYPE
BUILDINGS HOUSES
CUBIST
AESTHETICS

ORDERLY, RATIONAL
CITY BLOCKS

LE VILLE RADIEUSE
(THE RADIANT CITY)
http://alanamuir.wikispaces.com/file/view/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg/333908066/
Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg
GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY

?
GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY
 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

1867-1959

•  Champion and proponent of urban decentralisation

•  Involved communities
•  Designed the 1,000-hectare Broadacre City
•  included social services in the forms of schools, trains,
and museums, as well as employment in the forms of
markets, offices, nearby farms, and industrial areas
•  Plan included a helicopter, which was criticized
http://metropolismag.com/images/cache/cache_a/cache_6/cache_b/broadacre1-9c603b6a.jpeg?
ver=1415421530&aspectratio=1.7808219178082
http://mediaarchitecture.at/architekturtheorie/broadacre_city/content/
quadruple_block_plan_jss_022802_wright_008.jpg
HENRY WRIGHT

1878-1936

RADBURN

CLARENCE STEIN

1882-1975
 GARDEN CITY

SUPERBLOCK
SEPARATES
VEHICLES FROM
PEDESTRIANS

CUL-DE-SACS

http://www.fradkinmcalpin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1130x640-fradkin-mcalpin-nyc-
architects-projects-3-radburn-nj-1130x640.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7070/6974616023_cfc849f274_b.jpg
 HENRY WRIGHT

1878-1936

•  Created the superblock

CLARENCE STEIN

1882-1975

•  Initiated plans to produce greenbelt resettlements all

over the US
•  Wrote the book Toward New Towns for America
 THOROUGHFARES

CUL-DE-SACS

GARDEN ISLAND

HOMES

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/60/57/b8/6057b80059133de5d5d850cbe9f8e621.jpg
 CLARENCE PERRY

1872-1944

•  Conceptualized the
neighborhood unit
•  Similar to the
superblock
•  Bounded by major
streets
•  Has a church, school,
and shops
•  200 sqm to 2 sqkm

Wikipedia
https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/research/urban-regional-development-governance/images/from-the-sky
 SIR PATRICK GEDDES

1954-1932

•  Introduced the notion of a region

•  Became the Father of Regional Planning
•  Biologist, sociologist, and geographer
•  Dissected the planning environment by analysing
occupational activities
•  Used observation and rational methods
•  Instead of gridiron planning, used conservative surgery

Wikipedia
 THE VALLEY SECTION

spur.org
 THE VALLEY SECTION

RIDGE-TO-REEF

spur.org
 SIR PATRICK GEDDES

1954-1932

•  Introduced the
term conurbation, which
means “an aggregation of
continuous network of
urban communities.”
•  Emphasized the
relationships of people
and cities, thus the city-
region term.
•  Used the rational planning
method of Survey
Analysis
•  Wrote the book Cities in
Evolution

Israel.travel
 SIR LESLIE PATRICK ABERCROMBIE

1954-1932

•  Created the post-war plans for London, and combatted

sprawling by resettlement
•  Made the London Country Plan (1944) and the Greater
London Plan (1943)
 OPEN SPACES

CENTRAL
COMMUNITIES

SHOPPING
CENTERS

SUBURBAN
COMMUNITIES

SOCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

thesemaphoreline.wordpress.com
 LEWIS MUMFORD

1895-1990

•  A historian-sociologist who studied cities and

architecture
•  From his 23 books, the most prominent in city planning
is The City in History, which pointed out how
technology and nature could be harmonious
•  Gave the concept of an organic city
•  Rationalised how planning has various disciplines

Wikipedia
 Mumford was friends
with City Beautiful
advocates Frank Lloyd
Wright, Clarence Stein,
and Frederic Osborn.
Mumford and
Wright exchanged
transatlantic letters on
professional and
personal matters.

news.rracution.com
 BENTON MCKAYE

1879-1975

•  Originator of the 3,500 km Appalachian Trail in the

eastern United States (Georgia to Maine)
•  Was a forester and conservationist, and co-founded
the Wilderness Society
•  Championed regional conservationism
atc.civicore.com and daveallenphotography.com
 THE FOUNDERS: Clarence Stein, Benton McKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing
(a real estate developer), and Henry Wright

personal.umich.edu, Wikipedia, ak-cahce.legacy.net, boiseplanning.wordpress.com

https://www.vectoropenstock.com/media/users/2049/76727/raw/83c2a55cb583cdb1c73f9313b3f719c0-industrial-
cityscape-silhouettes.jpg
 EDWARD BASSETT

1863-1948

•  Urban planner and lawyer who was the Father of

American Zoning. He was the first to use zoning as a
means of implementing land use in New York. He
wrote books about zoning.
•  Also coined the term freeway and parkway
 DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA

1844-1920

•  Made the concept Linear City, which has many

parallel and specialized functions

Wikipedia
 DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA

1844-1920

The linear city gears away from the usual centric urban
forms. The lines help control the expansion of a city.

prezi.com
 TONY GARNIER

1869-1948

•  Made the concept Linear Industrial City, which has

many parallel and specialized functions
•  Used the concept of zoning and labeled space into
leisure, industry, work, and transport

Wikipedia
 •  Plan caters to 35,000 residents
•  Follows the principles of funciton, greeneries, open
space, and exposure to the sunlight
•  City is linked by circular patterns

aria.archi.fr and s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com

 THOMAS ADAMS

1871-1940

•  Worked primarily on low-density residences or garden

suburbs
•  Founded the British Town Planning Institute
•  Wrote the book Rural Planning and Development
•  Pushed for planning legislation by mandate, local
plans, zoning, building regulations, and recognized
the responsibility of a licensed or professional
planner
http://ekistics.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/first_forest_img_02.jpg
 CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS

1914-1975

•  Studied the science of

human settlements,
called ekistics
•  Looks into the culture,
economics, and society
in varying scales

http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/7109/397093975058892/320/eki_circles.1.png
 ISLAMABAD

GRID

PRINCIPLES
OF EKISTICS

skyscrapercity.com
 FRANCIS STUART CHAPIN

1888-1974

•  As a sociologist
and educator, he
stressed the
importance of
quantifying social
activities in an
evolving city
through statistics.
•  He was the first to
write the
textbooks on
urban and
regional planning

Amazon
http://financialtribune.com/sites/default/files/field/image/07_AH_Transportation%20439-ab-ED.jpg
 IRA LOWRY

•  Published A Model of Metropolis, a computer model for

spatial organization of anthropogenic activities in a
metropolitan area
•  This generates an assessment that can be the basis for
urban policy decisions
•  Worked with Robert Garin on a model that looks at the
relationship and logic to the spatial arrangement of human
activities
•  Expands to gravity modeling, or trip distribution in
transport planning, or distance decay in physics

Amazon
 say it
distance decay

(The farther the distance, the more interaction declines)

h"ps://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/ar4cles/volume4/KrempelPlumper_files/m1.jpg  
Wikipedia
 WILLIAM LEVITT

1907-1994

•  Father of American Suburbia / The King of Suburbia /

The Inventor of the Suburb
•  Mass produced houses that were affordable
 CARS WERE PUT
ON A PEDESTAL

http://www.dailytexanonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/
2013/10/2013-10-18_Traffic_I-35_Joe.Capraro21231.jpg?itok=rbss2CM4
 SO COMMUNITIES
BECAME GATED

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Saskatoon_gated_community.JPG
twisted sifter.com
SUCH A TERRIBLE WASTE OF SPACE. L
http://thewestendmuseum.org/wordpress/wp-content/gallery/urban-renewal/urban_web.jpg
 CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER

1905-1964

•  An advocate of social and public housing. She

authored the American Housing Act of 1937 and was
an adviser to five presidents.
•  Wrote the book Modern Housing
•  She also worked with Lewis Mumford
 ROBERT MOSES

1888-1981

•  The Master Builder of New York

•  His plans had parkways, expressways, and housing
development
•  One of the most controversial figures in the history of
urban planning
http://untappedcities.com/2013/12/18/5-things-in-nyc-we-can-blame-on-robert-moses/
http://www.shropshirepcas.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Pcas-support-250x300.jpg
 SAUL DAVID ALINSKY

1909-1972

•  Founder of modern community organizing

•  Wrote the book Rules for Radicals 
•  Worked with the poorer communities, and influenced
neighbourhood organisations
 SHERRY ARNSTEIN

1909-1972

•  Social and health worker

•  Published an article on the ladder of citizen
participation, which gave not only a voice  but power
to the citizens. This addressed how citizens were being
victimised, and led the way to participatory planning.
lithgow-schmidt.dk 8 RUNGS OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
 Can you give me some
examples of advocacies in
planning?
 CO-MANAGEMENT

PARTICIPATORY

Can you give me some

examples of advocacies in
planning?
SOCIAL INCLUSION

SUSTAINABILITY
 NEW URBANISM

https://www.cnu.org/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_slider/public/UptownNormal_hero_0.jpg?
itok=XEvcy15V
What do you notice
about the picture?
 GREENS

THRIVING
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES

PUBLIC SPACE

PEOPLE

https://www.cnu.org/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_slider/public/UptownNormal_hero_0.jpg?
itok=XEvcy15V
http://osmosnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jane_jacobs.jpg
JANE JACOBS

1916-2006

•  An urban activist who

was strong and vocal
against urban renewal;
she fought for new
urbanism
•  Wrote the powerful
book The Death and Life
of American Cities Her
book and activism led to
the eventual fall of urban
renewal towards city
diversity, mixed-use,
dense neighborhoods,
and vibrant communities.
•  Also wrote the book The
Economy of Cities
 MOSES VS JACOBS

planetizen.com
archdaily.com
 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

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 RACHEL LOUISE CARSON

1907-1964

•  A marine biologist
•  Wrote the powerful book Silent Spring, a haunting
compilation and narrative of research about the
detrimental and even lethal effects of pesticides and
fertilisers on the living environment
•  This book launched a global environmental
movement
 IAN MCHARG

1920-2001

•  Was called an
“architect who valued a
site’s natural features”
•  Transformed efforts of
traditional planning
into environmental
planning by using the
technique of sieve
mapping or overlay,
which took into account
the varied features of
the environment.
 IAN MCHARG

1920-2001

•  Wrote the book Design with Nature, which triggered

responsible planning of landscapes, respecting natural
features
•  Laid the foundation for Geographic Information
Systems

http://www.kln.ac.lk/socialsciences/depts/geography/images/stories/gis/gis.png
EXPLORATORY

NORMATIVE

PREDICTIVE
https://heimatkunde.boell.de/sites/default/files/
uploads/2008/12/push-pull.jpg
http://www.emigration.link/images/push-
pull-04.png
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/
migration-1-1204994446996443-4-14010814531
2-phpapp02/95/migration-ruralurban-5-638.jpg?
cb=1389192907
https://thegreenhorns.files.wordpress.com/
2014/08/berglee-fig04_008.jpg
Theory Rural areas organize agricultural production in support of
an urban center. Distance from the center determines the
use of land.
Findings Longer distance from market
Less profitability
Easier to transport
Applicability or Showed the early analysis of human behavior and its
Planning spatial consequences
Implication
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjpseKz8c7MAhXElJQKHYXRB
9oQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.credoreference.com
%2Fsagegeography2010%2F381-2.jpg&bvm=bv.
121421273,d.dGo&psig=AFQjCNH4YivoLHw4r9CyDbHEaSR0l9j8Qw&ust=1462948323798
278&cad=rjt
Theory The range of good and threshold population of retail shops
and service establishments are the major influences in
explaining the number, size and distribution patterns of
settlements.
Findings Consumers avoid higher transport costs by going to the
nearest service location.
The larger the settlements in size, the fewer in number they
will be.
The more number of settlements, the higher order of
services, and the higher the degree of specialization that
occurs.
Applicability or Provides an economic and spatial development of regions
Planning through provision of appropriate goods and services, with
Implication establishments according to scale.
http://www.mygeo.info/skripte/skript_bevoelkerung_siedlung/images/lanu26.gif
how to draw it
how to draw it
how to draw it
how to draw it
Central Place Theory in the Philippines
: Malls

http://outoftownblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Inside-SM-Mall-of-Asia-.jpg
https://apmodels.wikispaces.com/file/view/weber_7.gif/133610959/403x280/weber_7.gif
Theory A factory or plant locates where transport and labor costs
are at a minimum, determined by cost of distance vs.
weight of raw materials, cost of labor, agglomeration and
deglomeration.
Findings The point of least transport costs is that at which the
combined weight movements involved in assembly (from
sources and in distribution is at a minimum). If savings in
labor cost is labor cost per unit output exceeds the extra
transport costs, labor will attract the industry to the location.
Applicability or Brings economics into the spatial domain.
Planning Provides rationality in determining the location of a firm
Implication
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bid_rent1.svg/2000px-
Bid_rent1.svg.png
 PRICE IS SET,
TIERS ARE LIMITED
 THIS IS WHY SLUMS
SURROUND A BETTER
OFF CITY CENTER

BID RENT PUSHES AWAY

THOSE WHO CANNOT
MATCH THE PRICES
CREATES
CONCENTRIC
PATTERNS
Theory The price of and demand for land changes according to the
distance from the center (CBD). The center commands the
highest value of land because of its proximity to business
establishments and supports services as well as the
market.
Applicability or Provided an explanation on why slums and squatter
Planning settlements proliferate in areas close to the CBD or
Implication commercial centers
https://0901.static.prezi.com/preview/
iuat5aejdzhenvd4ynqqvsekyt6jc3sachvcdoaizecfr3dnitcq_0_0.png

https://www.asu.edu/courses/gcu600/gcu673a/6/Readings/Ravenstein_files/image001.gif
LEAPFROG!
Theory Birth, mortality rates, and population movement are major
determinants of settlement patterns.
Findings Migration is caused by economic reasons.
Migrants tend not to go straight to their ultimate
destinations. They leapfrog.
Applicability or Gives basis for migration and urban growth studies:
Planning distance decay, push-pull studies on migration, and gravity
Implication modeling
http://www.geographylwc.org.uk/A/AS/
ASpopulation/images/push%20pulled.jpg
MIGRATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Theory Migration is an economic dimension of rural dwellers where
individual and household members believe that there is a
higher expected income in urban areas.
Findings Pakikipagsapalaran
Applicability or This influenced national policy on on-site and services
Planning approach to low cost housing, resettlement, relocation and
Implication minimization of rural-urban disparities.
WARREN THOMSON’S 1919 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

THEORY: All countries experience demographic transition.

https://www.populationeducation.org/sites/
default/files/dtm.png
 MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

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Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG
 MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

http://static.trunity.net/images/181082/450x399/scale/Ecosystems_and_Human_Well-
Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG
 MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNET’S CURVE

Development Environment
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Environmental_Kuznets_Curve.png
 MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL

http://static.trunity.net/images/181082/450x399/scale/Ecosystems_and_Human_Well-
Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG
 MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL

WASTE RIVER POLLUTION GREENHOUSE

MANAGEMENT GASES

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Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG
ROSTOW’S 1960

STAGES OF GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT

MODERNIZATION
IS LINEAR.

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Development.jpg
 ROSTOW’S 1960

STAGES OF GROWTH
TECHNOLOGIES AND
DEVELOPMENT NEW INDUSTRIES

SELF-SUSTAINING
ECONOMY

INDUSTRIALIZATION

AGRICULTURE

http://www.assignmentpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Five-Stages-of-
Development.jpg
 WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM THEORY

http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lmklviriHi1qil6h5.gif
 WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM THEORY

TRANSIT POINT

STRONG LACKS STRONG

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
AND
BUREAUCRACY

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 SO MANY
THINKERS!

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harper-midway-chicago.jpeg
http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/clip_image008_thumb8.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yg3tTntN3uc/T-
ythq70YfI/AAAAAAAAAGA/TzjSWwGWTkM/
s1600/Chicago+School.png
 BURGESS ET AL’S CONCENTRIC MODEL (1923)

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uploads/2/0/5/0/20502018/801740_orig.gif
 INCOME, PROFIT POTENTIAL AND
RENT DRIVE THE DIRECTION

CHICAGO’S INTERNAL URBAN

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screen-shot-2015-04-28-at-9-08-47-am- STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF RINGS
e1430441496362.png
 PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (1965)

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uploads/2014/05/clip_image0102.jpg
 PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (1965)

COMMUTER
VILLAGE
SEPARATED FROM
BUILT-UP AREAS

FROM CHICAGO
TO BRITAIN

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uploads/2014/05/clip_image0102.jpg
 HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)

https://aphug.wikispaces.com/file/view/hoyt.png/
72462597/hoyt.png
 HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)

UPPER CLASS TENDS TO LOCATE

NEAR THE CBD FOR BEAUTY AND
WEDGE-SHAPED
ACCESSIBILITY

https://aphug.wikispaces.com/file/view/hoyt.png/
72462597/hoyt.png
 HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)

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Multiple_nuclei_model.svg/450px-Multiple_nuclei_model.svg.png
 HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)

LAND USES
REPEL OR
ATTRACT

LAND USE CHANGE

EMERGES FROM
NEW
DEVELOPMENTS

NEW NUCLEI
EMERGED

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/
Multiple_nuclei_model.svg/450px-Multiple_nuclei_model.svg.png
https://taylorgeoitalyisawesome.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/multiple-
nuclei-model1.png
https://taylorgeoitalyisawesome.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/multiple-
nuclei-model-sketch-up1.png
http://geographylaunchpad.weebly.com/uploads/
2/5/4/1/25412597/8251168.jpg?581
http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?
image_type=article&id=92
http://s2.thingpic.com/images/Ux/58gecjuCZvntnJhQK6xQ32AA.png
http://ihouse.hkedcity.net/~hm1203/settlement/models-new-color.gif
Where are the paths?
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