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Handbook for Living

in the United States
Editors
Rajesh Koirala
Douglas Hall
 Text Prepared By
Lutheran Social Services of New England
261 Sheep Davis Road, Suite A-1
Concord, NH 03301
www.lsnne.org

Printed in the United State of America By

Gyan Jyoti Kendra
10 Ashley Drive
Manchester, NH 03103
www.gyanjyotikendra.org

First Edition: January, 2012

Price in the U.S. $14.00

ISBN: 978-0-615-58000-5
 i

ljifo–;"rL
à s[t1tf============================================================================================ix
à of] lstfasf pkof]lutfx¿===============================================================xiii
)!= k'gjf{; ;+:yf ====================================================================================!
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s] s] pknAw u/fpg] 5g\ < ● ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ ● tkfO{+sf lhDd]jf/L
● c+u|]hL sIffx? ● /f]huf/L ● ;dosf] Vofn ug'{ ● lzIff ● cfTdlge{/
● cWofudg sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ ● sfuhkq ● k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu awfO{

)@= cfjf; ============================================================================================&

● tkfO{+sf] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6 ● 3/;DaGwL zAbx? ● a:g' jf ;g'{cl3
● ckf6{d]G6sf] /]vb]v ● efG;f ● efG;fsf ;/;fdfg ● efG;fsf] l8n
● ©f]xf]/ ● p8'; ● 3/ef8f lnFbfsf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ● 3/ ;bf{
● 3/df tftf]–lr;f]sf] k|aGw ● cfuf]af6 ;'/Iff
)#= lzIff===============================================================================================!&
● lzIff ● afnlzIff ● ;/sf/L :s"nx? ● vf]kx? -ODo'gfOh];G;\_ ● :s"nsf
ljleGg tx ● z}lIfs jif{ ● :s"ndf vfgf ● xflh/L ● oftfoft ● :s"ndf k9fOg]
ljifo ● c+u|]hL efiff l;sfO ● u[xsfo{ -xf]djs{_ ● nAwfÍ–kq -l/kf]6{–sf8{_
● cfr/0f ● cleefjs ;+nUg ● 3/df cleefjssf] e"ldsf ● jo:ssf
nflu lzIff ● c+u|]hL efiff l;sfO / ;fIf/tf sIffx? ● lhO8L ● pRrlzIff
● Jofj;flos tflnd ● ;fd'bflos -sDo'lg6L_ sn]hx? ● sn]h /
ljZjljBfnox? ● sn]hdf cfj]bg ● sn]hsf] k9fO vr{ ● sn]hsf nflu e'StfgL
● ljb]zL l8u|L÷k|df0fkqsf] dfGotf ● ;+If]kdf

)$= ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf===============================================##

● sd cfo ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ d2t ● lghL ;xfotf ● ©"8 :6\ofDk
● dlxnf, lzz' tyf afnaflnsf kf]if0f sfo{qmd -ljs_ ● d]l8s]8
● d]l8s]o/ ● P;P;cfO ● 6\ofg© ● z/0ffyL{ gub ;xfotf ● cg'bfg ldnfg
● cfjf; ;xfotf ● pmhf{ ;xfotf ● ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf / 5n5fd
● bf]efif]x? ● ;'ljwfsf ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg' ● cfTdlge{/ aGg] nIo
)%= :jf:Yo ;]jf====================================================================================$#
● cd]l/sfdf :jf:Yo ;]jfx? ● j}1flgs ljlwx? ● k|f/lDes :jf:Yo hfFr
● lghL :jf:Yo ladf ● :jf:Yo /]vb]vdf ;/sf/L ;xfotf ● d]l8s]o/
● d]l8s]8 ● d]l8s]8sf nflu cfj]bg ● d]l8s]8sf] k|of]u ● d]l8s]8 ;'ljwfsf]
;Ldf ● z/0ffyL{ d]l8sn ;xfotf ● :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ● 8fS6/ jf :jf:Yo;DaGwL
lSnlgsx? ● hfFRg] ;do ● lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ● 8fS6/nfO{
e]6\bf ● bf]efif]sf] k|of]u ● clu|d :jLs[lt ● uf]kgLotf ● c:ktfnx?
● cfkftsflng :ofxf/ ● PDa'n]G; ● vf]kx? ● d]l8sn k/LIf0fx?
ii

● PS;–/], Pdcf/cfO / l;6L :Sofgx? ● ldgfxf / cfly{s ;xfotf ● 8fS6/åf/f

cf}ifwL l;©fl/; ● cf}ifwL ;]jg ● cf}ifwLsf] e08f/0f ● bfFtsf] :jf:Yo /
bGt–lrlsT;s ● dfgl;s :jf:Yo ● z/0ffyL{x? / dfgl;s :jf:Yo ● lbUbf/L
● c? vfnsf dfgl;s ladf/Lx? ● cfTdxTof ● nfu'cf}ifw / /S;Lsf] s'nt

)^= vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f=====================================================================^#

● :j:y kl/jf/ ● vfgf tof/L ● vfgfsf] ;'/Iff ● sfFrf] / ksfPsf] vfgfsf]
k|of]u ● /]lk|mlh/]6/ / lk|mh/ ● efF8fjt{gsf] ;©fO ● ©f]xf]/sf] lj;h{g
● kf]l;nf] vfgf ● df}lns g]kfnL vfgf ● ©n©"n / t/sf/Lx? ● t/sf/Lsf] tof/L
● ;Unf] cGg ● lrNnf]sf] dfqfdf sdL ● g'gsf] dfqf sd ug'{ ● lrgLsf] dfqf
;Lldt ug'{ ● :j:y afnaflnsf ● ;fgf gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf ● vfgf vfg]
lglZrt ;do ● kf]l;nf vfBfGg kfOg] bf]sfg ● vfB–:6f]/x? ● s[ifssf]
ahf/ ● vfgfdf ljj/0f
)&= hflu/ / /f]huf/L===========================================================================&#
● sfdsf nflu tof/ ● sfd ug'{sf] dxÎj ● sfdsf k|sf/ ● sfdsf] vf]hL
● sfd vf]Hg] tl/sf ● hflu/sf nflu lgj]bg ● /]Ho'd] ● cGtjf{tf{sf] tof/L
● sfdsf nflu cGtjf{tf{ ● cGtjf{tf{kl5sf lzi6frf/ ● sfd yfNg'cl3 ● sfddf
;©n /xg] s]xL h'lStx? ● sfddf k'?if / dlxnf ● sfdsf] ;do–tflnsf
● sd{rf/Lsf clwsf/ ● e'StfgL kfpg' ● cfo -cfDbfgL_ ● tkfO{+sf] tna
s;/L e'Stfg ul/G5 < ● s/x? ● Go"gtd Hofnf ● cflh{t cfo–s/ pwf/f]
● hflu/df a9'jf ● hflu/af6 al~rt ● a]/f]huf/ ;'ljwfx?

)*= JolStut ;/;˚fO / nQfsk8f========================================================*%

● JolStut ;/;©fO ● JolStut ;/;©fOsf pTkfbg ● sL6f0f' ● xft w'g'
● xft slxn] slxn] w'g' k5{ < ● ;©f z/L/ ● skfnsf nflu ZofDk" /
slG8;g/ ● z/L/sf] uGwgfzs ● bfFt df‰g' ● bfFtaLrsf] ;©fO ● sk8f w'g]
● sk8f w'nfO ● sk8f w'g] ;fa'g ● nQf–sk8f ● k/Dk/fut n'uf ● :s"n
hfFbf nufpg] n'uf ● sfdsf n'uf ● hf8f]sf n'uf ● udL{sf n'uf ● h'Qf
● klx/gsf ;fdfg / gfk

)(= :yfgLo oftfoft / cfgf] uf8L=========================================================(#

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● a; la;f}gL ● a; rNg] ;do–tflnsf / gSzf ● a; l6s6 / lgMz'Ns
ofqf ;'ljwf ● /]n ● cfˆgf] uf8L ● gofF jf k'/fgf] ● t]n -UofF;_ vr{ ● uf8L
vl/b ● d"Nodf df]ntf]n ● uf8Lsf] e'StfgL ● uf8Lsf] nfnk'hf{ ● uf8L btf{
● uf8L ladf ● uf8L lg/LIf0f ● lhDd]jf/Lx? ● rfns cg'dlt–kq ● ;jf/L
rfnssf lgod ● uf8L b'3{6gf ● gfgLx?sf nflu sf/–l;6 ● ;jf/L /
k|x/L
!)= /sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª===============================================================!)&
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art ● ;x'lnotdf lsgd]n ● a}+ssf] k|of]u lsg ug]{ < ● a}+s vftfx? ● a}+s
 iii
vftf vf]Ng] ● a}+s vftf z'Ns ● dfl;s a}+s–ljj/0f ● vftfdf ;Lw} tna hDdf
● 8]la6 sf8{ ● Pl6Pd ● C0fx? ● cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf; ;+u7gsf] ofqf C0f
● qm]l86 o'lgogx? ● JolStut ljsf; vftf -cfOl8P_ ● s/x? ● qm]l86
● qm]l86 ljj/0f ● qm]l86 sf8{ ● cd]l/sL d'b|f

!!= ;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f=====================================================!@!

● ;dfof]hg ● ;dfof]hg eg]sf] xf] < ● ;+:s[lt eg]sf] xf] < ● ;dfof]hgsf r/0fx?
● klxnf] r/0fM cfudg ● bf];|f] r/0fM jf:tljstf ● t];|f] r/0fM ;dfof]hg
● tkfO{+n] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < ● tgfj -lbUbf/L_ s] xf] < ● ;dfof]hgsf
nflu cfˆgf] ;do lbg'xf];\ ● tgfjsf nIf0fx? ● tgfj Joj:yfkg
ug]{ pkfox? ● l5d]sLx?;Fu e]63f6 ● c;n l5d]sL aGg'xf];\ ● ;dosf]
Vofn ug'{ ● uf]kgLotf ● cgf}krfl/stf / gfdx? ● ;f]Wg' gx'g] s]xL k|Zgx?
● b'O{ JolStaLrsf] b"/L ● z/L/sf] efiff ● kl/jf/df ablnFbf] e"ldsf
● k'?if / dlxnf ● :s"n hfg] pd]/sf gfgLx? ● lszf]/–lszf]/L
● xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdf ● PsLs/0f ● ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f
● ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf ● g]kfnL efiffsf] k9fO–n]vfO

!@= clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g==========================================================!#%

● cd]l/sfsf] sfg'g–Joj:yf ● tkfO{+sf clwsf/ ● tkfO{+sf lhDd]jf/L
● lx+;fTds ck/fw ● rfns;DaGwL sfg'g ● of}g–;DaGw;DaGwL sfg'g
● 3/]n'–lx+;f ● b'Jo{jxf/sf k|sf/ ● b'Jo{jxf/ x'Fbf kfOg] ;xfotf ● w"d|kfg
/ /S;L ● ;]n]lS6e ;le{; ● cfos/ ● k|x/L ● tkfO{+ kqmfp kg'{eof] eg]
● ck/fw / l©tL{ -b]z lgsfnf_

!#= ;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿=====================================================!$%

● afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff ● ;8sdf ;'/Iff ● 3/sf] ;'/Iff ● efG;fdf ;'/Iff
● cfuf]af6 ;'/Iff ● (!! eg]sf] s] xf] < ● (!! df ©f]g ug'{ ● s:tf]
cj:yfdf (!! ©f]g ug'{ x'Gg ● k|x/L ● cfuf] ● PDa'nG] ; ● kLl8t eP, ;xfotf
dfUg'xf];\
!$= ;~rf/==========================================================================================!%#
● 3/sf] ©f]g ● ;]n©f]g -df]afOn ©f]g_ ● 6]ln©f]g gDa/x?
● 6]ln©f]gsf lzi6frf/ ● g]kfn jf e"6fg ©f]g ug{ ● 6]ln©f]g lan ● 6]lnlehg
● s]a'n l6eL ● OG6/g]6 ● jN8{ jfO8 j]a -8An'8An'8An'_ ● OG6/g]6sf]
;'/lIft k|of]u ● kqklqsf
!%= a'af–cfdf / afnaflnsf==================================================================!^!
●/fd|f] ;DaGw agfpg' ● ;dfj]z ● afnaflnsfsf] /]vb]v ● afn–b'Jo{jxf/ / afn–
pk]Iff ● afn–;'/Iff ;]jfx? ● e/0f–kf]if0f ● 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu s'/fsfgL
!^= kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt==================================!^&
● kl/jf/ lgof]hg ● ue{lg/f]wsf pkfox? ● ue{lg/f]wsf ;fwg kfpg] 7fpF
● uef{j:yf ● uef{j:yfdf :ofxf/ ● uef{j:yfdf lrlsT;snfO{ e]6\bf ● vfg
x'g] / gx'g] ● kfngf ug]{ hLjgz}nL ● cfly{s ;xfotf / d]l8sn ladf
iv
● k|;"ltsf nflu tof/L ● s;/L c:ktfn k'Ug] < ● c:ktfndf s] x'G5 <
● gjhft lzz'nfO{ 3/df :jfut ● 3/df s] ug]{ <
!&= hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx¿==================================================================!&%
● gofF e"lddf k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/ ● hGd ● hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq ● kf:gL
● ljjfx ● ljjfx cg'dlt–kq ● ljjfx–btf{sf] k|df0fkq ● d[To' ● d[To'btf{sf]
k|df0fkq ● 3f6 ● bfx;+:sf/ ● lqmof–sd{ -zf]s kg]{ ;do_
!*= :yfoL a;f]af; / gful/stf============================================================!*#
● tkfO{+sf] cWofudg cj:yf ● :yfoL afl;Gbf aGg' ● lu|g–sf8{sf nflu cfj]bg
● afof]d]l6«S;\ ● :yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu cg'df]bg ● ha tkfO{ a;fOF ;g'{x'G5
● ;'ljwfsf] ;Ldf ● gful/s aGg] lg0f{o ● gful/s x'g' ● cfj]bg k|lqmofsf nflu
tof/L ● gful/stfsf nflu cfj]bg ● gful/s aGgsf nflu k/LIff / cGtjf{tf{
● ljz]if kl/l:ylt, ldnfg / ckjfb ● lg0f{o k|flKt ● lg/Gt/tf / c:jLsf/
● clwsf/ / ;x'lnotx? ● cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf afnaflnsf ● cd]l/sfaflx/
hGd]sf afnaflnsf
!(= cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L=====================================================================!(#
● s]xL tYo ● cd]l/sfsf] If]q©n ● hg;+Vof ● z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{kgf ● krf;
/fHox? ● ;/sf/ ● Oltxf; ● yk dxÎjk"0f{ tYox? ● kfqf] ● ldlt n]Vg]
tl/sf ● /fli6«o kj{÷labfx? ● ©/s–©/s ;do ● 8]–nfO6 ;]leª ● yk
hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno

m m m
 v

Contents
à Acknowledgments...................................................................xi
à Uses for this Book................................................................xiv
01. The Resettlement Agency......................................................1
● What Is a Resettlement Agency? ● You and the Resettlement Agency
● What Will the Agency Provide ? ● Social Security Card ● Your Responsibilities
● English Classes ● Employment ● Being on Time ● Education ● Self-
Sufficiency ● Adjustment of Status ● Documents ● Congratulations on Your
Resettlement.
02. Housing.....................................................................................7
● Your Home ● Housing Terms ● Before Moving ● Maintaining Your Apartment
● Kitchen ● Kitchen Appliances ● Counter Tops ● Garbage, Trash and
Recycling ● Bed Bugs ● Housing Rights and Responsibilities ● Moving Out
● Heating and Air Conditioning ● Fire Safety

03. Education................................................................................17
● Education ● Child Education ● Public Schools ● Immunizations ● School
Structure ● School Year ● School Meals ● Attendance ● Transportation
● Subjects Taught ● English Language Learning ● Homework ● Report Cards
● Behavior ● Parent Involvement ● Parents’ Responsibilities at Home ● Adult
Education ● ESL and Literacy Classes ● GED ● Higher Education ● Vocational
Training ● Community Colleges ● Colleges and Universities ● Applying
to College ● The Cost of College ● Paying for College ● Foreign Degree/
Certificate Equivalency ● Summary
04. Social Services & Public Assistance...................................33
● Help for Low Income Families ● Private Assistance ● Food Stamps ● WIC
● Medicaid ● Medicare ● SSI ● TANF ● Refugee Cash Assistance ● Matching
Grants ● Housing Assistance ● Energy Assistance ● Public Assistance and
Fraud ● Interpreters ● Keeping Program Information Current ● Goal of Self-
sufficiency
05. Health Care...........................................................................43
● Health Services in the United States ● Scientific Methods ● First Health
Screening ● Private Health Insurance ● Government Assistance for Health Care
● Medicare ● Medicaid ● Applying for Medicaid ● Using Medicaid ● Limits
on Receiving Medicaid ● Refugee Medical Assistance ● Health Coverage
● Doctors and Health Clinics ● Appointments ● Routine Medical Exams
● Seeing a Doctor ● Using an Interpreter ● Informed Consent ● Confidentiality
● Hospitals ● Emergency Care ● Ambulances ● Immunizations ● Medical
Tests ● X-rays, MRI And CT Scans ● Discounts and Financial Assistance
● Prescriptions ● Taking Medicine ● Storing Medicine ● Dental Health and
Dentists ● Mental Health ● Refugees and Mental Health ● Depression ● Other
Types of Mental Illnesses ● Suicide ● Drug and Alcohol Abuse
vi
06. Food Safety and Nutrition...................................................63
● Keeping Your Family Healthy ● Food Preparation ● Keeping Food Safe
● Handling of Raw and Cooked Food ● Refrigerator and Freezer ● Cleaning
of Dishes and Cookware ● Disposal of Garbage ● Eating Healthy ● Basic
Nepali Foods ● Fruit and Vegetables ● Preparing Vegetables ● Whole Grains
● Reduce the Amount of Fat ● Reduce the Amount of Salt ● Limit the Amount
of Sugar ● Healthy Children ● Solid Foods for Babies ● Healthy Meal Time
● Shop for Healthy Foods ● Food Stores ● Farmers' Markets ● Food
Labeling
07. Jobs and Employment............................................................73
● Ready for Work ● Importance of Working ● Types of Jobs ● Finding a Job
● Tips to Finding a Job ● Job Application ● Resume ● How to Prepare for
a Job Interview ● Job Interview ● Post Interview Courtesy ● Starting A Job
● Tips for Success on the Job ● Men and Women in the Workplace ● Work
Schedule ● Employee Rights ● Getting Paid ● Income ● How You May Be
Paid ● Taxes ● Minimum Wage ● Earned Income Tax Credit ● Job Upgrading
● Losing a Job ● Unemployment Benefits

08. Personal Hygiene and Clothing..........................................85

● Personal Hygiene ● Products for Personal Hygiene ● Germs ● Washing Your
Hands ● When to Wash Your Hands ● Clean Body ● Shampoo and Conditioner
for Your Hair ● Deodorant ● Brushing Teeth ● Flossing Teeth ● Laundry
● Doing Laundry ● Laundry Soap ● Clothing ● Wearing Traditional Clothing
● Clothing for School ● Clothing for Work ● Clothing for Cold Weather
● Clothing for Hot Weather ● Shoes ● Clothing Sizes

09. Local Transportation and Own Car...................................93

● Local Transportation ● Walking ● Bicycles ● Taxis ● Buses ● Bus Stops
● Bus Schedules and Maps ● Bus Tickets and Passes ● Subways and Commuter
Rail ● Buying and Owning a Car ● New or Used ● Gas Mileage ● Buying a Car
● Negotiating the Price ● Paying for a Car ● Vehicle Title ● Car Registration
● Car Insurance ● Vehicle Inspection ● Responsibilities ● Driver’s License
● Driving Laws ● Car Accidents ● Child Car Seats ● Driving and the Police

10. Money management and banking........................................107

● Creating A Budget ● Using Your Budget ● Paying Your Bills ● Conserve
Energy and Save Money ● Save Money Shopping ● Why Use a Bank?
● Bank Accounts ● Opening a Bank Account ● Bank Account Fees ● Monthly
Statements ● Direct Deposit ● Debit Card ● ATM ● Loans ● IOM Travel Loan
● Credit Unions ● Individual Development Account (IDA) ● Taxes ● Credit
● Credit Report ● Credit Card ● American Money

11. Cultural Adjustment and Integration..............................121

● Adjustment ● What Is Adjustment? ● What Is Culture? ● The Stages
of Adjustment ● Stage One - Arrival ● Stage Two - Reality ● Stage
Three- Adjustment ● What Can You Do? ● What Is Stress? ● Give
 vii
Yourself Time to Adjust ● Signs of Stress ● Ways to Manage Stress
● Meeting Neighbors ● Being a Good Neighbor ● Being on Time
● Privacy ● Informality and Names ● Some Questions Not to Ask ● Personal
Space ● Body Language ● Changing Roles in the Family ● Men and Women
● School Age Children ● Teenagers ● Grandparents ● Integration ● Protecting
Cultural Heritage ● Participate in Community Organizations ● Reading and
Writing in Nepali Language
12. Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws.....................................135
● Legal System in the United States ● Your Rights ● Your Responsibilities
● Violent Crime ● Driving Laws ● Laws Related to Sex ● Domestic Violence
● Types of Abuse ● Getting Help from Abuse ● Smoking and Alcohol
● Selective Service ● Income Taxes ● The Police ● If You Are Arrested ● Crime
and Deportation
13. Safety and Emergencies......................................................145
● Child Safety ● Street Safety ● Home Safety ● Kitchen Safety ● Fire Safety
● What Is 911? ● Calling 911 ● When Not To Call 911 ● Police ● Fire
● Ambulance ● When a Victim, Seek Help

14. Communication.....................................................................153
● Home Telephone ● Cell Phone ● Telephone Numbers ● Telephone Etiquette
● Calling Nepal or Bhutan ● Telephone Bills ● TV ● Cable TV ● Internet
● World Wide Web (WWW) ● Safe Use of Internet ● Newspapers

15. Parents and Children..........................................................161

●Building Good Relationships ● Be Involved ● Child Supervision ● Child
Abuse and Child Neglect ● Child Protective Services ● Support ● Talking to
Children
16. Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth....167
● Family Planning ● Birth Control Options ● Getting Birth Control ● Pregnancy
● Prenatal Care ● Prenatal Visits with Doctor ● Do’s and Don’ts – Food
● Do’s and Don’ts – Lifestyle ● Financial Assistance and Medical Insurance
● Preparing for Delivery ● Going to the Hospital ● At the Hospital ● Taking
Your Baby Home ● At Home
17. Major Life Events...............................................................175
● Traditional Ceremonies in a New Land ● Births ● Birth Certificate ● Rice
Feeding Ceremony ● Marriages ● Marriage License ● Marriage Certificate
● Deaths ● Death Certificate ● Funeral Home ● Cremation ● Mourning Period

18. Permanent Residency and Citizenship...............................183

● Your Immigration Status ● Becoming a Permanent Resident ● Applying
for a Green Card ● Biometrics ● Approval of Permanent Residency
● When You Move ● Limits on Benefits ● Deciding to Become a Citizen
● Becoming a Citizen ● Preparing for the Application Process ● Applying for
Citizenship ● The Naturalization Test and Interview ● Special Circumstances,
viii
Accommodations, and Exceptions ● Receiving a Decision ● Continuations
and Denials ● Rights and Privileges ● Children Born in the U.S. ● Children
Born Outside the U.S.
19. About the United States.....................................................193
● Some Facts ● The Size of the United States ● Population ● Resettling
Refugees ● The 50 States ● Government ● History ● Other Important Facts
● The Calendar ● Writing a Date ● National Holidays ● Time Zones ● Daylight
Savings Time ● Learn More at a Public Library

m m m
 ix
s[t1tf
n'y/g ;f];n ;le{;]h -PnP;P;_ :jo+;]jsx?sf] Pp6f ;dlk{t k|of;df
k|fof]hg ug{ kfPsf]df uj{ u5{ . of] lstfa g]kfnsf ljleGg lzlj/af6 ;g\ @))*
b]lv cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt u/fOFb} cfPsf g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf] lxtsf
nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . w]/}hgfsf] k|of; / ;xfotfn] cjwf/0ffaf6 lstfa tof/
x'g Ps jif{eGbf sd ;do nfUof] . n'y/g ;a}k|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5 .
of] k':tssf] cjwf/0ff rf/ hgf :jo+;]jsx? M 8u xn, ;tg cfrfo{, tf/f
cfrfo{ / /fh]z sf]O/fnfsf] cg'ejaf6 cfPsf] xf] . 8u xnn] z/0ffyL{x?sf
nflu ;g\ @))* df c sG;fOh O+ulnz–g]kfnL g]kfnL–O+ulnz l8Szg/L (www.
nepalidictionaryproject.org) k|sflzt ug{ yfNg'ePsf] xf] . ;tg cfrfo{, pgsL
kTgL tf/f cfrfo{ / /fh]z sf]O/fnfn] cfrfo{åosf] sDkgL P;\ PG8 6L sDo'lgs];G;af6
;g\ @)!) cu:tb]lv kGw|–lbg] g]kfnL Go'hn]6/ cIfl/sf (www.aksharica.com)
sf] k|sfzg yfNg'ePsf] xf] . pNn]lvt rf/} :jo+;]jsx? Go' XofD;/ /fHosf
afl;Gbf x'g'x'G5 / oxL :jo+;]jL sfo{sf sf/0f Ps–cfk;sf af/]df hfGg'x'GYof] .
rf/hgfsf] e]6kl5 pxfFx?n] cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ Pp6f g]kfnL
/ c+u|]hL lstfasf] ;+efjgfaf/] 5n©n ug'{eof] . pxfFx?n] n'y/g ;f];n ;le{;]h–
nfO{ ;xfotfsf nflu cfu|x ug'{eof], xfdLn] ;xif{ l:jsf¥of}+ .
Go' XofD;/ Rofl/6]an ©fpG8];g (www.nhcf.org) n] lstfa tof/ kfg]{ nfut
pknAw u/fof] . oL ;a} ;+:yf :yfgLo eP/ klg of] of]hgfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfgsf] xfdL w]/} k|z+;f u5f}{+ . of] lstfasf] :yfgLo pTkfbg eP klg ljt/0f
/ k|efj b]ze/ x'g]5 .
lstfa n]Vg'cl3 ;tg, /fh]z / 8un] Go' XofD;/ / gy{ Sof/f]nfOgfdf e"6fgL
z/0ffyL{sf] nlIft ;d"xdf 5n©n cfof]hgf ug'{eof] . 5n©nsf ;xefuLx?nfO{
cd]l/sf cfPnuQ} oxfF a;f]af; ug{ s] s:tf ljifo hfGg cfjZos 5 / lstfadf
s] s:tf hfgsf/L n]lvg'k5{ eg]/ ;f]lwof] . e"6fgL ;d'bfo;Fu sfd u/]sf] cg'ej
ePsf ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu klg lstfasf ljleGg ljifoaf/] d+yg ul/of] . oL
5n©naf6 5 ;oeGbf a9L ljifox?df n]Vg] ;'emfj kfOof] . lstfadf ;dfj]z
ljleGg ljifo 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ;a}nfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .
o; lstfadf ;d]l6Psf s]xL c+z lnleª Og b o'gfO6]8 :6]6\; M nfO© l:sN;
©/ a'?G8L /]ˆo'hLhaf6 :jLs[lt;lxt lnOPsf] xf] . ;g\ @))* df o'P; sld6L
©/ /]ˆo'hLh PG8 Oldu|]G6\; -o'P;l;cf/cfO_ åf/f k|sflzt pSt k':ts cgnfOg
(www.refugees.org) pknAw 5 . a'?G8L z/0ffyL{sf] k':tsdf ePsf ;a} ljifo
e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of] lstfadf /flvPsf 5}gg\ . o; lstfadf
;d]l6Psf w]/}h;f] ljifox? ljleGg JolSt / :yfgdf ul/Psf 5n©naf6 lnOPsf
5g\ / e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu dfq dgfl;a 5g\ . k|ltlnlk–clwsf/ k|fKt cfˆgf
;fdu|Lx? k|of]u ug{ lbPsf]df xfdL o'P;l;cf/cfO;Fu w]/} cfef/L 5f}+ .
x
:jo+;]jL ;Dkfbs tyf n]vssf ?kdf 8u xnn] o'P;l;cf/cfOsf] k':tsaf6
lnOPsf ljleGg yk ljifosf c+znfO{ qmddf ldnfpg'eof] . xnn] cltl/Qm ljifo
tyf cWofosf c+u|]hL c+zx? tof/ kfg'{eof] . /fh]z sf]O/fnfn] ;a} g]kfnL c+z
n]Vg'eof] . sf]O/fnfn] 8n xnåf/f ;+of]lht c+u]|hL c+zaf6 cg'jfb ug'{eof] eg]
cIfl/sfsf ljleGg c+sdf k|sflzt s]xL ljifonfO{ klg lng'eof] . /fh]z;Fu
g]kfnL kqsf/ tyf n]vssf ?kdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . clg
sf]O/fnf (www.koirala.com.np) of] lstfasf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft
ug]{ sf/s klg x'g\ .
o;/L xfdLn] ljleGg ljifodf n]Vof}+ . clg To;} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lj1
JolStnfO{ v];|fx? afF8\of}+ . pxfFx?sf] k|ltlqmof / ;'emfj dfUof}+ . o; k|lqmofdf
klg bh{gf}+ JolStn] ;xfotf ug'{eof] . lstfasf ;fdu|L ;l6s / tYox? ;xL /x'g\
eGgsf vflt/ xfdLn] pxfFx?sf ;'emfj klg ;d]6\of}+ .
c+u|]hL–g]kfnL efiff cg'jfbs tyf cbfntL sfjf{xLx?df g]kfnL–efiff ;xfotfsf]
nfdf] cg'ej ePsf xf]d If]qLn] k':tssf k|To]s cWofosf b'j} efiffsf ;a} ljifo
cIf/zM ;dLIff ug'{eof] . pxfFn] ;a} hfgsf/L / k|:t'ltx?sf ;Gbe{ efiffn] ubf{
©/s k/]÷gk/]sf] s]nfpg'eof] .

of] k|of; ;©n agfpg] ;a}k|lt xfdL s[t1 5f}+ .

PdL dflr{N8g
lgb{]zs, ;le{;]h ©/ Go' cd]l/sG;
n'y/g ;f];n ;le{;]h c© Go' Oª\uNof08
@^! lzk 8]le; /f]8, ;'6 P– !
s+s8{, Go' XofD;/ )##)!
 xi

Acknowledgements
Lutheran Social Services (LSS) is proud to have sponsored the efforts
of a dedicated group of volunteers committed to publishing this handbook.
The book is for the benefit of Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugees who
have been arriving in the United States from the refugee camps in Nepal
since 2008. Transforming the idea for this book into a reality in less than
one year has taken the effort and support of many. LSS would like to
acknowledge all involved.
The idea for the book grew out of the experiences of four volunteers,
Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya and Rajesh Koirala. Doug Hall
began publishing A Concise English-Nepali Nepali-English Dictionary for
the refugees in 2008 (www.nepalidictionaryproject.org). Sattan Acharya,
his wife Tara Acharya, and Rajesh Koirala began the publication of a bi-
monthly Nepali-language newsletter, Aksharica, through the Acharyas’
company S&T Communications (www.aksharica.com). All four live
in New Hampshire and had heard about each other’s volunteer efforts.
Shortly after they met, they began discussing the idea of a book that would
provide helpful information about living in the United States in both Nepali
and English. They asked us at Lutheran Social Services if we would be
interested in assisting them, and we agreed.
Funding for the creation of this book was provided by the New
Hampshire Charitable Foundation (www.nhcf.org). We greatly appreciate
their willingness to underwrite this project even though they are a local
community foundation and the distribution and impact of this book will
be nationwide.
Before starting the process of writing the book, Sattan, Rajesh,
and Doug conducted focus groups among Bhutanese refugees in
New Hampshire and in North Carolina. Participants were asked what
information they thought was important to include and what they would
want newly arriving Bhutanese to know about living in the United States.
Brainstorming sessions were also conducted with staff of a variety of
community agencies that had experience working with the Bhutanese.
More than six hundred topics were suggested. We would like to thank
everyone who participated in this process and helped to determine the
topics included in the book.
Some parts of the English content of this book were copied with
permission from Living in the United States: Life Skills for Burundian
Refugees, published in 2008 by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and
xii
Immigrants (USCRI) and available online at (www.refugees.org). Many
of the topics covered in that work had also been suggested by the focus
groups and are just as relevant to Bhutanese refugees as they have been for
Burundian refugees. We are extremely grateful to USCRI for permission
to use their copyrighted material.
As a volunteer editor and writer, Doug Hall organized additional
topics into chapters, adapted the USCRI material, and wrote the English
text for additional sections and chapters. Rajesh Koirala wrote all of the
Nepali for this book. Some of it was translated from Doug Hall’s English
version and the USCRI book, while some was taken from material he had
previously written for Aksharica. Rajesh’s long experience as a Nepali
journalist and writer was also instrumental in turning this book into a
reality. (www.koirala.com.np)
We circulated early drafts of chapters on particular topics to
professionals knowledgeable about the identified subject and asked for
their feedback and suggestions. Dozens of people helped in this regard. We
have incorporated their suggestions to ensure that the material is accurate
and the facts correct.
Homa Chetry, an experienced Nepali court interpreter and English-
Nepali translator, reviewed the combined Nepali and English texts of each
chapter and made suggestions to ensure that the two languages conveyed
both the same information and the same tone.

Thanks to all for making this a successful effort!

Amy Marchildon
Director, Services for New Americans
Lutheran Social Services of New England
261 Sheep Davis Road, Suite A-1
Concord, NH 03301
 xiii

of] lstfasf pkof]lutfx?

of] k':ts cd]l/sf cfO;s]sf jf cd]l/sfdf rfF8} a;f]af; ug{ yfNg] g]kfnL k9\g] t/
c+u|]hL sd} k9\g] g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
xfdLn] g]kfnL;Fu} c+u|]hL c+z ;dfj]z ug'{sf b'O{ sf/0f 5g\ . klxnf] sf/0f z/0ffyL{
k'g:yf{kgf ul//x]sf ;+:yfx?nufot w]/} ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? cf©"n] g} ga'ˇg] efiffdf
n]lvPsf] ;fdu|L afF8\g tTk/ x'Fb}gg\ . bf];|f] sf/0f rflxF c+u|]hL efiff l;Sb} u/]sfx?n]
o; lstfanfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
o; k':tsdf /fVg] ljifox? 5gf}6 ubf{ xfdLn] tLg k|d'v k|fyldstfx?nfO{
s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]sf lyof}+ . klxnf] o;sf ;fdu|Lsf] cfo' sDtLdf Ps jif{sf] x'g'k5{ .
lstfa 5flkPkl5 g} o;sf ;fdu|Lx? ablnxfNg'kg]{ vfnsf eP eg] lstfa pkof]uL
x'Fb}g . bf];|f] k|fyldstf o;df ;dfj]z ;fdu|L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, e"6fg jf g]kfnsf]
/fhgLlt;Fu ;DalGwt x'Fb}gg\ . t];|f] rflxF o;sf ;fdu|L s'g} Ps l;+uf] /fHo, zx/ jf
If]qsf nflu dfq geP/ k'/} ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfe/ nfu' x'g] vfnsf x'g\ . oxL t];|f]
k|fyldstfsf sf/0f s'g} ;/sf/L ;xfotfsf af/]df n]Vbf sl7gfO eof] lsgeg] o:tf
;xfotfaf/] /fHolkR5] lgodx? ©/s x'G5g\ .
xfdLn] hfgLa'emL of] k':ts ;a}n] x]g{, k9\g, ;fg{ jf 5fKg ldNg] u/L OG6/g]6sf] ;femf
8f]d]gdf /fv]sf 5f}+ . To;}n] of] k':tssf] k|ltlnlk–clwsf/ s;}df lglxt 5}g . o;sf]
cy{ o; k':tssf] s'g} c+z ;fg{ ;lsG5 . olb s'g} k'gjf{; ;+:yf, s'g} cfjf; ;+:yf,
:s"n l8l:6«S6 jf cGo :yfgLo e"6fgL ;fd'bflos ;+:yfn] o;nfO{ ;fg{, cf©"n] rfx]
cg';f/sf] agfpg jf s]xL c+z yKg rfxg'eof] eg] pxfFx? :jtGq x'g'x'G5 . jf:tjdf
cf©" a;]sf] zx/ jf gu/df s;}nfO{ s'g} vf; Ps ljifodf s]xL hfgsf/L rflxPdf
ToxL c+z sfd nfUg ;S5 . xfdL To;f] ug{ xf};nf lbG5f}+ .
of] lstfa ev{/ cd]l/sf cfPsf g]kfnL–efifLnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{qmddf ;Gbe{–
;fdu|Lsf ?kdf lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . xfdL tL k|To]s g]kfnL–efifL gjcfuGt's
kl/jf/nfO{ Ps k|lt k':ts ljt/0f ug{ ;Nnfx lbG5f}+ .
e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ kl/jf/x?sf xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdfsf] k':tf lg/If/ 5 . pxfFx?sf nflu
of] k':tsn] gofF b]z / gofF ;+:s[ltaf/] a'ˇg] 3]/f t tf]8\b}g . xfdL oxL k':tssf s]xL
c+zx?sf >j0f–;fdu|L -;'Gg]–;fdu|L_ agfP/ OG6/g]6df /fVg ;lsG5 ls eGg]df 5f}+ .
h;n] >j0f–;fdu|L agfpF5 pxfFx?sf] xfdL ;/fxgf u5f}{+ .
of] lstfasf sl/a () k|ltzt ;fdu|L c? efiffdf cg'jfb u¥of] eg] plQs}
pkof]uL x'G5g\ eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfU5 . xfdLn] o;sf s]xL ;fdu|L o'P;l;cf/cfOn] a'?G8L
z/0ffyL{sf nflu tof/ kf/]sf ;fdu|LnfO{ cfwf/ klg agfPsfn] xfd|f] c+u|]hL c+zx?
ad]{nL, O/fsL jf ;f]dfnL z/0ffyL{sf nflu cg'jfb ubf{ pkof]uL x'g;S5g\ . o; k':tssf
s]xL c+z g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ / pxfFx?s} ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] tL
;fdu|L ;fbf{ jf k|of]u ubf{ Vofn ug'{k5{ . xfdL c? :jo+;]jL jf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?nfO{
o; lstfasf ;fdu|Lx? c? efiffdf k|of]u ug{ xf};nf lbg rfxG5f}+ . à
xiv

Uses for the Book

This book has been written for the benefit of Nepali-speaking
Bhutanese refugees who are now or will soon be living in America and
who can read Nepali but can not read English well.
We have also included a parallel English text for two reasons. First,
we know that many community agencies, including resettlement agencies,
are unwilling to distribute written material that they themselves cannot
understand. Secondly, for those who are already at an intermediate level
in learning to read English, the dual text can be used as instructional
material.
In deciding on the topics to be covered in this book we had three
criteria that each needed to meet. First it had to have a “shelf life” of at
least 12 months. After a book is printed, it is not useful if the information
it contains is quickly out of date. Secondly, it could not contain material
that would be considered political in the United States, Bhutan, or Nepal.
Thirdly, it had to apply across the United States and not be specific to a
single state, city, or region. This third criterion makes writing about some
public assistance programs difficult because their rules are so different in
different states.
We are knowingly placing this book in the public domain. It is
not copyrighted. That means that anyone can copy it or parts of it. If a
resettlement agency, a housing authority, a school district, or a local
Bhutanese community organization wants to copy, modify, or add to certain
sections, they are free to do so. In fact, in many cases it will be useful to
have supplemental information to hand out that gives local readers specifics
about their town or city. We encourage that.
This book is perfect for use in initial orientation programs for newly
arriving Nepali-speakers. We suggest that one copy be given to each family
at that orientation session.
We know that some Bhutanese refugees, especially the grandparents’
generation, are illiterate. For them the publication of a book does not break the
barrier to understanding this new country and new culture. We are considering
whether to create Nepali language audio recordings of the text that could be
posted on the Internet. We would applaud anyone who does this.
We are sure that 90% of the material in this book could be equally
useful to other refugee groups if translated into their languages. Just as
we have built this book on the base of the material that USCRI published
for Burundi refugees, our English may be useful for Burmese, Iraqi, or
Somali refugees when translated. There are some parts, however, that are
somewhat particular to the Nepali-speaking Bhutanese and their culture,
so care should be given in considering what to copy or use. We strongly
encourage other volunteers and community agencies to take on a task of
making this material available in other languages. à
 1
cWofo ! : k'gjf{; ;+:yf
Chapter 1 : The Resettlement Agency

k'gjf{; ;+:yf eg]sf] s] xf] <

k'gjf{; ;+:yfx?n] cd]l/sL ;/sf/;Fu ldn]/ jif]{lg ljZje/sf xhf/f}+
z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt u5{g\ . tkfO{+nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/fpg] k'gjf{;
;+:yfn] cd]l/sf cfPsf] ;'?sf s]xL dlxgf tkfO{+nfO{ vfg]–a:g] h:tf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf / ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g] ;]jf–;'ljwfx? lbnfpF5g\ .
What is a ‘Resettlement Agency’?
Resettlement agencies work with the United States government
to resettle thousands of refugees a year from all over the world. Your
resettlement agency will make sure during your first months that you
receive the services you need to live and join your new community.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+ / k'gjf{; ;+:yf
tkfO{+sf] :yfgLo k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] / k'gjf{; k|lqmofdf tkfO{+sf
lhDd]jf/L s] s] x'g\ eGg] rflxF tkfO{+n] a'ˇg cfjZos x'G5 . cd]l/sf cfOk'u]kl5
k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf Ps sd{rf/L, tkfO{+s} kl/jf/sf Ps ;b:o÷gft]bf/ jf tkfO{+n]
lrg]sf] s;}n] tkfO{+nfO{ ljdfg:yndf :jfut ug'{x'g]5 .
You and the Resettlement Agency
It is important for you to understand what your local resettlement agency
is responsible for and what you are responsible for in your resettlement.
Upon arriving in the United States, a staff person from the resettlement
agency, a family member, or other person you know will pick you up at
the airport.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] s] s] pknAw u/fpg] 5g\ <
• cd]l/sf cfPkl5 sDtLdf #) lbgsf nflu a:g Ps ;'/lIft tyf ;©f cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf u5{g\ . a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf cNksfnLg -5f]6f] ;dosf nflu_ jf
bL3{sfnLg -nfdf] ;dosf nflu_ x'G5 . cNksfnLg eGgfn] :jo+;]jL kl/jf/sf
;fy jf gft]bf/sf ;fy a:g] Joj:yf / bL3{sflng aGbf]a:t eGgfn] tkfO{+sf]
cfˆg} ckf6{d]G6sf] Joj:yf x'g;S5 .
• cTofjZos ©lg{r/sf] Joj:yf M o;df ;f]©f, 6]a'n, s';L{x? / la5\of}gfx?
;+nUg x'G5g\ . ©lg{r/x? gofF jf k'/fgf x'g;S5g\ .
• cd]l/sf cfPkl5 vfgfsf] aGbf]a:t .
2 The Resettlement Agency
• ©"8 :6\ofDk ;]jf, d]l8s]8, ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ kfpg / of]Uotf k'u]sfnfO{
;]n]lS6e ;le{;df gfd btf{ ug{ ;xfotf .
• :jf:Yof]krf/df ;xfotf M 8fS6/sxfF hfg / vf]ksf] Joj:yf .
• kof{Kt n'ufx?sf] aGbf]a:t . n'ufx? gofF jf bfg ul/Psf x'g ;S5g\ .
• tkfO{+sf gfgLx?nfO{ :s"n egf{ ug{ ;xfotf .
• /f]huf/;DaGwL kl/ro lbg] k|lzIf0f tyf ;xfotf, h:tf] M hflu/sf nflu cfj]bg
lbg ;xof]u .
• s]xL /sdsf] Joj:yf . pSt /sd Psk6s dfq e'Stfg x'g;S5 .
• jf;:yfg, oftfoft, lzIff, /sd Joj:yfkg, clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hgaf/]
cltl/Qm tflnd .
What Will the Agency Provide ?
• Safe and clean housing for no less than thirty days after you arrive in
the United States. This may be a short-term situation, such as living
with a volunteer family or a relative, or long-term, such as your own
apartment.
• Essential furniture. This includes a couch, table, chairs, and beds.
Furniture may be either new or used.
• Food when you first arrive.
• Assistance applying for the Food Stamp program, Medicaid, your social
security card, and selective service (if appropriate).
• Assistance getting health care, seeing a doctor, and getting
immunizations.
• Assistance getting adequate clothing. Clothing may be new or donated.
• Help enrolling your children in school.
• Employment orientation and support, such as helping you fill out job
applications.
• A limited amount of cash. This may only be a one time payment.
• Additional orientation on housing, transportation, education, health,
money management, rights, and cultural adjustment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{
k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf] ;xfotfn] tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:on] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L
gDa/ n]lvPsf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ kfpg'x'G5 . o;df n]lvPsf] gDa/ / sf8{ b'j}
dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . Tof] gDa/ tkfO{+sf] hLjge/ sfd nfUg] gDa/ xf] . k|To]s JolStsf]
;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/ ©/s x'G5g\ . Ps–csf{;Fu k6Ss} ldNb}gg\ . of] sf8{
hflu/ kfpg, a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng, ckf6{d]G6 ef8fdf lng / c? w]/} k6s rflxG5 .
of] sf8{ x/fpg' x'Gg . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf] sf8{ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf /flvlbg'xf];\ . of]
k'gjf{; ;+:yf 3

sf8{ cgfjZos ?kdf s;}nfO{ glbg'xf];\ . cfˆgf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/ sG7 ug'{–
xf];\ . of] gDa/ :jf:Yonufot c? w]/} ;/sf/L ;]jf–;'ljwfx? kfpg el/g]
©f/ddf n]Vg' k5{ .
Social Security Card
With the help of your resettlement agency, you and each member of
your family will receive a Social Security number printed on a Social
Security card. The numbers and cards are very important. Your number
will identify you for your life. No other person will have the same number.
You will need your card to obtain a job, to open a bank account, to rent an
apartment, and for many other things. Do not lose your card. Keep all of
your family’s cards in a safe place. Do not give your Social Security card
to anyone else. Memorize your number. You will need to write it on many
forms to receive health care and many government services.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf lhDd]jf/L
tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;©n agfpg cd]l/sfdf ug'{kg{] w]/} sfdx?
x'G5g\ . o:tf sfd s'g s'g x'g\ eg]/ Vofn ug{' lgs} cfjZos x'G5 . tL sfddWo]
3/ef8f / lanx? k|To]s dlxgf ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . tkfO{+ c?sf 3/df a;]jfktsf]
/sd g} 3/ef8f xf] . lanx?df lah'nL, kfgL, 6]ln©f]g, UofF; / cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;
;+u7g -cfOcf]Pd_ sf] ofqf–vr{sf] C0f k5{g\ .
Your Responsibilities
There are many things that are important for you and your family to
do to succeed in the United States. These are very important things to
remember. Pay your rent and bills every month. Your rent pays for your
housing. Your bills may include paying for electricity, water, telephone,
gas, and IOM travel loan.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c+u|]hL sIffx¿
c+u|]hL sIffx? lng'xf];\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+nfO{ c+u|]hL sIffdf egf{ x'g d2t
u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfox?n] o:tf sIff lbgsf s'g} ;dodf klg Joj:yf ug{
;S5g\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf] ;do;Fu ldNg] c+u|]hL sIff kQfnufpg d2t
u5{g\ . /fd|f] hflu/ kfpg / ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn] c+u|]hL
l;Sg h?/L x'G5 .
English Classes
Take English classes. The resettlement agency can help you enroll in
classes. Classes in local communities are offered at various times of day.
4 The Resettlement Agency
The resettlement agency will do its best to help you find classes that fit
your schedule. Learning English is important because it will help you get a
better job and communicate more easily with people in your community.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/f]huf/L
tkfO{+n] hflu/ vfg cfjZos x'G5 . sfd u/]kl5 tkfO{+n] 3/ef8f / lanx? ltg'{
x'G5, vfg]s'/f / sk8f lsGg'x'G5 . Psflt/ k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] lbg] ;xfotf ;Lldt
x'G5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ;/sf/L ;'ljwf tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf nflu sd x'g ;S5g\ . hflu/
vfof] eg] cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsG5, clg ;Lk l;lsG5 / cg'ej a6'lnG5 .
Employment
You will need to work. Working is necessary so you can pay your
rent and bills, and buy food and clothes. Assistance from the resettlement
agency is limited and public benefits may not provide enough for what you
and your family need. Having a job will help you be self-sufficient and
gain skills and experience.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dosf] Vofn ug'{
hflu/sf nflu s;}nfO{ e]6\g' 5 eg] jf hflu/ vfg yfNg'eof] eg] hlxn] klg
l7s ;dodf k'Ug'xf];\ . cd]l/sfdf ;dodf k'Ug lgs} h?/L x'G5 . ca]nf ug'{
/fd|f] dflgFb}g . sfddf l9nf] k'Ug' eof] eg] tkfO{+sf xflsd l/;fpF5g\ / o;n] ubf{
tkfO{+sf] hflu/ hfg ;S5 .
:jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf nflu tkfO{+ 8fS6/sxfF l9nf] k'Ug'eof] eg] 8fS6/n] tkfO{+nfO{
ghfFRg ;Sg'x'G5 . pxfF;Fu csf{]k6s hfFRgsf nflu ;do ldnfpg lgs} ufx|f] klg
x'G5 .
Being on Time
Arrive to appointments and work ON TIME. In the United States, being
on time is very important. If you arrive late to work, your boss will not be
happy and it could cause you to lose your job.
If you are late to a doctor’s appointment, your appointment may be
canceled and it may be hard to reschedule it.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff
tkfO{+n] 5f]/f5f]/L :s"n k7fpg' k5{ . cd]l/sfdf sfg'gcg';f/ gfgLx? :s"n
hfg} k5{ . gfgLx? ;dodf :s"n k'Ug}k5{ . gfgL :s"n k'Ug l9nf] jf uon x'g]
eP :s"ndf va/ u/]/ l9nf] x'g' jf ghfg'sf] sf/0f v'n:t kfg'{xf];\ . :s"naf6
k7fOPsf ;a} ;"rgf k9g'xf];\ . To:tf ;"rgf k9\g hfGg' x'Gg jf a'ˇg' ePg eg]
c? s;}nfO{ k9\g cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .
k'gjf{; ;+:yf 5
Education
Make sure your children attend school. In the United States, all girls
and boys are required by law to go to school. Children must arrive at
school on time. Call the school to explain if your children are going to be
late or absent. Read all notices sent to you by the school. Get assistance if
you cannot read them or do not understand them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfTdlge{/
sfd ubf{ cfTdlge{/ x'g / cfˆgf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfTdlge{/
x'g' eg]sf] ;/sf/, k'gjf{; ;+:yf, :jo+;]jsx? jf c? JolStdfly e/ gkg'{ xf],
h:tf] M tkfO{+n] sfd ug'{eof] eg] cf©"nfO{ vfBfGg / nQfsk8f lsGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Self-Sufficiency
Work towards being independent and providing for yourself. Being
independent means not relying on the government, the resettlement agency,
volunteers, or other people for assistance. For example, when you have a
job, you can buy your own food and clothing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cWofudg sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{
cWofudg sfg'gcGtu{t /xg'xf];\ . cd]l/sf cfPsf] Ps jif{ ePkl5 tkfO{+n]
sfg'gL ?kdf :yfoL afl;Gbfsf ?kdf /xg -jf …lu|g–sf8{Ú_ sf nflu xf]dNof08
;]So'l/6L ljefudf cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . eljiodf cd]l/sL gful/stf k|fKt ug{sf nflu
cWofudg sfg'gsf kfngf ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 .
Adjustment of Status
Adjust your immigration status. After you have lived in the United
States for one year, you need to apply for an adjustment of status to legal
permanent resident (or “green card”) with the Department of Homeland
Security. Adjusting your immigration status is an important step to
becoming a U.S. citizen in the future.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfuhkq
;a} sfuhkqx? htg ug'{xf];\ . tL sfuhkqx? dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . To;}n]
ldnfP/ /fVg'xf];\ . ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ . htg ug'{kg]{ To:tf sfuhkqx?– 3/ef8f
lnFbf 3/a]6L / tkfO{+aLrsf] ;Demf}tf–kq, vf]k nufPsf k|df0fx?, cf}ifwf]krf/sf
sfuhkq, cfO– ($ sf8{, ©f]6f];lxtsf] kl/ro–kq tyf ©"8 6\ofDksf] ;"rgf /
d]l8s]8 kfpg of]Uo 7x/fOPsf] sfuh cflb x'g\ . o:tf sfuhkq x/fP eg] k'gjf{;
;+:yfnfO{ tTsfn hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
6 The Resettlement Agency

Documents
Take care of all of your documents and paperwork. Keep your important
papers organized and in a safe place. These include your apartment lease,
immunization records, medical reports, I-94 card, photo ID, and notices of
food stamp and Medicaid eligibility. Let your resettlement agency know
immediately if your lose any of them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu awfO{
cd]l/sfdf a:b} hfFbf ;lhnf] dx;'; ug{ ;do nfU5 . z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf tkfO{+
olt 6f9f cfO;Sg'ePsf] 5 / gofF b]zdf a;fOF ;g{] lxDdt klg b]vfpg' eO;s]sf]
5 . cd]l/sfdf ;©n x'g tkfO{+;Fu cfTdan 5 . gofF 7fpFdf ;©n x'g ;Sg'xf];\
/ hLjgofkg ;lhn} ug{ ;Sg'xf];\ – xfd|f] z'esfdgf 5 .
Congratulations on Your Resettlement
As hard as it may be at times to adjust to living in the United States, as a
refugee you have already come far and shown a lot of courage to move to a
new country. You have the resilience and strength to succeed in the United
States. We wish you the best of luck in moving forward and making a life
for you and your family in your new community.

m m m
 7
cWofo @ : cfjf;
Chapter 2 : Housing

tkfO{+sf] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6
tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf nflu :jR5, ;©f / ;:tf] -cfDbfgLcg';f/sf]_ cfjf;
cTofjZos x'G5 . cf©" a:g] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6nfO{ ;©f / /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg'
tkfO{+sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
Your Home
A safe, clean, and affordable home for you and your family is very
important. It is your responsibility to keep your apartment clean and in
good condition.
―――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――—
3/;DaGwL zAbx¿
6]GofG6 -ls/fofbf/÷ef8fjfn_ M c?sf] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6df a;]jfkt /sd ltg]{
JolSt jf JolStx?nfO{ ls/fofbf/ elgG5 . tkfO{+ ls/fofbf/ x'g'x'G5 .
NofG8nf]8{ -3/a]6L÷3/wgL_ M 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6sf] dflns -3/a]6L_ xf] . pxfFn]
tkfO{+nfO{ ef8f ltg]{ u/L s'g} 7fpF pknAw u/fPsf] x'G5 . pxfF, tkfO{+ a;]sf] 3/sf]
dflns -3/a]6L_ x'g'x'G5 .
lnh -s/f/÷;Demf}tf_ M lnh eg]sf] ls/fofbf/ / 3/a]6LaLr ul/g] sfg'gL sfuh
xf] . ls/fofbf/n] o:tf] sfuhdf ;xL u/]kl5 dlxgf–dlxgfdf ef8f ltg'{k5{ / To;df
n]lvPsf] cjlwe/ dfq To; 3/df a:g ldN5 .
;]So'l/6L l8kf]lh6 -w/f}6L_ M w/f}6Ljfkt s]xL /sd ls/fofbf/n] 3/a]6LnfO{
lt/]sf] x'G5 . ls/fofbf/ a;]s} a]nf s]xL 6'6©'6 eP jf eTs]÷lau|]df oxL /sdaf6
dd{t ul/G5 . slxn]sfxLF 3/ef8fafkt /sd ltg{ afFsL /x] klg oxL /sdaf6
e'Stfg ul/G5 .
Housing Terms
A tenant is the person or persons paying money to live in the apartment
or house. You are a tenant.
A landlord is the person who owns the apartment or house, rents the
space to you, and is in charge of the building.
A lease is a legal document between a tenant and a landlord. When the
tenant signs a lease he or she agrees to pay a monthly rent and live in the
apartment for a certain period of time.
A security deposit is money the tenant pays the landlord. This money
covers damages that may occur while the tenant is renting or covers any
unpaid rent the tenant owes the landlord.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8 Housing
a:g' jf ;g'{cl3
tkfO{+ s'g} ckf6{d]G6df a:g' jf ;g'{cl3 tkfO{+ jf tkfO{+sf s]; d]g]h/n]
3/a]6L;Fu pSt ckf6{d]G6sf] rf]6f–sf]7f x]g'{kg]{5 . lau|]÷eTs]sf] eP, dd{t
ug'{kg]{ 7fpF jf ;/;fdfg ©]nf kfg'{x'G5 . o;f] ug'{eof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ 3/ ;g]{
a]nfdf w/f}6L l©tf{ ug{ d2t u5{ .
Before Moving
Before you move in, you or your case manager should walk through the
apartment with your landlord to identify any damage or things that need
fixing. This will help you get your security deposit back when you move
out.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ckf6{d]G6sf] /]vb]v
sDtLdf xKtfsf] Pslbg cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6 Eofs'd lSng/n] ;©f ug'{xf];\ .
sfk]{6 gcf]5\ofOPsf] e'OFnfO{ s"rf] / n'F8f]n] ;©f ug'{xf];\ . s]xL kf]lvP t'?Gt ;fa'g
/ kfgLn] ;©f ul/xfNg'xf];\ .
sfk]{6 / e'O“ M sfk]{6 / e'OF ;©f /fVg cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6leq k:bf h'Qf aflx/}
vf]Ng] ug'{xf];\ . cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6 ;©f /fVgfn] ls/f -p8';_ / d';f cfpFb}gg\ .
o;af6 tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ :j:y /xG5 eg] csf]{ 7fpFdf ;bf{ w/f}6L l©tf{ kfOG5 .
afy?dsf] ;/;˚fO M ;ftfsf] Psk6s afy?d ;©f ug}{k5{ . afy?d eGgfn]
o;sf] e'OF, 6\jfOn]6sf] leq–aflx/, xft–d'v w'g] efF8f] -l;Í_, g'xfpg] 8'F8 -afy6a_
/ zfj/ eGg] a'lemG5 . 9n 6flnlbg ;Sg] skfn jf cGo o:tf j:t' kfgL;Fu
gaufpg'xf];\ . afy6a / l;Ídf n'uf gw'g' xf]nf . o;f] ug'{eof] eg] aflx/ kfgL
kf]lvg ;S5 / e'OF lr;f]–lrKnf] x'G5 .
6\jfOn]6sf ;d:ofx¿ M 6\jfOn]6sf] leqL efu ;©f ug{ a'?; k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
6\jfOn]6 ;©f ug]{ a'?; c? 7fpF ;©f ug{ k|of]u gug'{xf];\ . g5'g] -dlxgfjf/L_
ePsL dlxnfn] nufpg] :oflg6/L 6fjn, vfg]s'/f jf w]/} 6\jfOn]6 k]k/ 6\jfOn]6df
gˆofFSg'xf];\ . o:tf j:t' ˆn; -kfgLn] aufpg]_ gug'{xf];\ . 6\jfOn]6 el/of] jf
6flnof] eg] 3/a]6LnfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
kfgL r'lxP–kf]lvP M zfj/sf] kfgL aflx/ cfpg glbg afy6adf kbf{ -zfj/
s6]{g_ xfNg'xf];\ . e'OFsf] kfgL ;w}F k'5\g'xf];\ . kfgLaflx/ cfpg glbg'xf];\ lsgeg]
o;n] e'OF lrKnf] x'G5 / e'OFdf k|of]u ePsf] sf7 jf cGo j:t' kfgLn] ;8fpF5 .
Maintaining Your Apartment
At least once a week, clean your apartment with a vacuum cleaner. Use
a broom and mop to clean floors that do not have carpet. Clean up spills
with soap and water immediately.
Carpets and Floors: Remove shoes when you enter your apartment to
cfjf; 9
help keep the carpets and floors clean. Keeping your apartment clean will
help prevent attracting bugs and mice. It will also help your family stay
healthy and help you get your security deposit back when you move out.
Cleaning the Bathroom : The bathroom must be cleaned weekly. This
includes the floor, the inside and outside of the toilet, sink, and bathtub
and/or shower. Do not allow hair or other items to go down the drain or
the drain may get clogged. Do not use the bathtub or sink to wash clothes
because water will spill onto the floor.
Toilet Problems: Use a brush to clean inside the toilet. Do not use the
toilet brush for anything else. Never flush female sanitary products, food,
or large amounts of toilet paper down the toilet. If the toilet overflows, call
your landlord immediately.
Water Leaks and Spills : Keep the shower curtain inside the bathtub
and always clean up water on the floor. Do not allow water to escape onto
the floor because it can cause flooding and water damage.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;f
tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df ;©f /fVg'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ If]q eg]sf] efG;f xf] . efG;fdf w]/}
;/;fdfgx? x'G5g\ . tLdWo] s'g} tkfO{+sf nflu gofF x'g;S5g\ .
Kitchen
An important area of your apartment to keep clean is the kitchen. The
kitchen has many appliances, some that may be new to you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;fsf ;/;fdfg
:6f]e / cf]eg -r'nf]_ M :6f]edf vfgf ksfpFbf ;w}F sd jf dWod vfnsf]
tftf]df ksfpg ;'? ug'{xf];\ / clg lj:tf/} rflxFg] tftf] 36L jf a9L u/]/
ldnfpg'xf];\ . ;aeGbf tftf]df vfgf ksfpg' eof] eg] efF8f] jf vfgf 89\g ;S5 .
cf]egdf vfgf, jf df;' jf kfp/f]6L ksfpg' kbf{ tfkqmd #%) b]lv $)) l8u|L ©x/]–
gxfO6 /fVg'xf];\ . …a|fOnÚ ;+s]t eg]sf] rflxF vfgf ksfpFbf Hjfnf k|of]u x'G5 . of]
lgs} tftf] x'G5 / vfgf rfF8f] 89\5 . tkfO{+sf] r'nf] UofF;af6 rNg] vfnsf] 5 eg] of]
/fd|/L an]sf] 5 jf 5}g Vofn ug'{xf];\ . olb UofF; /fd|/L gan]sf] / s'lxPsf] c08f
h:tf] uGxfPsf] 5 eg] c?sf] d2t lng'xf];\ .
:6f]e / cf]egsf] ;/;˚fO M cf]eg / :6f]edf kf]lvPsf vfg]s'/f ;]nfpgf;fy
;©f ul/xfNg'xf];\ . :6f]e lbgx'F ;©f ug'{xf];\ . kf]lvPsf jf 89]sf vfg]s'/f /
lrNnf] vt/gfs x'G5g\ . Ps t g/fd|f] uGxfpF5g\, clg o;}sf sf/0f ls/f, d';f
/ 5'r'Gb|f cfpF5g\ .
/]lk|mlh/]6/÷lk|mh/ M vfg]s'/f lr;f] / tfhf /fVg efG;fdf Pp6f /]lk|mlh/]6/
10 Housing
x'G5 . o;df b"w, t/sf/L, bxL, df;' / c08f /fVg'xf];\ . lk|mh/ rflxF /]lk|mlh–
/]6/sf] Pp6f efu xf], hf] cem lr;f] x'G5, h;df kfgL hd]/ a/© aG5 .
hdfOPsf] cj:yfd} lslgPsf vfg]s'/f lk|mh/df /fVg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{+n] o;df
df;' /fVg' eof] eg] Tof] hD5 / s8f x'G5 . o;nfO{ w]/} ;dosf nflu /fVg
;lsG5 . ksfPsf vfg]s'/f a§fdf jf kf]sf] kf/]/ /fVg'k5{ . klxnf h] vfg]s'/f NofP/
/flvPsf] xf], klxnf ToxL vfg', ksfpg' jf k|of]u ug'{k5{ . emf]n vfg]s'/f kf]lvof]
eg] ;+ej eP;Dd rfF8} ;©f ul/xfNg'k5{ .
l8;jf;/ -ef“8f df‰g] pks/0f_ M l8;jf;/n] sfF6f–rDrf / efF8fjt{gdf
ePsf sL6f0f'x?nfO{ df5{ . o;n] efF8f df‰b}g jf 6fFl;Psf] vfgf ;©f ub}{g .
l8;jf;/df efF8fjt{g xfNg'cl3 yfn–srf}/fdf 5fl8Psf vfgf hlxn] klg ©f]xf]/
xfNg] jt{gdf xfNg'xf];\ / efF8f kvfNg'xf];\ . l8;jf;/sf nflu dfq elgPsf] ;fa'g
o;df k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . xft jf n'uf w'g agfOPsf emf]n–;fa'g l8;jf;/df k6Ss}
k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .
l;° / ˚f]xf]/ Joj:yfkg M efG;fdf x'g] s'g} l;Ídf ;8\g;Sg] ©f]xf]/ ˆofFSg]
Joj:yf -ufa]{h l8:kf]hn_ ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] lah'nLn] rNg] x'G5 . o;leq uPsf
vfgfaf6 lgl:sPsf ©f]xf]/ 6'lqmG5g\ / kfOk x'Fb} hfG5g\ . l;Íglhs} o;nfO{ vf]Ng]
/ aGb ug]{ l:jr x'G5 . kfgL alu/x]sf a]nfdf dfq of] ufa]{h l8:kf]hn vf]Ng'xf]nf .
ufa]{h l8:kf]hndf wft', xf8, c08fsf af]qmf, ©n©"nsf aLp, Kofh, ;]n/L jf vfgf–
afx]s cGoqaf6 cfPsf j:t' gxfNg'xf]nf . ufa]{h l8:kf]hn 6flnof] eg] kfgL
el/P/ l;Í;Dd cfOk'U5 . l8:kf]hnleq xft gxfNg'xf]nf, rf]6 nfU5 . olb efG;fsf]
l;Ísf] ufa]{h l8:kf]hn lah'nLn] rNb}g eg] o;df s'g} ©f]xf]/ xfNg' x'Fb}g .
Kitchen Appliances
Stove and Oven : When cooking food on top of the stove, always
begin on low or medium heat and then adjust. If you begin on high heat,
you may burn the food or pan. To use the oven to cook food, or bake meat
or bread, place the dial on 350 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. The “broil”
setting uses flames to cook food. It becomes very hot and can quickly
burn your food. If you have a gas stove or oven, be sure that the flame
lights right away. If you smell an odor like rotten eggs, turn off the gas
immediately and seek help.
Cleaning the Oven and Stove : Clean any spilled food in the oven and
on the stove as soon as they have cooled. Clean your stove daily. Spilled
or burned food and grease are dangerous. They smell bad and attract bugs,
rats, and mice.
Refrigerator/Freezer : Your kitchen has a refrigerator to keep food
cold and fresh. Keep milk, vegetables, yogurt, meat, and eggs in the
refrigerator. The freezer is the part of the refrigerator that is much colder
cfjf; 11
and freezes water to ice. Keep in the freezer any foods that are already
frozen when you buy them. If you put meat in the freezer, it will become
hard and frozen and you can keep it longer. Cooked food should be kept
after wrapping tightly. Use the First In, First Out (FIFO) method when
getting food from the refrigerator. Clean any spills as soon as possible.
Dishwasher : A dishwasher kills germs on dishes and silverware. It
does not scrub dishes or take the place of a garbage disposal. Always put
food scraps into the garbage and rinse the dishes before putting them into
the dishwasher. You must use a special soap designed for the dishwasher.
Never use liquid hand soap or laundry detergent in the dishwasher.
Sink and Garbage Disposal : Some kitchen sinks have electric garbage
disposals that shred food waste so it can pass through the plumbing. There
is an on/off switch next to the sink. You should only turn the garbage
disposal on when the water is on. Never put metal, bones, egg shells, fruit
pits, onions, celery, or non-food items down the garbage disposal. If your
garbage disposal becomes stuck, water may back up in the sink. Never put
your hands inside the disposal or you may injure yourself. If your kitchen
sink does not have an electric garbage disposal, do not put garbage down
the drain.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;fsf] l8n
c+u|]hLdf …sfpG6/ 6kÚ eg]sf] r'nf] jf l;Ídf hf]l8Psf] ;tx -vfnL l8n_
xf] . r'nf]sf] vfnL l8ndf tftf] efF8f] ;Lw} g/fVg'xf];\ . l8n 89\g glbg tftf] efF8f]
/fVg agfOPsf Kof8 jf tftf] efF8f]sf nflu agfOPsf tf}lnof k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
Counter Tops
Never put a hot pan directly on a counter top. Use a hot pad or dish
towel under the hot pan to avoid burning the counter.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
˚f]xf]/
;8\g] ˚f]xf]/ M ;8\g] ©f]xf]/ cfˆgf] ckf6{dG6df ePsf] ©f]xf]/ xfNg]
efF8f]df ©fNg'xf];\ . ©f]xf]/ ©fNg] efF8f]leq Knfl:6ssf] y}nf] xfn]kl5 dfq ToxL y}nf]df
kg]{ u/L ©f]xf]/ ˆofFSg'xf];\ . ©f]xf]/sf] y}nf] lbgx'F 3/aflx/ nfg'xf];\ / ©f]xf]/ xfNg] 7"nf]
efF8f]df ˆofFSg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ d';f / ls/f 3/leq cfpgaf6 /f]lsG5g\ . ©f]xf]/nfO{
ckf6{d]G6sf] sl/8/ -;a}sf sf]7faflx/sf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ 7fpF_ df slxNo}
g5f8\g'xf];\ .
g;8\g] ˚f]xf]/ M g;8\g] ©f]xf]/x? h:t}– /2L sfuh, sfuhsf afs;, af]tn
/ 8Aafx?nfO{ tf]lsPsf a]Unfa]Un} efF8f jf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . gu/kflnsfn] o:tf
12 Housing
3/fozL ©f]xf]/ lglZrt lbg / ;dodf p7fpg] u5{g\ . tkfO{+sf 3/a]6Ln] ©f]xf]/
slxn] / sxfF nfg'k5{ eGg] atfpg' x'g]5 .
k'gMk|of]u M w]/}h;f] zx/df ©f]xf]/sf k|sf/sf cfwf/df 5'6\ofP/ ©/s efF8f]df
/fVg] ul/G5 . ;fdfGotofM Knfl:6ssf af]tn, Pn'ldlgodsf 8Aafx?, l;;f, sfuh
/ wft'nfO{ vfgfaf6 cfPsf ©f]xf]/eGbf 5'§} /flvG5 . tkfO{+sf 3/a]6Ln] cfˆgf
;d'bfodf s] ug'{k5{ eGg] l;sfpg' x'g]5 . k'gMk|of]u–ljlwn] o:tf j:t'nfO{ ©]l/
sfddf NofpF5 / jftfj/0fsf] /Iff u5{ .
Garbage, Trash and Recycling
Garbage : Place garbage in the garbage bins in your apartment. Line
garbage bins with plastic garbage bags. Take the garbage out of your
apartment every day to a garbage can or dumpster to prevent attracting
bugs and mice. Never leave garbage in the hallway of the apartment
building.
Trash: Trash such as old papers, boxes, bottles, and cans should also be
placed in designated containers or locations. Usually there is a certain day
and time when the city will take the trash away. Your landlord should tell
you where and when to put your trash and garbage outside for pickup.
Recycling: Many cities require trash to be separated by type and be
placed in special containers. Usually plastic bottles, aluminum cans, glass
containers, paper, and metal are separated from wet food garbage. Your
landlord can tell you what you must do in your community. Recycling helps
the country reuse some of these materials and protects the environment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
p8';
p8'; ;fgf ls/fx? x'g\ . logLx? tfhf /ut r';]/ afFR5g\ . logLx?
p8\b}gg, s'b\b}gg\ jf pk|mb}gg\ . p8'; w]/}h;f] la:t/f, Dof6«]; -u2fjfn 8;gf_,
l;/fgL, lunf s';L{ / ;f]©fdf n'S5g\ . laxfg p7\bf 5fnfdf st} ;fgf] bfu
b]Vg'eof] eg] of] p8';n] 6f]s]sf] x'g;S5 . la:t/fdf st} ;fgf yf]Knf h:tf b]lvP
eg] oL p8'; x'g;S5g\ . To;}n] af6f]5]pdf /flvPsf k'/fgf Dof6«];, tof/L l;/s
-ANofGs]6_, l;/fgL jf cGo cf]5\ofgdf rflxg] ;/;fdfg gp7fpg'xf]nf . To:tf j:t'
3/ gNofpg'xf]nf . Psk6s p8'; tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6 jf 3/df cfP eg] lognfO{ k"/}
lgd"{n kfg{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . p8';sf] ;d:of b]lvPdf 3/a]6LnfO{ eGg'xf];\ .
Bed Bugs
Bed bugs are tiny insects and they feed on fresh blood. They do not
fly, hop, or jump. They often live in bedding, mattresses, pillows, and soft
chairs and couches. If you find small bites on your skin in the morning, it
may be from bed bugs. If you see tiny dark spots on your bedding you may
cfjf; 13
have bed bugs. Never bring used mattresses, blankets, pillows, or other
used bedding into your home. Once bed bugs are in your apartment, they
are very difficult to get rid of. Tell your landlord immediately.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/ef8f ln“bfsf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
e]befj M 3/ef8fdf lng vf]Hbf tkfO{+nfO{ hflt jf /+u, cfPsf] b]z, tkfO{n] dfGg]
wd{, tkfO{+sf] lnª\u, zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf, kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, h:t}– tkfO{+ ljjflxt
xf] jf xf]Og cflb cfwf/df 3/a]6Ln] leGg Jojxf/ u/], To:tf] e]befj cd]l/sL
sfg'glj?4 x'G5 . tkfO{+n] cf©"nfO{ plrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] kfpg' eof] eg] o:tf
36gf slxn] slxn] eP / To;a]nf s] s] eof] lnlvt ?kdf /fVg'k5{ . k|To]s
/fHo jf sfpG6Ldf o:tf] e]befj x'Fbf d2t ug]{ …©]o/ xfplhªÚ sfof{no x'G5g\ .
cg'/f]w M ckf6{d]G6df s]xL dd{t ug'{k¥of] eg] 3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ dd{tsf nflu
cg'/f]w lnlvt ?kdf dfU5g\ . 3/a]6Laf6 dd{t cg'/f]w ©f/d dfu]/ cfˆgf] cg'/f]w
n]Vg'xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ ls/f, d';f, 5'r'Gb|f / kfgL lgsf; cflbsf] ;d:of eP t'?Gt
3/a]6LnfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
ef]urngsf] lgod M s'g} Ps ckf6{d]G6df a:g] dflg;sf] ;+Vof lglZrt
/xg] lgod x'G5 . o:tf] lgod–kfngf ug'{ / 3/df a:b} cfPsf dflg;sf] ;+Vofaf/]
3/a]6LnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' tkfO{+sf] bfloTj xf] . tkfO{+n] lgod–kfngf gu/]sf] v08df
3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ …3/ vfnL ug'{xf];\Ú eGg ;S5g\ .
Housing Rights and Responsibilities
Discrimination: It is against the law for a landlord to treat you
differently because of your color, nationality, caste, religion, disability,
sex, or marital status. If you feel you are being treated unfairly, you should
keep a record of what has happened. There is a “fair housing” office in
each state or county that can try to help you.
Request : Landlords often require a written request before they will
make repairs in your apartment. Use a repair request form from your
landlord to write this request. Inform your landlord immediately if you are
having problems with bugs, rats, mice, or plumbing.
Occupancy Rule : There are rules on how many people are allowed
to live in an apartment. It is your responsibility to follow the rules and
let your landlord know how many people are living in your home. The
landlord can tell you to leave your home if you do not follow this rule.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/ ;bf{
;do k"/f ug'{xf];\ M s/f/df tf]lsPsf] ;do;Dd ckf6{d]G6÷3/df a:g' dxÎjk"0f{
x'G5 . s'g} 3/÷ckf6{d]G6df sDtLdf Ps jif{ a:g s/f/df ;do–;Ldf tf]lsPsf]
14 Housing
x'G5 . cf©" ;g'{eGbf Ps dlxgfcl3 3/a]6LnfO{ 3/ ;g]{ lnlvt–;"rgf lbg'xf];\ .
s/f/–cjlwsf] cGTodf, olb tkfO{+ a:bf s]xL geTs]÷glau|]sf] / ef8fjfktsf] ;a}
/sd r'Stf ePsf] eP 3/a]6LnfO{ a'emfPsf] w/f}6L l©tf{ kfpg'x'G5 .
7]ufgf abnL M gofF 3/÷ckf6{d]G6df ;/]kl5 w]/} JolSt jf sfof{nodf hfgsf/L
lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+ cd]l/sfsf] gful/s eO;Sg' ePsf] 5}g eg] …o'P;l;cfOP;Ú nfO{
…Pcf/– !!Ú gfds ©f/d e/]/ cf©" 7fpF ;/]sf] hfgsf/L clgjfo{ ?kdf
lbg}k5{ . x'nfs sfof{nosf] …7]ufgf kl/jt{g;DaGwL ©f/dÚ k"/f eg{'kg]{5 . of] ©f/d
glhs}sf] x'nfs sfof{no uP/ jf OG6/g]6df eg{ ;lsG5 . To;kl5 x'nfsn]
tkfO{+sf] gofF 7]ufgfdf kq NofpF5 . dfl;s lan k7fpg] sfof{nox? h:t} M lah'nL,
kfgL, UofF;, 6]ln©f]g, ;]n©f]g, 6]lnlehgsf] s]a'n÷l8; ;]jf lbg] sDkgL cflb
x'g\ . cfˆgf] 7]ufgf ©]l/Psf] hfgsf/L tkfO{+n] sfd ug{] 7fpF÷sfof{no, a}+s,
8fS6/sf] sfof{no / gfgL–afa'x? k9\g] :s"ndf klg lbg'k5{ .
˚lg{r/ M gofF ckf6{d]G6df ;bf{ cfˆgf ©lg{r/ n}hfg'k5{ . 3/a]6Lsf ©lg{r/
jf cGo ;/;fdfg 5f8\g'k5{ . cfˆgf k'/fgf ©lg{r/ To;} 5f8\g'x'Gg . tL ©lg{r/
kG5fpg nfUg] vr{ 3/a]6Ln] lnG5g\ .
Moving Out
Complete your lease : It is important to complete your lease. Most
leases ask that you agree to live in the apartment or house for twelve
months. Give your landlord a month’s notice in writing before moving out.
At the end of the lease, the landlord will return the security deposit only if
the apartment is in good condition and if the rental payments are current.
Change of Address : When you move to a new apartment, you should
inform many people. If you are not yet a citizen of the US, you must
inform the USCIS of your change of address on form AR-11. You should
also complete a form to change your address with the post office. You
can do that at the nearest post office or on the Internet. The post office
will deliver your mail to the new address. You should also change your
address with any company that sends you a monthly bill: electric, water,
gas, telephone, cell phone, cable TV etc. You should also report your new
address to your employer, bank, doctors’ offices, and childrens’ schools.
Furniture : When you move to a new apartment you should take the
furniture that you own. You must leave any furniture or appliances that
belong to the landlord. If you leave any old or broken furniture that you do
not want, the landlord may charge you a fee to take it away.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/df tftf]–lr;f]sf] k|aGw
tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df hf8f]df tfKgsf nflu lx6/ x'G5 . tfk pTkfbg ug{ lah'nL
jf ©g{];sf] k|of]u ul/G5, h;n] tftf] xfjf jf tftf] kfgL ckf6{d]G6sf sf]7fx?df
cfjf; 15
k7fpF5 . tftf] sd–a];L ug{ Pp6f ydf{]:6]6 /flvPsf] x'G5 . hf8f]df tfkqmd ^% b]lv
&@ l8u|L ©x/]gxfO6;Dd /fVg'xf];\ . hlt a9L tftf]sf nflu ydf]{:6]6 3'dfof], Tolt g}
tftf]sf nflu k};f ltg'{k5{ . tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df Po/–slG8;g klg x'g;S5, h;nfO{
af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf …P;LÚ elgG5, o;sf] k|of]u udL{df x'G5 . o;df tfkqmd &@
b]lv *) l8u|L ©x/]gxfO6;Dd /fVg'xf];\ . P;Ldf hlt sd tfkqmd /fVg'x'G5, k};f
Tolt g} a9L ltg'{k5{ .
Heating and Air Conditioning
Your apartment has a heater for use during cold weather. The heat may
come from electricity or from a furnace that sends hot air or hot water to
the rooms in the apartment. There should be a thermostat that let’s you set
the temperature for your apartment. In the winter you should set it between
65 and 72 degrees. The higher you set the temperature, the more the heat
will cost. Your apartment may also have air conditioning, sometimes called
AC, for use during hot weather. You should set its temperature between 72
and 80 degrees. The lower you set the AC temperature, the more it will
cost.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfuf]af6 ;'/Iff
w'jf“;"rs oGq M of] oGqn] tkfO{+sf] 3/df w'jfF cfPsf] yfxf kfpF5 / ;+efljt
cfunfuLsf] ;"rgf lbG5 . o;n] 7"nf] :j/df l;6L ahfpFb} tkfO{+ / kl/jf/nfO{
w'jfFsf] ;"rgf lbP/ ;fjwfg u5{ . o:tf oGq kvf{n jf l;lnªdf h8fg ul/Psf
x'G5g\ .
3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+ a:g] ckf6{d]G6df o:tf w'jfF;"rs oGq pknAw u/fOlbg'k5{ .
o:tf oGq ;w}F rfn" cj:yfdf x'g'k5{ lsgeg] olb cfuf] nfUg nfUof] eg] o;n]
;fjwfgL u/fpF5g\ / Hofg arfpg d2t u5{g\ . o;df Aof6«L xfNg'k5{ . cfjZos
kbf{ o;df Aof6«L ©]g]{ sfd rflxF tkfO{+sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
o:tf ;a} oGqx? dlxgfsf] Psk6s hfFRg'xf];\ . o;sf] hfFr ug{, o;sf]
cuf8Lsf] a6g lyRg'xf];\ . olb o;n] l;6L jf ;+s]tsf] 306L lbPg eg] Aof6«L jf
oGq g} tTsfn ©]g]{ a]nf ePsf] x'G5 . of] oGq vf]n]/ g/fVg'xf]nf jf o;sf Aof6«L
glemSg'xf]nf . o;nfO{ Knfl:6s cflbn] g9fSg'xf]nf .
cfunfuLaf6 aRg 9f]sf M s'g} ckf6{d]G6df d"n9f]sfaf6 l5/]kl5 sf]7fx?df
hfg] 7fpF jf e¥ofªsf] 6'Kkf] / ©]bdf wft'sf] Pp6f 9f]sf x'g;S5 . o:tf 9f]sfn]
lalN8ªsf] Pp6f ckf6{d]G6af6 csf{] ckf6{d]G6df cfuf] ©}ng lbFb}gg\ . o:tf 9f]sf
aGb 5g\ eg] dfq cfunfuLdf sfd u5{g\ . tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu oL
9f]sf slxNo} v'nf g5f8f}+ . v'nf b]lvof] eg] aGb ul/xfnf}+ .
clUg;"rs oGq M of] oGq cfuf] nfu]sf] ;"rgf lbg] 306L xf] . of] oGq d"n–
9f]sfaf6 l5/]kl5 sf]7fx?df hfg] 7fpF jf s'g} ;lhnf] 7fpFdf h8fg ul/Psf]
16 Housing
x'g;S5 . o:tf oGq ;fdfGotM /ftf /+usf x'G5g\ / ;a} ef8fjfnfn] ahfpg ;Sg]
7fpFdf /flvPsf x'G5g\ . cfunfuL ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq of] oGq ahfP/ c?
ef8fjfnf 5/–l5d]sLnfO{ / cfuf] lgefpg] ljefu -clUg–lgoGq0f ljefu_ nfO{ va/
ug'{xf]nf .
cfuf] lgefpg] pks/0f M oL pks/0fn] cfuf] lgefpg jf cfuf]–lgoGq0f
u5{g\ . 3/a]6L;Fu of] pks/0f k|of]u ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'xf];\ . o:tf pks/0f
ckf6{d]G6 jf 3/sf s'g s'g 7fpFdf /flvPsf 5g\, Vofn ug'{xf];\ .
Fire Safety
Smoke Alarms/smoke detector : A smoke alarm is a device that
detects smoke and a possible fire in your home. It will beep loudly to alert
you and your family if there is smoke or fire. Smoke alarms are usually
mounted on a wall or ceiling. Landlords must provide a smoke alarm in
your apartment. The smoke alarm must always be working because if
there is a fire, it can alert you and save your life. You are responsible for
replacing batteries in your smoke alarm when needed. All smoke alarms
should be tested once a month. To test it, touch the small “test” button
on the front. If it does not make a beep or alarm sound, the batteries or
alarm should be replaced immediately. Never take the smoke alarm down
permanently or leave the battery out of it. Do not cover it in any way.
Fire Doors : Some apartment buildings may have metal doors in the
hallways or at the top and bottom of stairs. These doors help prevent a fire
that might start in one apartment from spreading to other apartments in the
building. But they only help if they are kept closed. For the safety of you
and your family, never leave fire doors open. If you find one open, close
it.
Fire Alarms : An apartment building might have a fire alarm in the
hallway or other convenient location. These are usually painted red and
placed where tenants can sound the alarm. Use the alarm only when there
is a fire and you want to let other tenants know that there is a fire and to
call the fire department.
Fire Extinguishers : A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out or
control fires. Ask your landlord to show you how to use a fire extinguisher.
Know where the fire extinguishers are in your apartment or building.

m m m
 17
cWofo # : lzIff
Chapter 3 : Education

lzIff
cd]l/sfdf afnaflnsf / jo:s -pd]/ k'u]sf] JolSt_ b'j}sf nflu lzIff lgs}
dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] cWofodf ePsf hfgsf/Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ cd]l/sfsf] lzIff k4lt /
:s"nsf] jftfj/0f s:tf] x'G5 eg]/ a'ˇg d2t ug]{5g\ . of] cWofon] afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffdf cleefjssf] e"ldsfsf] dxÎjaf/] :ki6 kfg{'sf ;fy} jo:sx?sf] lzIffaf/]
hfgsf/L klg lbg]5 .
Education
Education is very important in the United States for both children
and adults. The information in this topic will help you understand the
educational system in the United States and the school environment
for children. It will also explain the important role parents play in their
children’s education and provide information on adult education.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
afnlzIff
/fHosf] sfg'gcg';f/ k|foMh;f] kfFrb]lv !^ jif{sf] pd]/;Ddsf ;a} afnaflnsf
:s"n hfg} k5{ . kfFrb]lv !* jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfn] lgMz'Ns ;fj{hlgs lzIff
kfpF5g\ . k|To]s /fHon] slt pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] :s"n hfg ;'? ug'{k5{
/ xfO{:s"n hfgsf nflu slt pd]/ rflxF a9L x'G5 eGg] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
s]xL /fHon] PSsfO; jif{x'Gh]n ;fj{hlgs :s"n hfg] lgod agfPsf 5g\ . k9\g
;d:of ePsf jf zf/Ll/s ckfª\u afnaflnsf clgjfo{ ?kdf :s"n hfg'k5{ . :yfgLo
:s"nn] tkfO{+;Fu ldn]/ afnaflnsfsf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;a} k|aGw ldnfpF5g\ .
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf gfgLnfO{ s:tf] :s"ndf k9fpg] eg]/ 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;/sf/L
:s"nx? lgMz'Ns x'G5g\ . s]xL cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw kfP klg lghL :s"nx?df
z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . s]xL lghL :s"nx? wfld{s x'G5g\ .
k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf gfgLnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/L :s"n egf{ ug{ d2t
ug]{5g\ .
Child Education
State laws require that all children go to school, usually between the
ages of five and sixteen. Free public education is available for children
ages five to eighteen. Each state decides how old children must be to
start school and when they are too old to be in high school. Some states
allow students to attend public school until age twenty-one. Children with
learning or physical disabilities must go to school. The local school will
18 Education
work with you to address your child’s needs.
You can choose what kind of school you want your child to attend.
Public schools are free. Private schools cost money, although some
financial assistance may be available. Some private schools are religious.
Your resettlement agency will assist you register your children with
your local public school.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;/sf/L :s"nx¿
;/sf/L :s"nx?sf] Joj:yfkg …:s"n l8l:6«S6;\Ú gfds lgsfon] u5{g\ .
u|fdL0f If]qx?df :s"n l8l:6«S6 w]/} ;fgf x'g;S5g\ / Pp6f dfq :s"n x]/]sf
x'g;S5g\ . 7"nf zx/df :s"n l8l:6«S6n] ;of}+ leGgfleGg} :s"nx?sf] Joj:yfkg
u/]sf x'g;S5g\ . cd]l/sfsf ;/sf/L :s"nx?df ljleGg hflt / wd{sf gfgLx?
Pp6} sIffdf x'G5g\, ;Fu} k9\5g\ / ;fy} v]N5g\ . ;a}h;f] ;/sf/L :s"nx?df 5fq
/ 5fqfnfO{ Pp6} sIffdf /fv]/ k9fOG5 .
Public Schools
Public schools are managed by “school districts.” In rural areas, a school
district may be very small and operate only one school. In a large city the
school district may operate hundreds of different schools. In American
public schools, children from different races and religions attend class,
study, and play sports together. Boys and girls are taught together in almost
all public schools.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vf]kx¿ -ODo'gfOh];G;\_
gfgLx?n] :s"ndf xflh/ x'g yfNg'cl3 s]xL /f]ulj?4 vf]k nufPsf] x'g'k5{ .
:s"nn] gfgLnfO{ vf]k nufPsf] k|df0fkq jf lrlsT;sn] n]v]sf] sfuh dfU5g\ .
:s"nnfO{ gfgLsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;a} k'/fgf hfgsf/L klg rflxg ;S5 . k'gjf{;
;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf gfgLnfO{ vf]k lbnfpg / :s"nnfO{ lbg'kg{] sfuh–kqsf] aGbf]a:t
ug{ d2t u5{g\ .
Immunizations
Schools require children to be immunized against certain diseases
before they can attend classes. Your child’s school will require a copy
of your child’s immunization records or a doctor’s written statement.
The school may also require other medical history information. Your
resettlement agency will help you arrange the necessary immunizations
and papers to give to the school.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff 19
:s"nsf ljleGg tx
gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] pd]/ / pgLx?n] kfO;s]sf] lzIffsf cfwf/df Pp6f
lglZrt sIff -u|]8_ df egf{ ul/G5 . s]xL :s"nn] gfgL s'g sIffdf k9\g ;S5
eGg] hfFRgsf nflu k/LIff klg lng ;S5g\ . sd c+u|]hL af]Ng] ;fgf gfgLx?nfO{
;'?df cln tNnf] sIffdf /fVg klg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotM cd]l/sL :s"nsf txcg';f/
sIff / gfgLx?sf] pd]/ o;k|sf/ x'G5g\ M
• lk|–:s"n -P]lR5s_ – # b]lv $ jif{sf] .
• lsG8/uf6{g – % jif{sf] .
• Plnd]G6/L :s"n, w]/}h;f] sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd, gfgLx?sf] pd]/ ^ b]lv !! jif{ .
• ld8n :s"n, ;fdfGotM sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd / gfgLx?sf] pd]/ !! jif{b]lv !$
jif{ .
• xfO{:s"n, ;fdfGotM sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd / gfgLx?sf] pd]/ !$ jif{b]lv
!* jif{ .
7\ofSs} pd]/ / sIffx? tkfO{+sf] :s"n l8l:6«S6df ©/s kg{ ;S5g\ .
School Structure
Children are placed in a certain grade level depending on their age and
how much education they have already received. Some schools may test a
student to determine what grade level is best. Younger children who speak
little English may be placed in a lower grade level at first. Usually, the
different grade levels and ages are:
• Pre-school (optional) – 3 to 4 years old.
• Kindergarten – 5 years old.
• Elementary School, usually grades 1 to 5; students are usually 6 to 11
years old.
• Middle School, usually grades 6 to 8; students are usually 11 to 14
years old.
• High School, usually grades 9 to 12; students are usually 14 to 18 years
old.
The exact ages and grades may be different in your school district.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z}lIfs jif{
z}lIfs jif{ cu:t dlxgfsf] cGTolt/ jf ;]K6]Da/ dlxgf nfu] nuQ} ;'? x'G5 /
d] dlxgfsf] cGTo jf h"g dlxgfdf ;lsG5 . gfgLx? ;f]daf/b]lv z'qmaf/;Dd :s"n
hfG5g\ . :s"ndf k9\g] ;do ;f9] kfFr 306fb]lv ;ft 306f;Ddsf] x'G5 . of] ;do
gfgL s'g txsf] :s"ndf k'u]sf] 5, To;}df e/ k5{ . ;fj{hlgs labfx?, udL{ labf
-j;Gt Ct'sf] labf_ / hf8f]sf] 5'§L, / lzIfssf] tflndsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf lbg
gfgLx? :s"n hfFb}gg\ . c+u|]hL ljifodf lgk'0f x'g g;s]sf jf sIffdf sdhf]/
20 Education
dflgPsf ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] k|ultsf nflu udL{sf] 5'§Ldf klg :s"n hfg'kg]{ x'g–
;S5 . cleefjsn] sIff–lzIfs÷sIff–lzlIfsf jf :s"n;Fu :s"nsf] jflif{s kfqf]
-Sofn]G8/_ dfUg'k5{ .
School Year
School years typically begin in late August or early September and
end in late May or in June. Children are in school Monday to Friday. The
school day is between five and a half to seven hours long, depending on
what school the child attends. Students do not attend school on national
holidays, during spring and winter breaks, and on days reserved for
teacher training. Students who need to improve their English or catch up
academically may have to attend summer school as well. Parents should
ask their child’s teacher or school for a school calendar.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"ndf vfgf
gfgLx?n] lbpF;f]sf] vfgf -nGr_ :s"ndf vfG5g\ . a'af–cfdfn] agfOlbg] eP
gfgLx?n] nGr 3/af6 nfg ;S5g\ jf geP :s"ndf lsGg ;S5g\ . cfˆgf]
cfDbfgL sd eP lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df :s"n] nGr kfpg lgj]bg lbg'k5{ .
nGr lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df lbnfpg] ljifodf yk a'ˇg' k/] :s"ndf ;Dks{
/fVg'xf];\ . s'g}–s'g} :s"nn] laxfgsf] vfhf -a|]s©f:6_ klg VjfpF5g\ .
School Meals
Children eat lunch at school. Children can bring a lunch from home
that parents prepare for them, or buy lunch at school. Parents can apply
for children to receive free or reduced price school lunches, depending
on the household income. Parents should contact their child’s school for
information on how to apply. Some schools also offer morning breakfast
for students.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xflh/L
ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] ;dodf :s"n k'Ug'k5{ . cfˆgf] gfgL
:s"n k'Ug l9nf] x'g] eP jf uon x'g] eP ©f]g u/]/ pm lsg l9nf] jf uon ePsf]
xf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . w]/} :s"nx?nfO{ gfgL uon x'g] jf ePsf] hfgsf/L
lnlvt ?kdf rflxG5 . cf©" uon ePsf] lbg 5'6]sf] k9fO ljBfyL{n] k"/f u5{g\
eGg] cfzf ul/G5 .
Attendance
School attendance is very important. Students must arrive at school on
time. You should always call the school to explain if your child is going
to be late or absent for any reason. Many schools also require a written
lzIff 21
explanation for any absence. Students are expected to make up any school
work they missed when they were absent.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
oftfoft
tkfO{+sf] a;f]af; :s"nglhs} 5 eg] gfgLx? lxF8]/ hfg–cfpg ;S5g\ . :s"n
6f9f 5 eg] :s"n–l8l:6«S6n] lgMz'Ns a; pknAw u/fpF5 . pSt a;n] gfgLx?nfO{
tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 n}hfG5 / :s"nkl5 NofP/ 5f8\5 . ;fgf gfgLsf cleefjsn]
laxfg a; r9\g] 7fpFdf a; gcfpGh]n a:g'k5{ . gfgLx?nfO{ a; r9fpg'k5{ .
a]n'sf ;'/lIft ?kdf 3/;Dd Nofpg gfgLx? cf]n{g] 7fpFdf cleefjs k'Ug'k5{ .
Transportation
If the school is near to where you live, children can walk to and from
school. If the school is far away, the school district will provide a free bus
that will pick your child up at a designated location and time and then drop
your child off after school. Parents of young children should always wait
with them at the bus stop in the morning and be at the stop to greet them
and take them home safely in the afternoon.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"ndf k9fOg] ljifo
k|To]s /fHo / :s"n l8l:6«S6n] cfˆgf] If]qsf :s"nx?df s'g s'g ljifo
k9fpg] eGg] lg0f{o u5{g\ . ;fdfGo ?kdf ;a}h;f] ljBfyL{n] ul0ft, ;fdflhs lzIff,
c+u|]hL, lj1fg / zf/Ll/s lzIff k9\g'k5{ . rfxg]n] snf, ;ª\uLt / ljb]zL efiffx?
klg k9\g kfpF5g\ . xfO{:s"n / s]xL ld8n :s"nx?n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ s'g} vf;
ljifosf] uxg cWoog ug{ rfx] w]/} ljsNkx? lbG5g\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf 5f]/f–
5f]/L;Fu To:tf ljsNkx?af/] 5n©n ug'{k5{ / pgLx?nfO{ To:tf ljifox? 5fGg
d2t ug'{k5{ . w]/}h;f] :s"ndf :s"n–;dokl5 v]ns'b / Snax? agfO u}/–z}lIfs
lqmofsnfk -k9fOafx]ssf lqmofsnfk_ x'G5g\ .
Subjects Taught
Each state and school district decides what subjects will be taught in
its schools. In general, most students study mathematics, social studies,
English, science, and physical education. Classes in art, music, and foreign
languages are also usually offered. High schools and some middle schools
give students many choices about what classes they will take within the
broad subject areas. You should discuss those choices with your children
and help them decide what subjects to select. Most schools also have non-
academic activities such as sports and clubs after school hours.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
22 Education

c+u|]hL efiff l;sfO

cfk|jf;L afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|f] c+u|]hL cfpFb}g . pgLx?sf d'Vo r'gf}tLx?dWo]
c+u|]hLsf] kof{Kt 1fg gx'g' Pp6f xf] . c+u|]hL sdhf]/ x'gfn] pgLx?sf] k9fO
/fd|f] x'Fb}g . ;fgf gfgLx?n] 7"nf afnaflnsf / jo:sx?eGbf rfF8f] efiff
l;S5g\ . w]/} :s"ndf cd]l/sfsf gofF afl;Gbfsf nflu efiffsf ljz]if sIff
rnfOG5g\ . o:tf sIffx?nfO{ OPnPn -O+uln; Nofª\j]h nlg{ª, c+u|]hL efiff
l;sfO_ jf OP;Pn -O+uln; Oh P ;]s]G8 Nofª\j]h, bf];|f] efiffsf ?kdf c+u|]hL_
klg elgG5 . o:tf sIffx? ePsf a]nf tkfO{+n] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k7fpg'eof] eg]
pgLx?n] efiff l;Sg ;S5g\ .
English Language Learning
One of the biggest challenges for immigrant children is learning
sufficient English to be successful in all of their school work. Younger
children usually learn more quickly than older children and adults. Many
schools have special classes for new arrivals. These classes may be called
ELL (English Language Learning) or ESL (English as a Second Language).
Your child can benefit from these classes when they are provided.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
u[xsfo{ -xf]djs{_
lzIfslzlIfsfn] :s"nsf sfd 3/df NofP/ ug{ lbO/xG5g\ . 3/df ug]{ o:tf
sfdnfO{ u[xsfo{ -xf]djs{_ elgG5 . …u[xsfo{Ú ugf{n] gfgLx?nfO{ :s"ndf k9fOPsf
kf7x? a'ˇg ;lhnf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n] pgLx?nfO{ u[xsfo{x? s] s:tf x'g\ eg]/ a'ˇg
d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . t/ pgLx?sf] u[xsfo{ cf©}Fn] eg] k6Ss} ul/lbg' x'Fb}g .
Homework
Teachers often assign school work to be completed at home. Doing
“homework” helps your children understand what they are learning in
school. You can help your children understand the assignment, but you
should never do their homework for them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
nAwf°–kq -l/kf]6{–sf8{_
tkfO{+sf gfgLn] :s"ndf s] s:tf] ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] n]lvPsf] sfuh
l/kf]6{–sf8{ xf] . :s"nx?n] k|foMh;f] jif{sf] rf/k6s l/kf]6{–sf8{ k7fpF5g\ . s'g}
l/kf]6{–sf8{df lzIfslzlIfsfn] gfgLsf] k|ultaf/] n]v]sf] l6Kk0fL x'G5 . sf8{df gfgLn]
u/]sf] k|ult / l;ls/x]sf ljz]if ;Lk tyf 1fgsf] d"NofÍg c+sdf lbPsf] x'G5 .
l/kf]6{–sf8{df cIf/ n]v]/ pgLx?sf] k|ultsf] :t/ lbPsf] x'g;S5 . leGg :t/sf
nflu leGg cIf/ x'G5g\ . olb cIf/df :t/ tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] tL cIf/x?sf] cy{
w]/}h;f] o:tf] x'G5 M
lzIff 23
• P – pTs[i6 k9fO .
• aL – /fd|f] k9fO .
• ;L – cf};t k9fO . pgnfO{ k9fOdf ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 .
• 8L – sd;n k9fO . pgnfO{ cltl/St ;xfotf lbg h?/L 5 jf pgL ©]n x'g
;S5g\ .
• P© – cg'QL0f{ -©]n_, pgn] csf]{ ;fn klg oxL sIff k9\g'k5{ ._
cfhsn s]xL :s"nn] gfgLsf l/kf]6{–sf8{ OG6/g]6df x]g{ ;lsg] agfpF5g\ .
Report Cards
A report card is a piece of paper that tells you how well your child is
doing in school. Schools usually send home report cards four times each
year. Some report cards have written comments from teachers. Others
provide a score that evaluates the child’s progress and success in gaining
specific skills and knowledge. Your child’s report card may have letters on
it. If so, the letters usually mean:
• A : Excellent work
• B : Good work
• C : Average work; child may need help with studies
• D : Poor work; child needs extra help or will fail
• F : Fail; child will have to take the class again
Some schools now also provide report cards for parents to see on the
Internet.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfr/0f
:s"ndf gfgLx? cfˆgf ;fyLx?;Fu ldng;f/ x'g'k5{ . lzIfslzlIfsf tyf
lk|lG;knsf] cf1fsf/L x'g'k5{ . lk|lG;kn eg]sf] :s"nsf k|d'v x'g\ . :s"nx?df
gfgLx?n] kfngf ug{'kg{] dxÎjk"0f{ lgodx? x'G5g\ . o:tf lgodx?sf] kfngf
ugf{n] ;fx|f]–ufx|f]af6 6f9} /lxG5 / k9fO /fd|f] x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug{] s]xL
lgodx? o:tf 5g\ M
• ;dodf sIffdf k'Ug] .
• sIffdf s]xL ;f]Wg' jf af]Ng'cl3 xft p7fpg] .
• sIffsf]7faflx/ hfg cg'dlt lng] .
• u[xsfo{ ;dodf k'/f ug]{ .
• emu8f gug]{ .
tkfO{+sf gfgLn] :s"nsf lgodx? kfngf u/]gg\ eg] pgLx?n] :s"n–;dokl5
klg ToxLF a:g' kg{] x'g ;S5 . pgLx?n] :s"nsf] lgod tf]8] eg] pgLx?nfO{
s]xL ;dosf nflu :s"n hfg gldNg] u/L 3/ k7fpg ;lsG5 jf pgLx? ;w}Fsf
nflu :s"n hfg gkfpg] klg x'g ;S5g\ .
24 Education
Behavior
At school, your child should be respectful to his classmates and obey
his teacher and principal. The principal is the head of the school. Schools
have important rules that children need to obey to stay out of trouble and
do well in class. Some classroom rules for students are:
• Arrive to class on time.
• Raise your hand before you speak in class.
• Ask permission to leave the classroom.
• Complete homework on time.
• Do not fight.
If your children break a rule, they may have to stay after school. If they
behave very badly, they may be sent home from school for a period of time
or not be allowed to attend that school anymore.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cleefjs ;+nUg
cd]l/sLx? cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] z}lIfs–ultljlwdf cleefjs ;xefuL x'g'k5{
eGg]df ljZjf; u5{g\ . cleefjsx?sf] o:tf] ;xeflutfn] :s"ndf gfgLx?nfO{ k9fO,
v]ns'b cflbdf /fd|f] ug{ xf};nf ldN5 . :s"nn] gfgLx?sf] k9fOaf/] afa'cfdfnfO{
a'emfpg] sf]lzz u5{g\ . c+u|]hL ga'ˇg] cleefjsx?nfO{ cem a9L ;xof]u ug{
:s"nx? g} cl3;5{g\ .
gfgLx?sf] k|ultaf/] Ps z}lIfs jif{df sDtLdf b'O{ k6s cleefjs / lzIfs–
lzlIfsfaLr 5n©n x'G5 . o;sf nflu :s"nn] cleefjsnfO{ af]nfpF5g\ . o;afx]s
s]xL k|Zg jf rf;f] eP, lzIfslzlIfsf;Fu ;do ldnfP/ s'g} klg a]nf :s"ndf e]6\g
;Sg'x'G5 .
;+ej eP;Dd :s"ndf x'g] ;ª\uLt, gf6s jf v]ns'b cflbsf ljz]if sfo{qmddf
klg cleefjs pkl:yt x'g'k5{ .
Parent Involvement
Americans believe that parents should be involved in their children’s
education because this helps their children succeed in school. Schools
try to help parents understand their children’s education and many offer
information specifically for parents who do not speak English.
At least twice each year the school will ask you to meet with teachers
to discuss your child’s progress. In addition, you can ask to meet with your
child’s teachers any time that you have questions or concerns.
When possible, parents should also attend special school events such as
music concerts, plays, or sports.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff 25

3/df cleefjssf] e"ldsf

3/df gfgLx?nfO{ k9\g] /fd|f jftfj/0f agfOlbg cleefjsx?n] klg w]/}yf]s
ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . gfgLx?nfO{ k9\g jf xf]djs{ ug{ zfGt 7fpFsf] aGbf]a:t ul/lbg'–
xf];\ . o:tf] zfGt 7fpF eg]sf] ;'Tg] sf]7fdf Pp6f 6]a'n jf ;fgf] 8]:s x'g;S5 jf
vfgf vfg] 6]a'n klg x'g;S5 . Pp6f lgoldt ;dodf pgLx? Wofg lbP/ k9\g]
Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf];\ . k9\g] a]nfdf 6]lnlehg jf lel8of] u]D;x? gvf]lnlbg'xf];\ .
a]nfa]nf gfgLx?nfO{ sIffsf af/]df ;f]Wg'xf];\ / pgLx?n] xf]djs{ rflxF lgoldt
u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . :s"n hfg] gfgLx?n] kof{Kt ;do ;'Tg'k5{, g'xfpg'k5{, laxfgsf]
vfhf vfPsf] x'g'k5{, df};dcg';f/ n'uf nufPsf] / xf]djs{ ;s]sf] x'g'k5{ .
Parents’ Responsibilities at Home
Parents can also do several things to make the home a better place
for children to study and learn. Provide a quiet place for your child to
read or do homework. This can be a table or small desk in a bedroom
or even the dining table. Create a regular quiet time when no television
or video games are allowed and your child can concentrate and study.
Ask your children often about their classes and make sure that they do
their homework. Before your children go to school make sure they get
enough sleep, shower, eat breakfast, wear clean clothing appropriate for
the weather, and have their homework done.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
jo:ssf nflu lzIff
gfgLx?sf nflu :s"n clgjfo{ xf] eg] jo:ssf nflu P]lR5s xf] tf klg
jo:ssf nflu oxfF lzIff kfpg] w]/} cj;/x? 5g\ . jo:sx?n] ;fFemdf lnOg]
sIffx?, Jofj;flos :s"n, sn]hx? / ljZjljBfnodf egf{ eP/ k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 .
w]/} k9]/ k|foM /fd|f] hflu/ kfpg d2t k'U5 / a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . k'gjf{;
;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf] ;d'bfodf o:tf lzIff kfpg] cj;/ vf]Hg ;xfotf u5{g\ .
Adult Education
While school is required for children, it is optional for adults. However,
there are many educational opportunities for adults. Adults can attend
evening classes, vocational school, colleges, and universities. Getting
more education can often help you get a better job and make more money.
Your resettlement agency can help you find educational opportunities in
your community.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c+u|]hL efiff l;sfO / ;fIf/tf sIffx¿
w]/} ;d'bfox?n] jo:sx?sf nflu c+u|]hL sIffx? lbG5g\ . o;/L w]/}h;f]
c+u|]hL sIff rnfpg] ;+:yfx?– sDo'lg6L sn]h, rr{ jf ljz]if :s"n x'g\ . s]xL
26 Education
t lgMz'Ns x'g ;S5g\ . c? o:tf ;+:yfx?n] eg] z'Ns lnG5g\ . Pp6} sIffdf
k|foMh;f] ljleGg pd]/ / hfltsf k'?if tyf dlxnfx? ;Fu} a;]/ k9\5g\ .
;'?sf sIffx?df b}lgs af]nLrfnLdf rflxg] c+u|]hL l;sfOg'sf ;fy} ;fwf/0f
c+u|]hL k9\g / n]Vgdf hf]8 lbOG5 . cln dflyNnf] :t/sf] c+u|]hL sIffx?df z'4
c+u|]hL Jofs/0f, lj:t[t zAbx? l;Sg tyf cln pRr:tl/o k9fO / n]vfOdf hf]8
lbOG5 .
ESL and Literacy Classes
Most communities offer English classes for adults, often at community
colleges, churches, or special schools. Some may be free. Others will charge
a fee. Usually men and women of different ages and ethnic backgrounds
will attend these classes together.
In beginning level classes, emphasis will be on daily English
conversation and reading and writing simple English. In more advanced
classes the emphasis will be on correct English grammar, learning a larger
vocabulary, and more advanced reading and writing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lhO8L
xfO{:s"n g;s]sf jf To; :t/sf] k9fO k"/f gug{]n] ToxL txsf] 1fg 5 egL
b]vfpg Pp6f 6]:6df ;xefuL x'g kfpF5g\ . pSt 6]:6nfO{ …hg/n Ph's];gn
8]enkd]G6 6]:6Ú jf …lhO8LÚ elgG5 . pSt 6]:6df kfFr ljifodf tkfO{+sf] Ifdtf
hfFlrG5 . tL kfFr ljifox?– k9fO, n]vfO, Oltxf;, lj1fg / ul0ft x'g\ . lhO8L
lbg rfxg]nfO{ :s"n jf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] tof/Lsf nflu sIff klg rnfpF5g\ .
tkfO{+ lhO8L lbg of]Uo x'g'x'G5 eg] slt j6f sIff lng'k5{ / slt z'Ns ltg'{k5{
eGg] kSsf ug'{xf];\ . z'Nsdf s]xL 5'6 kfOG5 ls eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lhO8L pQL0f{
ug'{eof] eg] /fd|f] hflu/ kfpg d2t x'G5 . rf/ jif{] sn]h jf ljZjljBfno k9\gsf
nflu lhO8L jf xfO{:s"n l8Knf]df k"/f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
GED
People who did not finish high school can take a test to show that they
have the same knowledge as someone who graduated from high school.
This test is called the General Educational Development Test or GED. The
GED tests your understanding of reading, writing, history, science, and
math. GED classes may be offered by schools or community organizations
to help you prepare for the test. Make sure you find out how much the
classes and the GED test cost, and see if you are eligible for reduced prices.
Passing the GED can help you get a better job. The GED or a high school
diploma is also required to attend a four year college or university.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff 27

pRrlzIff
jo:ssf] lzIffsf nflu tkfO{+n] oxfF lgDg tx k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 -z}lIfs ;+:yf /
tx k"/f ug{ nfUg] cjlw_ M
• k|df0fkq -;l6{l©s]6_ tx M sDo'lg6L sn]h, 6«]8 jf Jofj;flos :s"nx? – 5
dlxgfb]lv b'O{ jif{ .
• Pzf]l;o6\; l8u|L M sDo'lg6L sn]h – b'O{ jif{ .
• :gfts tx -Aofrn;{ l8u|L_ M sn]hdf rf/ jif{ jf ljZjljBfno M rf/ jif{ .
• :gftsf]Q/ tx -df:6;{ l8u|L_ M Aofrn;{ l8u|L ;lsPkl5 Ps jf b'O{ jif{ .
• ljBfjfl/lw -8S6/]6_ M ljZjljBfno – df:6;{ l8u|L ;lsPkl5 b'O{b]lv * jif{ .

Higher Education
These are the different levels of adult education you can receive
(institution and time to complete) :
• Certificate: Community college, trade or vocational school – six months
to two years
• Associate’s degree: Community college - two years
• Bachelor’s degree: Four year college or university - four years
• Master’s degree: University – one or two years after bachelor’s degree
• Doctorate: University - two to eight more years after master’s degree
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
Jofj;flos tflnd
jo:sx?n] Jofj;flos jf k|fljlws :s"nx?df s'g} ljz]if k]zfsf nflu tflnd
lnP/ k|df0f–kq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf Jofj;flos jf k|fljlws tflnddf
wf/fsf] kfOksf] sfd, l;sdL{, uf8L d]sflgS;, sDKo'6/, lrlsT;f ;xfos / cGo
Jofkf/;DaGwL sfd cflb k5{g\ . s'g} hflu/ kfpg tkfO{+n] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ s'g}
ljz]if If]qdf tflnd lnP/ cf©";Fu k|df0f–kq ePsf] b]vfpg' kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
o:tf ljz]if ;Lksf tflnd– Jofj;flos :s"n, Jofkfl/s :s"n, k|fljlws sn]h jf
sDo'lg6L sn]hx?af6 kfOG5g\ .
Vocational Training
Adults can earn certificates from vocational or technical schools to show
they are trained for particular skilled occupations such as plumbing, carpentry,
auto mechanics, computers, medical assisting, and other trades. For some
jobs you need a certificate to show your employer that you are trained in a
specific skill. Schools that provide training in a specific skill are vocational
schools, trade schools, technical colleges, or community colleges.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
28 Education
;fd'bflos -sDo'lg6L_ sn]hx¿
sDo'lg6L sn]hx? klg :s"nx? x'g\, ToxfF k9]/ tkfO{+n] Pzf]l;o6 l8u|L kfpg
;Sg'x'G5 . pSt l8u|L k"/f ug{ tkfO{+nfO{ ;fdfGotM b'O{ jif{ nfU5 . s]xL sDo'lg6L
sn]hn] /ftL jf ;KtfxfGt -zlgaf/–cfOtaf/_ sIff rnfpg] ePsfn] cfˆgf] lgoldt
sfd u/]/ ljBfyL{ sIffdf xflh/ x'g ;S5g\ . Pzf]l;o6 l8u|Ln] tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL
a9fpg d2t ug{ ;S5 . of] tx ;lsPkl5 tkfO{+ rf/ jif{sf nflu o'lgel;{6L
-ljZjljBfno_ klg hfg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Community Colleges
Community colleges are also schools where you can earn an Associate’s
degree. It usually takes two years to earn this type of degree. Some
community college courses are offered at night or on weekends so that a
student can work a regular job and attend classes. An Associate’s degree
can help you earn more money in your job. You can also transfer to a four-
year university after earning your Associate’s degree.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]h / ljZjljBfnox¿
sn]h jf ljZjljBfnodf :gfts tx -Aofrn;{ l8u|L_ k"/f ug{ rf/ jif{ nfU5 .
of] tx ;'? ubf{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] tf]lsPsf]÷clgjfo{ vfnsf] kf7\oqmd k'/f u/L cfwfl/t
1fg lng'k5{ . To;kl5 pgLx?n] rfx]sf] If]qdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ k9\g'k5{ .
:gfts txdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] If]qx? M Joj;fo Joj:yfkg, hLj lj1fg,
Oltxf;, ul0ft, lzIf0f jf OlGhlgol/ª cflb x'g\ . sn]h / ljZjljBfnox?df k9\g
c+u|]hL efiffdf ljz]if Ifdtf x'g'k5{ . s'g} klg pd]/sf] jo:s dflg; sn]h hfg
;S5g\ . sf]xL dflg; xfO{:s"n ;lsg] lalQs} sn]h hfG5g\ eg] sf]xL s]xL jif{
sfd u5{g\, cln kfsf] pd]/sf x'G5g\, clg sn]h hfG5g\ .
Colleges and Universities
At a college or university, you can earn a Bachelor’s degree in four
years. Students are usually required to complete a general curriculum
before specializing in a field such as business management, biology,
history, mathematics, teaching, or engineering. Colleges and universities
require a high level of English ability. Adults of any age can go to college.
Some people go to college right after they graduate from high school and
other people go when they are older and have worked for some years.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]hdf cfj]bg
sn]h jf ljZjljBfno egf{sf] cfj]bg lbg tkfO{+n] xfO{:s"n Uo|fh'o6 x'g]–x'g]
a]nf ePsf] jf lhO8L u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+n] Pp6f cfj]bg–©f/d eg'{k5{ / …P;P6LÚ
lzIff 29
jf …Pl;6LÚ h:tf 6]:6dWo] s'g} Ps 6]:6 lbg'kg{] x'g;S5 . of] 6]:6 lng'sf] cy{
Pp6f ljBfyL{;Fu ljleGg ljifodf s], slt / s:tf] 1fg 5 eGg] hfFRg' xf] .
sIff !! df k9\g] ljBfyL{n] xfO{:s"ndf ePsf ;Nnfxsf/;Fu Jofj;flos tflnd /
sn]haf/] 5n©n ug{ yfNg'k5{ . ljBfyL{ / cleefjsn] klg pRrlzIff
-sIff !@ kl5sf] lzIff_ af/] cfk;df 5n©n ug'{k5{ . sn]hsf nflu cfj]bg
k|foMh;f] ljBfyL{ sn]h hfg'eGbf ^ b]lv !@ dlxgfcl3 g} k]z ug]{ ul/G5 . sn]hn]
cfj]bg lbg] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ egf{ ub}{gg\ . s]xL sn]hn] Psbd} yf]/} dfq ljBfyL{ egf{
lnG5g\ . h'g sn]hx?df cf©"n] egf{ kfpg ;S5' h:tf] nfU5 tL ;a} sn]hdf
cfj]bg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
Applying to College
To apply to a college or university you need to be close to graduating
from high school or have a GED. You will need to fill out an application
and may be required to take a standardized test such as either the “SAT”
or “ACT” test. These tests evaluate your knowledge in several different
subjects. Students in 11th grade should begin to talk about vocational
training and colleges with their high school guidance counselor. Students
and their parents should discuss together the choices for higher education.
College applications must usually be submitted six to twelve months ahead
of the time when the student will enroll. Colleges do not accept all students
that apply. Some accept only a small percentage. It is important to apply to
some colleges that are most likely to accept you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]hsf] k9fO vr{
sn]h jf ljZjljBfnodf k9\g z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . sn]hdf ltg]{ z'NsnfO{ 6\o"Ozg
elgG5 . ©/s sn]hdf 6\o"Ozg ©/s x'G5 . sn]h jf ljZjljBfnocg';f/
Ps jif{sf nflu pSt z'Ns jflif{s $ xhf/ 8n/b]lv *) xhf/;Dd x'G5 .
tkfO{+n] lstfa / cGo z'Ns klg a'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . rf/ jif]{ ljZjljBfnoeGbf
Jofj;flos tflnd jf sDo'lg6L sn]hx? ;:tf x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L ljZjljBfnox?
gLlheGbf ;:tf x'G5g\ . tkfO{+ cf©" a;]sf] /fHosf] ;/sf/L ljZjljBfno hfg'eof]
eg] tkfO{+nfO{ ;:tf] k5{ . cGo /fHosf] ljZjljBfnodf k9\g hfg'eof] eg] dxFuf]
x'G5 . 3/af6 sn]h jf ljZjljBfno gwfpg] xf] eg] 5fqfjf;df a:bf sf]7f /
vfgfsf nflu cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
The Cost of College
You must pay a fee to attend a college or university. The attendance
fee is called tuition and may be as little as $4,000 per year to as much as
$80,000 per year depending on the college. You also have to pay for books
and other school fees. Vocational training or community colleges cost
30 Education
less than four-year universities. Public universities cost less than private
universities. If you attend a public university in your own state, you pay
less than if you went to a university in a different state. Students who do
not live at home when going to college will have to pay additional fees for
a dormitory room and meals.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]hsf nflu e'StfgL
ev{/ k'gjf{; ePsf kl/jf/x?n] sn]hsf] k'/} z'Ns r'Stf ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
sn]hsf] z'Ns ltg{ slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+n] s]xL ;xfotf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . cg'bfg,
5fqj[lQ jf cfly{s ;xfotfsf nflu lgj]bg lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] ljBfyL{–C0fsf nflu
klg lgj]bg lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfyL{–C0fdf lnPsf] /sd cf©" :gfts -Uo|fh'o6_
ePkl5 ltg{ ;'? ug'{k5{ . sn]h–z'Nsdf ykyfk /sd h'6fpgsf nflu lbgsf]
jf xKtfsf] s]xL 306f sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . sn]hsf] cfly{s zfvf / xfO{:s"ndf
ePsf ;Nnfxsf/;Fu z'Ns ltg{] jf 5'6 kfpgsf nflu s] s:tf pkfo x'g;S5g\
eGg] hfGg 5n©n ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
w]/} ljBfyL{nfO{ sn]h z'Ns ltg{ ;+3Lo cg'bfg, C0f, / …sfd ub}{ k9\g]Ú h:tf
cj;/ pknAw 5g\ . …;+3Lo ljBfyL{ ;xfotfsf nflu lgMz'Ns cfj]bgÚ ©fˆ;f
-k|mL clKns];g ©/ ©]8]/n :6\o'8]G6 P8, P©PP©P;P_ df©{t o:tf ;'ljwf
kfOG5g\ . cleefjs / ljBfyL{ ldn]/ o;sf nflu lgj]bg lbg'k5{ . lgj]bg lbP/
dfq k'Ub}g\, cleefjssf] cfDbfgL / hfoh]yf x]/]kl5 dfq ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fO{sf nflu
cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw x'g] jf gx'g] lg0f{o x'G5 .
Paying for College
Most recent immigrant families will not be able to pay the full cost of
college. You can sometimes find assistance to help pay for college. You
can apply for a grant, scholarship, or financial aid. You can also apply for
a student loan, money that you borrow to pay for school and then start
repaying after you graduate. You can also seek part-time jobs to earn
money that will help pay for college. You can talk to the financial office
at the college and to your high school guidance counselor to find out what
options you have to help pay tuition.
Federal grants, loans, and work-study opportunities are available for
many students to help pay for college. These must be applied for using the
Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Parents and student
must complete this application cooperatively because parents’ incomes
and assets are important in determining whether a student will be eligible
for any type of aid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff 31

ljb]zL l8u|L÷k|df0fkqsf] dfGotf

cfˆgf] b]zdf gl;{ª, lzIf0f, n]vf, Joj;fo Joj:yfkg, / OlGhlgol/ª h:tf
Jofj;flos If]qsf ljifodf k|fKt l8u|L / k|df0fkqnfO{ cd]l/sfdf ToxL :t/sf]
dflgb}g . oxfF ToxLcg';f/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt ug{ 6]:6x? lbg'k5{ jf sn]hdf
yk kf7\oqmddf s]xL ;do k9\g'k5{ . cfˆgf] z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ cd]l/sL of]Uotf–
a/fa/ agfpg ul/g] oL pkfox? dxFuf x'g;S5g\ / o;sf nflu w]/} ;do nfUg
;S5g\ . cf©" cfPsf] b]zdf cf©"n] ul//x]sf] k]zfdf hfg rfxg]n] cd]l/sfsf]
k|df0fkq gkfpGh]n k|foMh;f] l;sf?sf ?kdf sfd ;'? ug'{k5{ .
oxfF s]xL ;+:yfx? 5g\, h;n] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] b]zdf kfPsf] z}lIfs–of]Uotfsf]
dfGotf cd]l/sf / Sofg8fdf s] xf] eg]/ t'ngf ul/lbG5g\ . To;dWo] …jN8{ Ph's];g
;le{;]hÚ Pp6f xf] .
Foreign Degree/Certificate Equivalency
People with degrees and certificates from their native country in
professional areas such as nursing, teaching, accounting, business
management, and engineering will find that their credentials are not
accepted in America. They may have to prove their competency through
tests or enroll in additional college courses before they will be granted an
equivalent American credential. This process can be expensive and take a
long time. Immigrants seeking to reenter their professions must often take
an entry level job while preparing for American certification.
There are some organizations which provide credential evaluations for
international students and immigrants planning to continue their studies or
work in the U.S. and Canada. One of them is World Education Services
(WES).
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;+If]kdf
cd]l/sfdf lzIff lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] ljleGg ljifo k9\g /
cfjZos ;Lk l;Sg clgjfo{ :s"n hfg}k5{ . cfˆgf gfgLx?nfO{ /fd|f] ljBfyL{
ag'g\ eGg] cleefjsn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lzIffdf rf;f] lbg' / ;xefuL x'g' lgs} /fd|f]
x'G5 . jo:sx?n] cfˆgf] k9fO lgoldt ug{ …lhO8LÚ sIff lng ;Sg'x'G5, Jofj;flos
k|df0f–kq xft kfg{ ;Sg'x'G5 / sn]h jf ljZjljBfnodf k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 . lzIffsf
sf/0f tkfO{+n] rfx]cg';f/sf] hflu/ kfpg / cfDbfgL a9fpg ;Sg'x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf
;a}nfO{ w]/} z}lIfs cj;/x? 5g\ .
Summary
In the United States, education is very important. Children are required
to go to school to learn about different subjects and develop useful skills. It
32
is important for parents to be involved in their children’s education so they
can help their children be better students. Adults can continue learning
by taking GED classes, earning a vocational certificate, and attending a
college or university. Education can help you get the job you want and
increase the money you can earn. There are many educational opportunities
for everyone in the United States.

m m m
 33

cWofo $ : ;fdflhs ;]jfx? / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf

Chapter 4 : Social Services and Public Assistance

sd cfo ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ d2t

tkfO{+sf] a;f]af; ePsf] zx/ jf gu/df cg]sg ;fdflhs ;]jfsf nflu
lgof]u -;+:yf_ x? x'G5g\, h;n] tkfO{+ cfTdlge{/ aGg] k|of; ul//x]sf a]nf ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\ . s]xL ;fdflhs ;]jf sfo{qmdx? :jo+;]jL ;+:yfx?åf/f /
c? s]xL :yfgLo, /fHo jf ;+3Lo ;/sf/x?åf/f ;~rflnt x'G5g\ .
Help for Low Income Families
Your city or town has many social service agencies that may provide
you with assistance while you are striving to become self-sufficient. Some
social service programs are operated by voluntary organizations and others
are operated by local, state, or federal governments.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lghL ;xfotf
cd]l/sLx? cfˆgf] ;do / k};fnfO{ :jo+;]jfdf vr{G5g\ . pgLx? ;fdflhs
;]jf ug]{ lghL ;+:yfx?df©{t o:tf] ;]jf ug'{df uf}/j 7fG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu
tkfO{+sf] k'gjf{; ;+:yf Pp6f lghL ;+:yf xf], h;n] tkfO{+sf] ;d'bfodf z/0ffyL{nfO{
k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L tkfO{+sf] zx/df cGo lghL ;+:yfx?
klg x'g ;S5g\, h;n] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;xfotf pknAw u/fpF5g\ . o:tf ;+:yfn]
©lg{r/, nQfsk8f, jo:ssf nflu c+u|]hL sIff, hflu/sf nflu k/fdz{, bf]efif]
;xfotf, jf cfkftsflng cfjf;sf] Joj:yf u5{g\ . tkfO{+sf] k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] To:tf
lghL ;+:yfx?af/] atfpF5g\ / To:tf ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ .
Private Assistance
Americans are proud of volunteer time and money they give to private
social service organizations. Your resettlement agency, for example, is
a private organization that has decided to help refugees settle in your
community. There are other private organizations in your town that may
provide other kinds of assistance. They may provide furniture, clothing,
English language classes for adults, job counseling, translation assistance,
or emergency housing. Your resettlement agency can tell you about them
and may help you contact them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
˚"8 :6ØfDk
cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ Pp6f sfo{qmddf©{t vfBfGg
vl/bdf ;xfotf u5{ . of] sfo{qmdnfO{ af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf …©"8 :6\ofDkÚ elgG5,
34 Social Services and Public Assistance
oBlk o;sf] cf}krfl/s gfd …k"/s kf]if0f ;xfotf sfo{qmd -:gfk_Ú xf] . of]
sfo{qmdnfO{ /fHon] ;~rfng u5{ / o;sf lgod /fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ .
k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPnuQ} ©"8 :6\ofDk sfo{qmdsf] ;xfotf
kfpgsf nflu cfj]bg lbg d2t ug]{5 . tkfO{+ pSt sfo{qmddf©{t kfOg] ;xfotfsf
nflu of]Uo x'g'x'G5 jf x'g'x'Gg / k|To]s dlxgf slt ;xfotf kfpg] rflxF tkfO{+sf]
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/, tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL, tkfO{+sf] vr{, / tkfO{+;Fu slt gub 5
eGg]df e/ k5{ . ^) jif{eGbf a9L pd]/sf JolSt / ckfª\ux? eg] of] ;'ljwfsf nflu
ljz]if of]Uo dflgG5 .
©"8 :6\ofDksf nflu tkfO{+n] lbPsf] cfj]bg :jLs[t eof] eg] tkfO{+n]
…On]S6«f]lgs a]g]l©6\; 6«fG;©/Ú -Ola6L_ gfds Knfl:6ssf] sf8{ kfpg'x'G5 .
©"8 :6\ofDkjfkt tkfO{+sf] dfl;s lx:;f /sd dlxgflkR5] sf8{df :jrflnt ?kdf
/flvlbOG5 . tkfO{+n] of] sf8{ vfBfGg vl/bsf nflu :6f]/x? / cGo 7fpFdf k|of]u
ug'{k5{ . of] sf8{ cGo 3/fo;L ;fdfg, /S;L, ;'tL{hGo j:t' jf tTsfn vfgldNg]
vfg]s'/f lsGg'kbf{ k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g .
Food Stamps
The U.S. government provides low income families with assistance in
purchasing food. This program is usually referred to as “Food Stamps”
although its official name is Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP). The program is run by the states and some rules are different in
each state.
Your resettlement agency will help you apply for the food stamp program
soon after you arrive in the U.S. Whether you are eligible to receive food
stamp assistance and how much you might receive each month depends
on the size of your family, your income, your expenses, and how much
money you have. There are special eligibility considerations for people
over 60 years old and for those who are disabled.
If you are approved, you will receive a plastic Electronic Benefits
Transfer (EBT) card. Your monthly allotment of food stamp money will
be automatically added to that card each month. You can use the card to
purchase food at grocery stores and other locations. You cannot use this
food stamp money to buy household supplies, alcohol, tobacco, or ready-
to-eat hot foods.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
dlxnf, lzz' tyf afnaflnsf kf]if0f sfo{qmd -ljs_
8An'cfO;L -ljs_ ;+3Lo jf /fHo:t/sf] dlxnf, lzz' tyf afnaflnsf kf]if0f
sfo{qmdsf] 5f]6s/L gfd xf] . …ljsÚ sfo{qmdn] ue{jtL / rf/ jif{eGbf sd
pd]/sf lzz'sf] x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ Go"g cfo ePsf dlxnfnfO{ ;xfotf u5{ . of]
;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf 35
sfo{qmdn] kf]if0f;DaGwL lzIff / ue{jtL dlxnf, ev{/ cfdf ePsL dlxnf, lzz'x?
/ lk|–:s"n hfg] gfgLx?nfO{ :j:y /fVg kf}li6s vfBfGg pknAw u/fpF5 . 7"nf
zx/ / gu/df o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpgsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] sfof{nox? x'G5g\ . tkfO{+
a;]glhs} o:tf] sfof{no sxfF 5 eg]/ k'gjf{; ;+:yf;Fu ;f]Wg'k5{ . o:tf] ;'ljwfsf
nflu lgj]bg lbFbf kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL, aRrfx?sf] pd]/, tkfO{+n] ©"8 :6\ofDkjfktsf]
;'ljwf kfP÷gkfPsf], / cGo hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .
WIC
WIC is the short name for the federal/state Women, Infants, and
Children Nutrition Program. WIC assists low-income pregnant women
and women with children up through age 4. It provides nutrition education
and nutritious foods to help keep pregnant women, new mothers, infants
and preschool children healthy. There are offices where you can apply for
WIC in larger towns and cities. You should ask your resettlement agency
for the closest location to your home. You will need to indicate your family
income, age of your children, whether you are receiving food stamps, and
other information when you apply.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8
d]l8s]8 :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;+3Lo / /fHo:t/sf] Ps sfo{qmd xf] . o; sfo{qmddf©{t
Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/n] 8fS6/, c:ktfn / cGo :jf:Yo ;]jfx? lnPjfkt
ltg]{ /sddf ;xfotf ul/G5 . of] ;'ljwf kfpg rflxg] of]Uotf / ;]jfx?sf lgod
/fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ . tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPnuQ} k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] a;f]af; ePsf]
/fHodf d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpgsf nflu cfj]bg lbg ;xof]u u5{ .
Medicaid
Medicaid is a federal and state program to help pay the bills of low
income families for doctors, hospitals, and other health care services. Each
state has different rules for eligibility and services that it will pay for. Your
resettlement agency will help you apply for the Medicaid program in your
state soon after you arrive in the U.S.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]o/
d]l8s]o/ ;+3Lo :jf:Yo ladf ;'ljwf xf] . o;n] a"9fkfsf / ckfª\unfO{ :jf:Yof]–
krf/df ;xfotf u5{ . of] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolSt ^% jif{ jf Tof]eGbf a9L pd]/sf]
x'g'k5{ . t/ ;a} ^% jif{ jf Tof]eGbf a9L pd]/sf] JolSt of] ;'ljwfsf nflu of]Uo
x'Fb}g . cd]l/sfdf sDtLdf bz jif{ sfd u/]sf] / /f]huf/ ePsf a]nf d]l8s]o/ s/
a'emfPsf] x'g'k5{ .
36 Social Services and Public Assistance
bz jif{ /f]huf/ ePs} x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ^% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf z/0ffyL{n]
k|foMh;f] d]l8s]o/ ;'ljwf kfpFb}gg\ .
Medicare
Medicare is a federal health insurance program for elderly and disabled
individuals. Persons who are 65 years old or older are eligible for Medicare
if they have worked at least ten years in jobs and paid Medicare taxes as
part of that employment.
Because of the ten year employment requirement, elderly refugees are
not generally able to receive Medicare benefits.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
P;P;cfO
…P;P;cfOÚsf] k"/f cy{ …;lKnd]G6n ;]So'l/6L OGsdÚ xf] . of] b[li6ljxLg,
ckfª\u, ^% jif{ s6]sf / yf]/} cfDbfgL ePsf JolStnfO{ gub ;xfotf lbg] ;+3Lo
sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmd …o'P; ;f];n ;]So'l/6L P8\ldlg:6«];gÚ gfds sfof{non]
rnfpF5 . tkfO{+n] h'g sfof{nodf cfˆgf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ lng'x'G5, ToxL
sfof{nodf of] ;'ljwfsf nflu cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . of] ;'ljwf kfpg] cfwf/x? tkfO{+sf]
cfDbfgL / hDdf ;|f]tx?df e/ k5{ . ckfª\u xf] eGg] cfwf/df P;P;cfO kfpg
h] k|dfl0ft ug{'k5{, Tof] Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . tkfO{n] cf©" ckfª\u ePsf] k|dfl0ft
ug]{ d]l8sn sfuhftx? ;+sng u/]/ a'emfpg'k5{ . k'gjf{; ;+:yf jf cGo ;fdflhs
;]jf;DaGwL sfof{non] …P;P;cfOÚ ;'ljwf kfpg cfj]bg lbg] k|lqmofaf/] hfgsf/L
lbg d2t ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+nfO{ of] ;'ljwf kfpg of]Uo 7x¥ofOof] / P;P;cfO
;'ljwf kfpg'eof] eg] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L P8\ldlg:6«];g sfof{non] tkfO{+sf] cj:yfsf]
lgoldt hfgsf/L dfUg]5 .
z/0ffyL{x?n] …P;P;cfOÚ gub ;xfotf a9Ldf & jif{sf nflu dfq kfpF5g\ .
cd]l/sf cfPsf] kfFr jif{kl5 gful/stf lng ;lsG5 / gful/s ePkl5 of]
;xfotfsf] Dofb ylkg ;S5 . ;'?df cfpFbf cf©"nfO{ ;ft jif{ kfpg] of] ;'ljwf lgs}
nfdf] h:tf] nfU5 . t/ cf©" :yfoL afl;Gbf dfq ePsf v08df & jif{df of] ;'ljwf
;lsG5 eg] gful/s ePsf v08df Dofb a9\g ;S5 eGg] a'ˇg cfjZos 5 .
SSI
SSI is the short name for Supplemental Security Income, a federal cash
assistance program for people who are blind, disabled, over age 65 and
have little income. This program is operated by the U.S. Social Security
Administration. You apply for this program at the same office where you
applied for your Social Security card. Eligibility will be determined based
on your income and total resources. Proving that a disability is serious
enough to be eligible for SSI is not easy. You will need to collect and
;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf 37
provide copies of your medical records relating to your disability. Your
resettlement agency or another social service agency in your community
may be able to help you understand the application process. If you are
eligible and receive SSI benefits, the Social Security Administration will
ask you to verify and update information about your situation regularly.
Refugees are only eligible to receive SSI cash assistance for a
maximum of 7 years. An extension may be possible for those who have
been naturalized and have become U.S. citizens. Seven years may seem
like a long time at first, but it is important to understand that this assistance
will end for those who are Permanent Residents and not citizens.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6Øfg˚
…6\ofg©Úsf] k"/f cy{ …6]Dkf]//L cl;:6]G; ©/ lg8L ©]ldlnhÚ xf] . of] afnaRrf
ePsf] kl/jf/sf nflu ;+3Lo÷/fHo:t/af6 lbOg] gub ;xfotf sfo{qmd xf] . of]
sfo{qmdaf6 ;xfotf kfpg ljleGg cfjZostf k"/f ePsf] x'g'k5{, ;'ljwf klg
a]Unfa]Un} 5g\ eg] o; sfo{qmdsf gfd /fHolkR5] ©/s 5g\ . tkfO{+ cfˆgf !*
jif{d'lgsf afnaRrf;lxt cd]l/sf cfpg'ePsf] 5 eg] of] sfo{qmdsf] ;xfotfsf
nflu lgj]bg lbg k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u5{g\ .
tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPkl5 klxnf] aRrf hlGdof] eg] 6\ofg© ;xfotf kfpg tkfO{+
a;]glhs} sxfF / s;/L cfj]bg lbg] eg]/ kQfnufpg'k5{ . s]xL ckjfbafx]s of]
;'ljwf hLjge/ a9Ldf s'n ^) dlxgfsf nflu x'G5 .
TANF
TANF is the short name for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families,
a federal/state cash assistance program for families with children. This
program has different requirements, different cash benefits, and even
different names in different states. If you arrive in the U.S. with minor
children under the age of 18, your resettlement agency will assist you in
applying for this program.
If you have a first child after you resettled in the U.S., you will need to
determine where and how to apply for this program in your community.
With few exceptions, there is a lifetime limit of 60 months that you can
receive benefits from this program.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/0ffyL{ gub ;xfotf
6\ofg© jf P;P;cfO kfpg cof]Uo z/0ffyLx?n] …z/0ffyL{ gub ;xfotfÚ
sfo{qmddf©{t gub ;xfotf kfpg ;S5g\ . of] sfo{qmd tkfO{+sf] /fHo, k'gjf{;
;+:yf jf cGo lghL :jo+;]jL ;+:yfn] rnfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . tkfO{+ 6\ofg© jf
38 Social Services and Public Assistance
P;P;cfO kfpg cof]Uo 7x/] k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] of] ;'ljwfsf nflu cfj]bg lbg
;xof]u u5{ . of] ;'ljwf cd]l/sf cfPsf] ;'?sf] * dlxgfsf nflu dfq x'G5 .
Refugee Cash Assistance
Refugees who are not eligible for TANF or SSI may receive cash
assistance under the Refugee Cash Assistance program. This program
may be operated by your state, by your resettlement agency, or by another
private voluntary agency. Your resettlement agency will help you apply if
you are not eligible for TANF or SSI. This program lasts for only the first
8 months after arrival in the U.S.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cg'bfg ldnfg
s'g} k'gjf{; ;+:yfx?n] z/0ffyL{ gub ;xfotfsf] ;§f cg'bfg ldnfg sfo{qmddf
;xefuL u/fpF5g\ . o;df ;xefuL x'g] z/0ffyL{nfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] hflu/df nufpg]
sf]lzz ul/G5 . To;sf] ;§fdf sfo{qmddf©{t yk gub ;xfotf / hflu/ aGbf]a:t
tyf k/fdz{ lbG5g\ . of] sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u cd]l/sf cfPsf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgfsf
nflu dfq xf] .
Matching Grants
Some resettlement agencies offer this program instead of Refugee Cash
Assistance. Refugees who enroll in this program promise to get a job as
soon as possible. In exchange they are provided increased cash assistance
and job placement and counseling. This program lasts for only the first 4
months after arrival in the U.S.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfjf; ;xfotf
ckf6{d]G6 ef8fdf lnP/ a:g' dxFuf] klg x'g;S5 . tkfO{+sf] k'gjf{; ;+:yfn]
klxnf] ckf6{d]G6sf] aGbf]a:t / To;df cTofjZos ;fh;Hhf ug{ d2t u5{ .
cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yfsf nflu b'O6f
7"nf sfo{qmdx?df©{t ;xfotf u/]sf] 5 . Pp6f ;fj{hlgs cfjf; -klAns xfplhª_
xf] . of] cfjf; Joj:yf ljz]if ?kdf Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/sf nflu ;+/lIft xf]
/ o;nfO{ :yfgLo cfjf; ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf x'G5g\ . bf];|f] cfjf; ljsNk
ef}r/ sfo{qmd -xfplhª RjfO; efpr/ k|f]u|fd_ xf] . slxn]sfxLF of] sfo{qmdnfO{
…zfvf *Ú -;]S;g *_ klg elgG5 . of] bf];|f] sfo{qmdcGtu{t Go"g cfo ePsf
kl/jf/nfO{ cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6 lbnfpg cg'bfg k|bfg ul/G5 . b'j} sfo{qmddWo] s'g}
Ps sfo{qmdcGtu{tsf] ;xfotf kfpg tkfO{+n] :yfgLo cfjf; lgof]udf cfj]bg
lbg'k5{ . cfj]bgdf cfˆgf] cfDbfgL, vr{ / ;|f]t pNn]v ug'{k5{ . o; sfo{qmddf
;xefuL x'g z/0ffyL{x? / cd]l/sL gful/sx?nfO{ a/fa/s} of]Uotf k|fKt x'G5 .
;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf 39
cg'bfg lglZrt ePsfn] o:tf] sfo{qmddf cfˆgf] kfnf] t'?Gt gcfpg ;S5 . s]xL
;do s'g'{kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+n] ;fj{hlgs cfjf; jf zfvf * ef}r/ kfpg
# jif{ jf Tof]eGbf a9L ;do s'g'{kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
Housing Assistance
Renting an apartment can be very expensive. Your resettlement agency
helps locate and provided basic furnishings for your first apartment.
The U.S. government funds two large programs for housing assistance
for low-income households. Public housing is typically special housing
developments reserved for low-income households and operated by local
housing authorities. The Housing Choice Voucher Program, sometimes
called “Section 8” provides a subsidy to low income households who find
their own apartment owned by private landlords. Both programs require
you to apply at your local housing authority and provide information on
your income, expenses, and resources. Refugees are eligible on the same
basis as U.S. citizens. Because of funding limitations, there may be a
waiting list. You may need to wait 3 years or more before you can obtain
public housing or a Section 8 voucher.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
pmhf{ ;xfotf
…PncfOPrOPkLÚ sf] k"/f cy{ …nf] OGsd xf]d OghL{ cl;:6]G6\; k|f]u|fdÚ -Go"g
cfo cfjf; pmhf{ ;xfotf sfo{qmd_ xf] . of] sfo{qmd ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf
;~rfng x'G5 . o; sfo{qmdn] Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ 3/ ttfpg jf Po/–
slG8;g ug{ ;xfotf u5{ . cd]l/sfsf] pQ/ efudf d'VotM of] ;xfotfn] UofF;,
OGwg t]n, bfp/f jf lah'nLh:tf pmhf{ ;|f]taf6 3/ ttfpg ;3fpF5 . cd]l/sfsf
blIf0fL efudf d'VotM udL{df 3/ lr:ofpg Po/–slG8;gdf ;xfotf ug{ ;S5 .
…PncfOPrOPkLÚ sf nflu cfj]bg lbgsf nflu zx/ jf gu/df o;sf sfof{no
x'G5g\ . tkfO{+sf] a;f]af; ePglhs} s'g 7fpFdf o;sf] sfof{no 5 eg]/ k'gjf{;
;+:yf;Fu ;f]Wg'k5{ . pmhf{ ;xfotfsf nflu cfj]bg lbFbf tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf]
cfsf/, cfo, 3/ef8f, 3/ ttfpg] jf Po/–slG8;gsf] vr{nufot 3/fo;L ;]jfx?
k|of]u u/]jfkt ltg'{kg]{ lanx?, / cGo hfgsf/L k]z ug'{k5{ .
Energy Assistance
LIHEAP is the short name for the federally funded Low Income
Home Energy Assistance Program. LIHEAP assists the lowest income
households to pay for home heating or air conditioning. In the north of
the U.S., the assistance is usually for gas, fuel oil, wood, or electric heat
to keep a home warm in the winter. In the south of the U.S. it may be used
primarily for air conditioning to keep a home cool during the hot months.
40 Social Services and Public Assistance
There are offices where you can apply for LIHEAP in towns and cities.
You should ask your resettlement agency for the closest location to your
home. You will need to provide personal information such as your family
size, income, rent, utility bills including heating or air conditioning costs,
and other information when you apply.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;fj{hlgs ;xfotf / 5n5fd
oL ;a} ;xfotf sfo{qmdx?n] tkfO{+sf] lgj]bgdf e/f];f u5{g\ . tL lgj]bgx?df
tYof+s, gftf–;DaGw, kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] pd]/, tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL, tkfO{+sf] vr{,
tkfO{+sf] sf/sf] d"No, tkfO{+;Fu ePsf] s'n gub, 3/df sf]xL ckfª\u eP pgsf]
cj:yf cflb h:tf ljleGg hfgsf/L dfluPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fFrf] /
Odfgbf/ eP/ pQ/ lbg' l7s x'G5 . cfj]bg / cGtjf{tf{df sK6\ofO{+ ug'{ jf em"6f]
hfgsf/L k]z ug'{ u}/sfg'gL xf] . tkfO{+n] em"6f] af]n]sf] jf 5n5fd u/]sf] ©]nf k¥of]
eg] ;'ljwfx? ;a} sfl6g ;S5g\ / tkfO{+n] ck/fw u/]sf] 7xg{ ;S5 . cGttM
tkfO{+n] cd]l/sL gful/s aGg] df}sf u'dfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Public Assistance and Fraud
Public assistance programs rely on applications in which you are asked
to provide information on the number, relationship, and age of people in
your family, your income, your expenses, the value of your car, how much
money you have, the nature of any disability, etc. It is important that you
provide accurate and honest answers. It is illegal to lie on applications and
in interviews, or provide fraudulent information. If you are found to have
lied or committed fraud, you could lose all of your benefits and be convicted
of a crime. You could be prohibited from becoming a U.S. citizen.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf]efif]x¿
;fj{hlgs ;xfotfsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] sfd ;lhnf] 5}g . olb tkfO{+ c+u|]hL
a'ˇg'x'Gg eg] emg} ufx|f] x'G5 . tkfO{+n] of] ;'ljwf kfpg lgj]bg lbPkl5 ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf tkfO{+sf] cGtjf{tf{ x'G5 . cGtjf{tf{df jf tkfO{+sf nflu cfjZos sfuhft
e]nf kfg{ ;xfotf ug]{ bf]efif] -b'O{ efiff af]Ng] JolSt_ pknAw u/fpg' pSt sfof{nosf]
sfg'gL lhDd]jf/L xf] . tkfO{+n] ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] sfof{nodf cfˆgf s'/f /fVg jf
oLdWo] s'g} sfo{qmddf cfj]bg lbgsf nflu ;do ldnfpg'eof] eg] cf©"nfO{ g]kfnL
bf]efif] rflxG5 eg]/ eGg'k5{ . bf]efif]n] ;'ljwf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?af/] tkfO{+nfO{ /
tkfO{+n] ©sf{Psf hjf© pSt sfof{nosf k|ltlglwnfO{ a'emfpg ;xfotf u5{g\ .
Interpreters
Applying for public assistance programs is not easy. It is especially
difficult if you do not understand English. Public assistance programs have
;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf 41
a legal duty to provide an interpreter for you at the time you meet with
someone in an agency who will interview you or gather your information.
When you are setting an appointment in a social service agency to discuss
or apply for one of these programs, you should tell the agency that you
will need a Nepali interpreter. The interpreter will help you understand
the program and will help the agency understand your answers to their
questions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;'ljwfsf ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg'
slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+sf hfgsf/Lx? ©]l/G5g\, h:tf] M tkfO{+sf] 7]ufgf, tkfO{+sf] cfo
jf 3/ef8f, jf kl/jf/df a:g] ;b:osf] ;+Vof . o:tf kl/jt{gx? eP eg] tkfO{+n]
;fj{hlgs ;xfotf lbO/x]sf] sfof{nodf oL hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . o:tf kl/jt{gx?
ePsf] hfgsf/L ;se/ bz lbgleq lbg'k5{ .
Keeping Program Information Current
Sometimes your information changes, such as where you live, the
amount of your income or rent, or who lives in your house. You have a
responsibility to inform the office of any programs that are providing you
public assistance with information about these kinds of changes. Often the
requirement is that you provide the new information within ten days.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfTdlge{/ aGg] nIo
cd]l/sL ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf sfo{qmdx? ;xefuL JolSt cfTdlge{/ gx'Gh]n
lglZrt ;dosf nflu ;xfotf ug{ agfOPsf x'g\ . c? cd]l/sLx? h:t} tkfO{+sf]
nIo ;s];Dd rfF8f] cfTdlge{/ aGg] x'g'k5{ .
nQfsk8f, ©"8 :6\ofDk, 6\ofg©, P;P;cfO / cGo o:tf sfo{qmdx?
hLjge/sf nflu xf]Ogg\ eGg]df tkfO{+ ;w}F ;r]t x'g'k5{ . ;a}h;f]sf] lglZrt ;do
tf]lsPsf] 5 .
cd]l/sf a:b} hfFbf tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL ;'lw|G5 / tkfO{+n] /fd|f] sfd kfpg'x'G5,
To;kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfdflysf] tkfO{sf] lge{/tf :jtM sd x'Fb} hfG5 .
Goal of Self-sufficiency
American public assistance programs are designed to help people during
limited periods when they are not self-sufficient. Your goal, like that of all
Americans, must be to become self-sufficient as soon as possible.
Keep in mind that donations of clothing, food stamps, TANF, SSI, and
these other programs are not meant to be a permanent part of your life. In
many cases, they have explicit time limits.
42 Social Services and Public Assistance
As you gain experience living in the U.S., as you learn more English,
as you find better paying jobs, your dependence on public assistance will
naturally be reduced.

m m m
 43

cWofo % : :jf:Yo ;]jf

Chapter 5 : Health Care

cd]l/sfdf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿

cd]l/sfdf cfˆgf] :jf:Yosf] Vofn ug'{ / :jf:Yo ;'ljwf Joj:yf s:tf] 5 eg]/
hfGg' lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf :jf:Yo ;]jfx? lgMz'Ns 5}gg\ / w]/} dxFuf]
kg{ ;S5g\ .
Health Services in the United States
It is important to take care of your health and understand how the health
care system works in the United States. Health services in the United States
are not free and can be very expensive.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
j}1flgs ljlwx¿
cd]l/sfsf :jf:Yo ;'ljwf Joj:yf :jf:Yo lj1fgdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . 8fS6/x?n]
tkfO{+nfO{ s:tf] 5 eg]/ ;f]W5g\, t/ pgLx?n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL c? hfgsf/L klg
kfpF5g\ . pgLx?n] tkfO{+sf] tf}n lng ;S5g\ . tkfO{+sf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd gfKg
/ /Strfk x]g{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+sf] /utsf] gd'gf jf lk;fa gd'gf lng ;S5g\ .
tL gd'gfx? k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f ul/G5g\ . pgLx?n] tkfO{+sf] PS;–/] lnP/ jf
z/L/sf] cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] :Sofg u/]/ Nofpg'xf];\ klg eG5g\ . o:tf ;a}
k/LIf0fx?sf kl/0ffdx? x]/]/ pgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ s:tf] pkrf/ ug]{ jf ladf/af6
s;/L arfpg] eGg] lg0f{o u5{g\ .
Scientific Methods
The U.S. health care system is based on health sciences. Doctors will
ask you how you feel but they will get other information too. They may
weigh you on a scale. They may take your temperature and measure your
blood pressure. They may take a blood sample or a urine sample and have
those tested in a laboratory. They may order an x-ray or other type of body
scan. The results of all of these help the doctor decide how to treat you or
prevent an illness.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k|f/lDes :jf:Yo hf“r
cd]l/sf cfPnuQ} k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf]
aGbf]a:t ldnfpF5 . cd]l/sL :jf:Yo ;'ljwf Joj:yf;Fu tkfO{+sf] of] klxnf] ;fIffTsf/
x'g]5 . of] k/LIf0fn] tkfO{+ jf afnaRrfnfO{ s'g} :jf:Yo ;d:of 5 jf 5}g eGg]
kQfnufpF5 . :s"n hfg'eGbf klxn] afnaRrfnfO{ s]xL clgjfo{ vf]kx? lbOG5g\ .
oL vf]kn] pgLx?nfO{ la/fdL x'gaf6 arfpF5g\ .
44 Health Care
First Health Screening
Shortly after you arrive in the U.S., your resettlement agency will ar-
range a health screening for you and your family members. This will be
your first contact with the American health care system. This screening
will identify any health problems that you may have or that your children
may have. Children will be given immunizations (shots) that are required
before they can attend an American school. These shots prevent illness.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lghL :jf:Yo ladf
cd]l/sfdf :jf:Yo ;]jf dxFuf] 5 . vf;df cf©"n] kfPsf] :jf:Yo ;'ljwfjfkt
z'Ns ltg{' k|To]s JolSt–JolStsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . w]/}h;f] dflg; :jf:Yo ladf
sfo{qmddf e/ k5{g\ . w]/} /f]huf/bftfn] cf©"sxfF sfd ug]{ JolStsf] :jf:Yo ladf
ul/lbG5g\ . ladfjfkt lt/]sf] k};f tnaaf6 s6f}tL ul/G5 / To; s6f}tL /sddf
/f]huf/bftfn] s]xL yk]/ dfl;s ladf /sd hDdf ul/lbG5g\ . Pp6f kl/jf/sf nflu
:jf:Yo ladf ubf{ dlxgfsf] Ps xhf/ 8n/eGbf a9L nfUg ;S5 .
ladLt JolSt la/fdL ePdf :jf:Yof]krf/sf] ;a} vr{ of vr{sf] s]xL /sd ladf
sDkgLn] a]xf]5{ .
Private Health Insurance
Health care in the U.S. is expensive. In principle, individuals are re-
sponsible for paying for health services they receive. Most people rely on
health insurance programs. Many employers provide their employees a
health insurance program. Money is deducted from the employee’s pay-
check and, together with additional money contributed by the employer, is
used to pay the monthly cost of health insurance. A health insurance policy
for a family may cost more than $1,000 per month.
If an insured person becomes sick, the health insurance company cov-
ers all or a part of the medical bills.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo /]vb]vdf ;/sf/L ;xfotf
:jf:Yo ;]jf dxFuf] ePsfn] j[4, s]xL ckfª\u JolSt, Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/sf]
:jf:Yof]krf/df ;xfotf ug{ d]l8s]o/ / d]l8s]8 gfds ;/sf/L sfo{qmd 5g\ .
Government Assistance for Health Care
Because costs are so high, the government has programs called Medi-
care and Medicaid to assist older people, some disabled persons, and low-
income families.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo ;]jf 45

d]l8s]o/
d]l8s]o/ eg]sf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo ladf ;'ljwf xf] . o;n] a"9fkfsf
/ ckfª\unfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/df ;xfotf u5{ . of] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolSt ^% jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf] x'g'k5{ . t/ ;a} ^% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf] JolSt of] ;'ljwfsf
nflu of]Uo x'Fb}g . cd]l/sfdf sDtLdf bz jif{ sfd u/]sf] / /f]huf/ ePsf a]nf
d]l8s]o/ s/ a'emfPsf] x'g'k5{ . bz jif{ /f]huf/ ePs} x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ^% jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf z/0ffyL{n] k|foMh;f] d]l8s]o/ ;'ljwf kfpFb}gg\ .
Medicare
Medicare is a federal health insurance program for elderly and dis-
abled individuals. Persons who are 65 years old or older are eligible for
Medicare if they have worked at least ten years in jobs and paid Medicare
taxes as part of that employment. Because of the ten year employment
requirement, elderly refugees are not generally able to receive Medicare
benefits.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8
d]l8s]8 :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;/sf/L ladf sfo{qmd xf], h;n] Go"g cfo ePsf
kl/jf/nfO{ s]xL jf k"/} :jf:Yo ;]jfx? lnPjfkt ltg]{ /sddf ;xfotf u5{ .
afnaRrf;lxt cd]l/sf cfPsf] z/0ffyL{ kl/jf/n] of] ;'ljwf kfpF5 . olb tkfO{+n]
…;lKnd]G6n ;]So'l/6L OGsdÚ -P;P;cfO_ ;'ljwf kfO/xg'ePsf] 5 eg] klg d]l8s]8
kfpg'x'G5 . d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf s;n] kfpF5 eGg] ;DaGwdf k|To]s /fHosf lgodx?
©/s 5g\ .
Medicaid
Medicaid is a government health insurance program that helps low-in-
come families pay for some or all of their medical bills. Refugee families
with children can get Medicaid when they come to the U.S. You can also
get Medicaid if you are receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
Every state has different requirements for who can get Medicaid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8sf nflu cfj]bg
tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPkl5 k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpgsf nflu cfj]bg
lbg d2t u5{ . d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg] lgod /fHolkR5] ©/s 5g\, To;}n] tkfO{+sf]
/fHodf s] s:tf hfgsf/L rflxG5 eg]/ a'ˇg cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdfGotM tkfO{+n]
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{, ;a}sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ b]vfpg'k5{,
/ tkfO{+ sfg'gL ?kdf cd]l/sf lelqPsf] k|df0f k]z ug'{k5{ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] cfo–
;|f]t v'nfpg'k5{, tkfO{+sf] a}+s–vftfdf ePsf] /sdaf/] atfpg'k5{ tyf 3/ef8f,
46 Health Care
lah'nL, 3/ ttfpg kg]{ vr{ cflbsf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+ ckfª\u x'g'x'G5 eg]
ckfª\utfsf d]l8sn k|df0fx? k]z ug'{k5{ . tkfO{+ of] ;'ljwfsf nflu of]Uo xf] jf
xf]Og x]l/G5 / ;'ljwf kfO/xgsf nflu s]xL dlxgfsf] cGt/df o:tf k|df0fx?
b]vfO/xg' k5{ .
Applying for Medicaid
Your resettlement agency will help you apply for Medicaid after you
first arrive in the U.S. The exact rules are different in each state, so you
will need to learn what information is required in your state. Generally you
will need to provide information about everyone in your family, show their
social security cards, and show that you have been legally admitted to the
U.S. You will also need to show proof of your income, how much money
you have in a bank, the rent you pay for your apartment, electricity, heat,
etc. If you are disabled, you will be required to provide medical records
that show your disability. Your eligibility will be checked and you will
need to prove that you are still eligible every few months.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8sf] k|of]u
tkfO{+n] d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg' eof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] sf8{ lbOG5 .
tkfO{+n] pSt sf8{ cfˆgf] cf}ifwf]krf/df ;+nUg 8fS6/, lSnlgs jf c:ktfndf
b]vfpg'k5{ . pSt sf8{n] tkfO{+nfO{ :jf:Yo ;'ljwf lbnfpF5 . s'g}–s'g} c:ktfn /
8fS6/n] eg] d]l8s]8 rnfpFb}gg\ . To;/L sxLF d]l8s]8 rn]g eg] cf}ifwf]krf/sf]
lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Using Medicaid
If you are eligible for Medicaid, you will be given a small card that you
must show at the doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital. That card will allow
you to receive health care services. Some hospitals and doctors do not ac-
cept Medicaid. If they do not accept Medicaid, you will be responsible for
paying your bill.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8 ;'ljwfsf] ;Ldf
z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf cd]l/sf cfPsf] ;ft jif{;Dd tkfO{+n] d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg'–
x'G5 . s'g} /fHodf ;ft jif{eGbf a9L d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf x'g] rflxF ToxL /fHosf] lgoddf
e/ k5{ . afnaRrf gePsf jf cfDbfgL /fd|f] ePsf z/0ffyL{ d]l8s]8 ;'ljwfsf nflu
of]Uo gx'g ;S5g\ .
Limits on Receiving Medicaid
As a refugee, you can receive Medicaid for up to seven years after you
arrive to the United States. It is optional for states’ Medicaid programs to
:jf:Yo ;]jf 47
cover you more than seven years. Refugees who do not have children or
who make too much money may not qualify for Medicaid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/0ffyL{ d]l8sn ;xfotf
olb tkfO{+ d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg cof]Uo 7xg'{ eof] eg] tkfO{+sf] cf}ifwf]krf/
vr{ cd]l/sf cfPsf] klxnf] cf7 dlxgf z/0ffyL{ d]l8sn ;xfotf -/]ˆo'hL d]l8sn
Pl;:6]G;_ gfds sfo{qmdn] a]xf]5{ . Tof] cf7 dlxgfkl5 of] ;'ljwf kfpg'x'Gg .
Refugee Medical Assistance
If you are not eligible for regular Medicaid, a program called Refu-
gee Medical Assistance can pay for your medical bills for the first eight
months after you arrive in the United States. After those eight months, you
will no longer be eligible for this program.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo ;'/Iff
olb tkfO{+sf] lghL :jf:Yo ladf, /]ˆo'hL d]l8sn Pl;:6]G;\, jf d]l8s]8 5}g /
tkfO{+ pkrf/sf nflu 8fS6/sxfF jf c:ktfn hfg'eof] eg] ;a} d]l8sn lanx?
cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Health Coverage
If you do not have private health insurance, Refugee Medical Assis-
tance, or Medicaid and you need to go to the hospital or see a doctor, you
will have to pay all the medical bills yourself.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8fS6/ jf :jf:Yo;DaGwL lSnlgsx¿
tkfO{+ la/fdL x'g'eof] eg] 8fS6/sf] cl©; -sfof{no_ jf x]Ny lSnlgs hfg'–
x'G5 . tkfO{+nfO{ vf]k lng'k¥of] jf /ut hfFRg'k¥of] jf cfˆgf] :jf:Yo l7s
eP÷gePsf] hfFRg] h:tf :jf:Yo ;'ljwf rflxP klg ToxfF hfg'x'G5 . Psk6s
ToxfF uP/ ;]jf lnPjfkt tkfO{+n] %) b]lv Ps ;o %) 8n/;Dd ltg'{kg]{ x'g–
;S5 . tkfO{+sf] lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] :jf:Yo ;]jfjfktsf] lan
cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Doctors and Health Clinics
A doctor’s office or health clinic is where you go if you feel sick, if you
need health services like vaccinations or blood tests, or for check-ups to
make sure your health is good. One visit to a doctor may cost $50 to $150.
Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be responsible for
payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
48 Health Care

hf“Rg] ;do
w]/}h;f] 8fS6/sf] cl©; / lSnlgsaf6 s]xL ;]jf kfpg' 5 eg] klxn] g}
©f]g u/]/ ;do lng'k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ hfFRg jf k/LIf0f ug{ ldnfOg] ;do s]xL lbg
jf xKtfkl5 x'g ;S5 . o;/L ldnfOPsf] ;do la;{g' x'Gg . Tof] ;dodf k'Ug l9nf]
ug'{x'Gg . lbOPsf] ;doeGbf s]xL klxn] g} 8fS6/sf] cl©; / lSnlgsdf k'Ug'–
xf];\ . !* jif{eGbf ;fgf] pd]/sf afnaRrfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ hfFbf a'af jf cfdf ;fy}
x'g'k5{ .
Appointments
Most doctor’s offices and clinics require you call to make an appoint-
ment. Appointments may be a few days or even weeks after you call. When
you have made an appointment for you or a member of your family, it is
important that you keep the appointment. Do not be late. Arrive at the doc-
tor’s office or clinic before your appointed time. Children under the age of
18 must have their mother or father with them at all appointments.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ jif{sf] Ps k6s 8fS6/n] hfFRg'k5{ . tkfO{+ :j:y
g} eP klg 8fS6/n] tkfO{+sf] k/LIf0f ug'{x'G5 . /f]un] RofKg'eGbf klxn] g} o:tf]
lgoldt k/LIf0f u/] tkfO{+ ladf/ x'g'eGbf klxn] ;d:of eP ©]nf kg{ ;S5 .
Routine Medical Exams
It is important that you and your family go to the doctor once a year
for a “check-up.” The doctor will examine you even if you feel healthy.
By having a check-up, some diseases can be found before they become
serious.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8fS6/nfO{ e]6\bf
8fS6/sxfF hfFbf cf©"nfO{ s:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;a} eGg'k5{ . 8fS6/n]
eg]sf] tkfO{+n] a'lem/xg' ePsf] 5÷5}g klg eGg'k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ yf]/} c+u|]hL
cfpF5 eg] 8fS6/, lSnlgs jf c:ktfnn] bf]efif] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
8fS6/;Fu s'/f ug{ cf©"nfO{ bf]efif] dfUg' tkfO{+sf] clwsf/ xf] . bf]efif]sf] sfd
ug]{ JolSt tkfO{+n] 8fS6/ e]6]s} 7fpFdf cfpg;S5g\ jf 6]ln©f]gaf6 ;xfotf ug{
;S5g\ .
Seeing a Doctor
When you visit a doctor, it is very important to tell the doctor how you
feel and that you understand what the doctor is saying. If you have limited
English skills, the doctor, clinic, or hospital should provide interpretation
:jf:Yo ;]jf 49
services. It is your right to ask for an interpreter to help you communicate
with the doctor. The interpreter may be a person who will join you at your
appointment or may be on the telephone.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf]efif]sf] k|of]u
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ bf]efif]x?n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL hfgsf/L cg'jfb ug{] tflnd
lnPsf x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ g]kfnLdf a'emfpF5g\ / tkfO{+n] eg]sf] c+u|]hLdf
abn]/ 8fS6/nfO{ ;'gfpF5g\ . olb tkfO{+n] a'ˇg'ePg eg] 8fS6/ jf bf]efif]nfO{
bf]xf]¥ofOlbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg g8/fpg'xf];\ .
bf]efif]x?n] ;a} hfgsf/L lgtfGt / uf]Ko /fVg'k5{ . To;sf] cy{ pgLx?n]
tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo, cf}ifwf]krf/ jf k/LIf0fsf nflu lbOPsf] ;do;DaGwL hfgsf/L
s;}nfO{ eGg ldNb}g . tkfO{+ 8fS6/;Fu /fd|/L c+u|]hL af]Ng hfGg] geP;Dd
:jf:Yof]krf/sf] ;dosf nflu bf]efif]sf] ;]jf dfUg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfsf] c+u|]hL /fd|}
eP klg o:tf a]nfdf pgLx?nfO{ bf]efif]sf ?kdf k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .
Using an Interpreter
A health care interpreter has been trained to interpret medical informa-
tion so you can understand it in Nepali and to make sure that your doctor
understands what you are saying. If you do not understand the doctor, you
should ask the doctor or interpreter to repeat what they are saying. Do not
be afraid to ask questions.
Interpreters are required to keep all information private and confiden-
tial. This means they cannot speak to anyone else about your health, medi-
cal treatment, or medical appointments. When you make an appointment
you should always ask for a Nepali interpreter until your English is good
enough to talk with the doctor. Never use children as interpreters, even if
their English is very good.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
clu|d :jLs[lt
tkfO{+n] 8fS6/sf] cl©;, lSnlgs jf c:ktfnaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf rfxg'eof]
eg] pkrf/ ug{ :jLs[lt lbPsf] Pp6f sfuhdf tkfO{+n] x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ . c7f/
jif{d'lgsf gfgLx?sf] pkrf/ ug'{kbf{ To:tf] sfuhdf tkfO{+n] x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ .
o;/L cuf8L g} lnOg] :jLs[ltnfO{ …OG©D8{ sG;]G6Ú -clu|d :jLs[lt_ elgG5 . olb
tkfO{+ c+u|]hL a'ˇg'x'Gg eg] Tof] sfuhdf s] n]lvPsf] 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg jf a'ˇg kfpg'
tkfO{+sf] clwsf/ xf] .
Informed Consent
When you seek certain health care services, at a doctor’s office, clinic,
or hospital, you may be asked to sign a paper to give them permission to
50 Health Care
treat you. You will also need to sign a paper for them to treat your children
who are less than 18 years old. This is known as “informed consent.” You
have the right to be told what the paper says if you cannot read English.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf]kgLotf
tkfO{+nfO{ csf]{ Pp6f sfuhdf klg x:tfIf/ ug{ nufOG5, To;df :jf:Yo
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] JolStn] tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo tyf JolStut hfgsf/L s;}nfO{ lbg]
5}gg eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n] pSt sfuhdf x:tfIf/ ug'{sf] cy{ tkfO{+n]
pSt sfuhdf n]v]sf] ;a} s'/f a'ˇg' ePsf] 5 eGg] 7x5{ . tkfO{+n] To;df s]xL
JolStsf] gfd n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5, h;nfO{ tkfO{+sf] cj:yf jf pkrf/af/] s'/fsfgL ug{
ldN5 . o:tf gfddf tkfO{+sf] >Ldfg, tkfO{+sL >LdtL, pd]/ k'u]sf] ;Gtfg, jf tkfO{+n]
e/f]zf ug]{ JolSt s;}sf] x'g;S5 . tkfO{+n] pSt sfuhdf s;}sf] gfd pNn]v
ug'{ePg eg] :jf:Yo;]jsn] s;};Fu klg tkfO{+sf] cj:yf jf pkrf/af/] 5n©n ug{
ldNb}g . olt;Dd ls >Ldfg jf >LdtL;Fu klg 5n©n ug{ ldNb}g .
Confidentiality
You will also be asked to sign another paper, one that states that the
health care provider will not share any of your health and personal informa-
tion with anyone else. When you sign the paper, it means that you under-
stand and agree. You may list on the form names of people that you give
the provider permission to discuss your condition or treatment with. This
might include your husband, wife, adult child, or other person that you
trust. If you do not list anyone, then the provider will not be able to discuss
your condition or treatment with anyone, not even your husband or wife.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c:ktfnx¿
cd]l/sfsf 7"nf zx/x?df w]/} c:ktfnx? x'G5g\ . ;fgf zx/df Pp6fdfq
c:ktfn x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+ la/fdL x'g'eof] eg] 8fS6/n] tkfO{+nfO{ c:ktfn k7fpg'
x'G5 . tkfO{+ c:ktfn egf{ ePkl5 tkfO{+sf] :ofxf/sf nflu Pp6f sf]7f, g;{x?
/ 8fS6/ lbOG5 . ljz]if k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 / cf}ifwLx? klg lbg ;lsG5 .
la/fdL eP/ c:ktfn egf{ x'g' dxFuf] x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] s] s] k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ /
tkfO{+nfO{ s:tf] cf}ifwL rflxG5 To;sf cfwf/df c:ktfn vr{ lbgsf] Ps xhf/
8n/ jf Tof]eGbf a9L nfUg ;S5 . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] :jf:Yo
;]jfjfktsf] lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Hospitals
Large cities in the U.S. have many hospitals. Smaller towns may have
only one hospital. Your doctor may send you to a hospital if you are very
:jf:Yo ;]jf 51
sick. If you are “admitted” at a hospital, you will be given a bed in a room,
nurses and doctors will care for you, special tests may be done, and you
may be given medicines. Staying in a hospital is very expensive. It may
cost $1,000 per day or more, depending on what tests and medicines are
required. Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be re-
sponsible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfkftsflng :ofxf/
w]/}h;f] cfkftsflng :jf:Yo ;]jfx? :yfgLo c:ktfnsf] …Odh]{G;L ?dÚ jf
…ch]{G6 s]o/ ;]G6/Ú df pknAw x'G5 . crfgs x'g] :jf:Yo ;d:of, Hofg
hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yf / r/d :jf:Yo ;d:ofx? ePdf dfq cfkftsflng :jf:Yo
;]jf lng'k5{, h:t} M
• xf8 efFlrP jf v'g axg] h:tf uDeL/ 3fOt] ePdf .
• ;f; ©]g{ sl7gfO ePdf .
• r]tgf u'dfP jf a]xf]z ePdf .
• ljiffSttfsf] z+sf ePdf .
• cfTdxTofsf] k|of; u/]df .
• d'5f{ k/] jf sfFk]df -sfFd]df_ .
• crfgs nfl6P jf xft–uf]8f rnfpg c;dy{ ePdf .
• crfgs uw{g;lxt crfSnL 6fpsf] b'v]df jf r]tgf u'dfPdf .
• ;f; ©]g{ ufx|f], xftx? lr;f eP / kl;gf cfP/ 5ftL, sfFw, jf kfv'/f b'v]df .
cfkftsflng cj:yfafx]s pkrf/sf nflu Odh]{G;L ?ddf slxNo} ghfg'xf];\ .
8fS6/sf] cl©;df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ / hfFRgsf nflu ;do ldnfP/ dfq hfg'xf];\ .
Odh]{G;L ?ddf pkrf/ ug{ hfg'k¥of] eg] tkfO{+sf] /f]u yfxf kfpg ul/g] 6]:6x?
/ /f]u lgsf] kfg{ lbOg] cf}ifwLcg';f/ ToxfFsf] vr{ sDtLdf %)) ;o 8n/ jf a9Ldf
!) xhf/ 8n/eGbf dfly k'Ug ;S5 . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] cfkft–
sflng sIfdf kfPsf] ;]jfsf] lan r'Stf ug{] lhDd]jf/L tkfO{+sf] x'G5 .
Emergency Care
Most emergency health services are provided at a local hospital “emer-
gency room” or “urgent care center.” Using emergency care is only for
sudden, life threatening, and extreme health problems. Examples include:
• Severe injuries including possible broken bones or bleeding.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Loss of consciousness, fainting.
• Suspected poisoning.
• Attempted suicide.
• Seizures or convulsions.
52 Health Care
• Sudden numbness or inability to move an arm or leg.
• Sudden severe headache with neck pain or change in consciousness.
• Pain in chest, shoulder, or arm with shortness of breath, cold hands,
sweating.
Do not go to an emergency room for treatment for something that is
not an emergency. Call your doctor’s office and make an appointment to
see your doctor.
An emergency room visit may cost as little as $500 or more than $10,000
depending on the tests and medicines that they provide you. Without pri-
vate health insurance or Medicaid you will be responsible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PDa'n]G;
pkrf/ cfjZos ePsf] cfkftsflng cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ ;'/lIft / rfF8f]
c:ktfnsf] Odh]{G;L ?dsf k'¥ofpg sl7g x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf (!!
df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . ©f]g p7fpg] JolStnfO{ s] ;d:of k/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf];\ /
PDa'n]G; k7fOlbg' eGg'xf];\ . Pp6f PDa'n]G; / cfkftsflng d]l8sn ;d"x tkfO{+
ePsf 7fpFdf cfpF5 . pxfFx?n] la/fdLsf] cj:yf / s;/L o:tf] eof] eg]/
;f]Wg'x'G5 . o:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ rfF8f] / k"/f lbg'xf];\ . pxfFx?n] la/fdLnfO{
…P:6«]r/Ú df /fv]/ PDa'n]G;df /fVg'x'G5 . pxfFx?n] la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfnsf]
cfkftsflng–sIf -Odh]{G;L ?d_ n}hfg'x'G5 . pSt 6f]nLn] slxn]sfxLF kl/jf/sf]
Ps ;b:onfO{ nfg ;Sg'x'G5 . t/ ;fdfGotM la/fdL nu]kl5 kl/jf/sf ;b:o / cGo
;xof]uLn] uf8Lsf] aGbf]a:t u/L c:ktfnsf] cfkftsflng–sIf k'Ug'k5{ .
PDa'n]G;sf nflu tkfO{+n] % ;o 8n/ jf Tof]eGbf a9L ltg'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .
PDa'n]G; vr{ la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpFbf nfUg] ;dodf e/ k5{ . lghL :jf:Yo
ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] PDa'nG; ;]jfjfktsf] lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Ambulances
In a medical emergency, getting safely and quickly to an emergency
room at a hospital can be difficult. Telephone 911. Tell the operator the
problem and ask for an ambulance. An ambulance and emergency medical
team will be sent to your location. They will ask questions about the con-
dition of the patient and the cause of the emergency. Try to answer them
quickly and fully. They may place the patient on a stretcher and then into
the ambulance. They will take the patient to the emergency room at the
hospital. Sometimes they may also be able to take one family member, but
usually family members and others will have to find their own transporta-
tion to the hospital emergency room.
A trip in an ambulance may cost $500 or more depending on the time
:jf:Yo ;]jf 53
it takes. Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be respon-
sible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vf]kx¿
Ps JolStaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ /f]unfO{ ;+qmfds /f]u elgG5 . vf]kx?n] To:tf
/f]u lgoGq0f u5{g\ . :s"n hfg] gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] pd]/;Dddf nufpg] ;a}
vf]k nufPsf] x'g'k5{ . lu|g–sf8{ kfpgsf nflu cfj]bg lbFbf g} tkfO{+n] ;a} vfnsf
vf]k nufPsf] x'g'k5{ . 8fS6/ jf lSnlgsdf tkfO{+n] s'g s'g vf]k nufO;s]sf] 5
eg]/ x]l/G5 / cfjZos vf]k nufOG5 . tkfO{+n] kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:osf] lnlvt
vf]k–ljj/0f lng'k5{ . pSt ljj/0fdf s'g vf]k slxn] nufOPsf] xf] eg]/ n]lvPsf]
x'G5 .
kl/jf/sf ;a}sf] vf]k–ljj/0f ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ . s'g}–s'g} a]nf oL ljj/0fsf
k|ltlnlk -©f]6f]skL_ x? tkfO{+ jf afnaRrfsf nflu rflxg ;S5 .
Immunizations
Immunizations are responsible for the control of many infectious dis-
eases, diseases that can be given from one person to another. Your children
must have up-to-date immunizations in order to attend school. You will
need up-to-date immunizations when you apply for your Green Card. Your
doctor or clinic can check your immunization history and give you any
needed immunizations. You should get a written report for each family
member that shows when and what immunizations they have received.
Keep those reports in a safe place as you or your children may need
copies of them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8sn k/LIf0fx¿
8fS6/n] tkfO{+nfO{ ljz]if k/LIf0f -6]:6_ x? u/]/ Nofpg'xf];\ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
To;a]nf tkfO{+ k|of]uzfnf -Nofaf]/]6/L_ hfg'k5{, ToxfF /ut lbg'k5{ jf cGo 6]:6x?
ul/G5g\ . s]xL 6]:6x? c:ktfnd} klg ul/G5g\, 6]:6 ubf{ tkfO{+nfO{ egf{ ul/Fb}g .
6]:6dfq ul/g] la/fdLnfO{ …cfp6–k];]G6Ú elgG5 . tkfO{+ cfp6–k];]G6 xf] . tkfO{+sf
ljleGg 6]:6 u/]/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ tL Nofaf]/]6/Lx?n] Pp6f 6]:6sf] Ps ;o 8n/ jf
Tof]eGbf a9L lng;S5g\ . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] oL 6]:6x?sf]
lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Medical Tests
Your doctor may order special tests to be done. You may need to go to
a laboratory to have blood taken or to have other tests done. Sometimes
the tests will be done at a hospital but you will not be admitted. You will
54 Health Care
be an “outpatient.” Laboratories that do the tests and analysis may charge
$100 or more for each test. Without private health insurance or Medicaid
you will be responsible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PS;–/], Pdcf/cfO / l;6L :Sofgx¿
tkfO{+sf leqL c+udf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ 8fS6/n] cem hfGg vf]Hg ;Sg'x'G5 .
o;sf nflu pxfFn] tkfO{+nfO{ PS;/], Pdcf/cfO :Sofg, jf l;6L :Sofg h:tf 6]:6
u/]/ Nofpg'xf];\ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . oL cfw'lgs ljlwx? xf8, k]6, 6fpsf]sf] leqL efu,
jf z/L/sf cGo efusf] ©f]6f] lvRg] sfd x'g\ . Pp6f PS;–/]sf] Ps ;o 8n/ jf
;f]eGbf a9L kg{ ;S5, k|To]s Pdcf/cfO jf l;6L :Sofgsf] ! xhf/ % ;o 8n/ jf
;f]eGbf a9L kg{ ;S5 . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] o:tf ;]jfjfktsf]
lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
X-rays, MRI And CT Scans
Your doctor may want to know more about what is happening inside
your body. To do this, your doctor may order an x-ray, an MRI scan, or
a CT scan. These are all ways that a doctor can get a photograph of your
bones, stomach, inside of your head, or other part of your body. Each x-ray
may cost $100 or more, each MRI or CT scan may cost $1,500 or more.
Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be responsible for
payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ldgfxf / cfly{s ;xfotf
w]/} 8fS6/, lSnlgs, / c:ktfndf ladf gul/Psf tyf Go"g cfo ePsf
la/fdLnfO{ sxLF s]xL ldgfxf / sxLF lgMz'Ns pkrf/ ul/lbOG5 . olb cfˆgf]
d]l8s]8 jf lghL ladf ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ldgfxf / lgMz'Ns pkrf/ kfpg sxfF, s;/L
/ s:tf] lgj]bg lbg'k5{ egL 8fS6/nfO{, lSnlgs, / c:ktfndf ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lgj]bg
lbFbf tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL / cGo hfgsf/L dfluG5 . tkfO{+sf] lgj]bg :jLs[t eof] eg]
pkrf/–vr{df lgs} 5'6 x'g ;S5 .
Discounts and Financial Assistance
Many doctors, clinics, and hospitals provide discounts or even free
care to patients who have no insurance and very little income. If you do
not have Medicaid or private health insurance, ask your doctor, clinic, or
hospital how to apply for any discount or free care. They will ask you to
provide proof of your income and other information. If you are approved,
they may make a large reduction in your bill.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo ;]jf 55

8fS6/åf/f cf}ifwL l;˚fl/;

8fS6/n] tkfO{+sf nflu s]xL cf}ifwL l;©fl/; ug'{x'G5 . pxfFn] tkfO{+sf nflu
ul/lbPsf] cf}ifwLsf] l;©fl/;nfO{ …k|]l:qmK;gÚ elgG5 . ToxL …k|]l:qmK;gÚ sf cfwf/df
s'g} ©fd]{;Ldf tkfO{+n] cf}ifwL lsGg kfpg'x'G5 . ˚fd]{;L eg]sf] Pp6f bf]sfg xf], hxfF
ljleGg vfnsf cf}ifwL a]lrG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF 8fS6/n] sfuhL k|]l:qmK;g lbg'x'G5,
h'g sfuh lnP/ tkfO{+ ©fd]{;L hfg'x'G5 / cf}ifwL lsGg'x'G5 . To:t} 8fS6/n]
tkfO{+n] eg]sf] ©fd]{;Ldf …k|]l:qmK;gÚ k7fpg'x'G5 jf ©f]gaf6 tkfO{+nfO{ lbg] cf}ifwL
gfd l6kfOlbg' ePsf] x'G5 . ha tkfO{+ cf}ifwL lng ©fd]{;L hfg'x'G5, cfˆgf] ladf
ul/Psf] sf8{ ;fy} nfg'k5{ . tkfO{+sf] ladf jf d]l8s]8 eP klg cf}ifwLsf] k};f eg]
ltg'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . of] z'NsnfO{ …sf]–k]Ú -;x–e'Stfg_ elgG5 .
Prescriptions
Your doctor may decide that you need prescription medicine. A pre-
scription is what the doctor gives you that allows you to buy special medi-
cines at a pharmacy. A pharmacy is a special store where many kinds
of medicine can be bought. Sometimes the doctor will give you a paper
prescription that you take to a pharmacy to buy the medicine. Or the doctor
may ask you which pharmacy you will go to and will send the prescription
to that pharmacy by telephone. When you go to the pharmacy to get your
medicine, you should have your insurance card. You might have to pay a
fee for the medicine - even if you have insurance or Medicaid. This fee is
called a co-pay.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cf}ifwL ;]jg
n]lvP jf elgPcg';f/ cf}ifwL ;]jg ug'{ePg eg] cf}ifwLn] sfd ub}{gg\ .
cf}ifwL k|efjsf/L x'Fb}gg\ . 8fS6/n] s]xL cf}ifwL vfg' eGg'eof] eg] tkfO{+ lgDg
s'/f a'ˇg' k5{ M
• tkfO{+n] of] cf}ifwL lsg vfO/xg' ePsf] 5 <
• 8fS6/n] lbPsf] cf}ifwLnfO{ s] ug'{k5{ <
• lbgsf] sltk6s vfg] / slxn]b]lv vfg 5f8\g] <
• s] cf}ifwL vfgf;Fu} vfg'k5{ <
• cf}ifwLsf s'g} cGo c;/x? 5g\ <
cf}ifwL vfFb} hfFbf cln ;Grf] nfu] klg 8fS6/n] eg]cg';f/ cf}ifwL vfO/xg'–
k5{ . cf}ifwL vfFbf v/faL u¥of], cK7\of/f] dx;'; ug'{eof] jf PnhL{ eof] eg] cf}ifwL
vfg aGb ug'{xf];\ / 8fS6/sf] cl©;df ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .
Taking Medicine
Medicine is not effective if you do not follow the directions correctly.
When a doctor has told you to take certain medicine, it is very important
56 Health Care
that you understand:
• Why you are taking medicine.
• What to do with the medicine the doctor prescribes.
• How many times a day you need to take the medicine and when to stop
taking it.
• If you need to take the medicine with food.
• If the medicine has any side effects.
It is important to continue taking your medicine as instructed by your
doctor even if you start to feel better. If you have a bad reaction, feel
worse, or have an allergic reaction, stop taking the medicine and contact
the doctor’s office immediately.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cf}ifwLsf] e08f/0f
h'g} klg cf}ifwL gfgLx?af6 6f9f /fVg'k5{ . rfaL nfUg] jf gfgLx?n] ge]6\g]
7fpFdf cf}ifwL /fVg'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf nflu n]lvlbPsf] cf}ifwL kl/jf/df c? s;}nfO{
jf ;fyLefOnfO{ vfg glbg'xf];\ . 8fS6/n] h;nfO{ hfFr]sf] x'g'x'G5 / cf}ifwL pxfFs}
nflu lbPsf] x'G5 .
Storing Medicine
Make sure you store any medicine away from children. Keep it in a
locked cabinet or in a place where children cannot get to it. Never share
prescription medicine with family or friends. Prescription medicines are
only for the person the doctor saw and gave the prescription to.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf“tsf] :jf:Yo / bGt–lrlsT;s
tkfO{+sf bfFtsf] x]/rfx :jf:Yo x]/ljrf/dWo] Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{ c+z xf] .
cd]l/sf cfPkl5 tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ bGt–lrlsT;s -8]lG6:6_ sxfF hfg]
;do ldnfOG5 . 8]lG6:6n] tkfO{+sf bfFtdf s'g} ;d:of 5÷5}g / bfFt ;©f ug{
h?/L 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] x]g'{x'G5 . tkfO{+n] s'g} tftf] jf lr;f] vfg]s'/f vfFbf jf
lkpFbf bfFt b'V5 eg] 8]lG6:6nfO{ bfFt hFrfpg] ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yf;Fu
8]lG6:6af/] ;f]Wg'xf];\ / tkfO{+ a:g] /fHodf d]l8s]8n] bfFtsf] pkrf/ vr{ a]xf]5{ ls
a]xf]b}{g eg]/ a'ˇg'xf];\ .
Dental Health and Dentists
Caring for your teeth is an important part of health care. After you
arrive in the U.S. you and each member of your family should have an
appointment with a dentist to see if you have any problems and to do a
thorough cleaning. If you have pain in your teeth when you eat or drink
something hot or cold, you should get an appointment to see a dentist. Ask
:jf:Yo ;]jf 57

your resettlement agency about dentists and whether Medicaid in your

state will pay for dental care.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
dfgl;s :jf:Yo
s'g} dflg;sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5, ha p;n] cfˆgf] b}lgs lqmof–
snfk /fd|/L lgjf{x u5{, c?;Fu ;DaGw /fV5, lg0f{ox? lnG5, ;d'bfosf nflu
of]ubfg lbG5, tgfj jf sl7g kl/l:ylt ;DxfNg ;S5, / s]xL xb;Dd v';L xfl;n
u5{ . t/ o;sf ljkl/t efjgfTds ;d:ofx?, h;nfO{ af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf dfgl;s
la/fdL elgG5, nfO{ jf:tljs d]l8sn cj:yfx? dflgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf JolStsf]
:jf:Yo / v';Ldf afwf k'U5 .
s;}nfO{ dfgl;s ;d:of 5 eg] p ;Gsfxf xf] eGg ldNb}g . olb tkfO{+nfO{
dfgl;s ;d:ofx? 5g\ eg] nfh gdfGg'xf];\ jf ck/fwaf]w gug'{xf];\ . c?
s;}nfO{ dfgl;s ;d:ofx? 5g\ eg] p;nfO{ nfhdbf]{ cj:yfdf gk'¥ofpg'xf];\ jf
ck/fwLnfO{ h:tf] gug'{xf];\ . dflg;sf] z/L/sf] s'g} efudf klg lrlsT;f;DaGwL
;d:of x'g;S5 . dfgl;s ladf/Lx? klg lrlsT;f;DaGwL ;d:of x'g\, hf] ;Lw}
lbdfu;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .
Mental Health
Someone has good mental health when he or she can function well in
daily life, relate to other people, make decisions, contribute to the com-
munity, handle stress and difficult situations, and achieve some degree of
happiness. Emotional problems, sometimes called mental illness, are real
medical conditions that disrupt a person’s health and wellness.
Having a mental illness does not mean someone is crazy. Do not feel
shame or guilt if you have emotional problems, and do not place shame or
guilt on anyone else who may have emotional problems. People can have
medical problems with any part of the body. Mental illnesses are simply
medical problems relating to the brain.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/0ffyL{x¿ / dfgl;s :jf:Yo
cd]l/sf cfpg] z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ efjgfTds ;d:ofx? x'G5g\ . pxfFx?sf hLjgdf
36]sf tLtf cg'ejx?n] kL8f / tgfj x'G5 . e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x? g]kfnsf ljleGg
z/0ffyL{ lzlj/x?df aL; jif{ a:g'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx?n] vfgf tyf ;Lldt lzIff Pj+
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ljleGg lgsfox? / c? ;+:yfx?df
e/kg'{ kYof]{ .
clxn] gofF 7fpF, cfˆgf] d'n'seGbf 6f9f k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . tkfO{+nfO{
c+u|]hL gcfpFbf] xf], cd]l/sL rfnrng a'ˇg' ePsf] 5}g xf]nf . gofF 7fpFdf
58 Health Care
hLjgcg's"n agfpg' cf©}Fdf lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 . o:tf w]/} gdL7f cg'ejx?n]
efjgfTds kL8f / tgfj yK5g\ .
Refugees and Mental Health
Refugees who come to the U.S. may have emotional problems and
experience distress and tension because of traumatic experiences in their
lives. Bhutanese refugees have lived in refugee camps in Nepal for twenty
years. There you were dependent on United Nations agencies and others
for food and limited educational and employment opportunities.
Now you have been resettled to this new, faraway country and may not
know much English or understand American culture. Adjusting to a new
place and way of life can itself be very difficult. These traumatic experi-
ences can contribute to emotional distress and tension.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lbUbf/L
lbUbf/L ;a}nfO{ nfU5, t/ ;fdfGotM of] cf©}F x/fpF5 . t/ w]/} xKtf;Dd
lbUbf/L nflu/Xof] / b}lgs hLjgdf o;n] k|efj kf¥of] eg] To;n] lg/fzfsf ?k
lnG5 . lg/fzfsf s]xL ;femf nIf0fx? o:tf x'G5g\ M lgs} lg/fz cg'ej, l/Sttf,
lrGtf, nuftf/ wk]8L jf ysfg, w]/} emsf]{©sf{] jf cw}o{tf, clgb|f jf clws ;do
;'Tg', s'g} lqmofsnfkk|lt hfFu/ gb]vfpg', / ef]s x/fpg' jf w]/} vfg' . lg/fzfn]
zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx? hGdfpF5g\, h:t} M k]6 jf 6fpsf] b'Vg] ;d:of . d]l8sn
If]qdf sfo{/t Jofj;flosx?n] o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] pkrf/ u5{g\ . pgLx?n]
s'/fsfgLsf dfWodaf6 ul/g] y]/]kL, cf}ifwf]krf/ jf b'j} k4lt ckgfpF5g\ . sf]xL
lg/fz JolSt;Fu kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 eg] p;k|lt rf;f] lbg'xf];\ / d2t ug'{xf];\ . p;sf
s'/fdf Wofg lbg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ lg/fzfaf/] 8fS6/;Fu s'/f ug{ xf};nf lbg'xf];\ .
Depression
Sadness is a feeling everyone experiences, but usually it passes. If the
sadness lasts for several weeks and interferes with daily life, it may be de-
pression. Common symptoms include persistent feelings of hopelessness,
emptiness, anxiety; constant exhaustion or fatigue; excessive irritability or
impatience; difficulty with or excessive sleeping; loss of interest in activi-
ties; and loss of appetite or overeating. Depression may also cause physi-
cal health problems, like stomach aches or headaches. Medical profession-
als can treat and often cure it through talk therapy, medications, or both.
If you know someone who is depressed, offer your concern and support,
be willing to listen, and encourage the person to speak with a doctor about
their depression.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo ;]jf 59
c¿ vfnsf dfgl;s ladf/Lx¿
lg/fzfsf cltl/Qm dflg;nfO{ cGo dfgl;s ladf/Lx? klg x'G5g\, h;sf]
pkrf/ ug]{ w]/} pkfox? 5g\ . tL ladf/LdWo] s]xL k|d'v ladf/Lx? x'g\ M
• 7"nf b'3{6gfkl5sf] x'g] tgfj;DaGwL ;d:of -kf]:6–6«Dofl6s :6«]; l8;c8{/,
lkl6P;8L_ ;fdfGotM zf/Ll/s xdnf, k|fs[lts ljklQx?, cft+ssf/L ultljlw, jf
;}Go o'4 h:tf s'g} 3fts hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yf jf cTolws eoeLt b'3{6gfkl5
b]lvG5 . of] ;d:ofaf6 k|efljt JolStx?nfO{ lat]sf 36gfsf] ;+:d/0f, b'M:jKg
jf To:tf ;Demgfx?n] bb{gfs 36gfsf] af/Daf/ cg'e"t u/fpF5 . o;af6
dflg;x?df PSsf;L emlGsg] jf ck/fwaf]w ug]{, Jou| x'g] jf 8/fpg] h:tf tLj|
cg'e"t klg x'G5g\ .
• eoeLt cj:yf -Koflgs l8;c8{/_ M ©]l/–©]l/ cfO/xg] cfsl:ds qf; Koflgs
l8;c8{/sf] d'Vo nIf0f xf] . s'g} sf/0f lagf s'g} JolStn] ckem{6 / tLj| 8/
jf Jou||tf cg'ej u5{ eg] Tof] Koflgs l8;c8{/n] ePsf] xf] . of] s]xL ldg]6df
x/fpF5, t/ slxn]sfxLF w]/}a]/ klg x'G5 / bf]xf]l/G5 .
• dgf]efhg -l:shlk|mgLof_ M of] dfgl;s la/fdL ePsf JolStdf jf:tljstfnfO{
a'ˇg] jf a'emfO JoSt ubf{ kl/jt{g b]lvg] Ps vfnsf] u'0f ljsf; x'G5 . o:tf
la/fdLnfO{ s;}n] af]nfPsf] h:tf] nfU5, dlte|d x'G5, cf©"nfO{ cs}{ JolStsf
?kdf cg'e"t u5{g\ . l:shlk|mgLof ePsf] JolSt c?nfO{ z+sf ug]{ k|j[lQ
-Kof/fgf]of_, xRsg] jf clt Jofs'n x'g] x'G5 .
olb tkfO{+ cf©}F jf c? s;}nfO{ dfgl;s la/fdL eP h:tf] nfUof] eg] lrlsT;f
;xfotf lng'xf];\ . 8fS6/nfO{ e]6\g'xf];\ . pxfFnfO{ ;a} nIf0fx? atfpg'xf];\ .
pxfFn] dgf]j}1flgs, dgf]lrlsT;s, k/fdz{bftf jf lrlsT;f If]qsf] s'g} Jofj;flos
JolSt;Fu hFrfpgsf nflu l;©fl/z ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Other Types of Mental Illnesses
In addition to depression, there are many other types of mental illness,
and many ways to treat them. Among the most common are:
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur after intense trauma
or extremely frightening events, such as physical assault, natural disas-
ters, acts of terrorism, or military combat. People with PTSD usually
have flashbacks, nightmares, or memories that cause them to experience
the traumatic events again and again. They may also have outbursts of
anger or intense feelings of guilt, anxiety, or fear.
• Panic disorder. Recurring panic attacks are the main symptom of a
panic disorder. A panic attack occurs when someone experiences sudden
and intense feelings of fear or anxiety without cause. It usually lasts a
few minutes, but can be longer or repetitive.
60 Health Care
• Schizophrenia. This mental illness is characterized by changes in the
perception or expression of reality. People may hear voices, see halluci-
nations, or believe that they are someone else. Schizophrenia can cause
paranoia, withdrawal, or extreme agitation.
If you believe you or someone you know may have a mental illness,
seek medical assistance. Begin by speaking with your doctor, explain your
symptoms, and he or she may recommend a psychologist, psychiatrist,
counselor, or other medical professional.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfTdxTof
slxn]sfxLF cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?;Fu 6f9f a:bf, kl/jf/df tLj| ;+3if{,
kfl/jfl/s lx+;f, jf u}/sfg'gL nfu'cf}ifwsf] k|of]un] dflg;df tLj| efjgfTds ;+s6
pTkGg x'G5 . sf]xL JolSt a9L pbf; eof] eg] cf©"n] cf©}FnfO{ rf]6 nufpg jf
dfg{ sf]lzz ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf To:tf JolStnfO{ Jofj;flos JolStx?sf]
tTsfn ;xfotf rflxG5 .
cfTdxTofsf] r]tfjgL lbg] s]xL ;+s]tx? o:tf x'G5g\ M
• ;fdfGo lg/fzf, d[To' jf cfTdxTofsf af/]df s'/f ul//xg' .
• labf x'g] a]nf ePsf] h:tf] ug'{, h:tf] M cfˆgf lrhx? c?nfO{ lbg' jf …nf} x},
labfÚ eGg' .
• cf©" /dfpg] u/]sf ultljlwaf6 klG5g' .
• kl/jf/ jf ;fyLx?af6 6fl9g' . ;Dks{df ga:g' .
• cf©"nfO{ xfgL ug]{ Jojxf/ ug'{, h:tf] M lgoldt nfu'cf}ifw jf /S;L ;]jg .
olb s;}n] cf©}FnfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg vf]H5, jf cfTdxTofsf] k|of; u5{ jf To:tf
ljifodf s'/f u5{ eg] (!! df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . s;}n] o:tf] u/]/ klg …s;}nfO{
geGg' x}Ú eG5 eg] klg d]l8sn If]qsf dflg;nfO{ o; ljifodf atfpg' lgs} /fd|f]
x'G5 . tkfO{+ cf©}Fn] klg cf©"nfO{ rf]6 nufpg'eof] jf cfTdxTof ug]{ ljrf/ cfof]
eg] (!! df ©f]g ug'{k5{ .
Suicide
Sometimes a long separation from loved family members, intense fam-
ily conflicts, violence in the family, or use of illegal drugs can cause very
strong emotional distress. When people are very depressed, they may try
to hurt or kill themselves. They need immediate professional help.
Some suicide warning signs include:
• Talking about general hopelessness, death, or suicide.
• Talking or acting as though they plan on going away, for example giving
away possessions or saying goodbyes.
• Avoiding activities they used to enjoy.
:jf:Yo ;]jf 61
• Avoiding contact with family or friends.
• Adopting more self-destructive behaviors, like frequent use of drugs or
alcohol.
If you know someone who has tried to hurt himself or herself, or has at-
tempted to commit suicide or talked about doing it, call 911. It is important
to tell a medical professional about the situation, even if the person asks
you not to tell anyone. If you have tried to hurt yourself or have thoughts
of committing suicide, you should also call 911.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
nfu'cf}ifw / /S;Lsf] s'nt
/S;L / s'g} u}/sfg'gL nfu'cf}ifwx? ljiffb x'g\, Tof] eg]sf] To:tf lrhn]
dflg;nfO{ b'MvL, gsf/fTds jf lvGg agfpF5 . slxn]sfxLF b'MvL jf lvGg ePsf]
dflg;n] /S;L lkpF5 jf u}/sfg'gL nfu'cf}ifw k|of]u u5{ / cfˆgf b'Mv e'Ng
vf]H5 . olb tkfO{+ jf c? s;}nfO{ nfu'cf}ifw jf /S;Lsf] s'nt 5 eg]
8fS6/sf] cl©;, c:ktfn jf k'gjf{; ;+:yf;Fu s'nt 5f8\g ;xfotf dfUg'xf];\ .
o:tf] ;d:ofdf d2t dfUg k6Ss} g8/fpg'xf];\ .
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol and some illegal drugs are depressants, meaning they can make
a person feel sad, negative, or depressed. Sometimes people who are sad
or depressed drink alcohol or take illegal drugs to try to forget about their
problems. If you or someone you know may be abusing drugs or alcohol,
you can ask for help at a doctor’s office, hospital, or resettlement agency.
Do not be afraid to ask for help.

m m m
62
 63
cWofo ^ : vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f
Chapter 6 : Food Safety and Nutrition

:j:y kl/jf/
vfg]s'/f aflx/ v'nf /fVg'eof] eg] oLgsf sf/0f ls/f, d";f, / 5'r'Gb|f
3/leq cfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf ls6 / hLjn] /f]u klg NofpF5g\ . vfgf
tof/Ldf ;©f;'U3/sf] Vofn ugf{n] / vfgf htg;fy yGsfpgfn] b"lift vfgfsf
sf/0f x'g] la/fdLaf6 tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ ;'/lIft /xG5 . b"lift vfgfaf6 x'g] ladf/x?–
kvfnf, Hj/f], k]6 b'vfO, lbuldu, afGtf x'g\ .
Keeping Your Family Healthy
If you leave food out, it may attract insects, rats, and mice into your
home, all of which can bring diseases. Good hygiene in food preparation
and storing your food correctly helps keep your family from getting sick
from spoiled food. Sickness from spoiled food may include diarrhea, fe-
ver, abdominal cramps, nausea, or vomiting.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgf tof/L
vfgf tof/ kfg'{ jf ksfpg'cl3 ;fa'g–kfgLn] xft w'g'xf];\ . r'Nxf] jf l;Í–
5]psf] ;tx -efG;fsf] l8n– sfpG6/ 6k_ jf 6]a'ndf ;Lw} vfg]s'/f -t/sf/L, df;'
cflb_ /fv]/ rSs'n] gsf6\g'xf];\ jf g6'So|fpg'xf];\ . sf6s'6 ug]{ af]8{, Kn]6 jf
cGo s]xL tx /fv]/ sfpG6/ 6ksf] /Iff ug'{xf];\ . tnf÷e'OFdf /fv]/ klg vfg]s'/f
gsf6\g'xf];\ . vfg]s'/f tof/ ePkl5 sfpG6/ 6k / sf6\g] -6'So|fpg]_ af]8{nfO{
;fa'g–kfgLn] ;©f ug'{xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ l8n ;©f x'G5 / la/fdL kfg{] AofS6]l/of
/f]lsG5g\ .
Food Preparation
Before beginning any meal preparation, wash your hands with soap and
water. Do not chop or slice food with a knife directly on a countertop. Use
a cutting board, plate, or other surface to prevent damaging the countertop.
Never cut food on the floor. After preparing food, wash the counters and
cutting boards with soap and water to keep counters clean and to prevent
bacteria that may cause sickness.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgfsf] ;'/Iff
ksfPsf] vfgfnfO{ Knfl:6sn] g9fsL, kGgL jf sk8fn] g5f]kL nfdf] ;do;Dd
To;} g5f8\g'xf];\ . vfg]s'/f 5f]k]/ /fVg' / /]lk|mlh/]6/ jf lk|mh/leq /fVg' pQd
x'G5 .
64 Food Safety and Nutrition
Keeping Food Safe
Never leave cooked food out on the counter for long without covering
it with plastic wrap, foil, or a cloth. It is better to cover food and keep it in
the refrigerator or freezer.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sf“rf] / ksfPsf] vfgfsf] k|of]u
sfFr} vfg] vfgf, h:t} M ©n©"n / t/sf/Lx?nfO{ vfg'eGbf klxn] kvfNg'–
k5{ . sfFrf] df;'nfO{ ksfpg' / vfg'eGbf klxn] kf]sf] kf/]/ jf aGb a§fdf xfln s]xL
lglZrt ;dosf nflu /]lk|mlh/]6/df /fVg'k5{ . df;', c08f, / t/sf/L ksfpg tof/
kfg'{cl3 xft w'g'xf];\ . kfs]sf] vfgf, ljz]if u/L df;', vfgsf nflu tftf] x'g'k5{ eg]
/]lk|mlh/]6/df yGsfpFbf ;]nfPsf], kf]sf] kfl/Psf] jf a§fdf /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . laxfg
ksfPsf] vfgf a]n'sfsf] vfgf vfg] a]nf;Dd sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf /fVg'x'Gg .
Handling of Raw and Cooked Food
Foods that are meant to be eaten raw, like fruits and some vegetables,
should be rinsed in water first. Raw meat should be covered and kept in
the refrigerator only a limited time before cooking and eating. Wash your
hands before beginning to prepare meat, eggs, and vegetables for cooking.
Cooked foods, especially meat, should be kept hot for eating or should be
cooled, covered, and then be placed in the refrigerator. Food cooked in the
morning should not be left at room temperature until an evening meal.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/]lk|mlh/]6/ / lk|mh/
olb ksfPsf] vfg]s'/f kl5 vfgsf nflu /fVg'x'G5 eg] o;nfO{ 5f]k]/ jf
lasf]{ ePsf] Knfl:6ssf] a§fdf xfn]/ dfq /]lk|mlh/]6/df /fVg'k5{ . ha tkfO{+sf] vfg]
a]nf x'G5, ta ttfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . /]lk|mlh/]6/sf v08x? slxn]sfxLF ;fa'g–kfgLn]
;©f ug'{xf];\ .
Refrigerator and Freezer
If you are saving cooked food to eat at a later time you should always
cover it or place it in a plastic container with a cover and then put it in
your refrigerator. When you are ready to eat the food, you can re-heat it
on your stove. Once in a while clean the shelves in the refrigerator with
soap and water.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ef“8fjt{gsf] ;˚fO
vfgf vfPkl5 efF8f dfˇg] ;fa'gn] ;a} efF8fjt{g d:sfpg' k5{ . d:sfPkl5 ;a}
efF8fjt{g kfgLn] kvfNg'k5{ . csf{]k6s rnfpgsf nflu efF8fjt{g ;'Vvf ePsf] x'g'–
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f 65

k5{ . tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df efF8f dfˇg] pks/0f -l8;jf;/_ 5 eg] To;sf]

k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . l8;jf;/df 5'§} lsl;dsf] efF8f dfˇg] ;fa'g rflxG5 . h"7f
efF8f /fte/ l;Í / l8ndf To;} g5f8\g'xf];\ . ;fª\nf, d";f / ls/f cfpg ;S5g\
/ ladf/ kfg{ ;S5g\ .
Cleaning of Dishes and Cookware
After a meal, all dishes, cookware, and utensils that have been used
should be cleaned with dish soap. After washing, rinse everything with
water and dry before storing away for the next use. If your apartment has a
dishwasher, you may use it and will need special dishwasher soap. Do not
leave any dirty dishes and cookware in the sink or on counters over night.
Roaches, mice, or insects may be attracted and could cause illness.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
˚f]xf]/sf] lj;h{g
gvfPsf 7f]; vfgfnfO{ ;w}F plrt tl/sfn] yfGsf] nufpg'xf];\ . ©f]xf]/ xfNg]
efF8f]leq Knfl:6ssf] y}nf] /fVg'xf];\ / ToxL Knfl:6ssf] y}nf]df kg]{ u/L ©f]xf]/
xfNg'xf];\ . ©f]xf]/ xfNg] efF8f]df ls/f gk?g\, Wofg lbg'xf]nf . 3/a]6Ln] b]vfPsf]
7fpFdf ©f]xf]/ el/Psf] Knfl:6ssf] y}nf] ldNsfpg' xf];\ .
Disposal of Garbage
Always dispose of solid uneaten food correctly. Line garbage bins in
your apartment with plastic garbage bags and place garbage in those plas-
tic bags. Make sure that insects cannot get into the garbage bins. Dispose
of the garbage bags as instructed by your landlord.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kf]l;nf] vfgf
vfPsf] vfgf :jf:Yosf nflu /fd|f] eof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ cfgGb cfpF5 .
cd]l/sfsf] s[lif ljefu -o'gfO6]8 :6]6;\ l8kf6{d]G6 c© Plu|sNr/_ n] kf]l;nf]
vfgfaf/] ;'emfj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . pSt ljefun] lbPsf] cfd;'emfjsf] gfd …d]/f] yfnÚ
-dfO{ Kn]6_ xf] . pSt ljefun] lbPsf] pSt ;'emfjdf vfgfnfO{ ljleGg kfFr ju{df
afFl8Psf] 5, tL ju{– cGg, t/sf/L, ©n©"n, b"w jf b"waf6 ag]sf cGo kl/sf/
/ k|f]l6g x'g\ . pSt ljefun] tL kfFr lsl;dsf vfgfx?sf] dfqf ldnfP/ ;w}Fh;f]
vfg ;'emfp lbPsf] 5 .
Eating Healthy
When you eat food that is good for your body, you feel better. The Unit-
ed States Department of Agriculture (USDA) gives advice to Americans
on healthy eating. Their most general advice is called “My Plate.” They
divide nutritious foods into five categories: grains, vegetables, fruit, dairy,
66 Food Safety and Nutrition
and protein. They recommend an appropriate mix of these five groups to
be eaten regularly.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
df}lns g]kfnL vfgf
7]6 cd]l/sL vfgfeGbf 7]6 e"6fgL jf g]kfnL vfgf lgs} kf]l;nf x'g–
;S5g\ . l7s dfqfdf vfFbf bfn–eft, ;fu–;AhL, bxL, e6\df; jf cGo u]8fu'8L,
vL/, df]df] cflb h:tf cGo g]kfnL vfgfx? lgs} :j:ys/ vfgf x'g\ . hf] zfsfxf/L
x'g'x'Gg, pxfFx?sf nflu s'v'/f, e]8fsf] df;' / df5fn] bfndf kfpg] k|f]l6gsf] sfd
u5{g\ . v;Lsf] df;' cd]l/sLsf cfd–vfBfGg :6f]/x?df gkfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . v;Lsf]
df;' Pl;ofnL jf ef/tLo vfBfGg kfpg] :6f]/x? / :yfgLo kz'kfnsx?sf uf]7df
kfpg ;S5 . wfld{s cfwf/df 5]sy'g gx'g] JolStn] ufO{, aª\u'/, ;'Fu'/sf df;'
kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Basic Nepali Foods
The typical Bhutanese or Nepali diet may be more nutritious than the
typical American diet. Eaten in appropriate combination, dal bhat, sag,
sabji, dahi, bhatmas, khir, momos, and other Nepali foods are a very
healthy diet. For those who are not vegetarian, chicken, lamb, and fish are
common meats that are available to supplement protein found in dal. Goat
meat, however, is not normally available in American stores although it
may be available in special Asian or Indian markets or from a local farm-
er’s farm. For those who do not have religious objections, beef, pork, and
ham are also available meats.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
˚n˚"n / t/sf/Lx¿
©n©"n / t/sf/L vfg' lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg] z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVg] w]/}
k|fs[lts le6fldgx? logLx?d} kfOG5g\ . z/L/nfO{ rflxg] le6fldgx?sf nflu ljleGg
/+usf ©n©"n / t/sf/L vfg] ug'{xf];\ . ;j{q kfOg] ©n©"nx? M :ofp, ;'Gtnf, gf:kftL,
cª\u'/, cf?, cfn'av8f, P]+;]n' / v/a'hf x'g\ . ;j{q kfOg] t/sf/Lx? M kfn'ª\uf], ©"nsf]aL,
a|f]sfpnL -xl/of] ©"nsf]aL_, ;]n]/L, l;dL–af]8L, ufh/, s]/fp, 6df6/, ©;L{, ds} / aGbf
x'g\ . t/sf/Lsf] d"No / :6f]/x?df kfpg]–gkfpg] jf sd kfpg] eGg] rflxF df};d–
cg';f/ ©/s x'G5 .
Fruit and Vegetables
It is important to eat fruit and vegetables because they provide you with
many natural vitamins that your body needs to be healthy. To get the vita-
mins your body needs, eat different colored fruit and vegetables. Common
fruits include apples, oranges, pears, grapes, peaches, plums, berries, and
melons. Common vegetables include spinach, cauliflower, broccoli, cel-
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f 67
ery, beans, carrots, peas, tomatoes, squash, corn, and cabbage. The price
and availability of vegetables in stores will vary by season.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
t/sf/Lsf] tof/L
s'g} t/sf/L sfFr} vfg ;lsG5, h:tf]M ;nfb agfP/ ;fu, 6df6/, ufh/ /
sfFqmf] . s'g} t/sf/L ksfP/ vfOG5 . ksfpg] tl/sf ljleGg vfnsf x'g ;S5g\,
h:t}M kfgLdf pdfn]/, a©fP/ jf tf/]/ klg vfg ;lsG5 .
Preparing Vegetables
You can eat vegetables uncooked - like in salads with lettuce, tomatoes,
carrots, and cucumbers. You can also eat vegetables by cooking them in
boiling water, steaming, or frying them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;Unf] cGg
;Unf] cGgnfO{ /];f -s];|f_ sf] dxÎjk"0f{ ;|f]t dflgG5 . vfgfdf x'g] /];fn]
kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xL cj:yfdf /fV5, s]xL /f]ux?sf] /f]syfd u5{ / df]6f]kg
/f]S5 . ;Unf] cGgsf pbfx/0fx? M pl;gf rfdn -a|fpg /fO;_, ;Unf] ux'Fsf]
kfp/f]6L, ;Unf] ux'Fsf] rfprfp, / hf}+af6 ag]sf] l;l/cn x'g\ . ;]tf] rfdn,
h:tf]M af;dtL rfdn ;Unf] cGg xf]Og . ;Unf] cGg vfgsf nflu tkfO{+ v}/f]
-pl;gf_ rfdn ksfP/ eft vfg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Whole Grains
Whole grains are an important source of fiber. Fiber can help keep your
digestive system regular, prevent certain diseases, and control your weight.
Some examples of whole grains are brown rice, whole wheat bread, whole
wheat noodles, and cereals such as oatmeal. White rice such as basmati
rice, is not whole grain. You might try to cook some brown rice bhat to eat
more whole grains.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lrNnf]sf] dfqfdf sdL
lbgx'F vfg] vfgfdf lrNnf]sf] dfqf l7Ss ug'{xf];\ . vfgf ksfpFbf l3p / tf8Lsf]
t]n -kfd cfon_ sf] ;f6f] abfdsf] t]n, ds}sf] t]n, Sofgf]nf -tf]/Lsf] Ps k|hflt_
sf] t]n, h}t'g -clne_ sf] t]n rnfpg'xf];\ . lrNnf]sf] dfqf sd ugf{n] tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] jhg l7Ss /fVg ;Sg'xG5, x[bof3ft / s]xL vfnsf SofG;/ x'gaf6
aRg'x'G5 .
vfgfdf klg k|fs[lts ?kdf lrNnf] sd ePsf vfg]s'/f, h:t} M s'v'/f, df5f,
©n©"n / t/sf/L 5fGg'xf];\ . a§fdf aGb ul/Psf vfgfeGbf tfhf vfg]s'/f lgs}
tfultnf x'G5g\ . lrNnf] a9L xflnPsf vfg]s'/fx? M lrK;, la:s'6, s]s, tf/]sf]
68 Food Safety and Nutrition
cfn', tf/]sf] s'v'/fsf] df;' / lkhf x'g\ . lrNnf]sf] dfqf a9L ePsf vfgf :jf:Yosf
nflu xflgsf/s dflgG5g\ lsgeg] o:tf vfgf dw'd]x -lrgL/f]u÷ax'd'q /f]u_, d'6'sf]
/f]u / df]6f]kgsf sf/0f x'g\ .
Reduce the Amount of Fat
Limit the amount of fat you eat every day. When you cook, choose
liquid vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, corn oil, canola oil, and olive oil,
instead of butter and palm oil. Limiting the amount of fat you eat will help
you maintain your weight and may help lower your risk of heart disease
and certain cancers.
Chose foods that are naturally low in fat, like chicken, fish, fruit, and
vegetables. Fresh food is better than packaged food. Examples of foods
that have high fat are chips, cookies, cakes, french fries, fried chicken, and
pizza. Foods with high fat are bad for your health because they can cause
diabetes, heart disease, and weight gain.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
g'gsf] dfqf sd ug'{
g'gsf] a9L dfqf tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s x'g;S5 . vfgf ksfpFbf
g'gsf] dfqf sd ug'{xf];\ . g'gsf] dfqf sd ePsf vfgf vfgfn] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
/Qmrfk -An8 k|];/_ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg'xG5 . g'gsf] csf]{ gfd …;f]l8odÚ xf] .
Reduce the Amount of Salt
Too much salt can be bad for your health. Reduce the amount of salt
you use when cooking. Eating foods low in salt helps to control your blood
pressure. Sodium is another word for salt.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lrgLsf] dfqf ;Lldt ug'{
lrgLsf] a9L dfqf klg tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s xf] . lrgLsf] dfqf
a9L ePsf k]o kbfy{ h:t} M ;f]8f / ©n©"nsf /; l7Ss dfqfdf lkpg'xf];\ . o:tf
k]o afnaflnsfnfO{ sd lbg'xf];\ / sd ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . kl/jf/df ;a}n] vfg]
rsn]6 / vfgfkl5 vfg] u'lnof] h:tf ld7fO{ klg sd vfg] ug'{xf];\ . sd u'lnof]
vfgfn] df]6fOFb}g / bfFt ls/fn] vfFb}g .
Limit the Amount of Sugar
Too much sugar is harmful to your health. Limit drinks that contain a
lot of sugar, such as soda and fruit drinks, especially for children. Limit
sweets, such as candy and dessert, that you and your family eat. Eating less
sugar will help you maintain your weight and control tooth decay.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f 69

:j:y afnaflnsf
tkfO{+sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf lbg' dxÎjk"0f{ xf] . 7"nfnfO{ h:t} ;fgf–
nfO{ klg kf]l;nf vfgf rflxG5, t/ dfqf eg] cfsf/ / pd]/cg';f/ ©/s
x'G5 . gfgLx?sf bfFt / xf8x? alnof agfpg pgLx?n] b"w vfg'k5{ .
afnaflnsfn] lrNnf] a9L ePsf vfg]s'/f h:t}M lrK;, s'lsh -la:s'6_ / tof/L
vfgf -©f:6 ©"8_ vfg' x'Gg . afnaflnsfn] l7Ss dfq ;f]8f vfg'x'G5 . hlt w]/}
;f]8f vfof], Tolt w]/} lrgL vfOG5 . gfgLx?n] kf}li6s vfgf vfP eg] pgLx?n]
k9fO, v]ns'b cflbdf /fd|f] u5{g\ / pgLx? cgfjZos df]6fpFb}gg\ .
Healthy Children
It is important to give your children healthy food. Children need the
same healthy food as adults, but in amounts appropriate to their size and
age. Make sure children drink enough milk to build strong bones and teeth.
Children should not eat a lot of high fat foods, such as cookies, chips, and
fast food. The number of sodas children drink should be limited as most
sodas have high amounts of sugar. When children eat healthy food, they
do better in school and avoid becoming overweight.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;fgf gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf
;fgf gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf v'jfpg] ;do eg]sf] …kf:gL ug]{ a]nfÚ xf] . ;fgf
gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf v'jfpg ta yfNg], ha p –
• kfFrb]lv 5 dlxgfsf] x'G5 .
• c8]; gnfuL a:g yfN5 .
• 6fpsf] / 3fF6L ;lhn} 3'dfpg jf c8fpg ;Sg] x'G5 .
• vfg rf;f] lbG5 / rDrf glhs n}hfFbf d'v vf]N5 .
t/ aRrf Ps jif{sf] gx'Gh]n ©n©"nsf] /; v'jfpg h?/L 5}g . v'jfpg]
ljrf/ ug'{eof] eg] Ps lbgdf $ b]lv * cf}G; v'jfpg'xf];\ . af]tnaf6 ©n©"nsf]
/; gv'jfpg'xf];\ . rDrfn] v'jfpg'xf];\ . ;'Gtnf / 6df6/sf] h'; gv'jfpg' /fd|f]
x'G5 .
Solid Foods for Babies
The traditional “Rice-feeding ceremony” marks the time when a baby
is first fed solid food. You can begin to feed a baby solid food when the
baby:
• is five to six months old.
• no longer needs support to sit up.
• can turn his/her neck and head.
• is hungry and can open his/her mouth if spoon is offered.
It is not urgent to feed fruit juice to a baby that has not reached the age
70 Food Safety and Nutrition
of one year. Feed only four to eight ounces of juice in a day. Do not feed
juice from a bottle. Do not feed orange or tomato juice.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgf vfg] lglZrt ;do
5f]/f5f]/L / cf©" ;fy} a;]/ vfgf vfg] ;dodf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] lbge/sf s] s] u/]
eg]/ hfGg] df}sf ldN5 . To;}n] ;a} ;fy} a;]/ vfgf vfg] ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] a]nfdf
cfˆgf ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / d"No–dfGotfsf s'/f klg ug{'k5{ . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o
Ps};fy a;]/ vfgfn] gfgLx? lg/f]uL x'G5g\ / :s"ndf pgLx?n] /fd|f] u5{g\ . ;fy
a;]/ vfgfn] kl/jf/sf ;a} Ps–cfk;df lgs6 /lxG5 .
Healthy Meal Time
Use family meal time to find out about your children’s day and to share
your culture and values with them. Children who eat with their family on
a regular basis are healthier and do better in school. Eating together also
helps families stay more connected to each other.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kf]l;nf vfBfGg kfOg] bf]sfg
vfgfdf s] s] vfg] eg]/ of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ / vfBfGg vl/bdf hfg'cl3
lsGg'kg]{ vfBfGgsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . t/sf/L / ©n©"n dxFuf kfOP eg]
hdfOPsf jf a§f–aGb t/sf/L / ©n©"n lsGg'xf];\ . b'O{ sDkgLn] agfPsf Pp6}
vfBfGgsf] d"No bfFh]/ x]g'{xf];\ . ;:tf] lsGg'xf];\, k};f art ug'{xf];\ . cf©"nfO{
rflxFg] vfBfGg–dWo] d"No–36fOPsf jf 5'6df /flvPsf x]g'{xf];\ . cf©"nfO{ lgoldt
rflxFg] vfBfGg lsGg] :6f]/ kfPkl5 klxnf] t k};f art x'G5, bf];|f] tkfO{+ /
kl/jf/sf nflu kf]l;nf vfBfGg lsGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Shop for Healthy Foods
Plan your meals and make a list before going food shopping. If fresh
fruit and vegetables cost too much, buy frozen or canned ones. Compare
brands and buy the lowest cost brand to save money. Look for sales or
discounts on food you need. By knowing your food store, you can save
money and buy healthy foods for you and your family.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfB–:6f]/x¿
vfBfGg lsGgsf nflu oxfF ljleGg vfnsf bf]sfgx? x'G5g\ . ;'k/dfs]{6nfO{
/;b bf]sfg klg eGg] ul/G5 . oL bf]sfg 7"nf x'G5g\ . ;'k/dfs]{6df w]/} k|sf/sf
vfBfGg kfOG5g\ . tkfO{+ a;]sf] ckf6{d]G6af6 o:tf bf]sfg 6f9f x'g;S5g\, ToxfF
k'Ug tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8L lnP/ hfg'k5{ jf a; r9\g' kg]{ x'g;S5 . cf©" a;]glhs}
;fgf bf]sfg x'G5g\, h;nfO{ …;'ljwf bf]sfgÚ elgG5 . o:tf bf]sfgdf tof/L vfgf
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f 71
/ k]o kbfy{ h:tf ;Lldt vfg]s'/f dfq a]lrG5g\ . s'g vfBfGgsf] df]n l7Ss xf]
eGg] kQfnufpg a]Unfa]Un} bf]sfgdf kfOg] Pp6} vfg]s'/fsf] df]n bfFh]/ x]g'{k5{ .
7"nf bf]sfgdf eGbf ;fgf bf]sfgdf ToxL s'/f slxn]sfxLF dxFuf] x'G5 .
Food Stores
There are different kinds of stores where you can buy food. Supermar-
kets, also called grocery stores, are large and have many, many kinds of
foods. They may be a long distance from your apartment and you may need
to drive or take a bus to them. In some neighborhoods there are smaller
stores, called “convenience stores,” that sell a limited number of foods,
especially snack foods and drinks. You should compare the prices for the
same foods among different stores to determine which ones generally have
the best prices. Often, but not always, you will discover that the prices at
small stores are higher than at larger supermarkets.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s[ifssf] ahf/
zx/glhs} ©nfOPsf s[lif–pTkfbgx? s[ifsx?n] zx/df a]Rg NofpF5g\, o:tf
ahf/ …s[ifssf ahf/Ú x'g\ . o:tf ahf/ v'nf 7fpFdf jf 3/leq hxfF klg
nfUg;S5g\ . o:tf ahf/ lbgx'F jf xKtfsf] s'g} lglZrt lbg jf lbgx?df nfUg
;S5g\ . o:tf ahf/sf ©n©"n / t/sf/L tfhf x'G5g\ . s[ifssf] ahf/df uP/
s[lif–pTkfbg lsGg' g]kfn jf e"6fgsf xf6df uP/ lsg]h:t} xf] . o:tf ahf/sf
s[lif–pTkfbg lslglbFbf :yfgLo s[ifs kl/jf/x?nfO{ d2t klg x'G5 .
Farmers' Markets
A “Farmer’s Market” is a location where farmers who live near your
city bring their produce to sell. It may be indoors or outdoors. It may be
every day or only certain days of the week. The fruits and vegetables are
generally very freshly picked. Shopping at a farmer’s market is more like
food shopping in Bhutan or Nepal. When you buy food at a farmer’s mar-
ket you are also helping local farm families.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgfdf ljj/0f
cd]l/sfdf sfg'gtM kf]sf jf a§fdf /fv]/ a]lrg] ;a}h;f] vfg]s'/fsf] aflx/
sfuh -krL{÷af]wkq_ 6fFl;Psf] jf /flvPsf] x'G5 . pSt kf]sf jf a§fdf /flvPsf]
vfgfaf/] krL{df hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'g'k5{ . krL{df pSt vfg]s'/f tof/ kfbf{
ld;fOPsf vfB–;fdu|Lx?sf] ;"rL ;dfj]z x'G5 . To;}u/L pSt vfg]s'/fdf xfd|f]
z/L/sf nflu cfjZos lrgL, g'g, k|f]l6g, lrNnf] / cGo kf]ifs tÎjsf] dfqf klg
n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+ /fd|/L c+u|]hL k9\g hfGg'x'G5 eg] klg krL{df n]lvPsf]
kf]if0f;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cy{ c?af6 a'ˇg ;Sg'x'G5 .
72 Food Safety and Nutrition
Food Labeling
By law, most packaged and processed foods sold in the United States
must have information about the contents printed on the package or con-
tainer. This will include a list of the ingredients in the prepared food. It
will also include information about how much sugar, salt, protein, fat, and
other nutrients the product contains. Even if you can read the English well,
you may want someone to explain the meaning of the nutritional informa-
tion.

m m m
 73

cWofo & : hflu/ / /f]huf/L

Chapter 7 : Jobs and Employment

sfdsf nflu tof/

tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPkl5 gofF 3/df a:g yfNg' x'G5 . clg tkfO{+ sfddf hfg
tof/ x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+n] cd]l/sfdf sfd ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . sfd eof] eg] ;/sf/L
;xfotf jf gft]bf/sf] e/lagf tkfO{+ cf©}F / tkfO{+sf] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx ug{
;Sg'x'G5 .
Ready for Work
After you arrive in the United States and start to adjust to your new
home, it is time for you to get ready to go to work. Having a job in the
United States is very important because it allows you to take care of your-
self and your family without having to rely on assistance from the govern-
ment or relatives.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfd ug'{sf] dxŒj
sfd u/]/ tkfO{+sf xftdf k};f k/]kl5 3/ef8f / lanx? ltg'{x'G5, vfg]s'/f /
nQfsk8f lsGg kfpg'x'G5 . o;nfO{ …cfTdlge{/ x'g'Ú elgG5 . cd]l/sfdf sfd ug'{
eg]sf] ljsNk xf]Og, pd]/ k'u]sf k|To]s JolStsf nflu clgjfo{ xf] .
Importance of Working
Having a job provides you with money to pay your rent and bills, and
buy food and clothes. This is called being self-sufficient. Working is not a
choice in the United States, but a necessity for almost every adult.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfdsf k|sf/
oxfF ;fdfGo tLg vfnsf d'Vo hflu/x? x'G5g\ M cbIf hflu/, s'zn hflu/
/ Jofj;flos hflu/ . a]Unfa]Un} hflu/sf nflu leGgfleGg} txsf] Ifdtf / tflnd
rflxG5 .
cbIf jf ;'?cftL hflu/nfO{ yf]/} tflnd jf cg'ej rflxG5 . o:tf sfdsf
pbfx/0fx?df xf]6nsf] eF8f/], rd]gfu[xdf ;]js, rf}sLbf/, vfB–bf]sfgdf e08f/0f
ug]{ dflg; k5{g\ . o:tf sfdsf nflu /fd|f] :t/sf] c+u|]hL rflxGg . c+u|]hL
kl9/x]sf / cGo ;Lk l;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf w]/} z/0ffyL{n] o:t} sfd u5{g\ .
s'zn hflu/sf nflu tflnd / pRr :t/sf] c+u|]hL rflxG5 . o:tf sfdsf
pbfx/0fx?df uf8L dd{t ug{] sflnu8, >[+uf/ ug]{, sDKo'6/–k|fljlws, gl;{ª\u–;xfos
k5{g\ . s'g} s'zn sfd ug{sf nflu cg'dlt–kq cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] b]zdf kfPsf] cg'dlt–kq oxfF dfGo x'Fb}g . tkfO{+n] c+u|]hL cWoog u/L
74 Jobs and Employment
cd]l/sfd} tflnd kfPkl5 cf©" a;]sf] /fHoaf6 cg'dlt–kq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Jofj;flos hflu/sf nflu sn]hsf] lzIff k|fKt u/]sf], w]/} /fd|f] c+u|]hL ePsf]
/ pRr txsf] ;Lk ePsf] x'g'k5{ . o;sf pbfx/0f M lzIfs, kl/rfl/sf -g;{_,
OlGhlgo/, j}1flgs, n]vfkfn -csfpG6]G6_, nfOa|]l/og x'g\ . tkfO{+ cfˆgf] b]zdf
o:t} sfd u/]sf] / o; If]qsf] cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ ePsf] JolSt eP klg oxfF yk
cWoog ug'{kg]{ / oxfF To:t} sfdsf nflu oxfF k/LIffdf ;fd]n eP/ csf]{ cg'dlt–
kq lng' kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
Types of Jobs
There are three general types of employment: unskilled jobs, skilled
jobs, and professional jobs. Each type of job requires a different level of
skill and training.
Unskilled or entry-level jobs require little training or experience.
Examples include hotel housekeeper, restaurant server, janitor, stocker in
food store. These jobs usually do not require a high level of English.
Many refugees work in these jobs while they study English and learn other
skills.
Skilled labor jobs require training, and a higher level of English. Ex-
amples include auto mechanic, beautician, computer technician, nursing
assistant. Some skilled jobs may require licenses. Licenses from your
homeland may not be accepted. You can study English and seek training
in the United State to receive a license in your state.
Professional jobs usually require at least a college education, very
good English, and a high level of skill. Examples include teacher, nurse,
engineer, scientist, accountant, librarian. Even if you were licensed and
did this kind of job in your homeland, additional study and recertification
tests may be required before you can do the same kind of job in the United
States.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfdsf] vf]hL
tkfO{+sf] k'g:yf{kgfdf ;+nUg ;+:yf jf /f]huf/;DaGwL ;+:yfn] tkfO{+nfO{ hflu/
-sfd_ vf]Hg d2t ug]{5 . tkfO{+n] tL ;+:yfnfO{ cfˆgfaf/]df atfpg'xf]nf . tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] ljut, sfdsf] cg'ej, ;Lkx? / ?lraf/] atfpg' kg]{5 . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
wfld{s–ljZjf;sf cfwf/df gug]{ sfdaf/] klg v'n:t kfg'{xf]nf . o:tf s'/fn] tkfO{+n]
ug{;Sg] sfdaf/] a'ˇg pxfFx?nfO{ d2t k'U5 .
Finding a Job
Your resettlement agency or an employment agency will work with
you to help you find a job. Talk to them about your background, work ex-
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 75
perience, skills, and interests. Mention any jobs you cannot take because
of religious beliefs. They will help you understand what type of job you
can find.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfd vf]Hg] tl/sf
• w]/} sfdsf] hfgsf/L lrghfgsf dflg;s} dfWodaf6 x'G5 . To;}n] ;fyL,
gftfuf]tf / j/k/sf ;a};Fu hflu/ v'n]sf] / cj;/x?af/] s'/f ug'{xf];\ .
• c+u|]hLsf] sIff lnof] / cd]l/sL rfnrngaf/] l;Sof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ oxfF sfddf
hfg tof/ x'g d2t x'G5 .
• cd]l/sf cfpg] lalQs}sf s]xL dlxgf sfd kfpg ;lhnf] 5}g . nugzLn eP/
sfd vf]Hg'xf];\ / lxDdt gxfg'{xf];\ .
Tips to Finding a Job
• Many jobs are found through people you know. Talk with friends, rela-
tives, and others in the community about job openings and opportunities.
• Taking English classes and learning about American culture will help
you to prepare for working in the United States.
• Finding a job in your first months in the United States is not always
easy. Be persistent and do not give up.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hflu/sf nflu lgj]bg
w]/}h;f] /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ hflu/sf nflu lgj]bg lbg nufpF5g\ .
s]xL o:tf 7fpFdf tkfO{+n] lbg] lgj]bgsf] ©f/d x'G5 . sfuhsf] x'G5 . cGo s]xL
lgj]bg OG6/g]6af6 lbg] vfnsf x'G5g\ / OG6/g]6df eg'{kg]{ x'G5 . b'O{dWo] s'g}
tl/sfaf6 lgj]bg lbP klg To;df tkfO{+sf] z}lIfs–of]Uotf / sfdsf] cg'ejaf/]
hfgsf/L dfluG5 . Pp6} hflu/sf nflu w]/} dflg;n] lgj]bg lbG5g\ . /f]huf/bftfn]
tkfO{+sf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df af]nfpg] lg0f{o u5{g\ . To;}n] lgj]bg lbFbf jf ©f/dsf
?kdf lgj]bg ebf{ ;©f / z'4 x'g' lgs} cfjZos x'G5 .
Job Application
Many potential employers will ask you to complete a job application.
For some businesses, the application form is on paper. For other busi-
nesses the application is on the Internet and you will need to complete it
online. In either case, the application will ask for information about your
education and your prior work experience. More people may apply for the
same job and the employer will use their applications to decide whom to
ask for an interview, so it is important that you complete the application
neatly and accurately.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
76 Jobs and Employment

/]Ho'd]
s]xL hflu/sf nflu /f]huf/bftf;Fu ;a} vfn] tYo /fVg ldNg] jf dfUg]
vfnsf] lgj]bg gx'g ;S5 . To;sf] ;§f pxfFx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ …/]Ho'd]Ú lbg'xf];\
eGg'x'g]5 . /]Ho'd]n] tkfO{+sf] z}lIfs–of]Uotf, sfdsf] cg'ej / tkfO{+n] rfx]sf]
sfdaf/]df :ki6 kf/]sf] x'g'k5{ . …/]Ho'd]Ú xftn] n]lvPsf] x'g'x'Gg . 6fOk ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ . cf©"nfO{ /fd|f] …/]Ho'd]Ú tof/ kfg{ cfpFb}g eg] klxn] …/]Ho'd]Ú agfO;s]sf
;fyL;Fu d2t lng'xf];\ .
Resume
For some jobs, employers will not have a standard application. Instead,
they will ask you to give them your resume. Your resume should highlight
your education, work experience, and type of job that you are seeking. It
should be typed, not hand written. If you are unfamiliar with how to write
a good resume, you should ask a friend who has done this to help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cGtjf{tf{sf] tof/L
cGtjf{tf{df hfFbf o:tf tof/L ug'{xf];\ M
• hfg'kg]{ 7fpF, ;do, ldlt / e]6\g'kg{] JolStsf] gfd hfGg'xf];\ .
• ;doeGbf cl3 k'Ug] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
• skfn sf6\g'xf];\ . ;©f / ;'lsnf] n'uf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
• k]; ug{'kg{] dxÎjk"0f{ sfuhft, h:t} M ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{, kl/ro–kq -cfO8L
sf8{_ jf cGo Nofpg' elgPsf k|df0fkq jf sfuhft cflb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
• cf©"n] sfd ug]{ ;+:yf, sfof{no cflbsf af/]df k|z:t hfgsf/L vf]Hg'xf]; /
k9\g'xf];\ .
• /]Ho'd]df n]lvPsf ;a} tYo ofb kfg'{xf];\ .
• cf©"n] ;f]Wg] k|Zgx? tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
• cf/fd ug'{xf];\ . ylst cj:yfdf cGtjf{tf{df hfg' gk/f];\ .
• cf©"n] xfl;n u/]sf ;Lk / cg'ejaf/] eGg tof/ x'g'xf];\ .
• vfgf l7Ss vfg'xf];\ . cGtjf{tf{df hfg'cl3 r'/f]6÷/S;L vfPsf] /fd|f] x'Gg .
How to Prepare for a Job Interview
Make these preparations for your interview
• Know the place, time, date, and name of the person who will interview
you.
• Arrange to arrive before the time of the interview.
• Have clean hair and wear neat, clean clothes.
• Bring your social security card, photo ID, and other papers that have
been requested.
• Find and review information about the business.
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 77

• Review the information in your resume.

• Prepare questions to ask the interviewer.
• Be rested. Do not be tired at the time of the interview.
• Be ready to talk about your work experience and skills.
• Do not each much and do not smoke or drink alcohol before the inter-
view.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfdsf nflu cGtjf{tf{
cGtjf{tf{ eg]sf] tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf /f]huf/bftfaLr x'g] a}7s xf], h;df pxfFn]
tkfO{+nfO{ x]/]/ jf tkfO{+sf af/]df hfg]/ sfd ug{ of]Uo eP÷gePsf] 7x/ ug'{
x'g]5 . w]/}h;f] /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ sfddf nufpg'cl3 cGtjf{tf{ lng' cfjZos
7fG5g\ / lnG5g\ . cGtjf{tf{df hfFbf tkfO{+n] o:tf a'Fbf Vofn ug{ h?/L 5M
• ;dodf cGtjf{tf{:yndf k'Ug'xf];\ .
• cfˆgf sfdsf cg'ej / ;Lkaf/] eGg tof/ x'g'xf];\ .
• ;'xfpFbf] -plrt_ n'uf nufpg'xf];\ . ;©f;'U3/ /xg] cfr/0f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• cfFvfdf cf“vf x]/]/ s'/f ug'{xf];\ . d':s'/fpg'xf]; . cGtjf{tf{sf/;Fu xft ldnfpg'–
xf];\ .
• cf©"n] hflu/ kfPdf s] sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• cGtjf{tf{sf/n] tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL af]Ng] / a'ˇg] Ifdtf hfFlr/x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] Vofn
ug'{xf];\ .
Job Interview
A job interview is a meeting between you and an employer to see if you
are a good fit for the job. Most employers require a job interview before
they decide to hire you. For the job interview, it is important that you:
• Arrive to the job interview on time.
• Prepare to talk about your work experience and skills.
• Dress appropriately and practice good hygiene.
• Make eye contact, smile, and shake hands with the employer.
• Ask questions about what you will do on the job.
• Remember that the interviewer will be evaluating your ability to speak
and understand English.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cGtjf{tf{kl5sf lzi6frf/
cGtjf{tf{kl5 klg s]xL sfd afFsL x'G5g\, tL o:tf x'G5g\ M
• cGtjf{tf{ ;lsPsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 ;a} cGtjf{tf{sf/nfO{ wGojfb eGg'xf];\ .
• cGtjf{tf{sf] kl/0ffd cf©"n] s;/L yfxf kfpg] eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• cGtjf{tf{ ;lsPsf] !–# lbgleq kqdf©{t jf Od]ndf©{t wGojfb–kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
78 Jobs and Employment

o:tf] Od]n jf kqdf cGtjf{tf{ lnFbf eGg la;{]sf ljifodf klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .
• cGtjf{tf{kl5 klg tkfO{+nfO{ ©f]gdf©{t s'/f ug{ vf]Hg] ;+efjgf ePsfn]
sDkgL jf sfof{noaf/] yk hfgsf/L lnP/ a:g'xf];\ .
Post Interview Courtesy
After the interview you should do these things:
• Thank the interviewer at the end of the interview.
• Ask how you will know the result of the interview.
• Send a thank you letter or email to the interviewer 1-3 days after the in-
terview. You can also write about anything you forgot to discuss during
the interview.
• Sometime after your interview, you may be contacted by phone. So col-
lect some more information about the company and be ready.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfd yfNg'cl3
/f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ hflu/ lbG5g\, pgLx?n] tkfO{+ o:tf s'/f atfpg]5g\ M
• tkfO{+sf] Hofnf jf tna slt x'G5 <
• tkfO{+sf] Hofnf jf tna slxn] lbOG5 <
• tkfO{+sf] sfd ug{] ;do–tflnsf s:tf] x'g]5 <
• tkfO{+n] xKtfdf slt 306f sfd ug'{kg]{5 <
• sfd ubf{ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, 3/fo;L labf / la/fdL labf h:tf ;'ljwf 5g\ eg]
tkfO{+n] s] slt kfpg'x'G5 <
Starting A Job
When an employer offers you a job, they should tell you:
• How much the wage or salary will be.
• When you will be paid.
• Your work schedule.
• How many hours a week you will need to work.
• If you will receive benefits, like health coverage, vacation days, and
sick days.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfddf ;˚n /xg] s]xL h'lStx¿
• /f]huf/bftfn] lbPsf] ;do–tflnsfcg';f/ sfd ug'{xf];\ .
• l7s ;dodf sfddf k'Ug'xf];\ .
• sfddf k'Ug l9nf] x'g] eP ;'k/efOh/nfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
• la/fdL eP dfq la/fdL–labf lng'xf];\ .
• sfddf lbg la/fpg] gug'{xf];\ . la/fdL x'Fbf jf 3/–kl/jf/df ckem{6 sfd k/]/
hfg g;s] ;'k/efOh/nfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 79

• e/kbf]{, cfb/fyL{, lhDd]jf/ / lxt}ifL x'g'xf];\ .

• tf]lsPsf] kf]zfs nufpg'xf];\ / :j:y cfr/0fsf] kfngf ug'{xf];\ .
• ;'/lIft /xg agfOPsf lgod kfngf ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ rf]6k6s gnfuf];\ .
• sfddf ©f]g ug]{ jf cfPsf] ©f]g p7fpg] gug'{xf];\ .
• gofF lhDd]jf/Lx? / sfdx? lng'xf];\ . d]xgt ug'{eof] eg] kbf]Gglt -a9'jf_ x'g
jf tna a9\g ;S5 .
• olb tkfO{+ ul//x]sf] sfd 5f8\g rfxg'x'G5 eg] sfd 5f8\g] ldltn] sDtLdf b'O{
xKtfcl3 ;'k/efOh/nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
• ;'k/efOh/;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVg'xf];\ . ha tkfO{+ csf]{ 7fpFdf hflu/ vfg
hfg'x'G5, pxfFn] gofF 7fpFsf /f]huf/bftfnfO{ tkfO{+sf] cfr/0faf/] atfpg' k/]
/fd|f s'/f elglbg'x'G5 .
Tips for Success on the Job
• Follow the work schedule your employer gives you.
• Always arrive to work on time.
• If you are going to be late, call your supervisor.
• Take time off for illness only when you are very sick.
• Try not to miss a day of work. If you have to miss a day of work because
you are sick or you have a family emergency, call your supervisor to let
them know.
• Be reliable, respectful, responsible, and friendly.
• Follow the dress code and maintain good hygiene.
• Follow safety guidelines so you do not get hurt.
• Do not make or receive personal phone calls during work time.
• Take on new responsibilities and tasks. Working hard may help you get
a promotion or pay increase.
• If you decide to quit your job, tell your supervisor at least two weeks
before you are going to leave.
• Keep a good relationship with your supervisor. When you move to an-
other job, the supervisor can say nice things about you to your next
employer.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfddf k'?if / dlxnf
kl/jf/df bf]xf]/f] cfDbfgL eof] eg] 3/df w]/} k};f lelqG5 . kl/jf/ cfTdlge{/
x'G5 . To;}n] cd]l/sfdf w]/}h;f] 3/af6 klt–kTgL b'j} sfd u5{g\ .
To;}u/L dlxnf / k'?if Ps} 7fpFdf sfd u5{g\ . dlxnfn] klg k'?ifn] u/]h:t}
sfd u5{g\ . dlxnfsf] xflsd k'?if / k'?ifsf] xflsd dlxnf x'g;S5g\ .
80 Jobs and Employment

Men and Women in the Workplace

In the United States, both husband and wife often work because having
two incomes helps families be self-sufficient.
It is also common for women to do the same jobs as men and for wom-
en to supervise male employees.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfdsf] ;do–tflnsf
sfd ug]{ ;fdfGo ;do Ps xKtfdf rfnL; 306f x'G5 . olb tkfO{+n] rfnL;
306feGbf a9L ;do sfd ug'{eof] eg] tkfO{+ cltl/St–;do sfd u/]jfkt
kfl/>ldssf] xsbf/ x'g'x'G5 .
Work Schedule
A normal work week is forty hours a week. If you work more than forty
hours a week, you may be entitled to receive overtime pay.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sd{rf/Lsf clwsf/
sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf tkfO{+sf] clwsf/ cd]l/sL gful/s;/x x'G5 . /f]huf/bftfn]
sfd ug]{nfO{ z/0ffyL{, pd]/, j0f{, wd{, hflt, lnª\u jf ckfª\usf cfwf/df e]befj
ug{ ldNb}g . c;'/lIft cj:yfx?df sfd u/]jfkt tkfO{+sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ljleGg
cd]l/sL /f]huf/ sfg'g 5g\ .
Employee Rights
You have the same rights in the workplace as a U.S. citizen. Employers
cannot discriminate against employees based on refugee status, age, race,
religion, ethnicity, sex, or disability. There are also employment laws in
the United States that protect you from unsafe working conditions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
e'StfgL kfpg'
sfd u/]jfkt tkfO{+n] kfPsf] /sd cfo -cfDbfgL_ xf] . s/ jf /f]Ssf
/sd 36fP/ tkfO{+n] ;fdfGotM lglZrt /sd kfpg' x'G5 . cfos/ eg]sf] tkfO{+n]
;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] /sd xf] . tkfO{+n] a'emfpg] s'n s/ …tkfO{+n] slt cfDbfgL
ug'{x'G5 / tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ sqf] 5Ú eGg]df e/ k5{ .
Getting Paid
Income is the money you receive when you work. Your pay usually has
a certain amount subtracted from it called taxes or withholding. Income
tax is money you pay to the government. The amount of taxes you pay
depends on how much you earn and your family size.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 81

cfo -cfDbfgL_
tkfO{+n] tf]lsPsf] cjlwe/ sfd u/]/ sdfPsf] /sddf s/ jf /f]Ssf /sd
gsfl6Psf] s'n /sd hDdf tna xf] . v'b tna eg]sf] s/ jf :jf:Yo ladf sf6]–
kl5sf] s'n /sd xf] . olx v'b tna tkfO{+n] …e'Stfg r]sÚ df©{t kfpg'x'G5 .
Income
Gross pay is your pay before any deductions have been subtracted
from it. Net pay is your pay after deductions have been subtracted from
it, such as taxes and health insurance. This is the amount you will receive
on your paycheck.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf] tna s;/L e'Stfg ul/G5 <
tkfO{+n] tna e'StfgL r]ssf ?kdf, gub jf tkfO{+sf] a}+s–vftfdf hDdf x'g]
u/]/ kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+nfO{ hlxn] klg e'StfgL ljj/0f ePsf] …e'Stfg /l;bÚ
-k] :6a_ lbOG5 . …e'Stfg /l;bÚ n] tkfO{+n] sdfPsf] /sd / To; /sddf s'g
ljifodf s] s6f}tL u/]/ slt tkfO{+nfO{ lbOof] eGg] :ki6 n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+sf]
/f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ sfd u/]jfkt gub lbg'eof] / …e'Stfg /l;bÚ lbg'ePg eg]
tkfO{+x? b'j}n] sfg'g tf]8]sf] 7x5{ .
How You May Be Paid
Your pay may be given to you by check, by cash, or may be directly
deposited in your bank account. You should always be given a pay stub.
The pay stub is a piece of paper that tells you how much you were paid,
how much was deducted and for what purpose. If your employer pays you
in cash and does not give you a pay stub, both you and the employer are
breaking the law.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s/x¿
cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] s/jfktsf] /sd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -;f];n ;]So'l/6L_, sfg'g
sfof{Gjog, lzIff / ;fj{hlgs oftfoft cflbsf] nfutdf vr{ u5{ . hf]sf]xL
cd]l/sfdf a:5 / cfDbfgL u5{ eg] sfg'gcg';f/ k|To]s jif{ p;n] s/–l©tL{ ©f/d
eg'{ k5{ / s/ ltg'{k5{ .
Taxes
The U.S. government uses taxes to help pay for things such as social
security, law enforcement, education, and public transportation. Anyone
who lives in the United States and earns an income is required by law to
file a tax return every year and to pay any taxes they owe.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
82 Jobs and Employment

Go"gtd Hofnf
cd]l/sfdf Ps sfdbf/sf] Go"gtd Hofnf p;n] sfd ug]{ /fHocg';f/ ©/s
kg{ ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ Go"gtd HofnfeGbf sd lbg'
sfg'glj?4 xf] .
Minimum Wage
In the United States, the minimum wage an employer can pay you de-
pends on the state where you work. It is against the law for your employer
to pay you less than the minimum wage.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cflh{t cfo–s/ pwf/f]
cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] Pp6f ljz]if sfo{qmd 5, h;n] sfd ug]{ s]xL JolStsf
nflu cfly{s ;'ljwf lbg] u5{ . o;nfO{ cflh{t cfo–s/ pwf/f] -cG8{ OGsd–6\ofS;
qm]l86_ elgG5 . olb tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL sd 5 / kfNg'kg{] 5f]/f5f]/L w]/} 5g\ eg]
cfo–s/ a'emfPkl5 tkfO{+ of] ;'ljwf kfpg of]Uo x'g'x'G5 . of] ;'ljwfdf s/ lt/]kl5
s]xL /sd l©tf{ kfOG5 / Ps jif{df a9Ldf % xhf/ 8n/;Dd x'g;S5 . t/ of]
;'ljwf eg] tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ / cfDbfgLdf e/ k5{ .
Earned Income Tax Credit
The United States has a special program that provides financial benefits
to some people who work. This is the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC).
If your family’s annual income is low and if you have children to support,
when you file your income tax, you may be eligible to receive these ben-
efits. The benefit could be as much as $5,000 for the year, but it depends
on the size of your family and the amount you earn by working.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hflu/df a9'jf
cd]l/sfdf tkfO{+n] ug{] klxnf] sfd To;cl3 cGt st} u/]sf] sfd;Fu gldNg
;S5 jf sfdaf6 yf]/} cfDbfgL x'g;S5 . t/ oxfF s'g} sfd ug'{eof] eg] To;n]
cem /fd|f] sfd vf]Hg cg'ej lbG5 / ;Lk l;sfpF5 . tkfO{+n] ;f]r]cg';f/sf] sfd
gkfP klg h] sfd u5'{ eg]/ :jLsfg'{ lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 .
Job Upgrading
Your first job in the United States may not be related to your former
profession or pay a lot of money, but it will give you experience and skills
to find a better job. It is important to accept a job offer even if it is not what
you expected.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 83

hflu/af6 al~rt
tkfO{+sf /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ sfdaf6 x6fpg ;S5g\ . slxn]sfxLF pgsf]
sfdn] ©fObf gsdfO/x]sf] x'g;S5 . slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+sf] sfd c:yfoL klg
x'g;S5 . clg slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+n] uNtL ug'{eof] jf c;'/lIft tl/sfn] ug'{eof]
jf ;'k/efOh/n] tf]s]cg';f/ sfd gu/]sf] x'g;S5 . ha tkfO{+nfO{ /f]huf/bftfn]
hflu/af6 al~rt u5{g\, ta pgn] s] sf/0fn] x6fOof] atfpg'k5{ .
Losing a Job
Your employer may terminate your work. Sometimes the reason is that
the business is not successful. Sometimes it is because your job was only
temporary. Sometimes it may be that you did something incorrectly or
unsafely or did not perform up to the standards of your supervisor. When
your job is being terminated, your employer should tell you why.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a]/f]huf/ ;'ljwfx¿
a]/f]huf/sf nflu Pp6f ;/sf/L sfo{qmd 5 . o; a]/f]huf/ ladf sfo{qmdaf6
cfˆgf] uNtLlagf hflu/af6 al~rt x'g] sfdbf/nfO{ lglZrt cfly{s ;xfotf lbg]]
ul/G5 . of] ;'ljwf kfpg tkfO{+n] :yfgLo a]/f]huf/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'k5{ .
o;;DaGwL lgod / tkfO{+n] kfpg;Sg] ;'ljwf /fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ .
Unemployment Benefits
The United States has an unemployment insurance program that pro-
vides some limited financial assistance to workers who lose their jobs
through no fault of their own. To receive such assistance you must apply
at a local unemployment office. The rules and amount of benefits differ in
different states.

m m m
84
 85
cWofo * : JolStut ;/;˚fO / nQf–sk8f
Chapter 8 : Personal Hygiene and Clothing

JolStut ;/;˚fO
sfddf hfg] 7"nf dflg; x'g\ jf :s"n hfg] gfgLx? x'g\, ;a}n] cfˆgf] z/L/sf]
x]/rfx ug'{ lgs} cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] x]/rfx ul/of] eg] cf©" / kl/jf/ ladf/
kb}{g . tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] z/L/sf] x]/rfx ug{sf nflu ljleGg vfnsf
pTkfbgx? kfOG5g\ .
Personal Hygiene
Taking care of your body is important for work, school, and to keep
you and your family from getting sick. There are many different products
to take care of your body.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
JolStut ;/;˚fOsf pTkfbg
JolStut ;/;©fOsf pTkfbgx?df z/L/sf] uGwgfzs -l8of]8]/]G6_, AofS6]l/of–
gfzs ;fa'g, uGwgfzs ;fa'g, bGtdGhg, ZofDk", slG8;g/, nf];g / c? s}og\ w]/}
5g\ . oLdWo] s'g pTkfbg s] sfdsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ eg]/ cndn x'g ;S5 .
Products for Personal Hygiene
Products include deodorant, antibacterial soap, deodorant soap, tooth-
paste, shampoo, conditioner, lotion, and many more. It can be confusing
what products to use for what purposes.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sL6f0f'
JolStut ;/;©fOsf oL pTkfbgdWo] s'g}–s'g} rflxF xfdLnfO{ sL6f0f'af6 6f9}
/fVgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5g\ . sL6f0f'x? ;'Id hLj x'g\ . oLgn] xfdLnfO{ ladf/
kf5{g\ . xfd|f cfFvfn] sL6f0f' b]Vb}gg\ .
Germs
Some of these products are used to protect us from germs. Germs are
tiny, living things that can make us sick. Germs are too small for our eyes
to see.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xft w'g'
sL6f0f' dfg]{ ;aeGbf pQd pkfo AofS6]l/of–gfzs jf uGwgfzs–;fa'gsf]
k|of]u xf] . xft w'g] afgLn] ?3f / Hj/f] h:tf ladf/ kfg{] To:tf ;'Id hLj ;lhn}
©}nb}gg\ .
86 Personal Hygiene and Clothing

Washing Your Hands

Using antibacterial or deodorant soap is the best way to kill germs that
spread disease. Washing your hands prevents the spread of germs that also
cause illnesses like colds and flu.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xft slxn] slxn] w'g' k5{ <
o:tf a]nfdf xft ;w}F w'g'xf];\ M
• vfgf vfg'cl3, vfgf ksfpg'cl3 / vfgf 5'g'cl3 .
• zf}rfno uPkl5 .
• gfgLx?nfO{ wf]OkvfnL u/]kl5, g'xfP jf 8fOk/ ©]l/lbPkl5 .
• 3/aflx/ v]n]kl5 .
When to Wash Hands?
Always wash your hands:
• Before eating, cooking, and touching food.
• After using the bathroom.
• After cleaning a child or changing a child’s diaper.
• After playing outside.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;˚f z/L/
z/L/ :jR5 eP tkfO{+ :j:y /xg'x'G5 . uGwgfzs jf AofS6]l/of–gfzs
;fa'gsf] k|of]u u/]/ g'xfpgfn] z/L/af6 b'u{Gw lgsfNg] sL6f0f' d5{g\ .
Clean Body
A clean body keeps you healthy. Taking a shower or bath with deodor-
ant or antibacterial soap helps kill the germs that can make us smell bad.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
skfnsf nflu ZofDk" / slG8;g/
ZofDk"n] skfnsf] d}nf] / lrNnf] x6fpF5 . o;n] 6fpsfsf] 5fnf ©';|f] x'gaf6
hf]ufpF5 . tkfO{+n] sDtLdf xKtfsf] b'O{k6s cfˆgf] skfn ZofDk"n] ;©f ug'{k5{ .
w]/} dflg; lbgx'F g'xfpF5g\ / skfn w'g ZofDk" k|of]u u5{g\ . slG8;g/n] g'xfpFbf
skfn ©';|f] x'g lbFb}g . ZofDk"n] skfn wf]Pkl5 slG8;g/ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ZofDk" /
slG8;g/nfO{ Pp6} af]tndf ld;fP/ klg a]lrG5 . b'j} Ps} 7fpFdf ePsf pTkfbg
lsGgfn] k};f art x'G5 .
Shampoo and Conditioner for Your Hair
Shampoo gets rid of the dirt and oil in your hair. It also keeps the skin
on your scalp from flaking. You should wash your hair at least two times
a week with shampoo. Many people shower and shampoo their hair every
JolStut ;/;kmfO / nQf–sk8f 87

day. Conditioner keeps your hair from becoming too dry after washing.
You should use conditioner after shampoo in the shower. Some products
combine shampoo and conditioner in one bottle which can help you save
money.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/L/sf] uGwgfzs
z/L/af6 cfpg] uGw sd ug{ sfvLdf nufpg] pTkfbgnfO{ uGwgfzs -l8of]–
8]/]G6_ elgG5 . l8of]8]/]G6– emf]n, h]n -3f]n_, l;sf{ cfpg] -:k|]_ ?kdf kfOG5g\ .
s'g} l8of]8]/]G6 ;]tf] /+usf x'G5g\, o:tf] /+usf] l8of]8]/]G6 k|of]u ubf{ sk8fdf ;]tf
bfu a:5g\ . /+u gePsf l8of]8]/]G6 k|of]u ugf{n] o:tf bfu a:b}gg\ . k'?if / dlxnf
b'j}n] l8of]8]/]G6 k|of]u u5{g\ . k'?if jf dlxnfsf nflu 5'§f5'§} lsl;dsf l8of]–
8]/]G6 agfOPsf x'G5g\ .
Deodorant
Deodorant is applied under your armpits to reduce body odor. Deodor-
ants are available in liquid, gel, or spray. Some deodorants are white and
leave white powder on your clothing. Using a clear gel can help avoid this
problem. Deodorants are used by both men and women and most are made
specifically for either a man or woman.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf“t df‰g'
luhf / bfFtsf] x]/ljrf/ ugf{n] bfFt lvOb}gg\ / bfFt b'Vg] ;d:ofn]
;tfpFb}g . dGhg nufP/ lbgx'F tLgk6s bfFt dfˇg'xf];\ . k|To]s tLg dlxgfdf
gofF a'?; lsGg'xf];\ .
Brushing Teeth
Taking care of your teeth and gums prevents tooth decay and tooth-
aches. Brush your teeth three times a day with toothpaste. Buy a new
toothbrush every three months.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf“taLrsf] ;˚fO
bfFtsf cGt/s'Gt/df /x]sf vfgfsf 6'qmf6'lqm -n]u|f]_ x6fpg ˆn; -bfFt ;©f
ug]{ wfuf]_ k|of]u ug'x{ f];\ . bfFt /fd|/L ;©f ug{ jif{df b'O{k6s bfFtsf] 8fS6/sxfF
hfg'xf];\ .
Flossing Teeth
Use dental floss to remove food remains in your teeth. Visit a dentist
two times a year to have your teeth professionally cleaned.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
88 Personal Hygiene and Clothing

sk8f w'g]
yf]/} k6s nufPsf jf ©f]xf]/ b]lvPsf n'uf w'g'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ n'uf ;©f /
af:gfbf/ x'G5g\ . 3fp–vl6/f cfpg glbg xKtfdf Psk6s tGbf / l;/fgLsf]
vf]n w'g'xf];\ . n'uf w'g] sfd 3/wGbf h:tf] lgoldt x'g'k5{ .
Laundry
Wash your clothes after wearing them only a few times or if they have
become visibly dirty. This keeps your clothes clean and smelling good.
Wash your bedding (sheets and pillow covers) at least once a week to pre-
vent skin rashes. Doing the laundry should be a regular chore.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sk8f w'nfO
tkfO{+ a;]sf] ckf6{d]G6df sk8f–w'g] :jrflnt dl;g x'g;S5, h;nfO{
Snf]b\; jf;/ elgG5 . ckf6{d]G6df 5}g eg] tkfO{+ a;]glhs} sk8f w'g] Joj;fo
nG8«f]Dof6 x'g;S5 . sk8f–w'g] dl;g rnfpg l;Ssf rflxFg ;S5 . sk8f lnP/ uP–
kl5 pSt dl;gdf cfˆgf sk8f / sk8f–w'g k|of]u ul/g] ;fa'g xfNg'xf];\ . dl;g
rnfpg'xf];\ . dl;gdf tkfO{+n] w]/} sk8f xfNg'eof] eg] To;n] /fd|/L sfd ub}{g .
sk8f w'g #) ldg]6 jf a9L ;do nfUg ;S5 . sk8f wf]O ;s]kl5 dl;g aGb
x'G5 . wf]Psf ;a} sk8fx? aflx/ lgsfNg'xf];\ . tL sk8f …;'sfpg] dl;gÚdf
xfNg'xf];\ . sk8f ;'sfpg] dl;gnfO{ 8«fo/ elgG5 . …8«fo/Ú df sk8f ;'sfpg 5'§}
k};f rflxg ;S5 .
Doing Laundry
You may have a clothes washer in your own apartment, a machine that
automatically washes clothes. If not, there may be clothes washers nearby
in your apartment building or in a business called a laundromat. Those
nearby will probably require coins to operate. Put clothing and laundry
detergent into the machine. Then start the machine. If you pack too many
clothes into the washing machine it will not work correctly. The wash-
ing cycle may take 30 minutes or more. When the washing machine has
finished washing the clothes, take them out and put them in a different
machine, a dryer. The dryer may also cost money.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sk8f w'g] ;fa'g
dl;gdf n'uf w'g k|of]u ug]{ ;fa'gnfO{ …nG8«L ;f]kÚ elgG5 . nufpg] n'uf /
la5\of}gfsf sk8f w'g dfq …nG8«L ;f]kÚ k|of]u ul/G5 . g'xfpg] ;fa'g -hLp / skfn_
/ …nG8«L ;f]kÚ ©/s pTkfbg x'g\ . …nG8«L ;f]kÚ, 7f]; -w'nf]_ jf emf]n x'g;S5g\ .
o:tf] ;fa'g s'g} :6f]/df jf …nG8«f]Dof6Ú df lsGg kfOG5g\ .
JolStut ;/;kmfO / nQf–sk8f 89
Laundry Soap
Laundry soap is used to wash your clothes and bedding. Laundry soap
is different from the soap you use to wash your body and hair. The laundry
soap for clothes washing machines may be liquid or solid. You can buy
laundry soap in stores or at a laundromat.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
nQf–sk8f
7]6 cd]l/sL klx/geGbf g]kfnL jf e"6fgL klx/g ©/s x'G5g\ . cd]l/sfdf
tkfO{+n] OR5fcg';f/ n'uf nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . sk8f nufpFbf df};d / cf©" sxfF
hfg] xf] Vofn ug'{k5{ .
Clothing
Typical American clothing is different from traditional Nepali or Bhu-
tanese clothing. In America you are free to wear whatever clothing you
choose. When choosing what to wear, you should consider the weather
and where you will be going.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k/Dk/fut n'uf
tkfO{+n] rfx]sf a]nf cfˆgf k/Dk/fut n'ufx? M ;f/L–rf]nf], bf}/f–;'?jfn, /
g]kfnL–6f]kL nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . t/ ;g\ @))! ;]K6]Da/kl5 s]xL cd]l/sLx?
gf}nf] klx/gdf s;}nfO{ b]v] To:tf n'uf nufpg]nfO{ cljZjf; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
t/ yf]/}n] dfq To:tf] z+sf ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] nufpg' ePsf] k/Dk/fut klx/g
b]v]kl5 w]/}h;f] cd]l/sLx?n] :jfut ug'{sf ;fy} tkfO{+sf] ;+:s[ltaf/] hfGg OR5f
/fVg ;S5g\ .
Wearing Traditional Clothing
You are free to wear traditional clothing such as a sari, cholo, daur-
suruwal, and topi whenever you choose. However, since September 2001,
some Americans have become distrustful of those who wear clothing that
they are not familiar with. A few people may express suspicion. But most
Americans will welcome you and want to learn about your culture when
they see you wearing traditional clothing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"n hf“bf nufpg] n'uf
ljz]if u/L s]xL ld8n :s"n / xfO{:s"ndf s'g} vf; lsl;dsf n'uf dgfxL
ul/Psf] x'G5 . :s"ndf s] nufpg kfOG5 jf kfOFb}g eGg] o:tf lgod k9\g'xf];\,
hfGg'xf];\ . lgod pNn3+g gug'{xf];\ . pQfpnf] b]lvg] vfnsf n'uf gnufpg'xf];\ .
:s"n hfFbf rKkn nufpg' x'Gg, h'Qf nufpg' k5{ .
90 Personal Hygiene and Clothing
v]n v]nfpg] jf Jofofd ug{ n}hfg] lbg gfgLx?n] Ps hf]/ hu]8f n'uf :s"n
n}hfg clgjfo{ x'G5 .
Clothing for School
Some schools, especially middle schools and high schools, have rules
that prohibit certain types of clothes. You should learn the school rules and
not violate them. You should dress conservatively with clean clothes. You
should wear shoes that cover your toes, not sandals or flip-flops.
Many schools require children to bring extra clothes for those days
when they will have gym class or for playing sports.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfdsf n'uf
©/s vfnsf] sfddf ©/s n'uf nufpg' kg{] x'g;S5, h:tf] M v]t jf au}+rfdf
sfd ubf{ bx|f vfnsf a'6 rflxG5g\ eg] c:ktfn jf gl;{ª xf]ddf sfd ubf{
ljz]if vfnsf ;6{ jf sldh rflxg ;S5g\ . s'g} sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ ToxL
sDkgLn] cfˆgf] ljz]if /+u jf lrGx–clÍt sk8f lbg;S5g\ . To:tf n'uf ;©f
x'g'k5{ / sfd ubf{ xnrn ug{ ;lsg] ;'ljwfhgs x'g'k5{ .
Clothing for Work
Different kinds of work require different kinds of clothing. For exam-
ple, outdoor work on a farm or orchard may require strong hard boots but
work in a hospital or nursing home may require special shirts or smocks.
Some employers may even provide their workers with shirts and blouses
with the company color or company logo. Clothes should always be clean
and not get in the way of your movement and activities on the job.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hf8f]sf n'uf
cd]l/sfsf ljleGg 7fpFdf Ct'cg';f/ df};d w]/} ©/s x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf s'g}–
s'g} 7fpFx?df lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . 3/aflx/ hf8f]df lg:sbf 7G8L xfjfaf6
arfpg] afSnf n'uf nufpg'xf];\ . Pp6f afSnf] n'ufsf] ;§f l7s}sf n'uf w]/} tx kf/]/
nufpg'xf];\ . k"/f v'§f 9fSg] u/L h'Qf / afSnf df]hf nufpg'xf];\ . sfg / 6fpsf]
5f]Kg] u/L 6f]kL clg 3fF6L 9fSg] u/L unaGbL nufpg'xf];\ . w]/} hf8f] 5 jf lxpF
k/]sf] 5 eg] k~hf nufpg'xf];\ . 3/aflx/ lg:sg'cl3 slt hf8f] x'G5 eGg] hfGg
df};d–hfgsf/L yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . 5f]/f5f]/L :s"n hfg'cl3 jf v]Ng lg:sg'cl3
Gofgf] x'g] u/L n'uf nufOlbPsf] x'g'k5{ .
Clothing for Cold Weather
Weather is quite different in different places in the United States and in
different seasons. Some parts of the United States get very, very, cold in
JolStut ;/;kmfO / nQf–sk8f 91

the winter. When it is cold outside, you should wear clothes that are thick
and protect you from cold wind. Wear several layers of clothing instead of
one. Wear warm socks and shoes that completely cover your feet. Cover
your head and ears with a hat and your neck with a warm scarf. Wear
gloves on your hands when it is very cold or there is snow. Before you go
outside, listen to the weather report to find out how cold it will be. Make
sure children are dressed warmly before they go to school or go outside
to play.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
udL{sf n'uf
cd]l/sfsf s]xL efux?df avf{df w]/} udL{ x'G5 . 3/aflx/ udL{ 5 eg] xn'sf
jf kftnf n'uf nufpg'xf];\ . udL{df aflx/ hfg' 5 eg] cfwf afx'nf ePsf] ;6{ /
xf©k]G6 nufpg'xf];\ . w]/} sfof{no, :6f]/, :s"n / cGo ejgleq Po/–slG8;g x'G5,
lr;f] nfU5 eg] Gofgf n'uf n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5 . To:tf sfof{no, :6f]/, :s"n / cGo
ejgleq k"/f afx'nfsf ;6{ nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Clothing for Hot Weather
Some parts of the United States get very, very hot in the summer. When
it is hot outside, you should wear light clothing. You can wear short sleeve
shirts and shorts when you will be outside. Because many offices, stores,
schools, and other buildings will be air conditioned, however, you may
want to carry a warmer piece of clothing, such as a long sleeve short, to
wear when you go back inside to shop, work, or for school.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
h'Qf
cd]l/sLx? k"/} uf]8f 9fSg] vfnsf 5fnf jf sk8fsf h'Qf nufpF5g\ .
slxn]sfxLF ljz]ifu/L udL{ df};ddf dfG5]x? cf}+nf aflx/ b]Vg] h'Qf jf rKkn
nufpF5g\ . :jf:Yosf sf/0fn] w]/} zx/sf :6f]/, rd]gf–u[x -/]:6'/fF_, / cGo ejgn]
vfnL v'§f leq k:g gkfOg] lgod agfPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf] a]nfdf c? dfG5] s]
nufpF5g\, s] u5{g\, x]g'{xf]nf .
Shoes
Americans usually wear shoes made of leather or cloth that cover the
entire foot. Sometimes, especially in the summer, some people may wear
open-toe shoes, sandals, or flip-flops. For health reasons, many cities have
laws that prohibit people from entering stores, restaurants, and other build-
ings in their bare feet. Observe what other people are wearing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
92 Personal Hygiene and Clothing

klx/gsf ;fdfg / gfk

;a}sf n'ufsf] gfk x'G5 . w]/} n'ufx?, h:t} M l6–;6{, kfOhfdf, s6\6', :s6{,
df]hf / kGhf cflbdf k|foMh;f] …PS;P;Ú, …P;Ú, …PdÚ, …PnÚ, jf …PS;PnÚ n]lvPsf]
x'G5 . …PS;P;Ú eg]sf] cltl/St ;fgf], …P;Ú eg]sf] ;fgf], …PdÚ eg]sf] dWod,
…PnÚ eg]sf] 7"nf] / …PS;PnÚ eg]sf] cltl/St 7"nf] xf] .
cGo n'ufdf cfsf/sf cfwf/df gfk tf]lsPsf] x'G5, h:tf] M k'?ifn] nufpg]
k]G6df Psy/L gfk sDd/sf] x'G5 eg] csf{]y/L gfk nDafOsf] x'G5 . oL b'O{ gfk
OGrdf x'G5g\ . k]G6sf] cfsf/ …#$–#)Ú n]lvPsf] 5 eg] sDd/ #$ OGr / nDafO
#) OGr xf] . h'Qfsf cfsf/ cfˆg} gfkdf x'G5g\ .
Psk6s lsGbf l7Ss ldNg] n'uf jf h'Qf kfOof] eg] ToxL gfk st} sfuhdf
l6k]/ /fVg'xf];\ . csf]{k6s sk8f jf h'Qf lsGbf ToxL gfk sfd nfU5 .
Clothing Sizes
Clothing for all is marked with size information. Many clothes, such as
t-shirts, pajamas, underwear, skirts, socks, and gloves are often marked as
XS, S, M, L, or XL. “XS” means extra small, “S” means small, “M” means
medium, “L” means large, and “XL” means extra large.
Other clothing, however, will have a size given by measurements. For
example, men’s pants often have two measurements: the first is the size
around the waist in inches and the second is the length, also measured in
inches. Pant size '34-30' means the waist in 34 inches and the leg length is
30 inches. Shoes have the own special size measurements.
When you find the correct size of a particular piece of clothing or shoes,
it is a good idea to write the size down so you will know the next time you
are shopping.

m m m
 93
cWofo ( : :yfgLo oftfoft / cfgf] uf8L
Chapter 9 : Local Transporation and Own Car

:yfgLo oftfoft
tkfO{+ a:g] ckf6{d]G6 zx/sf] Psflt/ x'g;S5 . nQf–sk8f tyf vfBfGg vl/b
ug{] bf]sfg, 8fS6/sf] sfof{no, c+u|]hL efiff sIff / sfd ug{] 7fpF zx/s} csf{lt/
x'g;S5g\ . Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpF ;lhn} k'Ug tkfO{+n] af6f] yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
lxF8]/} k'luG5 eg] t lgs} /fd|f] x'G5, tkfO{+sf] cxf]efUo . k}bnafx]s cfjthfjt
ug]{ ;fwgx?df a;, 6\ofS;L / ;fOsn x'g\ . 7"nf zx/x?df b|'t ultdf ;]jf lbg]
/]n / nf]sn /]nx? x'g ;S5g\ .
7"nf zx/afx]s cGoq clwsf+z cd]l/sLx? sf/df Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF hfG5g\ .
Local Transportation
Your apartment, stores where you shop for food and clothing, doctors’
offices, English language classes, and work locations may all be in very
different locations in the city or town where you live. You will need to
learn how to get from one location to another as efficiently as possible.
Sometimes, if you are lucky, it will be possible to walk. Other means of
transport include buses, taxis, and bicycles. The largest cities may also
have subways and commuter trains.
Except in the big cities, however, most Americans drive cars to move
from one place to another.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k}bn
lgs} hf8f] / lgs} udL{afx]s k}bn lxF8\g' :jf:Yosf nflu ©fObfhgs x'g'sf
;fy} Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'Ug ;aeGbf ls©fotL x'G5 . k}bn lxF8\bf ;8sdf
glxF8\g'xf];\ . ;w}F kSsL–;8sk]6L, ;8s5]psf] vfnL 7fpF jf 3fF;df lxF8\g'xf];\ .
zx/L ;8ssf rf}af6fx?df k}bnofq'nfO{ af6f] sf6\g jf lxF8\g ;lhnf] xf];\ egL
ljz]if vfnsf lgoGq0f–pkfox? /flvPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf lgoGq0fsf ;xfotfn]
u'l8/x]sf uf8Lx?n] ;+s]t kfpF5g\, uf8Lx? /f]lsG5g\ / tkfO{+nfO{ af6f] sf6\g
;do ldN5 . tkfO{+n] af6f] sfl6 ;s]kl5 dfq uf8Lx? lxF8\5g\ . To:tf lgoGq0fsf
pkfox? k|of]u ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'xf];\ . olb st} To:tf ljz]if pkfox? 5}gg\ eg]
/ftf] aQLdf af6f] gsf6\g'xf];\ . To:tf pkfo ePsf 7fpF jf cGo 7fpFdf af6f]
sf6\bf uf8L cfpFb} 5g\÷5}gg\ eg]/ b'j}t©{ x]g'{xf];\ . b'3{6gfaf6 aRg'xf];\ .
Walking
Except in the very coldest and very hottest weather, walking can be
healthy exercise as well the least expensive way to go from one place to
94 Local Transportation and Own Car

another. Never walk in the street. Always walk on a paved sidewalk or on

the dirt or grass that is near the road. At some intersections of city roads
there are special controls that let pedestrians stop the cars so they can cross
the streets. Learn how to use those controls. If there are no special con-
trols, never walk across a street in the direction of a red stop light. When
crossing any street, even those with special controls, always look both
ways to make sure that there are no vehicles that could injure you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;fOsnx¿
s'g} zx/ / gu/x?df Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'Ug ;fOsn rnfpFbf ofqf
;'ljwfhgs tyf ls©fotL x'G5 . ;8sdf uf8Lx? a9L u'8\g] ePsfn] ;fOsn
rnfpFbf lgs} xf]l;of/ x'g'k5{ / 6«fl©s–lgodsf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . Jo:t ;8sdf
;fOsn xfFSg' lgs} hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] Jo:t ;8sx?df slxNo}
;fOsn r9\g' x'Fb}g .
Bicycles
In some towns and cities, owning and riding a bicycle, can be an effi-
cient and low cost method to get from one place to another. Because of the
automobile traffic, however, you must be very careful and obey all traffic
laws. Riding a bicycle on a busy street can be very dangerous. Children
should never ride bicycles on busy streets.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6ØfS;Lx¿
w]/} zx/ / gu/x?sf 6\ofS;Ln] ef8f lnP/ ofq'x? cf];f/k;f/ u5{g\ . 6\ofS;L
rflxPsf] 5 eg] 6\ofS;L sDkgLdf ©f]g u/]/ af]nfpg ;lsG5 . 6\ofS;L af]nfpFbf
slt a]nf, s'g 7fpFdf /, sxfF hfg] eGg' k5{ . 6\ofS;Ldf ld6/ h8fg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . of] ld6/n] 6\ofS;L u'8]sf] b"/Lsf cfwf/df ef8fsf] lx;fa u5{ . 6\ofS;L
r9\g' eof] eg] ld6/df p7]sf] ef8f lbg'xf];\ / as; ylklbg'xf];\ . as;nfO{
c+u|]hLdf -l6k_ elgG5 . l6k lbFbf ;fdfGotM hDdf ef8fsf] !% b]lv @) k|ltzt
lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
Taxis
Most cities and towns have taxi services that will take you from one
location to another for a fee. You may have to make a telephone call to a
taxi company and tell them when and where you want a taxi and where
you are going. Taxis have meters that calculate the distance of your trip
and its cost. If you take a taxi, you must pay the fee and should also pay
the driver a “tip”, usually 15%-20% of the fee.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 95

a;x¿
;a}h;f] cd]l/sL zx/x?df :yfgLo ?kdf ;fj{hlgs a;x? rN5g\ . tL
a;x? rNg] af6f] lglZrt x'G5 . ;fgf zx/ / gu/sf a;x? ;a} 7fpFdf gk'Ug
;S5g\ . s'g} If]qx?df a; g} rNb}gg\ . cf©" a:g] zx/sf] a; Joj:yfaf/] k'gjf{;
;+:yfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Buses
Almost all American cities have local public buses that travel fixed
routes. In smaller cities and towns the system of routes may not be very
complete and some parts of the community may have no buses at all. Ask
your resettlement agency for information about the bus system in your
town.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a; la;f}gL
a;x? tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf dfq /f]lsG5g\ / tL 7fpFx? a;–la;f}gL x'g\ . a;–
la;f}gLx?df ;fdfGotM a; lxF8\g] af6f]sf] gDa/ jf Tof] af6f]df a; sxfF sxfF
k'U5g\ / /f]lsG5g\ eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . ToxfF a;sf] ;do–tflnsf x'g ;S5,
h;df s'g 7fpFdf slt ah] a; k'U5g\ eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] cfˆgf] 3/ jf
ckf6{d]G6glhs sxfF a; /f]lsG5g\ eg]/ yfxf kfpg'xf];\ .
Bus Stops
Buses stop only at specific locations called bus stops. Bus stops usually
have signs that indicate the route number or route name of the buses that
stop at that location. They may also have schedules that tell what time a
bus is expected to stop there. You should learn the location of the bus stops
that are closest to your home.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a; rNg] ;do–tflnsf / gSzf
a; rNg] zx/sf] af6f]sf] gSzf / ;do–tflnsf;lxtsf] Pp6f krL{ lgMz'Ns
kfOG5 . o:tf] krL{sf] Ps k|lt cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6df /fVbf lgs} ;lhnf] x'G5 . a;sf
rfns;Fu To:tf] krL{ sxfF kfOG5 < eg]/ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o:tf] krL{ ePkl5 cf©"
hfg'kg]{ 7fpFsf] a; s'g xf] -slt gDa/sf] xf]_ < a; slt a]nf cfpF5 < slt ah]
k'¥ofpF5 < slt ;do nufpF5 < h:tf hfgsf/L ;lhn} kfOG5 .
Bus Schedules and Maps
It is useful in your apartment to have a copy of the map and schedule
of your town’s bus system. Ask the driver of a bus where you can get a
copy of the schedule of buses and a map of the entire system. When you
have a map and schedule you can determine which buses will take you to
96 Local Transportation and Own Car
the locations where you need to go and what time buses will arrive at the
bus stops.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a; l6s6 / lgMz'Ns ofqf ;'ljwf
a;sf] l6s6–b/ zx/lkR5] ©/s x'G5 . s'g} zx/df a; r9\bf ef8f
nfUb}g, t/ w]/}h;f]df k|To]s JolStnfO{ Ps 8n/, b'O{ 8n/ jf Tof]eGbf cln a9L klg
x'g;S5 . zx/leq lgs} 6f9f;Dd hfg'k¥of] eg] To;a]nf # 8n/ jf sd÷a9L
klg ltg'{ kg]{ x'g;S5 . s'g} zx/df a; r9\g'cl3 l6s6 sf6\g' kg]{ x'G5 .
s'g}df rfns;Fu jf a;leqsf] dl;gaf6 l6s6 lsGg kfOG5 .
clwsf+z zx/x?df w]/} a;df lxFl8/xg] dfG5]nfO{ ;x'lnot b/sf] ef8f ltg]{
Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf r9]lkR5] l6s6 lsGg'eGbf lbge/, Ps
xKtf jf Ps dlxgfsf nflu Psd'i6 l6s6 lsGbf ;:tf] x'G5 . ;x'lnot b/sf]
l6s6 sxfF kfOG5 eg]/ a;–rfns jf l5d]sLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Bus Tickets and Passes
The price of a ticket to ride on a bus is different in different cities. In
a few places it may be free, but usually it will cost $1.00, $2.00 or a little
less/more for each person. The cost to go a long distance on a city bus
system may be $3.00 or more. Some city buses require you to have a ticket
before you get on the bus. Other buses may allow you to buy a ticket from
the driver or a machine on the bus.
Most city bus systems also have special fees for people who use the
buses a lot. You may be able to buy tickets that let you ride for a day, a
week, or a month at less cost than buying a new ticket for each ride. Ask a
bus driver or a neighbor where you can buy these kinds of tickets.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/]n
l;sfuf], Go' of]s{, ;fgk|mflG;:sf], c6\nfG6f, / dfofdL h:tf 7"nf cd]l/sL zx/df
/]n ;]jfx? 5g\ . dflg;x?n] cf©" Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfg oLg} /]nx?df
e/ k5{g\ . o:tf /]nx?nfO{ …;a–j]Ú / …sDo'6/Ú /]n elgG5 . oL /]ndf ofqf
ubf{ a;eGbf rfF8f] x'G5 / ;8sdf x'g] le8ef8df kl/b}g . a; h:t} /]n klg
tf]lsPsf 7fpFx?df /f]lsG5g\ / lglZrt ;dodf rN5g\ . To;}u/L Ps lbg, Ps
xKtf jf Ps dlxgfe/ /]n r9\g Psd'i6 ;:tf]df l6s6 vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 .
Subways and Commuter Rail
The biggest American cities, like Chicago, New York, San Francisco,
Atlanta, and Miami, have subways or commuter trains that move people
from one part of town to another faster than buses because they avoid
crowded city streets. Like bus systems, these have designated stops and
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 97
schedules and may have special passes that allow you to ride for a day, a
week, or a month.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfgf] uf8L
uf8L -sf/_ lsGg' / cf©" uf8L–wgL x'g' eg]sf] d'Vo / ljrf/0fLo nufgL
xf] . olt 7"nf] nufgL ug{] lg0f{o ug'{cl3 s] ubf{ s;f] x'G5 < ljsNk / tYox?dfly
;f]rljrf/ ug'{xf];\ . uf8L lsGg] lg0f{ocl3 uf8L–wgLsf ?kdf tkfO{+sf w]/} lhDd]jf/L
x'G5g\ . tL lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{k5{ . To;}n] uf8L lsGg'cl3 nfO;]G; lng], uf8Lsf]
ladf ug{] / ;'/lIft ?kdf uf8L xfFSg] h:tf lhDd]jf/Laf/] dgg ug'{k5{ .
Buying and Owning a Car
Buying and owning your own car is a major investment. Before making
this financial commitment, learn about the options and factors to consider.
Before deciding to buy a car, know what your responsibilities will be as a
car owner, including being a licensed, insured, and safe driver.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gof“ jf k'/fgf] uf8L
gofF uf8L -sf/_ x? ;Lw} sf/vfgfaf6 cfPsf x'G5g\, hf] rnfOPsf x'Fb}gg\ .
cd]l/sfdf a]lrg] l7s}sf] gofF uf8Lsf] cf};t d"No sl/a @* xhf/ 8n/ k5{ . gofF
uf8Lx? l8n/x?df a]lrG5g\ . uf8Lsf] bf]sfgnfO{ l8n/lzk elgG5 .
k'/fgf] uf8L eg]sf] c? s;}n] rnfO/x]sf] jf rnfPsf] / a]Rg rfx]sf] uf8L xf] .
kfFr jif{ rnfPsf] uf8LeGbf bz jif{ rnfPsf] uf8L ;:tf] x'G5 . k'/fgf] uf8Ln] w]/}
dfOn b"/L k'/f u/]sf] x'G5, To;}n] To;sf] d"No sd x'G5 . k'/fgf] uf8L 5, lsGbf
;:tf] eof] eg]/ klg x'Fb}g . o:tf] uf8LnfO{ rfF8} / w]/} dd{t ug'{kg{] x'g ;S5 .
dd{tdf w]/} vr{ nfUg ;S5 . k'/fgf uf8Lx? klg l8n/df a]lrG5g\ . k'/fgf] uf8L
a]Rg rfxg]n] cfˆgf] uf8Laf/] ;"rgf OG6/g]6 jf klqsfdf lbG5g\ . l8n/df a]Rg
/flvg] k'/fgf] uf8L x]l/–hfFrL lsGg'k5{ . uf8L hfFRg] sfd dd{t ug]{ k|fljlwsx?n]
g} u5{g\ . pgn] uf8Lsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < atfpg ;S5g\ . l8n/af6 a]lrg]
s]xL k'/fgf uf8Lsf] klg Uof/]G6L x'G5, eTs]–lau|]df lglZrt lbgleq s]xL dd{t klg
ul/lbOG5 . ;fdfGotM o:tf] Uof/]G6L Ps dlxgfsf] x'G5 .
New or Used
New cars come from the factory and have never been used before. The
average price of a new car sold in the United States is around $28,000.
New cars are sold at dealerships, which are car stores.
Used cars are vehicles that someone has owned before, and wants to
sell. A ten year old used car will generally cost less than a 5 year old
used car. The older a used car is and the more miles it has already been
driven, the less it costs to buy. But older, less expensive cars may need
98 Local Transportation and Own Car
more repairs sooner and repairs can cost hundreds of dollars. Used cars are
sold at dealerships or through people who advertise on the Internet or in
newspapers. Used cars sold by dealerships are usually tested by a service
technician who decides if the car is in good condition. Some used cars sold
by dealers will have a “warranty” that guarantees that the dealer will fix
certain kinds of problems in a certain time period, often 30 days.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
t]n -Uof“;_ vr{
uf8Ln] slt UofF; k|of]u u/]/ slt dfOn bf}8g ;S5, To;nfO{ UofF; dfOn]h
elgG5 . OGwg–ls©fot ug]{ uf8Lx?n] cf};t uf8Lx?eGbf yf]/} UofF; k|of]u u5{g\
/ o:tf uf8Ldf af/Daf/ UofF; xfln/xg' kb}{g . OGwg ©f? ug]{ uf8L zx/–ahf/df
xfFSbf Ps Uofng UofF;n] @)–@% dfOn;Dd s'b\5g\ eg] /fhdfu{df xfFSbf #)–$)
dfOn;Dd s'b\5g\ . OGwg–ls©fotL ug]{ uf8L lsGbf w]/} nufgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 /
;do laTb} hfFbf sd UofF; vr{gfn] tkfO{+sf] k};f art x'G5 .
Gas Mileage
Gas mileage is the number of miles a car will travel based on the
amount of gasoline it uses. Fuel-efficient cars use less fuel than the aver-
age car, and need to be refilled with gas less often. A car with good gas
mileage gets around 20-25 miles per gallon (MPG) of gas when driving
in the city, and 30-40 MPG when driving on the highway. You may spend
more money to buy a fuel efficient car, but save money over time by pur-
chasing less gas.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L vl/b
dgk/]sf] uf8L lsGbf ©/s l8n/x?df jf ©/s lj1fkgx?df n]lvPsf d"No
bfFHg'xf];\ . gofF uf8L x]g{] xf] eg] To;df ljleGg Uof/]G6Lx? lbOPsf x'G5g\ .
To:tf Uof/]G6L s] s]df 5g\ /fd|/L k9\g'xf];\ . uf8L lsg]sf] lglZrt ;doleq uf8L–
pTkfbsn] lglZrt ;]jf jf ;/;fdfg lbg] ;t{ n]lvPsf] sfuh …Uof/]G6LÚ xf] . uf8L
lsGg'cl3 o;sf] cj:yf l7s 5 eGg] hfFRg uf8L xfFs]/ x]g'{xf];\ . o;nfO{ …6]:6
8«fOeÚ ug'{ elgG5 . k'/fgf] uf8L lsGg'cl3 d]sflgsnfO{ hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ . l;kfn'
d]sflgs sxfF e]6\g ;lsG5 eg]/ ;fyLefO jf Oi6ldq;Fu ;f]w] x'G5 . cg'ejL
d]sflgsn] uf8L /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5 jf 5}g eG5g\ . To;kl5 tkfO{+n] Tof] uf8L lsGg]
jf glsGg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Buying a Car
Compare prices of cars that you like at different dealerships or in ad-
vertisements. For new cars, read about the different types of warranties
with each car, and ask if there are extended warranties offered. A warranty
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 99

is a written promise that the car maker will provide certain services or
products for your car for a limited amount of time. Always test drive cars
to make sure they work well. Have a mechanic inspect the car if you are
buying a used car. Ask friends or community members for a good me-
chanic in your neighborhood. An experienced mechanic will tell you if the
car is in good condition or not, then you can decide if you want to buy it.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d"Nodf df]ntf]n
cd]l/sfdf c? ;fdfg lsGg'eGbf uf8L lsGg' ©/s x'G5 . uf8L–ljqm]tfx?sf]
efpdf tkfO{+n] ;Sbf] df]ntf]n ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . uf8L lsGg hfFbf cln wf}wf} x'G5
/ lgs} cndndf kl/G5 . To;}n] uf8L lslg;s]sf] ;fyLefO jf Oi6ldqnfO{ ;fy}
nfg'xf];\, hf] /fd|/L c+u|]hL af]Ng, a'ˇg / k9\g hfGg] x'g\ . ©';{b lnP/ hfg'xf];\ .
uf8L–ljqm]tfx?n] n6k6 kf/]/ uf8Lsf ;d:of 5n]sf] jf a9L d"No lnPsf] tkfO{+n]
kQf] gkfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . w]/} k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];\ / xtf/ gug'{xf];\ . uf8L lsGg] 6'+uf]
x'G5 . ;xdltsf nflu Pp6f sfuh tof/ x'G5 . To;df tkfO{+n] ;xL ug'{k5{ .
t/ ;xL ug'{cl3 pSt sfuh /fd|/L k9\g'xf];\ . ;xL u/]kl5 s/f/df pNn]v ePsf
;t{x? tkfO{+n] dfGg'k5{ . tL ;t{x? l©tf{ x'Fb}gg\ . ©]g{ klg ldNb}gg\ .
Negotiating the Price
Buying a car in the United States is different from making other pur-
chases. You can bargain with sellers to pay less money than they ask for.
Because buying a car can be stressful and confusing, take someone with
you who speaks, understands, and reads English fluently and has pur-
chased a car in the United States. Take your time. Car salesmen will often
try to rush you so that you do not notice any problems with the car or do
not understand extra costs. Ask lots of questions, and go slowly. Once you
have reached a deal with the seller, read the papers you sign very carefully.
Once you sign these papers, you cannot change your contract.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8Lsf] e'StfgL
uf8L dxFuf x'G5g\ . w]/} dflg;n] uf8L lsGg cfˆgf ;fyLefO–Oi6ldq jf a}+s;Fu
C0f lnG5g\ . s'g}–s'g} l8n/n] klg C0fsf] k|aGw u5{g\ . olb tkfO{+n] a}+s jf
uf8L l8n/af6 C0f lng'eof] eg] s'n d"Nosf] s]xL efu ;'?d} ltg'{k5{ . afFsL /sd
C0fsf ?kdf /xG5 . a}+s jf l8n/nfO{ dlxgflkR5] lglZrt /sd ltg'{k5{ . pSt
/sddf uf8Lsf] d"No -;fFjf_ / Aofh b'j} x'G5 .
a}+sx?n] cfˆgf u|fxsnfO{ C0fsf nflu of]Uo jf cof]Uo eg]/ 5'6\ofpF5g\ .
To;}n] uf8L lsGg'cl3 a}+sn] C0f lbG5 jf lbFb}g eGg] a'ˇg a}+s hfg'k5{ . a}+s–C0f
kfpg tkfO{+n] a}+s;Fu /fd|f] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] …qm]l86 lx:6«LÚ x'g'k5{ of …qm]l86 lx:6«LÚ
100 Local Transportation and Own Car
/fd|f] ePsf] c? s;}n] C0f lng] sfuhdf x:tfIf/ ul/lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] C0f
ltg'{ePg eg] x:tfIf/ ug]{ csf]{ JolStn] ltg'{k5{ . a}+sn] tkfO{{+nfO{ C0f lbg] jf
glbg] / a9Ldf slt /sd lbg] eGg] lg0f{o u5{ .
Paying for a Car
Cars are expensive and some people must get a loan from a family
member or a bank to pay for them. Some car dealers will also make loans.
If you get a loan from a bank or car dealer, you will have to pay a certain
portion of the price in cash and the loan will pay the remainder. You will
then have to pay the bank or car dealer a fixed amount each month for an
agreed number of months to pay back the loan plus interest.
You can go to a bank before you shop for a car to learn if you “prequal-
ify”, or are eligible, for a car loan. To prequalify for a loan, you need to
have a good credit history or you must have a co-signer who has good
credit. A co-signer is someone who is responsible for paying the car loan
if you do not pay. The bank decides whether to give you a loan, and the
maximum amount that they will loan to you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8Lsf] nfnk'hf{
tkfO{+n] gofF jf k'/fgf] uf8L lsg]kl5 ljqm]tfn] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f sfuh pknAw
u/fpg'k5{, h;nfO{ …uf8Lsf] nfnk'hf{Ú -e]OSn 6fO6n_ elgG5 . pSt sfuh g}
tkfO{+ uf8L–wgL xf] eGg] v'nfpg] cf}krfl/s b:tfj]h xf] . pSt sfuhdf uf8Lsf]
k|sf/ / ag]sf] jif{, ljz]if uf8L kl/ro gDa/ -e]OSn cfO8]lG6l©s];g gDa/,
eLcfOPg_ / cGo hfgsf/L x'G5 .
Vehicle Title
When you buy a new or used car, the seller must provide you with a
paper called an “vehicle title.” This is an official document that states that
you are the owner of the car. It will state the type and year of the car, its
special vehicle identification number (VIN), and other information.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L btf{
;8sdf uf8L xfFSg lgsfNg'eGbf klxn] cf©" a:g] /fHodf tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8L
btf{ ug'{k5{ . ha uf8L lsGg'x'G5, k|foMh;f] ToxL a]nf l8n/n] tkfO{+nfO{ c:yfoL uf8L
btf{ lbPsf x'G5g\ . of] c:yfoL btf{n] Ps jf b'O{ xKtf sfd u5{ . oxL ;dodf
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8L …l8kf6{d]G6 c© df]6/ e]OsN;Ú -l8PdeL_ df btf{ ug'{xf];\ . uf8L
btf{ ubf{ z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . uf8L btf{ u/]kl5 pSt sfof{non] tkfO{+nfO{ wft'sf Ps jf
b'O{ nfO;]G; kftf -Kn]6_ x? lbG5 . tL kftfx? uf8Ldf 6fF:g'k5{ .
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 101

Car Registration
In order to drive a car on the roads, you must register your car with
the state where you live. When you buy a car, the dealer will usually give
you a temporary car registration that is good for a week or two. During
that time you must register your car with your state’s Department of Mo-
tor Vehicles (DMV) and pay a registration fee. When you have registered
your car and paid the fee, the DMV will give you one or two metal license
plates that must be attached to the car.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L ladf
sfg'gL ?kdf uf8L xfFSg tkfO{+n] uf8Lsf] ladf u/fPsf] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+n] ltg'{–
kg]{ cfjZos Go"gtd ladf slt x'G5 eg]/ a'ˇg /fHosf] l8PdeLdf hfg'xf];\ .
s'g} /fHodf ladf u/] jf gu/]sf] gvf]h] klg C0f lbg] a}+ssf nflu ladf cfjZos
x'G5 . b'3{6gf eO{ cfˆgf] uf8Ldf jf c?nfO{ Iflt k'u] ladfn] s]xL cfly{s ;+/If0f
k|bfg u5{ . ladf gLltcg';f/ tkfO{+n] lgoldt ?kdf lglZrt s]xL /sd a'emfpg'
k5{ . o:tf] /sdnfO{ ladfsf] ls:tf -OG:of]/G; lk|ldod_ elgG5 . tkfO{+sf] b'3{6gf
eof] eg] ladfn] cfjZos s]xL /sdsf] lx:;f a]xf]5{ . uf8L dd{t ubf{ tkfO{+n] s6f}tL
/sd ltg'{k5{ / afFsL /sd ladf sDkgLn] a]xf]5{ . ladf ePg eg] ;a} vr{ tkfO{+n]
a]xf]g'{k5{ . Tof] dd{t vr{ xhf/f}+ 8n/ x'g ;S5 / tkfO{+ C0fdf 8'Ag ;Sg'x'G5 .
c?n] tkfO{+sf] uf8L c?n] rnfP/ jf tkfO{+n] c?sf] uf8L rnfP/ Iflt k'¥ofP
jf b'3{6gf ePdf ladf sDkgLn] vr{ ga]xf]g{ klg ;S5 .
Car Insurance
Almost all states require you to have insurance to drive legally. You
should check with your state’s DMV to learn what the minimum insurance
requirements are in your state. Even if your state does not require insurance,
banks will require you to have insurance if you buy your car with a loan.
Car insurance gives you some financial protection if your car is damaged
or someone is hurt in an accident. You must pay a certain amount of money
(called the “insurance premium”) periodically for the insurance policy.
If you are in an accident, insurance may cover some of the related
costs. There is a “deductible” amount that you will have to pay before the
insurance will cover the remaining costs. Without insurance, you have to
pay all of the costs on your own, which could be many thousands of dol-
lars and put you into debt.
Insurance may not cover other people who drive your car or you when
you drive someone else’s car.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
102 Local Transportation and Own Car

uf8L lg/LIf0f
s]xL /fHodf ;'/Iffsf nflu ;a} uf8Lx? Ps jf b'O{ jif{df Ps k6s lg/LIf0f
u/fpg'k5{ . cGo s]xL /fHodf k'/fgf uf8Lsf] dfq lg/LIf0f ul/G5 . s]xL
/fHodf o:tf] lg/LIf0faf6 uf8Ln] ˆofFSg] w'Fjfn] xfjfdf k|b"if0f ©}nfPsf] 5 jf 5}g
hfFlrG5 . tkfO{+sf] uf8Lsf] w'Fjfn] pSt /fHodf tf]lsPsf] …jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08Ú
gfF£g' x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] /fHosf] ;jf/L lg/LIf0fsf cfjZostfx? cf©"n] kfngf u/]sf]
;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . To;sf nflu l8PdeLsf lgod x]g'{xf];\ .
Vehicle Inspection
Some states require all cars to be inspected for safety every year or
every two years. Other states require safety inspections only for older cars.
Some states also require cars to be inspected to be sure they meet air qual-
ity standards. Check with your state’s DMV and make sure that you have
complied with your state’s vehicle inspection requirements.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lhDd]jf/Lx¿
OlGhgsf] t]n ©]g]{ / 6fo/df xfjf sd–a];L ePsf] hfFRg] h:tf lgoldt /]v–
b]v ugf{n] tkfO{+sf] uf8Ln] /fd|f] / w]/} ;do sfd u5{ . uf8L;Fu} lbOPsf] ;fg' k':ts
k9\g'xf];\ . o; k':tsnfO{ …Dofg'cnÚ elgG5 . pSt k':tsdf uf8Lsf] s'g efu /
slxn] s:tf] dd{t ug'{k5{ eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . l;kfn' d]sflgsnfO{ cfˆgf] uf8L
b]vfpg'xf];\ . pgn] /fHosf] cfjZostfcg';f/ lg/LIf0f / cGo s'g} klg cfjZos
dd{t u5{g\ .
Responsibilities
Regular maintenance, such as changing the oil and checking tire air
pressure, will keep your car working for better and longer. Read the own-
er’s manual to learn about your car’s maintenance needs and schedule.
Take your car to a good auto mechanic to have them perform state required
inspections and any necessary maintenance.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
rfns cg'dlt–kq
;fj{hlgs af6f]df uf8L rnfpg tkfO{+;Fu /fHon] lbPsf] dfGotf–k|fKt rfns
cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ x'g'k5{ . cg'dlt–kq;DaGwL lgod / ljlgod /fHolkR5]
©/s x'G5g\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] /fHosf] l8PdeLaf6 klxnf] rfns cg'dlt–kq k|fKt
ug{ s] s] ug'{k5{ eGg] yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . ;fwf/0ftofM cfFvfsf] Ifdtf hfFRg] k/LIff,
rfns;DaGwL lgodaf/] k/LIff / k|x/L jf l8PeLsf sd{rf/L;Fu ;8sdf uf8L xfFSg]
k/LIff kf; ug'{k5{ . tkfO{+ a;]sf] /fHon] k|bfg u/]sf] pSt cg'dlt–kq ePkl5
tkfO{+n] c? ;a} /fHodf uf8L rnfpg kfpg'x'G5 .
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 103

Driver’s License
You must have a valid driver’s license issued by your state to legally
drive on public roads. The laws and regulations regarding licenses differ
in different states. You should check with your state’s DMV (Department
of Motor Vehicles) about what you must do to obtain your first driving
license. Generally, however, you must be able to pass an eye test, a written
test on driving laws, and a practical road test given by a police officer or
DMV official. The license issued by your state allows you to drive in all
other states as well.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;jf/L rfnssf lgod
;Demg'kg]{ slx dxÎjk"0f{ lgod–sfg'g o:tf 5g\ M
• uf8L rnfpg tkfO{+;Fu dfGotf–k|fKt rfns cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ x'g'k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHodf uf8L rnfpFbf jf ofqf ubf{ tkfO{+n] l;6–a]N6 afFWg'k5{ .
• ;fdfGotM s'g} lglZrt pd]/ jf tf}nsf gfgLx?nfO{ uf8Ldf lx8fpFbf pgLx?sf
nflu agfOPsf sf/–l;6df pgLx?nfO{ /fVg}k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHodf df]afOn ©f]gdf s'/f ub}{ jf 6]S:6 -Dof;]h_ k7fpFb} uf8L
rnfpg ldNb}g .
• /S;L jf nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] cj:yfdf slxNo} uf8L grnfpg' xf];\ .
Driving Laws
Some important laws to remember are:
• You must have a valid driver’s license to drive a car.
• In most states, you must wear a seat belt while driving or riding in a
car.
• Generally, children under a certain age or weight must ride in a special
car seat.
• In many states, you may not drive while texting or talking on a phone.
• NEVER DRIVE WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL
OR DRUGS.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L b'3{6gf
tkfO{+sf sf/0f ;jf/L b'3{6gf eof] eg] To;} 5f8]/ efUg' u}/sfg'gL x'G5 .
tkfO{+ y'gfdf kg{ ;Sg'x'G5 / z/0ffyL{sf] kl/ro vf]l;g ;S5 . olb tkfO{+ jf c?
s;}af6 b'3{6gf eof] eg] ;xof]usf nflu (!! df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . (!! df ©f]g ubf{
k|x/LnfO{ klg b'3{6gfsf] hfgsf/L lng af]nfpg'xf];\ . b'3{6gfdf k/]sf] csf{] uf8Lsf
rfnsnfO{ cfˆgf] gfd, 7]ufgf, 6]ln©f]g gDa/ / ladf;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
To;}u/L csf{] uf8Lsf rfns;Fu pgsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, 6]ln©f]g gDa/ / ladf;DaGwL
104 Local Transportation and Own Car
hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . st} /f]ls/fv]sf] uf8Ldf tkfO{+sf] uf8Ln] 7Ss/ lbof] eg] pSt
uf8L–wgLn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGgsf nflu Pp6f sfuhdf ;Dks{
hfgsf/L -tkfO{+sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, ©f]g gDa/_ 5f8\g'xf];\ . cfˆgf] ladf sDkgLnfO{
b'3{6gfaf/] atfpg k6Ss} l9nf] gug'{xf];\ .
Car Accidents
If you are in an automobile accident, it is illegal to leave an accident
that you caused; you could go to jail and possibly lose your refugee status.
If you or anyone else is hurt, call 911 for an ambulance. Also call 911 and
have the police officer come to document the accident. Give your name,
address, telephone number and insurance information to other drivers. Get
their names, addresses, telephone numbers, and insurance information. If
you hit a parked car, leave a note with your contact information so the
other driver can contact you. Call your insurance company as soon as pos-
sible to let them know what happened.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gfgLx¿sf nflu sf/–l;6
cjZo klg tkfO{+ cfˆgf] gfgLnfO{ uf8Ldf ;'/lIft ofqf u/fpg rfxg'x'G5 .
sl/a # jif{;Ddsf gfgLnfO{ k5fl8 ©ls{Psf] sf/–l;6df /fv]/ dfq ofqf u/fpg'–
k5{ . To:t} $ b]lv & jif{sf gfgLnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf 6dSs afFw]/ /fVg ldNg] cufl8
©ls{Psf] sf/–l;6df /fVg'k5{ . o:tf sf/–l;6af/] ;Nnfx dfUg'xf];\ . k'gjf{;
;+:yfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf] ;Dks{df s'g} ;fd'bflos ;+:yf x'g;S5, h;n]
;fk6df jf ;:tf] d"Nodf sf/–l;6 lbnfpg ;S5g\ .
Child Car Seats
Of course you want to keep young children safe when they ride in your
car. Infants and children up to about age 3 should ride in special rear-
facing child seats. Children who are from 4 to 7 years old should ride in
forward-facing child seats with special harness that holds them in place.
Ask for advice about car seats. Your resettlement agency may know of a
community agency that loans car seats or provides used seats at low cost.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;jf/L / k|x/L
tkfO{+n] tf]lsPsf] ulteGbf a9Ldf uf8L xfFSg'eof] eg] jf /ftf] aQL x'Fbfx'Fb} c6]/
u/L 6«fl©s lgod pNn3+g ug'{eof] eg] k|x/Ln] tkfO{+sf] uf8L /f]Sg ;S5g\ . tkfO{+sf]
uf8Lk5fl8 lemldSs–lemldSs aQL afNb} jf ;fO/g ahfpFb} k|x/Lsf] uf8L cfO–
/x]sf] 5 eg] cfˆgf] uf8LnfO{ lj:tf/} 5]p nufP/ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf /f]Sg'xf];\ . k|x/Ln]
cfˆgf] uf8L tkfO{+sf] k5f8L /f]s] eg] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8Lsf] OlGhg aGb ug'{xf];\
/ cf©" uf8Lleq a:g'xf];\ . ha k|x/L tkfO{+sf] uf8Lglhs cfpF5g\, pgL cfPkl§sf]
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 105
l;;f vf]Ng'xf];\ / cfˆgf b'j} xftn] :6]ol/ªsf] dflyNnf] efu ;dft]/ a:g'xf];\ . xft
vNtLlt/ xfNg] jf otf–ptf ug]{ gug'{xf];\ . zfGt x'g'xf];\ . pgn] tkfO{+sf] rfns
cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ / uf8L–btf{sf] sfuh dfu] eg] b]vfpg'k5{ . pgn] tkfO{+sf]
uf8L vfgtnf;L ug'{k5{ eg] tkfO{+n] …x'GgÚ eGg kfpg' x'G5 . of] tkfO{+sf] clwsf/
xf] . k|x/Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ 6«fl©s lgod pNn3+g ug'{eof] eGg ;S5g\ / l6s6
lbg;S5g\ . w]/}h;f] l6s6df hl/jfgf n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pSt hl/jfgf tkfO{+n]
ltg'{k5{ . t/ hl/jfgflj?4 clkn ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, cbfnt hfg ;Sg'x'G5 / tkfO{+sf]
clkndf GofofwLzn] ©};nf ug'{x'G5 .
Driving and the Police
The police may want to stop your car if they believe you have broken
a law like driving faster than the speed limit or going through a red traffic
light. If you see a police car behind you with flashing lights or hear sirens,
steer your car to the side of the road and stop in a safe place. If the police
car stops behind you, turn off your car and stay inside. When the police
officer approaches your car, roll down your window and keep your hands
on the steering wheel. Be calm. You must show your driver’s license and
car registration if the officer asks for them. If a police officer asks to search
your car, you have the right to say no. The officer may say that you vio-
lated a law and give you a “ticket.” Most tickets state a fine that you must
pay. However, you can appeal a ticket, go to court, and a judge will decide
your case.

m m m
106
 107

cWofo !) : /sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª

Chapter 10 : Money Management and Banking

cfo–Joosf] cg'dfg
tkfO{+ cfˆgf] cfDbfgL s] ug'{x'G5 < slt vr{ ug'{x'G5 / slt arfpg'–
x'G5 < gub Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] / vr{ s] s]df ug'{k5{ jf ul/G5 eg]/ Psk6s
l;Sg'eof] eg] art ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df /sd vr{g]
/ art ug]{ of]hgfnfO{ ah]6 -cfo–Joosf] cg'dflgt n]vf_ elgG5 . dfl;s ah]6
tof/ kfgf{n] tkfO{+nfO{ k|To]s dlxgf s;/L vr{ ug'{k5{ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
Pp6f sfuhdf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf] dfl;s cfDbfgL n]Vg'xf];\ . s'n
cfDbfgLdf sfdjfktsf] Hofnf÷tna, ©"8 6\ofDk, 6\ofg© -vfFrf] k/]sf kl/jf/–
nfO{ c:yfoL ;xfotf, 6]Dkf]//L Pl;:6]G; ©/ lg8L k]mldlnh_ / cGo ;/sf/L
;xfotf÷;'ljwfx? k5{g\ . To;};Fu dlxgfe/ s'g s'g sfdsf nflu slt vr{ nfU5
n]Vg'xf];\ . vr{df 3/ef8f, lah'nL, 3/ ttfpg] tfksf] vr{, vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, a;–
ef8f, sf/sf] dfl;s C0f, sf/nfO{ UofF;, cf}ifwL, 6]ln©f]g, s]a'n l6eL, cGt/f{li6«o
cfk|jf; ;+u7g -cfOcf]Pd_ sf] ofqf–C0f cflb k5{g\ . oL j:t' / ;'ljwf tkfO{+sf
cfjZostf x'g\, tkfO{+sf OR5f xf]Ogg\ .
cfˆgf] s'n cfDbfgL / s'n vr{ t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] vr{eGbf cfDbfgL a9L
eof] eg] tkfO{+n] art ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 jf rfx]sf] s]xL ;fdfg lsGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Creating A Budget
What do you do with your money? How much do you spend and save?
Once you learn how to manage money and track spending, saving money
will be easier. A budget is a plan for spending and saving money based on
your goals. Creating a monthly budget will help you see how you spend
your money each month.
On a piece of paper, write down each of your family’s sources of income
for a month. These may include wages from jobs, food stamps, TANF, and
other public assistance. Next write down each of the things you will spend
money on during the month. These may include, rent, electricity, heat,
food, clothing, bus fares, car loans, gasoline for a car, medicine, telephone,
cable TV, repaying the IOM travel loan, etc. These expenses should be
only the things you need, not things you want.
Compare the total of income and the total of expenses. The amount of
income that is greater than your expenses can be saved or can be used to
buy some things that you want.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
108 Money Management and Banking

vr{sf] af“8˚f“6
ah]6nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tkfO{+ k|To]s dlxgf ug{] vr{ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
clg ls©fotL k;ndf ;/;fdfg lsGg] jf sd lah'nL rnfpg] h:tf afgL ug]{af/]
;f]Rg'xf];\ . eljiosf nflu k|To]s dlxgf s]xL art ug{] sf]lzz ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] art–
nfO{ k9fO vr{, sf/ jf 3/ lsGg cyjf cfkftsflng cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'–
x'G5 . dflg;x? sfd ug{ g;Sg] ePkl5 a'9]; sfndf ;'v;Fu afFRg o:tf art
k|of]u u5{g\ . art ug{ a}+s vftfdf k};f /fVg yfNg'xf];\ .
Using Your Budget
Using your budget, you can see what you spend money on every month.
Think about how you might change your spending by shopping at cheaper
stores or using less electricity, for example. Try to set aside some money
every month for your financial future. Use these savings to pay for school,
to buy a car or house, or in an emergency. People also use savings to live
comfortably when they are too old to work. To start saving, put money in
a bank account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lan e'StfgL
tkfO{+n] k|To]s dlxgf 3/ef8f, 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfx?sf] vr{ / cGo lanx?
ltg'{k5{ . 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwf eGgfn] 3/ ttfpg] tfk–z'Ns, lah'nL, 6]ln©f]g,
s]a'n / Po/–slG8;g a'lemG5 . o:tf ;'ljwfx?sf] z'Ns Hofb} dxFuf] x'g;S5 .
s'g} ckf6{d]G6df 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfx?sf nflu ltg{] k};f 3/ef8fd} hf]l8Psf]
x'G5 . tkfO{+n] s'g s'g 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfsf nflu k};f ltg'{k5{ eg]/ 3/a]6L;Fu
;f]Wg'k5{ / a'ˇg'k5{ .
Paying Your Bills
You must pay your rent, utilities, and other bills on time every month.
Utilities usually include heat, electricity, telephone, cable, and air con-
ditioning. Utilities can be very expensive. The amount of rent for some
apartments may include some utilities. You should ask your landlord and
understand what utilities you must pay.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
pmhf{ / k};fsf] art
3/ ttfpg] ©g]{;, lx6/ jf Po/–slG8;g/ rln/x]sf] 5 eg] 9f]sf / ˇofnx?
aGb ug'{xf];\ . ydf]{:6]6 gfdsf] pks/0fn] tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6sf] tfkqmd sd–a];L
u5{ . hf8f]df ydf]{:6]6nfO{ ^% b]lv &) l8u|LaLrdf ldnfP/ /fVg'k5{ . udL{df
tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df Po/–slG8;g 5 eg] ydf]{:6]6nfO{ &) b]lv &% l8u|LaLrdf
ldnfpg' k5{ . cf©" 3/aflx/ hfFbf an]sf aQL lgefpg' xf];\, o;af6 lah'nLsf] k};f
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 109

sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' eof] eg] 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfsf] lan
sd cfpF5 / vr{ sd x'G5 .
Conserve Energy and Save Money
If the furnace, heater, or air conditioner is running, keep the windows
and doors closed. The thermostat controls the temperature in your apart-
ment. In the winter, the thermostat should be set between 65 and 70 de-
grees. In the summer, if you have air conditioning, it should be set between
70 and 75 degrees. Turn off the lights when you leave your apartment to
save money on electricity. When you do these things, your utility bills will
be lower.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;x'lnotdf lsgd]n
vfgf / cGo j:t'sf] d"No :6f]/lkR5] ©/s x'g;S5 . vl/bbf/Ldf lg:sFbf sd
d"Nodf rfdn, b"w, bfnx? h:tf vfBfGg sxfF kfOG5 eGg] tkfO{+n] kQf nufpg'
k5{ . w]/} dflg;x? w]/} dxFuf ;fdfg lsGg'sf] ;§f d"Nodf 5'6 kfOg] s'kg rnfP/
/ ;'k/dfs{6s} lrGx–c+lst ;fdfg lsg]/ vfBfGgsf] vr{ 36fpF5g\ . slxn]sfxLF
s[ifssf] ahf/df ;x'lnotdf tfhf vfBfGg kfOG5g\ . ly|ˆ6 zk -art bf]sfg_ n]
;©f t/ k|of]u ul/Psf n'uf, ©lg{r/ / 3/fozL ;fdfg gofFeGbf ;:tf]df a]R5g\ .
cfˆg} 3/–cfFugdf of8{ ;]n / u/fh ;]n /fv]/ dflg;x?n] cf©"n] rnfPsf ;fdfg
w]/} ;:tf]df a]R5g\ . of8{ ;]n / u/fh ;]n x''g] ;"rgf af6f] cf;kf; 6fFl;Psf jf
;"rL agfP/ klqsfdf 5flkPsf x'G5g\ .
Save Money Shopping
Prices for food any other items can be different at different stores. As
you shop, you should discover where you can get rice, milk, and lentils
for your meals at the lowest cost. Many people reduce their food costs by
using discount coupons and purchasing supermarket store brands instead
of more expensive items. Sometimes a farmer’s market will have fresh
food at a fair price. Thrift shops sell clean used clothing, furniture, and
household items at much lower prices than similar new items. Yard sales
and garage sales are where people sell used items from their homes at very
low prices. You may find signs for them in your neighborhood or they may
be listed in a newspaper.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+ssf] k|of]u lsg ug]{ <
• ;'/Iff M a}+sdf /fv]sf] k};f cfuf], b'3{6gf / rf]/Laf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 .
• ;:tf] M c? tl/sfeGbf a}+saf6 r]s ;f6]/ k};f lng, lanx? ltg{ jf c?nfO{
k};f lbg ;:tf] x'G5 .
110 Money Management and Banking

• ;'ljwf M lan e'Stfg ug{, r]s ;f6\g / k};f s] s:tf] sfddf k|of]u eO/x]sf]
5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 .
• eljiosf nflu cfly{s M eljiosf nflu rflxg] k};f art x'g'sf ;fy} tkfO{+sf
nflu pkof]uL cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ x'G5 .
Why Use a Bank?
• Safety: In a bank, money is safe from fire, accidents, and theft.
• Cost: Cashing checks, paying bills, and sending money to someone is
usually less expensive at a bank than at other kinds of businesses.
• Convenience: It is easy to pay bills, cash checks, and track your mon-
ey.
• Financial Future: Banks help you save for the future and provide
useful financial records.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+s vftfx¿
a}+s vftf ePkl5 tkfO{+sf] k};f ;'/lIft x'G5 . k};f rnfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
d'VotofM b'O{ vfn] a}+s vftfx? x'G5g\ M rNtL / art . tkfO{+n] Pp6f rNtL /
Pp6f art vftf vf]Ng ;Sg'x'G5 .
rNtL vftf -r]lsª csfpG6_ vf;u/L lan e'Stfg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 lsgeg] of]
vftfaf6 ehfpg' c? rNtL gub sf/f]jf/x?af6 ehfpg'eGbf ;:tf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] vftfdf gub hDdf ug'{eof] eg] Tof] lgIf]k -l8kf]lh6_ xf] . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
vftfaf6 gub lgsfNg' eof] eg] Tof] e'StfgL -ljb8«n_ xf] . tkfO{+sf] vftfdf /x]sf]
/sdnfO{ df}Hbft -Aofn]G;_ elgG5 . gub lemSg jf lan e'Stfg ug{ r]s sf6\g'xf];\,
To;kl5 a}+sn] tkfO{+sf] vftfaf6 /sd e'Stfg u5{ . t/ r]s sf6\bf cf©"n] e'Stfg
ug{ k'Ug] /sd vftfdf x'g'k5{ .
art vftf -;]leª csfpG6_ rNtL vftfeGbf ©/s vfnsf] vftf xf] . art
vftfdf /flvPsf] gubn] Aofh sdfpF5 . vftfdf gub /fv]jfkt a}+sn] lbg] /sd
Aofh xf] . pbfx/0f M tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] art vftfdf Ps ;o 8n/ /fVg'eof] eg] Ps
jif{kl5 b'O{ 8n/ Aofh kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . art vftfdf gub hDdf ug'{xf];\ . pSt
/sd eljiodf sfd nfU5 / cfOkbf{ sfd nfUg] k};f vftfdf hDdf x'G5 .
Bank Accounts
With a bank account, your money is protected and still easy to use.
There are two main types of bank accounts: checking and savings. You can
have one of each kind.
A checking account is mainly used to pay bills because it is cheaper
than using other check cashing businesses. A deposit is when you put
money put into your account. A withdrawal is when you take money out
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 111

of the account. The total amount in the account is the balance. To with-
draw money or pay bills, write a check so your bank will pay money from
your account. Make sure there is enough money in your account to pay the
check amount.
A savings account is different from a checking account. Money in
savings accounts earns interest. Interest is money the bank pays you for
keeping your money there. For example, if you put $100 in a savings ac-
count, after a year you might earn $2 in interest. Try to put some money
in a savings account each month so you can use it in the future and have
money saved for emergencies.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+s vftf vf]Ng]
a}+s vftf vf]Ng cfˆgf nflu ;lhnf] a}+s /f]Hg'xf];\ . sfd ug]{ 7fpF jf
3/glhs} a}+s eP cf©"nfO{ vfFrf] kbf{ hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 . a}+s vftf vf]Ng'cl3
a}+ssf sd{rf/L;Fu o:tf s'/f a'ˇg ;lsG5 M
• s] tkfO{+sf] a}+sdf art / rNtL vftfx? vf]Nbf z'Ns nfU5 <
• vftf vf]Nbf Go"gtd /sd slt rflxG5 <
• vftfdf slteGbf sd /sd x'g] u/L k};f lgsfNg' x'Fb}g <
• d}n] Ps dlxgfdf sltj6f r]s;Dd sf6]/ lbg ;S5' <
• d}n] Ps dlxgfdf d}n] sltk6s;Dd k};f lgsfNg ;S5' <
vftf vf]Ng a}+s hfg'xf];\ . a}+ssf sd{rf/LnfO{ cf©"n] s:tf] vftf vf]Ng
rfx]sf] eGg'xf];\ . pxfFn] tkfO{+;Fu tkfO{+sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ / ©f]6f];lxtsf]
kl/ro–kq -h:tf] M uf8Lrfns cg'dlt–kq jf lu|g–sf8{_ dfUg' x'g]5 . pxfFn]
tkfO{+sf] hGd–ldlt, 3/sf] 7]ufgf, / 6]ln©f]g gDa/ h:tf JolStut hfgsf/L
klg dfUg' x'g]5 . vftf vf]Ng a}+s hfFbf vftf vf]Ng k'Ug] kof{Kt /sd af]s]/
hfg'xf];\ . vftf vf]Ng ;fdfGotM %) jf !)) 8n/ rflxG5 .
Opening a Bank Account
To open a bank account, pick the bank that best meets your needs. It
should be a bank near your home or your work so you can go there easily
when you need to. Here are some questions to ask the bank worker before
you open an account:
• Are there free checking and savings accounts?
• Do I need a minimum deposit to open an account?
• Is there a minimum balance required?
• How many checks can I write each month?
• How many withdrawals can I make each month?
Go to the bank you choose and tell a bank worker what kind of account
112 Money Management and Banking
you want. The worker will ask to see your Social Security card and a photo
ID card (like a driver’s license or Green Card). The worker will also ask
for personal information, including your date of birth, home address, and
telephone number. Take enough money to deposit to open the account,
usually $50 or $100.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+s vftf z'Ns
w]/} a}+sn] ljleGg ;]jfsf nflu z'Ns lnG5g\ . tkfO{+n] o:tf z'Nsaf/] s'/f
a'ˇg' ePg eg] a}+ssf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] vftfdf df}Hbft lgs} sd
ePdf a}+sn] dfl;s ;]jf z'Ns lng ;S5g\ . o:tf] z'Ns sd lng] a}+sdf vftf
vf]Ng'xf];\ . art vftfaf6 Ps dlxgfdf lglZrt k6s dfq gub lgsfNg ldN5 .
a}+sn] tf]s]eGbf a9L k6s gub lgsfNg' eof] eg] cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . vftfdf
df}HbfteGbf a9L /sd lgsfNbf tkfO{+n] ltg'{kg{] z'Ns eg]sf] r]sx? l©tf{ x'Fbf jf
a9L k};f lgsfn]jfktsf] z'Ns xf] . pbfx/0f– tkfO{+sf] vftfdf &% 8n/dfq 5 / ;o
8n/sf] r]s sf6\g'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] w]/} z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
Bank Account Fees
Many banks charge you money (fees) for different services. Ask a bank
worker if you do not understand any fees. A bank might charge you a
monthly service charge for having an account if the balance is too small.
Use a bank with a low service charge. There may be a limit to the number
of withdrawals you can make each month from a savings account. You will
have to pay a fee if you take out money more times than allowed. Bounced
or overdraft check fees are fees charged for taking out more money than
you have in your account. For example, if you write a check for $100, but
you only have $75 in your account, you will be charged a large fee.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
dfl;s a}+s–ljj/0f
tkfO{+sf] a}+sn] tkfO{+nfO{ k|To]s dlxgf ljj/0f k7fpF5 . pSt ljj/0fdf slxn]–
slxn] vftfdf slt gub hDdf ul/of] / slxn]–slxn] vftfaf6 slt lgsflnof] eGg]
n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pSt kqn] dlxgfsf] cGTodf tkfO{+sf] vftfdf slt df}Hbft 5 /
s] s] z'Ns nufOof] eGg] klg b]vfpF5 . pSt dlxg] ljj/0f tkfO{n] ;'/lIft
/fVg'k5{ . tkfO{+;Fu ;a} vr{ k'Ug] u/L /sd 5 eg] ©"8 :6\ofDk, 6\ofg©,
;lKnd]G6n ;]So'l/6L OGsd -P;P;cfO_ / klAns xfplhª h:tf s]xL ;fd'bflos
;xfotf sfo{qmdn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOFb}gg\ . tkfO{+;Fu cfˆgf] a}+s
vftfdf slt gub 5 eGg] b]vfpg pSt ljj/0fx? To:tf] ;xfotf lbg] sfof{nodf
a'emfpg'k5{ .
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 113

Monthly Statements
Your bank will send you a statement each month. The statement is a
report that shows the date and amount of each deposit made into your ac-
count and the date and amount of each withdrawal from the account. It will
also show the balance at the end of each month and any fees that have been
charged. You should save each monthly statement. Some public assistance
programs such as food stamps, TANF, SSI, and public housing will not
provide benefits if you have enough money to pay for all of your expenses.
They will require you submit copies of your bank statements to show how
much money you have in the bank.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vftfdf ;Lw} tna hDdf
w]/}h;f] /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+sf] tna ;Lw} a}+s–vftfdf hDdf ug{ rfxG5g\ .
o;f] ubf{ cf©"n] r]s a'em]/ vftfdf hDdf ug'{ jf gub ;f6\g'eGbf ;'/lIft x'G5 .
tkfO{+sf] ;do aR5 .
/f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+sf] a}+s–vftfdf tna hDdf ul/lbG5g\ eg] pgn] vftfdf
slt /sd hDdf ul/of] eGg] :ki6 n]lvPsf] e'Stfg /l;b -k] :6a_ lbG5g\ .
Direct Deposit
Many employers are willing to deposit your pay directly into your bank
account. This may save you time and be safer than being given a pay check
that you have to take to your bank to deposit or cash.
If your employer does this, they will still give you a pay stub that
shows how much money was deposited into your account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8]la6 sf8{
tkfO{+sf] vftf ePsf] a}+sn] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f 8]la6 sf8{ pknAw u/fpg ;S5 .
w]/} :6f]/df ;fdfg lsGbf of] sf8{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . 8]la6 sf8{af6 tkfO{+n] vr{
ub}{ hfg'eof] eg] tkfO{+sf] rNtL vftfaf6 /sd lemlsG5 . tkfO{+sf] vftfdf ePsf]
/sdeGbf a9L /sd slxNo} vr{ gug'{xf]nf .
Debit Card
Your bank may provide you with a debit card. You can use it in many
stores to buy things. Money you spend with your debit card is automati-
cally taken out of your checking account. Do not spend more money than
you have in your account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
114 Money Management and Banking

Pl6Pd
Pl6Pdsf] k"/f cy{ …c6f]d]l6s 6]n/ dl;gÚ xf] . gub lgsfNg'kbf{ tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] 8]la6 sf8{nfO{ Pl6Pdsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . s'g} Pl6Pd
sf8{x? rnfP/ gub hDdf ug{ / cfˆgf] vftfdf slt k};f afFsL 5 egL hfFRg
;lsG5 . Pl6Pd k|of]u u/]sf] z'Ns nfUg ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] vftf ePsf] a}+sn]
/fv]sf] Pl6Pd dl;gaf6 k};f lgsfNof] eg] z'Ns sd x'G5 . Pl6Pd k|of]u ubf{ sf8{
l5/fpg] Kjfndf l5/fpg'xf];\ / To;kl5 dl;gn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ ub}{
hfg'xf];\ . oxfF cfˆgf] lkg -JolStut klxrfg gDa/_ 6fOk ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf] lkg
-gDa/_ s;}nfO{ geGg'xf];\ . cf©"n] /fVg] jf af]Sg] s'g} sfuhdf cfˆgf] lkg slxNo}
gn]Vg'xf];\ . sG7 ug'{xf];\ . olb s;}n] tkfO{+sf] lkg gDa/ yfxf kfof] / tkfO{+sf]
8]la6 sf8{ rf]¥of] eg] tkfO{+sf] vftfdf ePsf] ;a} /sd rf]l/g ;S5 .
ATM
ATM is short for “Automatic Teller Machine.” You can use your debit
card in an ATM to get cash. Some ATMs allow you to deposit money and
check your balance. It can cost money to use an ATM, but one with your
bank’s name on it is usually cheaper to use than others. To use an ATM,
put your debit card in the card slot, follow the instructions, and type your
personal identification number (PIN). Never tell anyone your PIN. Never
write your PIN on paper that you keep with you. If someone else knows
your PIN and steals your debit card they may be able to steal all the money
you have in the bank account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
C0fx¿
dxFuf ;/;fdfg vl/bf/Lsf nflu a}+sx?n] C0f klg lbG5g\ . o:tf] ;]jfjfkt
tkfO{+n] lglZrt cjlwsf nflu C0f kfpg'x'G5 . o;/L tkfO{+n] lnPsf] C0fsf] ;fFjf
/ Aofh ltg'{k5{ . C0f lng x:tfIf/ ug'{eGbf klxn] C0f s;/L ltg]{, tf]lsPsf]
;do u'h|]df s] ug]{, Aofh slt a'emfpg'k5{, / cGo lgodx? tkfO{+n] /fd|/L a'em]sf]
x'g'k5{ . o:tf ljifodf s]xL ;f]Wg dg nfu] a}+ssf sd{rf/L jf tkfO{+sf] k'g:yf{kgfdf
;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfn] v6fPsf …s]; js{/Ú ;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Loans
Banks also give loans for big purchases. With a loan, you borrow an
amount of money for a certain period of time. You must pay back the
money and interest for borrowing it. Make sure you understand how to re-
pay the loan, when payments are due, the amount of interest you will pay,
and any other rules before you sign. Ask a bank employee or caseworker
if you have questions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 115

cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf; ;+u7g -cfOcf]Pd_ sf] ofqf C0f

tkfO{+n] lt5'{ egL dGh'/L lbPsf] Pp6f C0f t tkfO{+nfO{ nflu;s]sf] 5, Tof]
tkfO{+nfO{ cd]l/sf Nofpgsf nflu xjfO{hxfh ef8fjfkt ltl/Psf] ofqf–C0f xf] .
tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 ofqf C0fsf] klxnf] lan cfpF5 . tkfO{+sf]
C0f k'/} r'Qmf geP;Dd k|To]s dlxgf tkfO{+n] pSt ofqf–C0f e'QmfgL ug'{k5{ . C0f
ltgf{n] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] bfloTj s] xf] eg]/ a'em]sf] :ki6 x'G5 / sf/ jf cGo w]/}
d"Nosf j:t'x?sf] vl/bdf a}+saf6 C0f rfxg'eof] eg] C0f lng ;lhnf] x'G5 .
IOM Travel Loan
You already have one loan you have agreed to repay, the IOM travel
loan for the airfare that brought you to the America. A few months after
you arrive you will receive the first bill for your travel loan. You need to
make a payment each month until it is repaid. Paying the loan back will
prove you understand your responsibility and will make it easier when you
want a bank loan to pay for a car or other large purchase.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
qm]l86 o'lgogx¿
qm]l86 o'lgog klg a}+s h:t} cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;+:yf xf], t/ o;sf ;b:ox?
g} dflns x'g'sf ;fy} o;nfO{ Ps ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ?kdf rnfPsf] x'G5 . o;sf]
;b:otf kfpg ;'?df tkfO{+n] lgj]bg lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+ ;b:o ePkl5 pSt ;+:yfdf
rNtL vftf, art vftf vf]Ng kfpg'x'G5 jf C0fsf nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
cGo 7"nf Jofj;flos a}+seGbf qm]l86 o'lgogsf] art vftfsf Aofh b/ a9L x'G5
jf sf/ lsGg C0f lng] C0fsf] Aofhb/ cln sd x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] a;f]af; jf sfd
ug]{ 7fpFglhs s'g} qm]l86 o'lgog 5 jf tkfO{+ ;b:o x'g of]Uo x'g'x'G5 eg] To;af/]
a'ˇg' ©fObfhgs x'G5 .
Credit Unions
A credit union is like a bank, but it is owned by its members like a co-
operative. First you must apply to be a member. Once you are a member,
you can open a checking account, savings account, or apply for a loan.
Credit unions may have better rates for savings accounts or car loans than
commercial banks. It is a good idea to see if there is a credit union near
your home or work and if you are eligible to become a member.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
JolStut ljsf; vftf -cfOl8P_
Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg] Pp6f ljz]if art vftf
…cfOl8PÚ xf] . o;af6 tkfO{+nfO{ sf/ lsGg, 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO vr{, 3/ lsGg, jf
cem egf}+ g ;fgf Joj;fo ;'? ug{;d]t d2t u5{ . cfOl8Pdf art u/]sf] Ps–Ps
116 Money Management and Banking
8n/n] artcg'?k k|lt©n / artsf nflu k|f]T;fxg b'j} lbG5 . cfOl8Psf] :yfkgf
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] a}+s / qm]l86 o'lgogx?;Fu ldn]/ u5{g\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
cfOl8P -vftf_ vf]Ng cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] s'g ;+:yfn] d2t u5{ eg]/ ;f]Wg'k5{ .
vftf v'n]kl5 tkfO{+n] k|To]s dlxgf gub hDdf ug'{k5{ / tkfO{+n] hDdf u/]sf]
/sd;Fu cGo ;|f]tx?af6 Tolt g} /sd tkfO{+sf] vftfdf ldnfg ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f M olb tkfO{+n] vftfdf k|To]s dlxgf @)) 8n/ hDdf ug'{eof] eg]
To;df yk @)) jf $)) 8n/ /flvlbOG5 . cfOl8P -vftf_ ePsf sf/0f /sd
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lbOg] w]/}h;f] tflnddf tkfO{+n] klg efu lng'k5{ .
Individual Development Account (IDA)
An IDA is a special savings account for low income families that may
help you to buy a car, to pay for a child’s education, to buy a home, or even
to start a small business. For every dollar saved in an IDA, savers receive
a corresponding match which serves as both a reward and an incentive to
save. IDA’s are set up by community agencies in cooperation with banks
and credit unions. You should ask what agency in your community will
help you set up an IDA. After your IDA is set up, up, you put money into
the IDA every month and that money is matched from other sources. For
example, if you put in $200 per month, an additional $200 or $400 may be
placed in the account for you. Usually you must also participate in a train-
ing program regarding money management to have an IDA account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s/x¿
:yfgLo, /fHo / ;+3Lo -/fli6«o_ s/x? ltg'{xf];\ . s/ eGgfn] :yfgLo, /fHo
/ ;+3Lo ;/sf/x?nfO{ cd]l/sfdf a:g] gful/sn] ltg]{ jf lt/]sf] k};f xf] . r'Stf
s/sf] /sd /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff, lzIff, ;8sx? / /fhdfu{df vr{ x'G5 . tkfO{+sf]
cfDbfgL 5 eg] s/–l©tf{ -6\ofS; l/6g{_ sf nflu ©f/d eg'{xf];\ jf c? s'g} s/
eP ltg'{xf];\ . s/ ltg{ sfg'gn] clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . tkfO{+nfO{ ©fObf k'Ug] o:tf
ljifo / ;+efljt cfDbfgLaf/] k'gjf{;df ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfn] v6fPsf …s];–js{/Ú;Fu
;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Taxes
Pay local, state, and federal taxes. Taxes are money paid to the local,
state, and federal governments by people living in the United States. Taxes
pay for services such as keeping our country safe, education, and roads and
highways. If you earn an income, you will need to file a tax return and pay
any taxes you owe. This is required by law. Ask your caseworker for more
information on any of these topics and possible credits you can earn.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 117

qm]l86
sf/h:tf dxFuf ;fwg lsGg'kbf{ C0f lng'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+n] C0f lnP/
a]nfdf ltg'{ePsf] 5 eg] a}+sn] tkfO{+nfO{ C0f lbG5 . ;fk6 lnP/ a]nfdf ltg'{nfO{
c;n–qm]l86 elgG5 . c;n–qm]l86 eGgfn] tkfO{+nfO{ C0f lbof] eg] tkfO{+n]
;dodf ltg'{x'G5 /, v/fa–qm]l86 eGgfn] tkfO{+n] ;dodf ltg'{x'Gg eGg] a}+sn] a'ˇg
;S5g\ . qm]l86–c+s -qm]l86 :sf]/_ tkfO{+n] C0f lnP/ a]nfdf lt/]sf] :ki6 kfg]{ c+s
xf] . To;}n] cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf; ;+u7gsf] ofqf–C0f hlt ;Sg'x'G5 Tolt / c?
C0f ;dodf lt/]/ c;n–qm]l86 agfpg'xf];\ .
Credit
To buy something expensive, like a car, you might need to borrow
money through a loan to pay for it. A bank will give you a loan if you have
good credit. Good credit means that banks think you will pay back money
you borrow, and bad credit means they think you might not. Your credit
score is a number that shows how good your credit is. Build good credit
by paying, on time, at least the minimum amount due on your IOM loan
and any other loan payments.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
qm]l86 ljj/0f
tkfO{+sf] qm]l86 ljj/0fn] tkfO{+sf] qm]l86–Oltxf; -tkfO{+n] afFsL lnP/ a]nfdf
lt/]sf] ljj/0f_ 5n{ª kf5{ . a}+sx?, 3/a]6Lx?, /f]huf/bftfx? / c?n] tkfO{+;Fu
sfd ug{] a]nfdf tkfO{+sf] qm]l86–Oltxf; a'ˇg ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] OlSjˆofS;,
PS:k]l/og / 6«fG;o'lgog h:tf ;+:yfaf6 lgz'MNs qm]l86 ljj/0f kfpg'x'G5 .
ToxfFaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fnfO{ /fd|/L hfFRg'xf];\ . pSt ljj/0fdf q'l6 ePsf] x'g;S5 .
q'l6 ©]nf k¥of] eg] pSt ;+:yfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Credit Report
Your credit report describes your credit history. Banks, landlords, em-
ployers, and others may check your report to determine if they want to
work with you. You can get a free credit report each year from Equifax,
Experian, and TransUnion. Check your report every year to make sure it is
correct. If there is a mistake, write to the credit reporting agency.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
qm]l86 sf8{
qm]l86 sf8{sf] ;xfotfn] tkfO{+ clxn] s]xL ;fdfg lsGg'x'G5, clg s]xL xKtfdf
dfq k};f ltg'{ x'G5 . of] sf8{+ kfpg tkfO{+n] M
• cfˆgf] hGd–ldlt / 3/sf] 7]ufgf h:tf hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .
• cfˆgf] lgoldt cfDbfgL -h:tf] M sfd u/]sf 7fpFaf6 kfPsf] r]s e'Stfgsf]
k|df0f_ ePsf] b]vfpg'k5{ .
118 Money Management and Banking
• cf©"n] ;dodf k};f lt/]sf] k|df0f x'g'k5{ .
qm]l86 sf8{ lng'cl3 o:tf] sf8{af/] ;a} hfgsf/L k9\g'xf];\ . s'g} sf8{df w]/}
vfnsf z'Ns ltg'{kg{] x'G5 .
Pp6f qm]l86 sf8{af6 pwf/f]df sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . tf]s]–
eGbf a9L pwf/f] lng ldNb}g . olb s'g} sf8{af6 Ps xhf/ 8n/dfq vr{ ug{
kfOG5 elgPsf] 5 eg] tkfO{+n] Ps xhf/eGbf a9Lsf ;fdfg lsGg ldNb}g . sf8{
k|of]u u/]/ pwf/f]df slt vr{ ug{ kfOG5 eGg] hfGgsf nflu sf8{sf] k5f8L n]lvPsf]
6]ln©f]g gDa/df ©f]g u/]/ hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .
qm]l86 sf8{ rnfpFbf xf]lzof/L ckgfpg' eof] eg] tkfO{+n] afFsL lnP/ a]nfdf
lt/]sf] ljj/0f tof/ x'G5, To;}n] M
• dlxgfe/ vr{ ug{ ldN5 elg tf]lsPsf] /sd dfq vr{ ug'{xf];\ .
• tf]lsPsf] ;doleq lan e'Stfg ug'{xf];\ .
• cf©";Fu eP hlt dfq /sd vr{ ug'{xf];\ . lan ltg]{ /sd cf©";Fu ;w}F
x'g'k5{ .
Credit Card
Credit cards let you buy something then pay for it a few weeks later. To
get one, you will need to:
• Give information such as birth date and home address
• Show proof of regular income (for example, your paycheck stubs)
• Have good credit
Read all the information about a credit card before you decide to get
one. Some cards have many fees.
A credit card has a credit limit, the maximum amount of money you
can spend with it. If the credit limit is $1,000, you cannot use that card to
buy things that total more than $1,000. Learn the credit limit by telephon-
ing the number on the back of the card.
If you are careful with your credit card, you will build good credit.
• Always use less than your credit limit.
• Pay your bill before the due date.
• Do not spend more money than you have. Always have enough money
to pay your bill.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sL d'b|f
k|To]s cd]l/sL l;Ssfsf gfd 5g\ . ;aeGbf ;fgf] l;Ssf Ps ;]G6sf]
x'G5, o;nfO{ k]gL elgG5 . kfFr ;]G6sf] l;SsfnfO{ lgsn elgG5 . bz ;]G6sf]
l;SsfnfO{ 8fod elgG5 . kRrL; ;]G6sf] l;SsfnfO{ Sjf6{/ elgG5 . To:t} %)
;]G6 / Ps 8n/sf klg l;Ssf kfOG5g\ . %) ;]G6 / Ps 8n/sf l;Ssf sd}
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 119
kfOG5g\ / tkfO{+n] gb]Vg klg ;Sg'x'G5 . Ps, b'O{, kfFr, bz, aL;, krf; / ;o
8n/sf sfuhL gf]6x? x'G5g\ . sfuhL gf]6nfO{ …lanÚ eGg] rng 5, h:tf] M Ps
8n/ lan, b'O{ 8n/ lan, kfFr 8n/ lan cflb . 8n/nfO{ af]nLrf]nLsf efiffdf …asÚ
klg eg]sf] ;'lgG5 .

American Money
Each American coin has a name. The 1 cent coin is called a “penny.”
The 5 cent coin is called a “nickel.” The 10 cent coin is called a “dime.”
The 25 cent coin is called a “quarter.” There are also 50 cent and one dol-
lar coins, but they are not used often and you may never see them. Paper
money is called a “bill". There are one dollar, two dollar, five dollar, ten
dollar, twenty dollar, fifty dollar and one hundred dollar bills. In slang, a
dollar is also called a “buck".

m m m
120
 121

cWofo !! : ;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f

Chapter 11 : Cultural Adjustment and Integration

;dfof]hg
cd]l/sfnfO{ …cj;/sf] e"ldÚ elgG5 . oxfF c;Lldt cj;/x? 5g\ .
To;}n] tkfO{+nfO{ cd]l/sf cfpg' /f]df~rs x'G5 . gofF b]z Pjd\ ;+:s[ltdf a;f]af;
tyf sfd ug'{ tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ klg x'G5 . of] cWofodf tkfO{+n]
cd]l/sfdf s] s] cfzf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / oxfFsf] kl/l:ylt;Fu ldnh'n ub}{ hfFbf
cfOkg]{ ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ eGg] 5n©n ul/Psf] 5 .
Adjustment
Coming to the United States is an exciting time with many possible op-
portunities available to you. It is also a challenging time for you and your
family as you must learn to live and work in a new country and new cul-
ture. This chapter will discuss what you can expect and ways to overcome
problems as you adjust.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dfof]hg eg]sf] xf] <
gofF b]zdf a;f]af; / sfd ug{ l;Sg] k|lqmof g} ;dfof]hg xf] . ;dfof]hg
x'g] qmd o;/L cl3a9\5, ;'?df – b]lvG5, clg hflgG5 / lj:tf/} crDd dfGg
5fl8G5 . ;dfof]hg x'gsf nflu kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ / gofF s'/f l;Sg'k5{ . h:t} M
• gofF dfG5]x?;Fu e]63f6 x'G5 .
• gofF efiff l;lsG5 .
• kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 .
• lr/–kl/lrt 7fpFafx]sdf klg afFRg l;lsG5 .
What Is Adjustment?
Adjustment is the process of learning to live and work in a new coun-
try. It involves making changes and learning new things. For example:
• Meeting new people.
• Learning a new language.
• Taking on different family roles.
• Learning to live without familiar places and people.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;+:s[lt eg]sf] xf] <
;+:s[lt eg]sf] s'g} Ps ;d"xsf dflg;sf] ;femf d"No, dfGotf / k/Dk/f–
x?sf] Pp6f ;+u|x xf] . ;+:s[ltdf s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] efiff, snf / dgf]efjx?
;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ . dflg;x?sf] af]nLrfnL / Jojxf/n] pgLx?sf] d"No / dfGotf
122 Cultural Adjustment and Integration

emNsfpF5 . gofF ;+:s[ltaf/] l;Sg' eg]sf] gofF b]zdf a;f]af; ug{ l;Sg'sf] Ps
lx:;f xf] . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts lrgf/Lsf ;a} kIfx? Tofu]/ k"/} cd]l/sL
;+:s[lt cufNg' kb{}g, of] ;dfhleq a:g / sfd ug{ dfq l;Sg' k5{ .
What Is Culture?
Culture is a set of beliefs, values, and traditions that a group of people
share. Culture can include a group’s language, art, and attitudes. These be-
liefs and values influence what people say and do. Learning a new culture
is part of learning to live in your new country. You do not have to change
completely and follow American culture, you just have to learn to live and
work within it.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dfof]hgsf r/0fx¿
gofF b]z / /xg;xgdf ;a}nfO{ p:t} vfnsf] cg'ej x'Fb}g, w]/}h;f] dflg;sf]
u'h|g] kl/l:ylt eg] Ps} 9fFrfsf] x'G5 . ;a}n] a'ˇg] s'/f rflxF s] xf] eg]
afnaflnsf;lxt a]Unfa]Un} dflg;n] 5f]6f] jf nfdf] ;dosf nflu yf]/} jf w]/} tn
elgPsf] h:tf] cg'ej u5{g\ .
The Stages of Adjustment
Not everyone’s experience is exactly the same, but there is a general
pattern most people follow as they adjust to a new country and culture. Re-
member that different people may feel these things more or less intensely
and for different lengths of time, including children.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
klxnf] r/0f M cfudg
ha tkfO{+ ljdfgaf6 pqg'x'G5, To;kl5sf s]xL xKtf;Dd t k|To]s rLh cb\e't
/ /f]df~rs nfU5g\ . dflg;x? bofn' nfU5g\, cj;/x? cgluGtL x'G5g\, / ;a}
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ePh:tf] nfU5 . tkfO{+n] cfgGb, ;'/lIft / /fxt dx;'; ug{
;Sg'x'G5 .
Stage One – Arrival
When you get off the plane and several weeks after that everything
seems wonderful and exciting. The people seem kind, opportunities are
endless, and you feel like all of your problems are over. You may feel
happy, safe, and relieved.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf];|f] r/0f M jf:tljstf
cd]l/sfdf cfPsf] s]xL xKtfkl5 tkfO{+nfO{ cf©"n] a'em]eGbf ©/s cg'ej x'g
yfN5 . tkfO{+n] cd]l/sfdf cGt/x? ©]nf kfg'{x'G5 . 3/ ©s{g kfP x'GYof] eGg]
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 123
sfdgf ug{ yfNg'x'G5 . ;ayf]s ;fx|f]–ufx|f] ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . b'MvL
x'g'x'G5, l/; p7\5, lx:; kg'{x'G5 / xf/]h:tf] cg'ej eP/ ysys x'g yfN5 .
Stage Two – Reality
After several weeks in the United States, your feelings may begin to
change as reality starts to sink in. You see how different things are in the
United States. You may wish to go home. You may feel like things are too
hard. You may feel sad, angry, disappointed, and overwhelmed.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
t];|f] r/0f M ;dfof]hg
oL cg'ejx? ;fdfGo x'g\ / ;do laTb} hfFbf ;a} x6]/ hfG5g\ . ;dfof]hg
lj:tf/} x'g] k|lqmof xf] . cGttM rLhlahx? la/fgf] / c;lhnf x'Fb}gg\ . tkfO{+n]
gofF ;fyLx? ©]nf kfg'{x'G5 / ;fy} cf©"nfO{ Jo:t kfg]{ sfdsfh klg kfpg'x'g]5 .
clg b]z 5f8]/ cfPsf]df UnfgL x'g 5f8\5 . cd]l/sf g} cfˆgf] 3/ xf] eGg] cg'e"t
ug{ yfNg'x'G5 .
Stage Three – Adjustment
These feelings are normal and in time, they will go away. Adjusting
is a slow process, but eventually things will not feel as strange and dif-
ficult. You will find new friends and things to do. You will not miss your
home country as much. You will start to think of the United States as your
home.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+n] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
;dfof]hg k|lqmofdf cf©}F x'g] xf]Og\, tkfO{+n] cfˆgft©{af6 klg ug'{kg]{ s]xL
dxÎjk"0f{ k|oTgx? 5g\ M
• cfˆgf] j/k/ -jftfj/0f_nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf x]g'{xf];\ . r'gf}tLx?nfO{ pGglt
/ lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ ;Demg'xf];\ .
• l;Sg / cg's"n x'g ;do nfU5 eGg] a'ˇg'xf];\ . slxn]sfxLF cf©" xf/]h:tf] x'g'
jf b'MvL x'g' :jfefljs xf] .
• cln ;do lnP/ cf©"nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg] sfdsfh ug'{xf];\ .
• 3/leq dfq} ga:g'xf];\ . gn'Sg'xf];\ . gofF dflg;x?;Dd k'Ug'xf];\ / gofF
j:t'x?;Fu kl/lrt x'g] cfF6 ug'{xf];\ .
• cd]l/sLx?nfO{ ;fyLefO agfpg yfNg'xf];\ .
• gofF b]zsf af/]df hfGg'xf];\ . a'ˇg'xf];\ . hlt w]/} l;Sg] sf]lzz ug'{x'G5, cf©"
j/k/sf dflg;af/] Tolt g} a'ˇg'x'G5 .
• kl/jf/ / ;fyLefO;Fu ;do latfpg] ug'{xf];\ . pgLx?;Fu cg'ej afF8\g'xf];\ .
eGg'xf];\, ;'Gg'xf];\ .
124 Cultural Adjustment and Integration

What Can You Do?

Adjusting requires some important efforts on your part.
• Look for the good around you. See challenges as a way to grow and
learn.
• Accept that it takes time to learn and adapt. It is okay to feel over-
whelmed and sad sometimes.
• Take time to do things you enjoy.
• Do not hide at home. Find the courage to do things with new people
and to try new things.
• Make friends with Americans.
• Learn about your new country. The more you learn, the better you will
understand the people around you.
• Spend time with your family and friends. Share your experience with
them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tgfj -lbUbf/L_ s] xf] <
cK7\of/f kl/l:yltx?df tkfO{+n] s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{x'G5, ToxL g} tgfj xf] . tgfj
hLjgsf] Ps ;fdfGo c+z xf], t/ of] :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s x'g;S5 . s'g}
;do, 7fpF jf kl/l:ylt Pshgfsf nflu tgfjk"0f{ eP, csf{ JolStsf nflu To:tf]
gx'g;S5 . tgfj x'g'sf] sf/0f kl/jf/df s;}sf] d[To', ljjfx, uef{j:yf, gofF hflu/,
gofF 3/df ;bf{, la/fdL / k};fsf] ;d:of x'g\ . gofF b]z / gofF /xg;xgdf cf©"
a;fOF ;gf{n] cjZo tgfj x'G5 .
What Is Stress?
Stress is how you react to difficult situations. Stress is a natural part of
life, but it can be harmful to your health. What is stressful for one person
may not be for another. Many things can cause stress, such as death of a
loved one, marriage, pregnancy, a new job, moving to a new home, illness,
and money problems. Moving to a new country and a new culture can
definitely cause stress.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dfof]hgsf nflu cfgf] ;do lbg'xf];\
cd]l/sfnfO{ …cj;/sf] e"ldÚ elgG5 . of] d'n'sn] w]/} gofF cj;/x? k|bfg
u5{ . t/ klg z/0ffyL{sf] ;dfof]hgsf] ;'?jft lgs} sl7g x'g;S5 .
z/0ffyL{x?n] em]Ng'kg{] ljleGg r'gf}tLn] tgfj x'g ;S5 . tgfj x'Fbf s]
ug]{ / gofF ;+:s[ltdf s;/L 3'nldn x'g] eGg] hfGof] eg] lgs} ©fObf x'G5 . cf©"n]
s:tf] cg'ej ug'{ePsf] 5 eg]/ c?nfO{ ;'gfpg / ;fx|f]ufx|f]df d2t dfUg ws
gdfGg'xf];\ .
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 125

Give Yourself Time to Adjust

The United States offers many new opportunities. However, initial ad-
justment can be difficult. Refugees face many new challenges that can
cause stress. It is important to understand how to deal with stress and how
to adjust to a new culture. Do not be afraid to talk about how you are feel-
ing and to ask for help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tgfjsf nIf0fx¿
dflg;x?n] ljleGg tl/sfn] tgfj dx;'; u5{g\, tL dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s,
efjgfTds jf ;fdflhs tgfj x'G5g\ . tgfjsf nIf0fx? M 6fpsf] b'Vg', lgb|f
gnfUg', /S;L lkpg', a]sfd] ePsf] cg'ej ug'{, lrRofpg', l/; p7\g' jf ;fyLefO–
Oi6ldqnfO{ 5Ng' cflb x'g\ .
Signs of Stress
People feel stress in many ways, including mentally, physically, emo-
tionally, or socially. Some of the signs of stress are: headaches, trouble
sleeping, drinking alcohol, not feeling like doing anything, crying, feeling
angry, or avoiding friends and family.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tgfj Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿
cf©"nfO{ s] ubf{ tgfj x'G5 / o;af6 d'lQm kfpg] pkfo s] s] x'g ;S5g\ eg]/
hfGg' eof] eg] lgs} ©fObf x'G5 . Wofg -lrGtg_ u/]/, kl/jf/ jf ;fyLefO;Fu u©
u/]/, kof{Kt ;do ;'t]/, kf]l;nf] vfgf vfP/, xfF;]/, lxF8]/, Jofofd u/]/ jf s;};Fu
d2t lnP/ tgfj sd jf lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
Ways to Manage Stress
It is important to learn what makes you stressed and how to manage
stress. To manage stress you can meditate, talk to family and friends, get
enough sleep, eat healthy, laugh, take a walk, exercise, or ask for help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
l5d]sLx¿;“u e]63f6
cd]l/sLx?sf] cfgLafgL / dfGotfx?af/] hfGg' clg tL ;fdflhs lx:;fnfO{
;'xfpFbf] tl/sfn] Jojxf/df ptfb}{ hfg' g} ;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hgsf] Ps c+z xf] .
cd]l/sL / cd]l/sL ;+:s[ltaf/] hfGg ;'? ug]{ Pp6f pkfo oxLF hGd]sf] cd]l/sLnfO{
e]6\g' xf] . tkfO{+sf l5d]sL cd]l/sLx? x'g ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] pxfFx?nfO{ ckf6{d]G6
lalN8ªsf] 9f]sf, n'ufw'g] 7fpF -nG8«f]Dof6_ jf :6f]/ cflb 7fpFdf e]6\g ;Sg'x'G5 .
e]6\bf lrg]–hfg] h:tf] ug'{xf];\, cK7\of/f] dfg]h:tf] gug'{xf];\, w]/} c+u|]hL ga'em]÷
gaf]n] klg …x]nf]Ú eGg'xf];\ .
126 Cultural Adjustment and Integration

Meeting Neighbors
Learning about American behaviors and values and coping with them
is part of cultural adjustment. One way to begin to understand Americans
and American culture is to meet native-born Americans. You may have
American neighbors. You may meet them at the door to your apartment
building, at a laundromat, or store. Be friendly and say “Hello” even if you
do not understand much more English.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c;n l5d]sL aGg'xf];\
ckf6{d]G6df a:g] clwsf+z dflg;x? /ftL bz jf P3f/ ah];Dddf ;'T5g\ . /ftL
!) ah]b]lv laxfg * ah];Dd 5/l5d]sLnfO{ afwf k'Ug] ultljlw /f]Sg'xf];\, h:t} M
gfgLx?nfO{ xNnf ug{ glbg'xf];\, ;fgf] :j/df s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\, afhf gahfpg'xf];\
jf ;fgf] kfg'{xf];\ . 5/l5d]sL;Fu s]xL c;xdltx? eP, xn ug{] sf]lzz ug'{xf];\ .
cf©"n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lSbFg h:tf] nfU5 eg] 3/a]6L;Fu d2t lng'xf];\ .
Being a Good Neighbor
Most people living in apartments go to sleep around 10 p.m. or 11 p.m.
Please keep children quiet, keep conversations at a low level, and do not
play music or make noise that neighbors can hear between 10 p.m. and 8
a.m. If you have disagreements with your neighbors, try to resolve them
together. If you cannot, ask your landlord to help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dosf] Vofn ug'{
cd]l/sfdf ;dolgi7 x'g' lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . :s"n, sfd, 8fS6/;Fu k/LIf0f
ug{, uf8L l;Sg, k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu tf]lsPsf] a}7s jf ;fyLefOnfO{
e]63f6df hfFbf ;dodf k'Ug'k5{ . tkfO{+ k"j{lgwf{l/t ;dodf !) ldg]6eGbf l9nf]
x'g] x'g'eof] eg] ©f]g u/]/ cf©" l9nf] x'g] atfpg' k5{ / Ifdf dfUg' k5{ . 8fS6/n]
hfFRg] ;dodf l9nf k'Ug'eof] eg] pxfFn] tkfO{+nfO{ ghfFRg ;Sg'x'G5 / ghfFr] klg
hfFr]jfkt ltg'{kg{] z'Ns eg] lng ;Sg'x'G5 .
Being on Time
In America, it is always important to be on time for everything: for
school, for work, for doctors’ appointments, for driving tests, for sched-
uled meetings with staff of your resettlement agency, for meeting friends.
If you are ever going to be more than 10 minutes late for an appointment,
it is important to telephone and let the person know that you will be late
and apologize. If you are late for a doctor’s appointment, the doctor may
not see you but still may charge you a fee.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 127

uf]kgLotf
cd]l/sLx? JolStut uf]kgLotfnfO{ dxÎj lbG5g\ . dflg;x? c?sf] 3/df
lgDtf] gkfO, ©f]g gu/L, jf To:tf] s]xL aGbf]a:t gu/L lj/n} hfG5g\ . cd]l/sLx?n]
tkfO{+nfO{ klxnf]k6s pgLx?sf 3/df af]nfPsf a]nf tkfO{+n] s'g} sf]7fsf] 9f]sf
aGb ePsf] kfpg' x'G5 / leq sf]xL a;]sf klg x'g;S5g\ . 3/sf ;a}hgf aflx/
gcfpg ;S5g\ . of] pgLx?sf] JolStut OR5f xf] . kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o cfˆgf
sf]7fdf uf]Ko /xg rfxG5g\ .
Privacy
Americans value their privacy. People usually do not visit the homes
of other people unless they have been invited, have telephoned, or have
made arrangements ahead of time. When an American invites you to her
home for the first time, you may find that some inside doors are closed.
This may be because some family members want to remain private in their
own rooms.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cgf}krfl/stf / gfdx¿
cd]l/sLx? w]/} cgf}krfl/s x'g vf]H5g\ . Psk6s kl/ro ePkl5 pgLx?
s'/fsfgL ubf{ jf af]nfpFbf k|foM klxnf] gfd k|of]u u5{g\ . 8fS6/ jf lzIfs–
lzlIfsf h:tf Jofj;flos dfG5]x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ pko'St bhf{df y/ /fVg'k5{ .
h:t}M lzIfssf nflu …ld:6/ hf]G;Ú pko'St x'G5 eg] lzlIfsfsf nflu …ld; hf]G;Ú
;xL x'G5 . t/ dlxnf jf k'?if h] eP klg …8f= hf]G;Ú 7Ls x'G5 . To;}u/L w]/}
cd]l/sLx? gfdsf] 5f]6f] ?k -pkgfd_ k|of]u u5{g\ . ;'?df o:tf pkgfdn] cndn
kf5{g\ . Pshgf nf]Ug]dfG5]sf] gfd …/a6{Ú x'G5, p;n] kl/ro lbFbf cfˆgf] gfd
…aaÚ atfpF5g\ . To:t} Pshgf dlxnf jf o'jtLsf] gfd …Plnhfj]yÚ x'G5, pgn]
kl/ro lbFbf cfˆgf] gfd …a]§LÚ atfpFl5g\ . o:tf cgf}krfl/s pkgfdx? af]nL–
rfnLdf dfq k|of]u ul/G5g\ / cf}krfl/s sfuhkqdf n]Vg'kbf{ jf x:tfIf/ ug'{kbf{
k"/f gfd n]lvG5g\ . oxfF lbPsfafx]s o:tf pkgfdsf c? w]/} ckjfb 5g\ .
Informality and Names
Americans tend to be very informal. Once they are introduced, they
mostly use first names when speaking with each other. Use family names
with an appropriate title when, for example, when speaking to a profes-
sional such as a doctor or a teacher. “Mr. Jones” would be an appropriate
way to address a male teacher, “Ms. Jones” would be appropriate for a
female teacher. And “Dr. Jones” would be appropriate for either a male
or female doctor. Many American names also have short versions called
“nicknames.” This may be confusing at first. But a man with the first name
“Robert” may introduce himself by his nickname “Bob” and a woman
128 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
with the first name “Elizabeth” may introduce herself as “Betty.” You may
find that informal nicknames are usually used in conversation and more
formal, full names are used in written lists and signing papers. There are
exceptions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f]Wg gx'g] s]xL k|Zgx¿
cd]l/sLx? cfˆgf s]xL lghL ljifox? uf]Ko /fV5g\ . cfˆgf Psbd glhs}sf
;fyLx?afx]s c? s;}nfO{ tkfO{+n] To:tf ljifo;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg jf 5n©n ug{
vf]Hg'eof] eg] s]xL cd]l/sLx? l/;fpg ;S5g\ . s'/fsfgL ubf{ o:tf ljifo 5Ng]
sf]lzz ug{'xf];\ M slt jif{sf] x'g'eof] < slt k};f sdfpg'x'G5 jf tna slt 5 <
tkfO{+ s'g wd{ dfGg'x'G5 < tkfO{+ lsg olt df]6fpg' ePsf] 5 < s] tkfO{+;Fu k|z:t
k};f 5 < 3/ lsGbf slt k};f xfNg'eof] < cflb .
Some Questions Not to Ask
There are some subjects that Americans keep very private. If you ask
questions or try to discuss these subjects, some Americans will be offend-
ed, especially if you are not very, very close friends. Try to avoid these
subjects when talking: How old are you? How much money do you make
at your work? What is your religion? Why are you so fat? Do you have a
lot of money? How much did you pay for your house?
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
b'O{ JolStaLrsf] b"/L
sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf ;xsdL{, 5/l5d]sL;Fu / ;fj{hlgs :yndf vf; u/L w]/}h;f]
cd]l/sL csf]{ JolSt;Fu s'/f ubf{ # jf $ l©6 6f9f pleg rfxG5g\ . olt 6f9f
pleP/ s'/f ubf{ pgLx?n] ;'lj:tf 7fG5g\ . cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o / 3lgi7 ldq
eg] lgs} glhs pleg ;S5g\ . cd]l/sL;Fu s'/f ubf{ glhs hfg sf]lzz ug'{eof]
eg] pgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ ldrfxf 7fG5g\ / kl5 x6\5g\ . o:tf] afgLk|lt ;r]t x'g]
k|of; ug'{xf];\ . s;};Fu s'/fsfgL ul//xFbf pxfF yf]/} k5f8L x6\g'eof] eg] tkfO{+
pxfFlt/ g;g'{xf];\ . To;a]nf pxfFn] aLrsf] vfnL 7fpF 36fpg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] .
a;, /]n, xjfO{hxfh / Plne]6/ -cf©}F dfly–tn ug]{ e¥ofª_ df dflg;x?
c?;Fu glhs geO 6f9} pleg] jf a:g] sf]lzz u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu a;df
r9]kl5 w]/} vfnL l;6x? x'Fbfx'Fb} Tof] 5f8]/ s'g} ckl/lrt JolStsf] 5]pdf uP/
a:g'eof] eg] pgnfO{ cK7\of/f] dx;'; x'g ;S5, pgL ToxfFaf6 p7]/ csf]{ l;6 uP/
a:g ;S5g\ .
Personal Space
Most Americans tend to stand about 3 or 4 feet apart when they are
talking to another person, especially with colleagues at work, neighbors,
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 129

and in public places. This distance makes them feel comfortable. They
may stand closer together if they are members of the same family or are
very close friends. If you try to get too close to an American during a
conversation, he or she will feel that you are being aggressive and will try
to back away. Try to be aware of this, so if the person to whom you are
speaking backs away a little, do not try to close the gap.
In buses, trains, airplanes, and elevators, people will try to stand or sit
in locations where they will not be too close to others. For example, if you
take a seat right next to a stranger when there are many other empty seats
on a bus, the stranger may feel uncomfortable and get up and take another
seat.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/L/sf] efiff
dflg;x? cfk;df ;+jfb ubf{ c+usf] k|of]usf ;fy} af]nLaf6 u5{g\ . hLpsf]
rfnaf6 k|s6 ul/g] ;+jfb klg efiff h:t} cfˆg} ;+:s[ltaf6 l;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu w]/}h;f] cd]l/sL …xf]OgÚ eGg pgLx? cfˆgf] 6fpsf] bfofF–afofF u5{g\ / …xf]Ú
eGg pgLx? 6fpsf] tn–dfly u5{g\ . ptf g]kfnLx? eg] …xf]Ú eGg 6fpsf] o:;f]
Psflt/ 3'dfpF5g\ . cd]l/sLx? cfFvfdf cfFvf h'wfP/ s'/f ug{ dg k/fpF5g\ . c?
;+:s[ltaf6 cfPsf dflg; cfFvf–cfFvf h'wfP/ s'/f ub}{gg\, To;df klg vf;u/L
dlxnf / k'?if s'/f ubf{ . s'/f ubf{ cf©"n] cGoq x]l/of] eg] 5Ng vf]h]sf] ;+s]tsf
?kdf lnOG5 . cd]l/sLx? e]6 x'Fbf xft ldnfP/ clejfbg u5{g\ . tkfO{+n] o:tf]
a]nfdf xft ldnfpg' ePg eg] cd]l/sL ;xsdL{ jf xflsd -k|aGws_ n] cgfb/ ug]{
afgL /x]5 eGg] 7fG5g\ . gofF /xg;xgsf dflg;n] s;f] u5{g\ Wofg lbP/ x]g'{ /
s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ hfGg' g} z/L/sf] ;+jfb l;Sg] ;aeGbf ultnf] tl/sf xf] .
Body Language
People communicate by using their bodies as well as by speaking. Most
body movements are a learned part of a culture, just like a language. For
example, most Americans typically signal “no” by moving their head left
and right but signal “yes” by nodding their head up and down. Nepalis,
however, might signal “yes” by tilting their head to one side. Americans
like to make eye contact when talking with each other. People from other
cultures, may avoid eye contact, especially between men and women. If
you look away, it may be taken as a sign of evasiveness. Americans shake
hands when greeting each other. If you do not shake hands at the appropri-
ate time an American worker or manager may view this as lack of respect.
An important way to learn appropriate body language in this new culture
is to observe people closely and see how they behave.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
130 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
kl/jf/df abln“bf] e"ldsf
cd]l/sf cfpFbf / oxfFsf] gofF /xg;xg tyf efiff l;Sbf o;n] cfdf–a'af,
xh'/cfdf–xh'/a'af, slnnf] pd]/sf s]6fs]6L / ;fgf] pd]/sf gfgLx?nfO{ ©/s
tl/sfn] k|efj kf5{ . o;n] Ps csf{l;tsf] ;DaGwx?df klg k|efj kf5{ . o;n]
cK7\of/f] kl/l:ylt klg Nofpg ;Sg] eP klg of] ;fdfGo kIf xf] .
Changing Roles in the Family
Moving to America and its new culture and new language will affect
mothers, fathers, grandparents, teenagers, and young children differently.
It can also affect their relationships with each other. This is all normal, but
it can cause difficulties.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k'?if / dlxnf
cd]l/sfdf >Ldfg\ / >LdtL b'j}n] sfd u5{g\ eGg] cfzf ul/G5 . >LdtLn] klxnf
hflu/ kfOFg eg] cf©"n] hflu/ gkfpGh]n >Ldfgn] afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/ u5{g\ .
>Ldfg\ / >LdtL b'j} sfd u5{g\ eg] aRrf x]g]{ lhDd]jf/L afF8\5g\ . slxn]sfxLF
>LdtLn] >Ldfg\sf] eGbf a9L sdfpFl5g\ . cfˆgf] b]zdf /xFbf kl/jf/sf] lzif{ :yfgdf
/x]sf k'?ifn] g]t[Tj u'dfPsf] cg'e"lt u5{g\ / pgLx?nfO{ gofF 7fpFsf] hLjgz}nLdf
ldNg sl7gfO x'g ;S5 .
Men and Women
Men and women are both expected to work in America. If the wife
finds a job first, the husband may care for children at home until he also
finds a job. When they are both working they will need to share child care
responsibilities. Sometimes the wife will earn more money than the hus-
band. Men who are comfortable in the traditional role as sole leaders of
their families may find it difficult to adjust to their changed role.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"n hfg] pd]/sf gfgLx¿
:s"n hfg] pd]/sf gfgLx?n] k|foMh;f] cfˆgf cfdf–a'af / xh'/a'af–
xh'/cfdfeGbf rfF8f] c+u|]hL l;S5g\ . cleefjsn] cfˆgf gfgLx?af6 bf]efif]sf
?kdf ;xof]u lng ;S5g\ . gfgLx?n] 6]ln©f]gdf hjf© ©sf{pg], 8fS6/;Fu hfFRg]
;do ldnfOlbg], lr7L–kqx? kl9lbg], l5d]sL jf 3/a]6L;Fu s'/f ul/lbg] u5{g\ .
To;}n] z/0ffyL{sf gfgLx?n] ToxL pd]/sf cd]l/sL gfgLx?eGbf cfˆgf cleefjssf]
lhDd]jf/Lx? a9L lng ;S5g\ .
School Age Children
School age children will often learn English faster that their parents
and grandparents. Parents may ask their children to act as interpreters, to
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 131

answer the telephone, to make appointments with doctors, to read the mail,
to talk with neighbors or landlords. Refugee children, therefore, may take
on more adult responsibilities than American children of the same age.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lszf]/–lszf]/L
vf;u/L slnnf] pd]/ -!# b]lv !( jif{_ sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ cd]l/sfdf k'gjf{;
ubf{ lgs} cK7\of/f] x'G5 . pgLx?sf] w]/} 306f :s"ndf laT5, hxfF pgLx?n]
cfˆgf cd]l/sL lszf]/–lszf]/Lsf njfO–vjfO / cfgLafgL x]5{g\, clg ;lhn}
To;sf] l;sf] ug{ ;'? u5{g\ . ptf 3/df pgLx?n] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nL g}
ckgfpF5g\ eGg] ;f]lrG5, ls t n'uf xf];\, vfg]s'/f xf];\ of Jojxf/ xf];\ . s]xL
cleefjsn] pgLx?sf] gofF hLjgz}nL ckgfPsf]df cfklQ hgfpF5g\ / o;n] 3/–
snx Nofpg ;S5 . of] pd]/sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ b'O{ ©/s–©/s ;f+:s[lts rfnrng
ckgfpFbf ePsf] tgfj cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{ JoQm ug{ ;S5f}+ h:tf] nfUb}g . s]6f–
s]6LaLrsf] ldqtf / pgLx? b'j} ;Fu} x'Fbfsf] Jojxf/n] tgfjk"0f{ cj:yf NofpF5 .
Teenagers
Resettlement in America can be especially difficult for teenagers. They
spend many hours in school where they observe closely the clothing, food,
and behavior of American teenagers and they begin quickly to adopt simi-
lar clothing and behavior. At the same time, in their home they are ex-
pected to maintain the traditional way of life, including clothing, food, and
behavior. Some parents may object to the assimilation changes they see in
their teenagers and family conflict may result. Teenagers may not feel they
can communicate the stress of being part of two different cultures with
their parents. This may be especially true regarding relationships between
boys and girls and their behavior together.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdf
kfsf] pd]/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ c+u|]hL l;Sg ;aeGbf cK7\of/f] x'G5 . To;}n] hflu/
kfpg yk ufx|f] x'G5 . pgLx?n] kl/jf/sf tGg]/L ;b:ox?sf] cfDbfgLdf e/kg'{
kg{] x'G5 . ;a}sf] a]nf cfpF5 / hfG5 . a"9f ePsf ;b:ox?sf] a]nf lyof] . tGg]/L
;b:ox?sf] a]nf cfPsf] x'G5 . clxn] a"9fkfsf ePsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? klxn]
hf] kl/jf/sf nflu 1fg / cg'ejsf] ;|f]t lyP, clxn] Tof] :yfg u'd]sf] dx;';
ug{ ;S5g\ . gofF /xg;xgdf ;fy{s sfd jf ljlzi6 e"ldsfsf] cefj / g]kfnL
efiffdf dfq s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdfx?n] cf©"nfO{ PSnf]
7fGg ;Sg'x'G5 . o;n] pxfFx?nfO{ lg/fz agfpg ;S5 / cfˆg} k'/fgf] /xg;xgdf
©s{g] OR5f hfu]/ cfpg ;S5 .
132 Cultural Adjustment and Integration

Grandparents
Older adults often have the most difficulty learning English. For that
reason they may have greater difficulty in obtaining jobs. They may re-
main dependent on the income of younger members of their families. The
elderly may feel that they have lost their status as the source of knowledge
and experience in their families. Without meaningful work or specific role
in the new culture and with the limitation of being able to communicate
only in Nepali, the elderly may feel isolated. This can lead to depression
and a strong desire to return to their old culture.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PsLs/0f
;dfof]hgkl5 PsLs/0f x'G5 . gofF 7fpF tkfO{+sf nflu s]xL cg's"n ePkl5
tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:o cd]l/sL ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g yfNg'x'G5 . gofF 7fpFdf
Ps jif{ latfPkl5 Tof] 7fpFsf] df};d, Ct'x?, cd]l/sfsf ;fj{hlgs labfx?sf] qmd,
cf©"nfO{ dgkg{] 6]lnlehg sfo{qmdx?, v]ns"b, g]kfnL / e"6fgL vfBfGg vl/b ug]{
/fd|f :6f]/x?af/] yfxf x'G5 . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] sfd / l5d]sdf gofF cd]l/sL ;fyLx?
agfpg'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?;Fu} :s"ndf k9\g] cd]l/sL ;fyLx?n]
cfˆgf] hGdlbgsf] kf6L{df af]nfpg ;S5g\ / tkfO{+n] klg cd]l/sL ;fyLx?nfO{
cfˆgf] aRrfsf] hGdlbgsf] kf6L{df af]nfpg yfNg'x'G5 . cfpg] jif{x?df c+u|]hL
af]Ng] / a'ˇg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} cd]l/sfdf ;©n x'g rflxg] 1fg / cfgL–
afgLaf/] a'em]kl5 tkfO{+nfO{ cem ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;kl5 cd]l/sL /xg;xgdf s;/L
;fd]n x'g] / cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt s;/L arfO/fVg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . Pp6f
;fwf/0f t/ dxÎjk"0f{ pbfx/0f sfF6f, rDrf / :ofFuL k|of]u u/]/ cd]l/sL tl/sfn]
vfgf vfg] ls cfˆgf] ;dfhdf rn]sf] tl/sf– xftn] vfg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'–
x'G5 . k|To]s JolSt jf kl/jf/n] o:tf] 5gf}6 cf©}F ug]{ xf] . b]vfl;sL ug'{ kb}{g .
Integration
Integration follows adjustment. After your initial adjustment to your
new home, you and your family members will begin to integrate into
American society. After your first year in your new home, you will be
familiar with the weather, the seasons, the sequence of American holidays,
television programs you enjoy, sports, best places to shop for traditional
Nepali and Bhutanese foods. You will have made new American friends
at work and in your neighborhood. Your children may be invited to birth-
day parties of American school friends and you may invite their Ameri-
can friends to celebrate your child’s birthday. The following years will be
easier as you will have gained the ability to speak and understand English,
and you will have the knowledge and understand the behaviors necessary
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 133

to live successfully in America. You will make choices about what parts of
American culture to adopt and what parts of your traditional culture you
will maintain. As a very simple but specific example of a cultural choice,
you will decide between eating meals in the traditional manner with your
hand or eating in the American manner with fork, spoon, and knife. Each
person and each family will be making these choices for themselves.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f
k/Dk/fut vfgfx?, ;ª\uLt, wfld{s ;+:sf/x?, /fli6«o rf8kj{x?, kf]zfs, g[To
/ efiff tkfO{+n] cf©";Fu} NofPsf k/Dk/fut e"6fgL÷g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf afXo c+zx?
x'g\ . ha tkfO{+n] cf©"nfO{ cd]l/sL ;+:s[ltcg's"n agfpg'x'G5, To;} a]nf cfˆgf
gfgLx? / cfpFbf] k':tfsf nflu cfˆgf] /xg;xgsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{] ljifodf
;f]Rg'k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm tkfO{+n] cd]l/sLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf kl/lrt
u/fpg d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Protecting Cultural Heritage
Traditional foods, music, religious rites, national festivals, clothing,
dance, and language are all outward parts of the traditional Bhutanese/
Nepali culture you have brought with you. While you adapt to American
culture, you should consider how you can help preserve and protect your
traditions for your children and for future generations. In addition, you can
help introduce Americans to much of your cultural heritage.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿df ;xeflutf
g]kfnsf z/0ffyL{ lzlj/x?df a:b} cfPsf e"6fgLx?nfO{ cd]l/sfn] s]xL jif{cl3
Nofpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;g\ @))* df oxfF cfPsf kl/jf/x?n] cd]l/sfdf s]xL jif{
latfO;Sg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx?n] cf©" k'g:yf{lkt zx/ / /fHodf s]xL cg'ej
;Dxfln;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ;'?df cfPsf cfk|jf;Ln] w]/} zx/df e"6fgLx?sf] ;fd'bflos
;+:yf :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] 5 . To:tf ;+:yfx?n] ev{/ cfPsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ gofF
kl/l:yltcg's"n x'g d2t u5{g\ . o:tf ;+:yfn] ;+f:s[lts sfo{qmd / ljz]if kj{x?,
h:t} M b;}+, ltxf/, k/Dk/fut gofF jif{ j}zfv !, cflbdf pT;j cfof]hgf u5{g\ .
o:tf ultljlwn] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltsf] dxÎjk"0f{ kf6f]nfO{ sfod /fVg d2t u5{ .
cf©" a:g] ;d'bfodf e"6fgL ;+:yf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ / yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu sf];Fu
;Dks{ ug'{k5{ eg]/ k'gjf{; ;+:yfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . :jo+;]jsn] :yfgLo ;+:yfx?nfO{
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd tof/ kfg{ d2t ug'{k5{ .
Participate in Community Organizations
America has been accepting Bhutanese refugees from the camps in Ne-
pal for only a few years. Those who arrived in 2008 have now lived here
134 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
for some years. They have much experience living in the city and state in
which they were resettled. In many cities, the earliest immigrants created
a Bhutanese community organization. These organizations often help the
newest arrivals adapt to their new lives. They also help organize culture
shows, and celebrations of holidays like Dashain, Tihar, and Baisakh 1, the
traditional New Year. These activities help maintain important parts of the
traditional culture. Ask your resettlement agency about whether there is a
Bhutanese organization in your community and who you should contact
to learn more about it. Volunteer to help your local organization prepare
cultural activities.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
g]kfnL efiffsf] k9fO–n]vfO
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox? c+u|]hL l;ls/x] klg 3/df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ;w}F
g]kfnL af]nL/x] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ afnaflnsf b'O{ efiff l;Sb} x's{G5g\ . cd]l/sfdf
g]kfnL k9\g] / n]Vg] df}sf lj/n} ldN5 . cd]l/sfdf afnaflnsf x's{b} hfFbf df}lns
;+:s[ltdWo] rfF8f] nf]k x'g] Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{ c+z …cfˆgf] efiffdf k9\g] / n]Vg] Ifdtf
nf]k x'gÚ' xf] . To;}n] kl/jf/sf jo:s ;b:ox?df cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL
efiffdf ;fIf/ agfpg] c7f]6 5 eg] efiff l;sfpgsf nflu s'g} Pp6f sfo{qmdsf]
of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .
Reading and Writing in Nepali Language
Even as each family member is learning English, families will continue
to speak Nepali at home. This will ensure that children will grow up bilin-
gual. In America, however, there are few opportunities to read Nepali and
even fewer to write Nepali. One component of culture that can be lost very
quickly as children grow up in America is the ability to read and write in
their native language. Adults should consider whether they believe it is
important to transmit literacy in Nepali to their children and, if they do,
plan a means to do so.

m m m
 135

cWofo !@ : clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g

Chapter 12 : Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws

cd]l/sfsf] sfg'g–Joj:yf
cd]l/sfsf] sfg'g–Joj:yfsf s]xL dxÎjk"0f{ tYox? oxfF 5g\ M
• sfg'g To:tf] lgod xf], hf] ;a}n] kfngf ug}{k5{ . cd]l/sfdf /fli6«o -;+3Lo_,
/fHo / :yfgLo :t/sf sfg'gx? x'G5g\ .
• k|x/Lsf] sfd /Iff / ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . pgLx?n] sfg'g sfof{Gjog -nfu'_
u5{g\ .
• cbfntn] sfg'gsf] JofVof u5{ / sf]xL bf]ifL jf lgbf{]if ePsf] ©};nf u5{ .
oxfF cWofudg cbfnt, kl/jf/ cbfnt / 6«fl©s cbfnt;lxt ljleGg k|sf/sf
cbfntx? x'G5g\ .
oxfFsf] sfg'g–Joj:yf a'‰g'eof] eg] o;n] tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ ;'/lIft /xg
d2t u5{ / sfg'gL–emd]nfx? kb}{gg\ .
Legal System in the United States
Here are a few important facts about the legal system in the United
States:
• Laws are rules everyone must follow. There are national, state, and lo-
cal laws.
• Police protect and help people and enforce laws.
• Courts interpret laws and decide if people are innocent or guilty.
There are different types of courts, including immigration court, family
court, and traffic court.
Understanding the legal system will help keep you and your family
safe and out of trouble.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf clwsf/
cd]l/sfsf] Ps sfg'gL afl;Gbfsf lgDg clwsf/x? x'G5g\ M
• dgdf nfu]sf s'/f eGg kfpg] -jfs :jtGqtf_ .
• cfˆgf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] -wfld{s :jtGqtf_ .
• /+u, wd{ jf hft h] eP klg ;dfg Jojxf/ kfpg] .
• k'hf{lagf tkfO{+sf ;/;fdfgsf] vfgtnf;L ug{ vf]h]df c:jLsf/ ug{ kfpg] .
• k|x/L jf cWofudg clwsf/Ln] s]xL ;f]w]df r'k /xg kfpg] .
• d'n'ssf s'g} :yfgdf klg a:g / sfd ug{ kfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs :s"n jf sn]hdf k9\g kfpg] .
• 3/ / af6f]df lx+;faf6 ;'/lIft /xg kfpg] .
136 Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws

• cbfntn] bf]ifL k|dfl0ft gu?Gh]n lgbf]{ifsf ?kdf dfGotf kfpg] .

• cfˆgf] ;DklQ /fVg kfpg] .
• sfg'gL ?kdf of]Uo ePkl5 :yfoL afl;Gbf -lu|g–sf8{_ / gful/stfsf nflu
cfj]bg lbg kfpg] .
Your Rights
As a legal resident in the United States, you have the right to:
• Speak freely.
• Practice your religion.
• Be treated equally regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background.
• Refuse to allow someone to search through your belongings without a
warrant.
• Remain silent when questioned by police or immigration authorities.
• Live and work anywhere in the country.
• Attend public schools and colleges.
• Be safe from violence in your home and on the streets.
• Be considered innocent of any crime until proven guilty in a court.
• Own property.
• Apply for permanent residency (green card) and citizenship when you
are eligible.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf lhDd]jf/L
tkfO{+sf tn pNn]v ul/Pnufot s]xL lhDd]jf/Lx? klg x'G5g\ M
• sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{xf];\ . slxn]sfxLF yfxf gkfO{ sfg'g ldRg'eof] eg] klg
tkfO{+n] ;hfosf] efuLbf/ x'g'kg]{ x'g;S5 .
• ;+3Lo -/fli6«o_, /fHo :t/ / :yfgLo :t/sf s/x? ltg'{xf];\ .
• gofF 7fpFdf a:g yfn]sf] bz lbgleq ;/sf/nfO{ …7]ufgf ©]l/Psf]Ú hfgsf/L
lbg'k5{ . of] hfgsf/L lbg …Pcf/ – !!Ú gfdsf] ©f/d eg'{xf]; / …o'P;
l;l6hgl;k PG8 Oldu|];g ;le{;]hÚ sfof{nodf k7fpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{+ !* jif{b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf] k'?if x'g'x'G5 eg] cfˆgf] gfd …;]n]lS6e
;le{;Ú gfds sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg'xf];\ .
Your Responsibilities
You also have responsibilities to do certain things, including:
• Obey all laws. You can be punished if you break a law, even when you
did not know about it.
• Pay federal, state, and local taxes.
• Fill out an AR-11 form and send to US Citizenship and Immigration
Services within 10 days every time you move to a new address.
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 137

• Register for Selective Service if you are a male between 18 and 25

years old.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lx+;fTds ck/fw
cfˆgf] >Ldfg÷>LdtL, afnaRrf, ;fyLefO jf ckl/lrt JolSt s;}nfO{
zf/Ll/s ?kdf 3fOt] agfpg' ck/fw xf] . lx+;fTds ck/fwsf] ;hfo kqmfp / y'gf
x'g;S5 .
Violent Crime
It is a crime to physically hurt someone, including a spouse, children,
friends, or strangers. Acts of violence may result in arrest and imprison-
ment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
rfns;DaGwL sfg'g
rfns;DaGwL lgod /fHolkR5] ©/s x'g ;S5g\ . uf8L rnfpg tkfO{+sf] pd]/
k'u]sf] 5 / uf8L rnfpg rfxg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+n] cf©" a:g] /fHosf] df]6/–jfxg
ljefu -l8kf6{d]G6 c© df]6/ leSn, l8PdeL_ df hfg'k5{ / cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_
kfpg cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . nfO;]G; kfpg'cl3 d'Vo tLg k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g'k5{, tL
x'g\ – tkfO{+sf] cfFvfsf] Ifdtf hfFRg] k/LIff, Jofjxfl/s ;8s k/LIff -;8sdf uf8L
rnfpg ;Sg]÷g;Sg] eGg] Ifdtf;DaGwL k/LIff_ / /fHosf] uf8L rnfpg] lgod–
sfg'gsf] k/LIff .
cd]l/sfdf uf8L rnfpg]n] a'‰g'kg]{ s]xL dxÎjk"0f{ tYox? oxfF 5g\ M
• rfns cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ lagf uf8L rnfpg' u}/sfg'gL xf] .
• /S;L jf cGo nfu'kbfy{ vfP/ uf8L rnfpg' u}/sfg'gL xf] .
• ;fgf gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf nflu agfOPsf ljz]if k|sf/sf l;6df /fv]/ dfq
uf8Ldf lnP/ lxF8\g'k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHox?df rfns / ofq' ;a}n] l;6–a]N6 nufPsf] x'g'k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHox?df uf8L rnfpg] cg'dlt–kq kfpg !^ jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ eg]
s]xL /fHodf ;f9] rf}w, kGw| jf ;q jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHox?df uf8L xfFSbf ©f]gdf s'/f ug{ jf df]afOnaf6 6]S:6 Dof;]h
-;Gb]z_ k7fpg'nfO{ u}/sfg'gL dflgG5 .
lgod pNn3+g ubf{ hl/jfgf ltg'{kg{], y'gfdf kg'{kg{] x'g;S5 jf cf©" jf c?nfO{
rf]6k6s nfUg ;S5 .
Driving Laws
Driving laws can differ in each state. If you are an adult and want to
drive a car, you must go to an office of your state’s Department of Motor
Vehicles (DMV) and apply for a driver’s license. You will have to pass a
138 Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws

vision test, a test about your state’s driving laws, and a practical road test.
Here are a few important facts about driving in the United States:
• It is illegal to drive without a driver’s license.
• It is illegal to drive while under the influence of alcohol or other
drugs.
• Young children must be in a special child car seat while riding in a
car.
• In most states, the driver and passengers must wear seat belts.
• In most states 16 year olds are able to obtain a license; in other states it
may be 14½ , 15, or 17.
• In many states, it is illegal to talk or text on a phone while driving.
Breaking driving laws could result in paying a fine, going to jail, or
causing injury to yourself or others.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
of}g–;DaGw;DaGwL sfg'g
w]/}h;f] /fHodf k};f lt/]/ jf dGh'/ eP/} klg c7f/ jif{d'lgsf JolSt;Fu
of}g–;DaGw /fVg' u}/sfg'gL x'G5 . cfˆgf] sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf of}g–;DaGw;DaGwL
l6sf–l6Kk0fL, cg'/f]w / ultljlw ug'{ klg u}/sfg'gL dflgG5 . o:tf sfo{nfO{
of}g–pTkL8g u/]sf] elgG5 / o;}sf sf/0f tkfO{+sf] hflu/ hfg ;S5 .
Laws Related to Sex
It is illegal in most states to pay someone for sex and for adults to have
sex with someone less than eighteen years old, even if the child agrees. In
the work place, it is illegal to make offensive comments, requests, or ac-
tions relating to sex. This is called sexual harassment and you could lose
your job.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/]n'–lx+;f
cd]l/sfdf 3/]n'–lx+;f Ps k|sf/sf] ck/fw xf] . ;a}sf] lx+;f/lxt hLjg lhpg]
clwsf/ x'G5 . 3/]n'–lx+;f eg]sf] >Ldfg–>LdtL, k|]dL–k|]ldsf / kl/jf/sf] jo:s
;b:ox?aLr x'g] ceb| Jojxf/ xf] . x'g t kl/jf/df >Ldfg of >LdtL b'j}hgf
3/]n'–lx+;faf6 kLl8t x'G5g\, t/ *% k|ltzt dlxnf o:tf] Jojxf/af6 kLl8t ePsf]
kfOG5 .
Domestic Violence
In the United States, domestic violence is a crime. Everyone has the
right to live a life free of violence. Domestic violence is abusive behavior
between a husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, one adult family
member against another. While both men and women can be victims of
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 139

domestic violence, eighty-five percent of domestic violence victims are

women.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
b'Jo{jxf/sf k|sf/
3/]n'–lx+;f eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, of}g, efjgfTds jf cfly{s b'Jo{jxf/x? x'g\ .
zf/Ll/s b'Jo{jxf/sf pbfx/0fx? M s;}nfO{ ws]Ng', ;dfTg', lxsf{pg', r8\sfpg', nft
xfGg', / lkN;fpg'÷kf]Ng' x'g\ . of}g b'Jo{jxf/ eg]sf] ljjflxt >Ldfg jf >LdtLnufot
s;}sf] OR5fljk/Lt of}g–;DaGwsf nflu anh©tL ug'{ xf] . efjgfTds b'Jo{jxf/–
sf pbfx/0fx? M gfd lauf/]/ af]nfpg', x]nf ug'{, ;tfpg] lgotn] s;};Fu ;Dks{
ug'{ jf s;}nfO{ k5\ofpg', cf©Gtaf6 s;}nfO{ 5'6fP/ n}hfg', wDSofpg', t;f{pg',
s;}nfO{ c+u|]hL–sIff lng glbg', c?sf] ©f]g ;'Gg' jf c?sf] Od]n x]g'{ cflb
x'g\ . cfly{s b'Jo{jxf/sf pbfx/0fx? M s;}nfO{ hflu/ vfg glbg' jf vfPsf] hflu/df
/xg glbg', c?sf] x/lx;fa cf©"n] lgoGq0fdf lng', k};f n'sfOlbg' / ;fyLefO jf
>Ldfg–>LdtLn] sfd u/]jfkt cfPsf] r]s cg'dlt lagf lng' cflb x'g\ .
Types of Abuse
Domestic violence can include physical, sexual, emotional, or econom-
ic abuse. Examples of physical abuse are pushing, grabbing, hitting, slap-
ping, kicking, and burning someone. Sexual abuse is forcing sexual activ-
ity against someone’s will, including between married partners. Examples
of emotional abuse are name-calling, insulting, obsessively contacting or
following someone, keeping someone from their family or friends, making
threats, intimidating another person, not allowing someone to take English
classes, and monitoring another person’s phone calls or mail. Examples of
economic abuse are not allowing someone to get or keep a job, maintain-
ing control over financial resources, hiding money, and taking a partner or
spouse’s paycheck without permission.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
b'Jo{jxf/ x'“bf kfOg] ;xfotf
cd]l/sfdf tkfO{+sf] >Ldfg jf >LdtLn] tkfO{+nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ u/]df ck/fw u/]sf]
7x5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{+sf] ;'/lIft /xg] xs x'G5 . o;sf nflu k|x/LnfO{ ©f]g
ug'{xf];\ . pxfFx? tkfO{+sf] 3/ cfpg'x'G5 . olb tkfO{+ c+u|]hL af]Ng'x'Gg eg] g]kfnL
/ c+u|]hL af]Ng] bf]efif] vf]Hg'xf];\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf bf]efif]sf ?kdf afnaflnsfsf]
k|of]u gug'{xf];\ . k|x/Ln] ©f]gsf dfWodaf6 bf]efif];Fu ;xfotf klg lng
;S5g\ . tkfO{+sf] >Ldfg jf >LdtLn] ck/fw u/]sf] 7x/ eP k|x/Ln] kqmfp ug{ klg
;Sg'x'G5 . kqmfp ubf{ k|x/LnfO{ 36gf–btf{sf sfuhft k"/f ug{ / btf{ gDa/ lbg
cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . 36gf–btf{ ug{] k|x/Lsf] gfd / pxfFsf] Aofh–gDa/ klg lng'xf];\ .
140 Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws

o:tf tYox? lnFbf 36gfaf/] s] s] sfjf{xL eO/x]5 eGg] hfGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
cbfntn] Pp6f cfb]z hf/L u5{, h;nfO{ …;'/Iff cfb]zÚ elgG5 . of] cfb]z tkfO{+
/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ ug{] JolStaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] csf]{ pkfo xf] . o; cfb]z–
df©{t GofofwLzn] b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ JolStnfO{ 3/ 5f8\g / >Ldfg, >LdtL jf ;fy} a:b}
cfPsf] JolSt tyf 5f]/f5f]/Laf6 6f9f a:g cfb]z lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Getting Help from Abuse
If your partner is abusing you, he or she is committing a crime in the
United States. You have the right to be protected. Call the police. They will
come to your home. If you do not speak English, find someone who can in-
terpret for you – but do not use a child. The police can also use an interpreter
who speaks Nepali through a telephone phone service. If the police believe
your partner has committed a crime, they can arrest him. If this happens, ask
the police to complete an incident report and get the report number. Also,
get the name and badge number of the police officer making the report. This
information will help you follow up on the status of the case.
A “protection order” issued by the court is another way to keep you
and your kids safe from an abusive partner. With a “protection order” a
judge can order an abusive person to leave his home and stay away from
his spouse or partner, and children.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
w"d|kfg / /S;L
;a} /fHodf @! jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf JolStn] lao/, jfOg jf cGo s'g}
vfnsf /S;L vl/b ug'{ u}/sfg'gL xf] . tf]lsPsf] :yfg, h:t} M dw'zfnf -af/, /S;L
vfg] 7fpF_ jf rd]gf–u[x -/]i6'/fF_ afx]s ;8s jf ;fj{hlgs :yndf /S;L lkpg'
;fdfGotM u}/sfg'gL xf] . /S;L;DaGwL cGo sfg'g /fHolkR5] ©/s x'g;S5g\ . ;a}–
h;f] /fHodf !* jif{ gk'u]sf JolStn] l;u/]6 jf ;'tL{af6 ag]sf cGo pTkfbg vl/b
ug'{ klg u}/sfg'gL xf] . s]xL /fHon] ;fj{hlgs :ynx? h:t} M rd]gf–u[x, :s"n,
gf6s3/ / cGo :yfgdf w"d|kfg ug{ k|ltaGw nufPsf 5g\ .
Smoking and Alcohol
It is illegal in every state for someone under the age of 21 to purchase
beer, wine or other alcoholic beverages. It is usually illegal to drink alco-
holic beverages on the street or in public places except designated bars or
restaurants. Other laws regarding alcohol may vary by state. It is illegal
in every state for someone under the age of 18 to purchase cigarettes or
other tobacco products. Some states and communities prohibit smoking in
public places, such as restaurants, schools, theaters, and other locations.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 141

;]n]lS6e ;le{;
tkfO{+ !* b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf] k'?if x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] gfd …;]n]lS6e
;le{;Ú df btf{ u/fpg}k5{ . o;/L gfd btf{ ug'{kg]{df z/0ffyL{, :yfoL afl;Gbf /
gful/s k5{g\ . cd]l/sf cfpg]lalQs} jf !* cf}+ hGdlbg dgfPsf] #) lbgleq o;
;]jfdf cfˆgf] gfd btf{ u/fpg'k5{ . …;]n]lS6e ;le{;Ú Pp6f ;/sf/L lgsfo xf] .
vfFrf] k/]sf a]nf ;/sf/n] o; ;]jfdf btf{ ePsf o'jfnfO{ cd]l/sf ;]gfdf sfd ug{
af]nfpF5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;]gfsf ;a} ;b:o :jo+;]js x'g\ / etL{ x'g clgjfo{
5}g . o; ;]jfdf gfd btf{ u/fpg x'nfs sfof{no hfg ;lsG5 jf OG6/g]6sf]
dfWodaf6 klg ug{ ;lsG5 . tkfO{+n] o; ;]jfdf cfˆgf] gfd btf{ ug{ r'Sg'eof] eg]
tkfO{+ cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfpgaf6 alGrt x'g ;Sg'x'G5 .
Selective Service
If you are a man ages 18 through 25 and living in the U.S., then you
must register with the Selective Service System. This includes refugees,
permanent residents, and citizens. Registration must be done by men soon
after arriving in the US or within 30 days after a boy has his 18th birthday.
Selective Service is the government agency that can call people to serve
in the U.S. military if necessary. Presently, all members of the military are
volunteers and no one is required to serve. Registration can be done at any
post office or on the Internet. If you fail to register you may not be able to
become an American citizen.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfos/
kl/jf/sf] sf]xL ;b:on] sfd u/]/ jf cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 k};f sdfof] eg] jif{sf
cGTodf tkfO{+n] cfos/ ltg'{k5{ . o;sf nflu cd]l/sL cfGtl/s /fh:j ;]jf -o'P;
OG6/gn /]e]Go' ;le{;, cfOcf/P;_ gfds sfof{nodf cfos/–l©tf{ -OGsd 6\ofS;
l/6g{_ sf nflu !)$) ˚f/d e/]/ k7fpg'k5{ . s]xL /fHo / zx/df jif{e/ sdfPsf]
s'n cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f klg k]z ug'{k5{ . of] ljj/0f–kq e/]kl5 tkfO{+n] ;/sf/–
nfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd slt xf] jf ;/sf/af6 tkfO{+n] slt /sd l©tf{ kfpg'x'G5
eGg] yfxf x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s/;DaGwL o:tf ©f/d e/]/ a'emfpg' tkfO{+sf]
lhDd]jf/L xf] . o:tf ©f/ddf w]/} ljj/0f eg'{kg]{ ePsfn] cln ufx|f] nfUg ;S5 .
s]xL ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?df o:tf ©f/d eg{{] :jo+;]js x'g ;S5g\ . tL :jo+;]jsn]
lgMz'Ns ©f/d el/lbG5g\ . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s/;DaGwL ©f/d geg'{ jf s/ gltg'{
u}/sfg'gL sfd xf] .
Income Taxes
If someone in your immediate family earns money from a job or other
sources during a year, at the end of that year you must file a report, called
142 Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws
an income tax return (or 1040 form), with the U.S. Internal Revenue Ser-
vice (IRS). Many states and some cities also require you to submit an an-
nual report of income earned. When you complete the reports, you will de-
termine how much money you must pay the government in income taxes
or how much money the government owes you. It is your responsibility to
submit the necessary forms before the date they are due. Some community
agencies may have volunteers who can provide free assistance in complet-
ing the complicated forms. It is illegal to not file a tax return when it is due
or to not pay the taxes owed.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k|x/L
s]xL b]zx?df k|x/L kf]zfsdf cfPsf dfG5] c?sf nflu 8/nfUbf x'g;S5g\
jf To:tf JolStn] 3'; lng ;S5g\ . cd]l/sfdf k|x/Ln] cfdgful/ssf] ;'/Iff /
gful/snfO{ d2t u5{g\ . olb sxLF ck/fw x'g nfu]sf] jf eO/x]sf] b]Vg'eof],
tkfO{+nfO{ s;}n] wDSofof] jf cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf nflu s] u/f}+ s;f] u/f}+ eGg] cj:yf
cfof] eg] (!! df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . k|x/Ln] s] eG5g\, ;'Gg'xf];\ / eg]sf] dfGg'xf];\ .
olb pgLx?n] tkfO{+;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ rfx] eg] gtls{g'xf];\ jf gefUg'xf];\ . ;w}F gd|
x'g'xf];\ . k|x/LnfO{ xft gxfNg'xf];\ jf k|x/L;Fu gaf‰g'xf];\ . k|x/LnfO{ lrof–kfgL
vr{ eg]/ 3'; lbg gvf]Hg'xf];\ lsgeg] of] ck/fw xf] .
The Police
In some countries, people in uniform may be dangerous or may take
bribes. In the United States the police protect and help people. Call 911 if
you see a crime, if you have been threatened, or if you are worried about
your safety. Obey the police. If they want to talk to you, do not run away.
Always be polite. Do not touch or shout at the police. Do not offer money
to a police officer because that is a crime.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+ kqmfp kg'{eof] eg]
tkfO{+ kqmfp kg'{eof] eg] k|x/L–rf}sL nluG5 jf hfg'x'G5 . ToxfF ts{–ljts{ jf
emu8f gug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf nflu jlsn /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . tkfO{+n]
;xof]usf nflu t'?Gt …jlsnÚ dfUg ;Sg'x'G5 . jlsn gcfpGh]n tkfO{+n] s'g}
k|Zgsf] hjf© lbg' kb}{g . em"6f] gaf]Ng'xf];\ . em"6f] af]Ng'eGbf af]Nb} gaf]Ng' /fd|f]
x'G5 . bf]ifL jf lgbf]{if ©};nf ug{] sfd cbfntsf] xf] . tkfO{+ o:tf] ©};nfsf nflu
cbfnt hfg ;Sg'x'G5 . cbfntL sfdsf nflu tkfO{+n] jlsn / bf]efif]sf] ;xfotf
lng ;Sg'x'G5 . oL klg tkfO{+sf clwsf/ x'g\ . olb tkfO{+ jlsn jf bf]efif]nfO{
nfUg] vr{ ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg eg] cbfntn] o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5 .
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 143

If You Are Arrested

If you are arrested, you will go to a police station. Do not argue or fight.
You have the right to a lawyer. Ask for one immediately. You do not have
to answer questions until your lawyer is present. Do not lie. It is better to
say nothing than to lie. You may go to court to decide if you are guilty of
the crime. It is your right to have a lawyer and an interpreter help you. If
you cannot afford them, the court will provide them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ck/fw / l˚tL{ -b]z lgsfnf_
cd]l/sfsf] sfg'gL :yfoL afl;Gbf eP/ klg tkfO{+n] s]xL To:tf ck/fw ug'{eof]
eg] tkfO{+ h]n kg{ ;Sg'x'G5, gful/stf gkfpg ;Sg'x'G5 jf tkfO{+nfO{ tkfO{+s}
b]z l©tf{ k7fpg ;lsG5 . To:tf ck/fwx? lgDg x'g\ M
• cfˆgf] >Ldfg÷>LdtL, ;fyL–;xof]uL÷;fem]bf/ jf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ wDSofpg] sfd
jf b'Jo{jxf/ u/]df .
• s'g} JolStnfO{ u}/sfg'gL ?kdf cd]l/sf leqg ;xof]u u/]df .
• kl/jf/sf] vr{ar{df ;xof]u gu/]df .
• u}/sfg'gL nfu'kbfy{sf] a]rlavg jf k|of]u u/]df .
• anfTsf/ jf xTofh:tf h3Go ck/fw u/]df .
;fd'bflos ;]jf–;'ljwfx? kfpg ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ubf{ lbOg] cfj]bgdf em"6f]
ljj/0f eg'{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ 3'; jf lrof–vr{ lbg', of}g;DaGw /fVg' jf o:tf
sfddf d2t ug'{ klg u}/sfg'gL sfd x'g\ .
Crime and Deportation
Even if you are a legal permanent resident, certain crimes may send
you to jail, stop you from becoming a citizen, or get you deported. These
include:
• Threatening or abusing your spouse, partner, or children.
• Helping someone enter the United States illegally.
• Not supporting your family financially.
• Using or selling illegal drugs.
• Committing violent crimes, such as rape or murder.
It is also illegal to provide false information on public benefits appli-
cations, to tip or bribe public officials, or to exchange sexual favors for
money or help.

m m m
144
 145

cWofo !# : ;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx?

Chapter 13 : Safety and Emergencies

afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff
afnaflnsf 3/aflx/ v]Nbf cleefjssf] /]vb]v x'g'k5{ . ;8s jf uf8L kfls{ª–
:yndf v]Ng' ;'/lIft x'Fb}g . ToxfF v]Nbf pgLx?nfO{ sf/n] 7Ss/ lbg ;S5 .
rf]6k6s nfUg;S5 / d[To' klg x'g;S5 .
;fgf gfgLx?nfO{ kfgL5]p jf kfgLdf PSn} 5f8\g'x'Fb}g . o:tf 7fpFx? M gbL,
tnfp, ©f]x/f / 3/sf] g'xfpg] 8'F8 -afy6a_ x'g\ . ;fgf gfgLx? b'O{ OGreGbf sd
kfgLdf klg 8'Ag ;S5g\ . ;fgf gfgLx?nfO{ e¥ofª / afy?ddf hfg glbg'xf];\ .
Totf hfg glbg ;fgf] b}nf] xflnlbg'xf];\ . Tof] b}nf] nufOlbg] ug'{xf];\ .
Child Safety
Children should always be supervised by adults when playing outside.
Playing in the street or parking lot is not safe because children can be hit
by a car and be hurt or even killed.
Never leave a small child alone in or near water. This includes streams,
ponds, fountains, and even the bathtub in your home. A child can drown in
less than two inches of water. Use safety gates to keep small children away
from stairs and out of bathrooms.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;8sdf ;'/Iff
;8sdf slxNo} glxF8\g'xf];\ . ;8s–k]6Ldf jf ;8s;Fu}sf] vfnL 7fpFaf6
lxF8\g'xf];\ . hxfF kfof], ToxLFaf6 af6f] gsf6\g'xf];\ . ;+s]t kfPkl5 -xl/of] aQL
an]kl5_ dfq af6f] sf6\g'xf];\ . af6f] sf6\g'cl3 klxn] b]a|] clg bflxg] x]g'{xf];\ /
sf/x? gcfPsf] kSsf ePkl5 dfq af6f] sf6\g'xf];\ . /ftL lxF8\bf pHofnf] /+usf]
sk8f -jf 6Nsg] sk8f_ nufpg'xf];\ . To:tf] sk8f nufpFbf sf/–rfnsn] tkfO{+nfO{
5n{ª b]V5g\ .
;fgf gfgLx?n] PSn} cf©}F slxNo} af6f] gsf6'g\ . uf8L b'3{6gfaf6 aRg
pgLx?n] cfˆgf cleefjs jf cf©"eGbf 7"nfsf] ;xfotf lng' k5{ . cln 7"nf
gfgLx?nfO{ ;8s s;/L sf6\g] eg]/ l;sfpg'xf];\ .
Street Safety
Never walk in the street. Always walk on the sidewalk or on the ground
next to a street. Use crosswalks and look for walk signals to tell you when
it is safe to cross a busy street. Before crossing, always look left and right
to make sure no cars are coming. At night, always wear light colored cloth-
ing so that drivers can see you better.
146 Safety and Emergencies

Young children should not cross the street by themselves. They should
cross with a parent or another adult to avoid getting hurt by a car. Teach
older children how to safely cross the street.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/sf] ;'/Iff
cf©" 3/d} ePsf a]nf eP klg 9f]sf aGb ug'{xf];\ . rf]/L jf cGo ck/fw
/f]syfd ug{ 3/aflx/ hfg'kbf{ ‰ofn aGb ug'{xf];\ . glrg]sf] dflg;sf nflu slxNo}
9f]sf gvf]Ng'xf];\ . kf];fsd} cfPsf] eP klg klxn] pgsf] kl/ro–kq b]vfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . cfˆgf gfgLx?nfO{ glrg]sf] dflg; cfP slxNo} 9f]sf gvf]Ng' eg]/
l;sfpg'xf];\ .
Home Safety
Always keep your apartment door locked, even when you are home.
Shut and lock your windows before you leave to prevent theft and other
crimes. Do not unlock or open your door for anyone you do not know. Ask
strangers, including people in uniform, to first show you their identifica-
tion. Teach children not to open the door to strangers.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;fdf ;'/Iff
r'nf] UofF; jf lah'nLsf] d2tn] aNg] vfnsf x'G5 . vfgf a;fPsf] 5 eg] aln–
/x]sf] r'nf] 5f8]/ efG;faf6 aflx/ ghfg'xf];\ . vfgf ksfO ;s]kl5 r'nf] aGb ug{
gla;{g'xf];\ .
efG;fdf cfuf] ;lNsP, kfgL jf kL7f] h:tf] w'nf] ˆofFs]/ cfuf] lgefpg] k|of;
gug'{xf];\ . o:tf] cfuf] l3p–t]n e'6'g xfNbf Hjfnf lg:s]/ jf lrNnf] kf]lvP/ nfUg
;S5 . cfuf] ;fgf] 5 eg] Hjfnfdfly s/fxL 5f]Kg] 9Ssg 9\ofKk /fv]/ cfuf] dTy/
kfg{'xf];\ . o;}aLr r'nf] aGb ug'{xf];\ . cfuf] glge'Gh]n 9Ssg TolQs} 5fl8lbg'–
xf];\ . r'nf]df a;fPsf] efF8f]nfO{ ;]nfpg lbg'xf];\ . xf]; ug'{xf];\, cfuf]n] kf]Ng jf
tftf] efF8f]n] 8fDg ;S5 .
of] pkfo sfd nfu]g jf cf©" g} glhs} hfg g;lsg] 7"nf] cfuf] eP, ©fo/
PS;l6ª\lUj;/ -cfuf] lgefpg agfOPsf] /ftf] efF8f]_ glhs} eP k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
Kitchen Safety
Your kitchen has either a gas or electric stove. When using the stove to
cook, do not leave the kitchen. When you are done using the stove or oven,
make sure to turn it off.
If a fire starts in your kitchen, never use water or flour to put out cook-
ing fires. If the fire is small, put a pan lid over the flames to smother a
grease or oil fire. Turn off the heat and leave the lid in place until the pan
;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿ 147
cools. Be careful not to burn yourself. If that does not work or the fire is
too big to get close enough, use a fire extinguisher if one is nearby.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfuf]af6 ;'/Iff
3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df clUg;"rs oGq -cfuf] nfu]sf] ;"rgf lbg] 306L_
pknAw u/fpg' k5{ . clUg;"rs oGq ;w}F rfn' cj:yfdf x'g'k5{ lsgeg] olb cfuf]
nfUof] eg] of] …lak lak=== Ú ub}{ 7"nf] :j/df s/fpF5 . tkfO{+nfO{ ;ts{ u/fpF5 .
Hofg–hf]lvddf kg{ lbFb}g . cfjZos kbf{ clUg;"rs oGqdf Aof6«L ©]g]{ lhDd]jf/L
rflxF tkfO{+sf] xf] . of] oGq leQf jf l;lnªdf h8fg ul/G5 . of] oGqnfO{ slxn]
klg v':sfP/ g/fVg'xf];\ . o;sf Aof6«L glgsfNg'xf];\ .
©fo/ PS;l6ª\lUj;/ Ps k|sf/sf] cfuf] lgefpg jf lgoGq0f ug{ agfOPsf] oGq
xf] . ckf6{d]G6 jf lalN8ªdf of] oGq sxfF–sxfF /flvPsf 5g\ / o;sf] k|of]u s;/L
ug]{ eg]/ 3/a]6LnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
olb cfuf] w]/} 7"nf] 5 / ©fo/ PS;l6ª\lUj;/n] lgefpg ;lsG5 h:tf]
nfUb}g eg] tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf 3/aflx/ lg:sg'xf];\ / (!! df ©f]g
ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+sf ;/;fdfgeGbf tkfO{+sf] hLjg lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ xf] .
olb tkfO{+ ;'t]sf] jf p7]sf] a]nf cfuf] nfu]sf] ;+s]t ub}{ …lak lak=== Ú sf] cfjfh
cfP, l3;|b} aflx/ lg:sg'xf];\ . p7\bf w'Fjf x'G5 . ;f; ©]g{ ufx|f] x'G5 . e'OF;Fu}sf]
xfjfdf ;f; ©]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . sf]7fsf] w'Fjf / tftf] xfjfn] tkfO{+sf] Hofg hfg
;S5 . ;'Tg]–sf]7faf6 aflx/ hfg] af6f] cfuf]n] 5]lsPsf] 5 eg] aflx/ lgSng] csf{]
af6f]sf] k|aGw ug'{k5{ .
nufO/x]sf] sk8fdf cfuf] nfUof] eg] e'OFdf ;'Tg'xf];\ / n8La8L -cfuf]nfO{ lylrg]
u/L otfaf6 ptf / ptfaf6 otf kN6g'_ ug'{xf];\ . cfuf] lge]kl5 dfq p7\g'–
xf];\ . afnaflnsfx?sf n'ufdf cfuf] nfu], …6Ss cl8g', ;'Tg' / n8La8L ug'{Ú eGg]
l;sfpg'xf];\ .
Fire Safety
Landlords must provide a smoke alarm in your apartment. The smoke
alarm must always be working because if there is a fire, it will beep very
loudly to alert you and save your life. You are responsible for replacing
batteries in your smoke alarm when needed. Smoke alarms are usually
mounted on a wall or ceiling. Never take the smoke alarm down perma-
nently or leave the battery out of it.
A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out or control fires. Ask your
landlord to show you where fire extinguishers are in your apartment or
building and how to use a fire extinguisher.
If a fire is too big and you do not think you can put it out with a fire
extinguisher, YOU AND YOUR FAMILY NEED TO GET OUT OF THE
148 Safety and Emergencies
BUILDING AND CALL 911! Your life is more important than your
things.
If the smoke alarm sounds when you are sleeping or if you have a fire
when you are awake, crawl on the floor to get to an exit. You can breathe
better near the floor. Smoke and hot gases higher in the room can kill you.
Make sure that there is a second way to get out of your bedroom if a fire
blocks your escape.
If your clothes catch fire, fall down on the floor or ground and roll back
and forth until the fire is put out. Teach children that if their clothes catch
fire to “Stop, Drop, and Roll.”
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
(!! eg]sf] s] xf] <
cd]l/sfdf cfkftsflng cj:yfdf ;xof]usf nflu (!! gDa/df ©f]g ul/G5 .
o:tf]–o:tf] cj:yfdf (!! df ©f]g ul/G5 M
• tkfO{+ cf©}F jf c? s;}nfO{ tTsfn pkrf/ cfjZos eP PDa'n]G; af]nfpg .
• cfunfuL ePdf .
• s'g} ck/fw eO/x]sf] b]v]df .
• k|x/L eP lgoGq0f x'g] vfnsf 36gf h:t} M s"6lk6, rf]/L jf ;Defljt lx+;s
l:yltdf .
What Is 911?
In the United States, 911 is the phone number you dial to get emer-
gency help. Call 911 to:
• Get an ambulance for emergency medical help for yourself or someone
else.
• Report a fire.
• Report a crime.
• Report a situation that requires a police officer on the scene, such as an
assault, burglary, or a potentially violent situation.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
(!! df ˚f]g ug'{
ha tkfO{+n] (!! df ©f]g ug'{x'G5, ta kfFrb]lv 5 ;]s]08;Dd s]xL cfjfh
cfpFb}g . To;kl5 dfq …ck/]6/Ún] tkfO{+;Fu s'/f ug'{x'G5 . ck/]6/sf] hjf©
cfpGh]n s'g'{xf];\ . cfjfh cfPg eg]/ ©f]g g/fVg'xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ …k|x/LÚ,
…cfuf]Ú jf …PDa'n]G;Ú s] rflxPsf] xf] ck/]6/nfO{ eGg'xf];\ . 36gfaf/] yk hfgsf/L
lbg tkfO{+nfO{ efiffsf] sl7gfO{ 5 jf tkfO{+nfO{ c+u|]hL af]Ng cfpFb}g eg] tkfO{+
s'g efiff af]Ng'x'G5, …ck/]6/ÚnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . pxfFn] bf]efif] -cg'jfbs_ vf]Hg] k|of;
ug'{x'G5 .
;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿ 149

36gfaf/] ck/]6/nfO{ ;s];Dd k|z:t hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . ck/]6/nfO{ tkfO{+n]

lsg ©f]g ug'{ ePsf] xf], sxfFaf6 ©f]g ug'{ePsf] xf] / s:tf] cfkft k/]sf] 5
eGg'xf];\ . ck/]6/n] ;f]w]sf ;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbpGh]n ©f]g g5f8\g'xf];\ . pQ/
lbFbf gcflQg'xf];\ . ©f]g rflxF g/fVg'xf];\ .
Calling 911
When you call 911, there may be silence for five to six seconds and
then your call will be answered by an operator. Wait for the operator to
answer. Do not hang up. Tell the operator what you need, “police,” “fire,”
or “ambulance.” Tell the operator what language you speak if you do not
speak enough English to give more information. The operator will try to
get an interpreter.
You will need to provide the operator with as much information as
you can. Tell the operator why you are calling, and where and what the
emergency is. Stay on the phone until you answer all of the operator’s
questions. Remember to stay calm. Do not hang up.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s:tf] cj:yfdf (!! ˚f]g ug'{ x'Gg
uDeL/, Hofg–hf]lvddf kg]{ cfkft–cj:yfx?df dfq (!! df ©f]g ug'{k5{ .
cfkftsflng cj:yf 5}g eg] (!! df ©f]g ug'{x'Gg . cf©" hfg'kg{] 7fpFsf] af6f]
;f]Wg jf 9f]sf gvf]lnP/ cf©" 3/aflx/ k/]sf] cj:yf h:tf 36gfdf s] ug'{ eg]/
(!! ©f]g ub}{ gug'{xf];\ . (!! df ©f]g u/]jfkt bdsn jf PDa'n]G; cfOk'u]/ cfkft–
sflng cj:yf g/x]sf] kfP eg] ©f]g ug]{nfO{ hl/jfgf x'g;S5 .
When Not To Call 911
Calling 911 is only for serious, life-threatening emergencies. Do NOT
call 911 if there is NOT an emergency. Do NOT use 911 for things like
asking for directions or if you are locked out of your home. You may be
fined if you call 911 and an emergency vehicle arrives when there is no
emergency.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k|x/L
k|x/Ln] k|To]s zx/ jf a:tLdf sfg'g sfof{Gjog u5{g\ . k|x/Lsf] sfd
gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ug'{ xf] . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] 6f]n–l5d]sdf k|x/Lx? cfˆgf] sf/, k}bn
jf ;fOsndf lxFl8/x]sf] b]Vg'x'G5 . tkfO{+n] k|x/L–;]jfsf] ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ . pgLx?;Fu
8/fpg' kb}{g . pgLx?sf] sfd ;a}sf] /Iff ug'{ xf] . k|x/L b]v]/ gefUg' xf]nf . s'g}
;]jf jf ljifodf k|x/LnfO{ lagfsf/0f k};f glbg'xf]nf . olb k|x/Ln] tkfO{+;Fu s]xL
;f]Wg cfP eg] ;xof]uL aGg'xf]nf . tkfO{+ c+u|]hL /fd|/L af]Ng hfGg'x'Gg eg] cf©"n]
150 Safety and Emergencies

af]Ng] efiff s'g xf] atfpg'xf]nf . pgn] bf]efif] ©]nf kfg{ sf]lzz u5{g\ . tkfO{+nfO{
s'g} ck/fwaf/] ;"rgf lng cg'/f]w ul/of] eg] k|x/LnfO{ hlt;Sbf] hfgsf/L lbg'–
xf]nf / ;a} k|Zgsf] hjf© lbg'xf]nf .
Police
In every city and town, the local police enforce laws and ensure public
safety. You may see police officers on patrol in your neighborhood in cars
and sometimes on foot or bicycle. You should respect the authority of the
police but do not be afraid of them. Their job is to protect everyone. Do
not run away from a police officer. Do not offer money to a police officer
for any reason. If a police officer approaches you and asks for information,
try to be helpful. If you do not speak much English, tell the police officer
what language you speak and the officer may try to find an interpreter. If
you have requested police in order to report a crime, give them as much
information as possible and answer all of their questions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfuf]
tkfO{+n] cfunfuL ePsf] ;"rgf lbg'eof] eg] :yfgLo clUg–lgoGq0f ljefun]
36gf–:yndf bdsn / cGo pks/0fx? k7fpF5 . tkfO{+n] pSt pks/0f;Fu}
cfPsf] 6f]nLn] eg]cg';f/ ug'{k5{ / pgLx?nfO{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ cln
k/ xl6lbg'k5{ . pgLx? cfˆgf] sfddf s'zn x'G5g\ / s:tf] cfuf]df s;/L sfd
ug'{k5{ eGg] pgLx?nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . cfufnfuLsf] k|s[lt ©/s–©/s vfnsf] x'g]
ePsfn] s'g}–s'g} cj:yfdf 9f]sf / ‰ofnx? ©'6fpg' kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 . sf]xL
JolSt hf]lvddf k/]sf] 5 eg] pgLx?n] p2f/ ug]{ sf]lzz u5{g\ .
Fire
If you report a fire, the local fire department will respond by sending
fire trucks and equipment to your location. You should then obey orders
by fire officials and get out of their way. They are professionally trained
and know what should be done in different kinds of fires. Depending on
the situation they may need to break doors and windows. They will try to
rescue anyone who may be in danger in the fire.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PDa'n]G;
s;}sf] Hofg–hf]lvddf kg]{ vfnsf] 36gfaf/] va/ ug'{eof] eg] Pp6f
PDa'n]G; / cfkftsflng pkrf/ 6f]nL tkfO{+ ePs} 7fpFdf k7fOG5 . pSt 6f]nLsf
;b:on] la/fdLsf] cj:yf / cK7\of/f] kg'{sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg]5g\ . To:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/
rfF8f] / a'‰g] u/L lbg'xf];\ . pSt 6f]nLn] la/fdLnfO{ …P:6«]r/Ú df /fv]/ PDa'n]G;df
;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿ 151

r9fpg] ug{'x'G5 . pxfFx?n] la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfnsf] cfkftsflng–sIf -Odh]{G;L ?d_

n}hfg'x'G5 . pSt 6f]nLn] slxn]sfxLF kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:onfO{ nfg ;Sg'x'G5 .
t/ ;fdfGotM la/fdL nu]kl5 kl/jf/sf ;b:o / cGo ;xof]uLn] uf8L aGbf]a:t u/L
c:ktfnsf] cfkftsflng–sIf k'Ug'k5{ .
Ambulance
If you report a life threatening medical emergency, an ambulance and
emergency medical team will be sent to your location. They will ask ques-
tions about the condition of the patient and the cause of the emergency. Try
to answer them quickly and fully. They may place the patient on a stretcher
and then into the ambulance. They will take the patient to the emergency
room at the hospital. Sometimes they may also be able to take one family
member, but usually family members and others will have to find their
own transportation to the hospital emergency room.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――

kLl8t eP, ;xfotf dfUg'xf];\

tkfO{+ s'g} ck/fwsf] l;sf/ x'g'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] k|x/L;Fu ;xfotf dfUg'k5{ .
tkfO{+ ;8sdf n'l6g'eof], 3/df rf]/L eof], s;}n] cfqmd0f u¥of] jf 3fOt] kf¥of] eg]
tkfO{+n] (!! df ©f]g ug'{k5{ / k|x/LnfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] d2t ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{k5{ .
When a Victim, Seek Help
If you are a victim of a crime you should seek help from the police.
If someone robs you on the street, if anything is stolen from your home,
if someone attacks you and harms you, you should call 911 and request
police help as soon as possible.

m m m
152
 153

cWofo !$ : ;~rf/
Chapter 14 : Communication

3/sf] ˚f]g
k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df Pp6f ©f]gsf] aGbf]a:t ul/lbG5 . o:tf]
©f]gnfO{ af]nLrfnLdf …NofG8 nfOgÚ elgG5, lsgeg] o;sf tf/x? ©f]g sDkgL;Fu
hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps a:tLsf 3/ / Joj;fox?df ;fdfGotM Pp6fdfq
6]ln©f]g sDkgLsf] ;]jf x'G5 .
3/aflx/ hfFbf vf; u/L c+u|]hL af]Ng ghfGg]sf ;fy} ;'?–;'?df c? ;a}n]
3/sf] 6]ln©f]g gDa/ / cf©" a;]sf] ;8ssf] gfd;lxt 3/–gDa/ n]v]/ af]Sg'–
k5{ . olb tkfO{+ x/fpg' eof] jf 3/df ©f]g ug'{k¥of] eg] cfˆgf] hfgsf/L c?nfO{
b]vfP/ d2t kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Home Telephone
Your resettlement agency may help arrange a telephone for you in your
apartment. This kind of telephone is sometimes called a “land line” be-
cause it is connected by wires to the telephone company. In each commu-
nity there is generally only one company that installs land lines in homes
and businesses.
Everyone in your family, especially anyone who does not speak Eng-
lish, should carry a small piece of paper with your apartment phone num-
ber and street address when you go out of your apartment. If you get lost
or need to call your home, you will be able to show the information to
someone who might be able to help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;]n˚f]g÷df]afOn ˚f]g
tkfO{+n] af]s]/ lxF8\g] ;]n©f]g -df]afOn ©f]g_ rfxg'x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf ;]n©f]g
;]jf lbg] d'Vo 5÷;ft j6f sDkgL 5g\ . ltg} sDkgLx?dWo] s'g} Pp6faf6
;]n©f]g lng ;Sg'x'G5 . ;fdfGotM o:tf sDkgLn] tkfO{+;Fu ;Demf}tf u5{g\ .
;Demf}tfdf ;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;t{ n]lvPsf x'G5g\ . dlxgf–dlxgfdf Go"gtd ;]jf
z'Nsjfktsf] lan e'Stfg ug]{ ;t{ /flvPsf] pSt ;Demf}tf b'O{ jif{;Ddsf] x'G5 .
tkfO{+n] pSt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ . s'g} ;]n©f]g ;:tf x'G5g\ / 6]ln©f]g
;]jfdfq lbG5g\ . c?n] n]v]/ ;Gb]z -6]S:6_ k7fpg / OG6/g]6 x]g{ ldNg] ;'ljwf
lbG5g\, t/ lgs} dxFuf x'G5g\ . To;}n] o:tf ;]n©f]g sDkgL;Fusf] ;Demf}tfdf
x:tfIf/ ug'{cl3 To;df n]lvPsf ;a} a'Fbf cf©"n] a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL
/fd|f] 5}g eg] efiff a'‰g] / bf]efif] x'g ;Sg] gft]bf/÷Oi6ldq;Fu d2t dfUg'xf];\ .
cf©";Fu ;]n©f]g ePkl5 3/sf] ©f]g grflxg ;S5 . 3/sf] ©f]g s'g
154 Communication
sDkgLsf] xf], To;sf] sfof{nodf va/ u/]/ NofG8 nfOg sf6\g cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
3/df c?;Fu ;]n©f]g 5}g jf 3/df kfsf] pd]/sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? x'g'x'G5 eg]
pxfFx? ;Dks{lagf / PSnf] x'g'x'G5 .
Cell Phone
You may want a cell phone that you can carry with you. In the U.S.
there are six or seven major companies that provide cell phone services.
You can buy a cell phone from one of them. Usually they require that you
sign a contract that commits you to paying a minimum monthly amount
for each month for two years. Some cell phones are very cheap and pro-
vide only telephone service. Others include text messaging and Internet
access and are more expensive. Before you sign a contract with a cell
phone company, make sure you understand everything. If your English
is not very good, take someone with you who can interpret and help you
understand.
When you have a cell phone you may decide that you do not need a
home phone also. You can request the company that provides your land
line to disconnect the land line. But it would be unsafe to do this if there
is someone living in your home, such as an elderly relative, who might
sometime be alone and without any phone.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6]ln˚f]g gDa/x¿
Pp6f 6]ln©f]g gDa/df tLg efu x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M -***_–%%%–!))!
df klxnf] efu *** If]q hgfpg] ;+s]t -Pl/of sf]8_ xf] . b]zsf zx/x? /
If]qx?sf cfˆg} Pl/of sf]8x? x'G5g\ . of] pbfx/0fsf] bf];|f] efu %%% nfO{
PS:r]Gh elgG5 . k|To]s zx/ jf gu/df w]/} PS:r]Ghx? x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
t];|f] efu !))! rflxF Pp6f PS:r]Ghaf6 ljtl/t ©f]g gDa/ xf] .
Telephone Numbers
A telephone number has three parts. For example: (888)-555-1001. The
first part (888 in the example) is the Area Code. Cities and regions of the
country have their own area codes. The second part of the number (555
in the example) is the Exchange. Each town or city may have many ex-
changes. The third part of the number (1001 in the example) is the phone
number in the exchange.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6]ln˚f]gsf lzi6frf/
tkfO{+n] c? s;}nfO{ ©f]g ug'{x'G5 eg] pxfFn] …x]nf]Ú jf …xfoÚ eg]/ hjf©
©sf{pg'x'G5 . To;kl5 tTsfn tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] gfd eGg'k5{ . olb tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
;~rf/ 155

gfd eGg'ePg eg] pxfFnfO{ cf©" sf];Fu af]ln/x]sf] 5' eGg] yfxf x'Fb}g / pxfFn]
tkfO{+sf] gfd ;f]Wg'kg]{ x'G5 . ha c? s;}n] tkfO{+sf] 3/df ©f]g u¥of] eg] tkfO{+n]
…x]nf]Ú eGg'k5{ / …d======== x'FÚ -jf cfˆgf] gfd eGg'xf];\_ . To;/L ©f]g ug]{ jf
©f]g p7fpg] JolStn] cf©" sf];Fu s'/f ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] yfxf kfpF5 . t/
©f]g ug]{ jf p7fpg] JolSt cfˆgf] ;fyL jf gft]bf/ xf] eg] pxfFn] tkfO{+sf] cfjfh
lrGg'x'G5, gfd eGg} k/]g . gfd eg]/ s'/f ug{ yfNg' ;aeGbf /fd|f] tl/sf xf] .
s'/fsfgL ;lsg] a]nfdf …afO{Ú eGg'xf];\ .
Telephone Etiquette
When you call someone’s telephone, they will answer by saying “Hel-
lo” or “Hi.” You should then tell them your name. If you do not state your
name, they may not know who is calling them and will have to ask you.
When someone telephones your home phone, you should say “Hello” and
then say “This is …….” (whatever your name is). That way the caller will
know who has answered the phone. If the other person is a very close
friend or relative who will recognize your voice, you will not have to state
your name. Usually, however, it is the best way to start a conversation. You
end a telephone call by saying “Bye” to the other person.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
g]kfn jf e"6fg ˚f]g ug{
3/sf] ©f]g jf df]afOn ©f]gaf6 ;Lw} g]kfn jf e"6fg ©f]g ubf{ dxFuf]
k5{ . Sofg8f glhs} 5, t/ klg Sofg8fdf s;}nfO{ ©f]g ug'{k¥of] eg] klg dxFuf]
x'G5 . To;}u/L e"6fg jf g]kfn ©f]g ug'{ lgs} dxFuf] x'G5 . t/ of] ©f]g vr{
36fpg] Pp6f pkfo 5 . cd]l/sfdf w]/} s]xL sDkgLx? 5g\, h;n] …OG6/g];gn
slnª\ sf8{Ú x? a]R5g\ . o:tf] slnª\ sf8{ k|of]u u/]/ tkfO{+n] k|lt ldg]6 lglZrt
k};fdf s'g} vf; b]zdf ;:tf]df ©f]g ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . g]kfn, e"6fg jf Pl;of
©f]g ug{sf nflu 5'§} slnª sf8{ klg x'G5g\ . tkfO{+n] lglZrt /sddf o:tf sf8{
lsGg ;Sg'x'G5, h:t} M @) 8n/sf] lsGg'eof] eg] To;af6 lglZrt ldg]6 ©f]g ug{
;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf] sf8{df ljz]if ;+s]t -sf]8_ lbOPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n] slnª\ sf8{df
n]lvPsf] 6]ln©f]g gDa/df ©f]g u/]kl5 pSt ;+s]t klg xfNg'k5{ . To;kl5 cf©"n]
©f]g ug{ rfx]sf] csf]{ b]zsf] gDa/ 8fon u/]/ s'/f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
o:tf OG6/g];gn slnª\ sf8{x? ljleGg :6f]/x?df lsGg kfOG5g\ . ef/tLo
jf g]kfnL vfgf a]Rg] :6f]/x?n] klg o:tf sf8{x? a]R5g\ . tkfO{+;Fu qm]l86 sf8{
5 eg] OG6/g]6df klg o:tf sf8{ jf sDkgL;Fu ;do lsGg ;lsG5 .
g]kfn jf e"6fg a:g] tkfO{+sf gft]bf/ jf ;fyLefO;Fu sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf
5 eg] lel8of]–Rof6af6 s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
156 Communication

Calling Nepal or Bhutan

It is very expensive to telephone anyone outside of the U.S. from your
home phone or cell phone. Even calling someone in Canada can be expen-
sive. Telephoning a number in Bhutan or Nepal is very expensive but there
is a way to minimize that cost. There are many companies that sell inter-
national calling cards. These cards allow you to call numbers in certain
foreign countries for a fixed amount per minute. There are specific cards
for calling Nepal or Bhutan or Asia. You buy a card by paying a certain
amount of money, say $20, and that gives you a fixed number of minutes
that you can use. You are given a special personal account code. When you
telephone the calling card’s special telephone number, you then must enter
your account code, and then enter the telephone number you are trying to
call in another country.
You can buy these international calling cards at some stores. Often
stores that sell Indian or Nepali foods will also sell international calling
cards. You can also buy international calling cards or time on the Internet
but you must have a credit card to pay.
If your relatives and friends have computers and Internet access in Ne-
pal or Bhutan, you can talk with them using video-chat technology.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6]ln˚f]g lan
tkfO{+nfO{ 6]ln©f]g ;'ljwf lbg] sDkgLn] dlxgflkR5] ©f]gsf] lan k7fpF5g\ .
;]n©f]g sDkgLn] klg dlxgf–dlxgfdf lan k7fpF5g\ . tkfO{+n] o:tf] lan ;dodf
e'Qmfg ug{'k5{ . tkfO{+n] nuftf/ b'O{ jf tLg dlxgf lan ltg'{ ePg eg] sDkgLn]
©f]g sfl6lbG5g\ . o;n] kl/jf/nfO{ g} cK7\of/f]df kf5{ .
Telephone Bills
The telephone company that provides your home phone will send you a
monthly bill. A cell phone company will also send you a monthly bill. You
should pay these bills every month. If you do not pay your telephone bills
for two or three months in a row, a telephone company will disconnect
your phone. That will be unsafe for your family.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6]lnlehg
a|f]8sf:6 6]lnlehg k|0ffnLaf6 k|;fl/t sfo{qmdx? 6]lnlehgdf b]lvg
PG6]gfn] ;+s]tx? l6Kg'k5{ . clxn] o;/L 6]lnlehgsf ;+s]tx? l6Kg] k|ljlw
ablnPsf] 5 . k'gjf{; ;+:yfdf©{t k|fKt 6]lnlehgx?df l8le8L hf]8]/ l©Ndx?
x]g{ ldNg] vfnsf eP klg clxn]sf 6]lnlehgn] P8fK6/ gfds pks/0f geO{
;~rf/ 157

gofF cÍ b]lvg] ;+s]tx? gl6Kg ;S5g\ . a|f]8sf:6 6]lnlehg k|0ffnLaf6 k|;fl/t

sfo{qmdx? lgz'MNs x'G5g\ .
TV
Broadcast television uses TVs equipped with antennas to receive the
broadcast programs. Recently the technology to receive these signals has
changed. Old televisions that may be donated to resettlement agencies
may not be able to receive the new digital signals without an adapter, even
though they can be connected to DVD players. Broadcast TV is free.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s]a'n l6eL
s]a'n l6eL sDkgLx?n] yk l6eL ;]jf lbG5g\ . o:tf] ;]jfdf a|f]8sf:6 6]ln–
lehg k|0ffnLaf6 k|;fl/t sfo{qmdeGbf w]/} Rofgn / sfo{qmdx? x'G5g\ . tkfO{+sf]
ckf6{d]G6df s]a'n l6eL hf]l8Psf] 5 eg] s]a'n l6eL sDkgLdf ©f]g u/]/ cfˆgf]
6]lnlehgdf hf]8\g ;Sg'x'G5 . s]a'n l6eLsf] k|;f/0f x]g{] xf] eg] dlxgf–dlxgfdf
k};f ltg'{k5{ . s]a'n l6eLsf] lan :yfgLo sDkgLcg';f/ / tkfO{+n] slt Rofgn
x]g'{x'G5 To;}adf]lhd w]/–yf]/ x'G5 .
Cable TV
Cable companies provide additional TV services, including many
more channels and programs than broadcast TV. If there is cable access in
your apartment, you can telephone the cable company and have cable TV
turned on and connect it to your TV. You will need to pay a monthly bill.
The amount of the bill will depend on your local cable company and the
number of channels that you want to receive.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
OG6/g]6
cd]l/sfsf ;a}h;f] 3/df OG6/g]6 hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . ckf6{d]G6df a:g
yfn]kl5 l9nf]–rfF8f] tkfO{+nfO{ sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 rflxg ;S5 . :s"n hfg]
gfgLnfO{ cem rfF8f] sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf rflxg ;S5 . s'g} :s"nsf sfdsf
nflu o:tf ;'ljwf clgjfo{ g} x'G5g\ . NofG8 nfOg ©f]gsf] sDkgL jf s]a'n l6eLsf]
sDkgLn] tkfO{+sf] 3/df OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbg ;S5g\ . To:t} :of6]nfO6 l6eL
sDkgLn] klg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbG5g\ . OG6/g]6 h8fg ug'{cl3 5/l5d]sL
jf ;fyLefO;Fu ;Nnfx u/L s'g sDkgLsf] /fd|f] / ;:tf] ;'ljwf 5 egL kQf–
nufpg'xf];\ . sDKo'6/df OG6/g]6 hf]8]/ dfq k'Ub}g, cf©"nfO{ Od]n x]g{'k ¥of] eg]
OG6/g]6 s;/L hf]8\g], OG6/g]6df ljleGg ljifoaf/] s;/L vf]Hg] / OG6/g]6sf] c?
k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] yfxf 5}g eg] OG6/g]6 hf]8\g cfpg] k|fljlws, hfGg] ;fyLefO
jf Oi6ldqnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
158 Communication

Internet
Most homes in the U.S. are connected to the Internet. Soon after you
are settled in your apartment, you may want to obtain a computer and ac-
cess the Internet. School age children, in particular, may want a computer
and Internet access right away. Some schools may even require it. Your
local land line phone company and your local cable TV company may
be able to provide Internet access at your home. Satellite TV companies
also can provide Internet access. You should discuss this with neighbors
and friends to determine what the best service and price for your location.
You should also ask for their help if you do not know how to set up your
Internet for email, web browsing, and other uses.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
jN8{ jfO8 j]a -8An'8An'8An'_
jN8{ jfO8 j]a -jf af]nLrfnLdf j]a_ sf] ;xfotfaf6 tkfO{+n] OG6/g]6df w]/}
ljifosf af/]df x]g{, k9\g jf l;Sg kfpg'x'G5 . jN8{ jfO8 j]asf] 5f]6s/L
8An'8An'8An' x'G5 . pbf/x0fsf nflu M www.aksharica.com, of] cd]l/sfdf lg:sg]
g]kfnL Go'hn]6/ …cIfl/sfÚ sf] j]a;fO6 xf] . g]kfnL / cGo w]/} efiffsf o:tf
c;+Vo j]a;fO6x? 5g\ . e"6fg / g]kfnsf ;dfrf/x? ePsf j]a;fO6x? 5g\ .
w]/} j]a;fO6x? g]kfnL efiffdf 5g\ . cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?af/]
;dfrf/ / hfgsf/Lx? ePsf j]a;fO6x? 5g\ . g]kfnL rnlrqx? x]g{ / g]kfnL
tyf lxGbL uLtx? ;'Gg ldNg] j]a;fO6x? klg 5g\ .
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web (or simply web) allows you to see, read, and
learn about almost everything. Short form of 'World Wide Web' is WWW.
One example is www.aksharica.com, which is the website of Nepali news-
letter 'Aksharica' in the US. There are many websites in Nepali and in
other languages. There are websites with news from Bhutan and Nepal
and many are written in Nepali. There are websites with news and infor-
mation for Bhutanese refugees who are now settled in the U.S. There are
also websites where you can watch Nepali movies and listen to Nepali and
Hindi songs.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
OG6/g]6sf] ;'/lIft k|of]u
cfˆgf gftfuf]tf / ;fyLefOnfO{ Od]n k7fpFbf / pxfFx?n] k7fPsf Od]n kfpFbf
/dfOnf] x'G5 . t/ tLg} Od]ndWo] s'g}n] cK7\of/f] kf5{g\ . tkfO{+n] lrGb} glrg]sf
dfG5] jf sDkgLn] k7fPsf Od]nnfO{ …:kfdÚ elgG5 . o:tf Od]nn] cK7\of/f] kfg{
;S5g\ . o:tf ckl/lrt Od]n d]6\g'k5{ . glrg]sf dflg;n] k7fPsf o:tf Od]ndf
;~rf/ 159

tkfO{+sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/, qm]l86 sf8{ gDa/, kf;j8{ jf cGo s'g} JolStut
hfgsf/L k6Ss} lbg'x'Gg .
k5fl8 …=hLcf]eLÚ ePsf OG6/g]6 ;fO6x? dfq cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf cflwsfl/s
j]a;fO6 x'g\ . tkfO{+n] …=l;cf]PdÚ, …=PgO6LÚ, …=cf]cf/hLÚ df 6'lËg] jf …=hLcf]eLÚ
afx]s c? h];'s}df 6'lËg] 7]ufgfaf6 Od]n k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf Od]n
cd]l/sL ;/sf/ jf o;sf dGqfnosf cflwsfl/s Od]n x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
OG6/g]6df cZnLn ;fdu|L / afnaflnsfn] x]g{ gldNg] vfnsf v/fa hfgsf/L,
tl:a/ jf b[Zox? klg x'G5g\ . To;}n] afnaflnsfn] sDKo'6/ jf OG6/g]6
rnfPsf a]nf s] ul//x]sf 5g\, cleefjsn] ;r]t x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsfn] klg
rnfpg] ePsfn] sDKo'6/ ;asf cfFvf kg]{ 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . pgLx?n] s]
ul//x]sf 5g\, b]Vg ;lsG5 .
Safe Use of the Internet
You may enjoy sending and receiving email from friends and relatives.
But there are also emails that can cause problems. Emails from people or
companies that you do not know, called spam, can cause problems. They
should be deleted. Do not give your social security number, credit card
number, password or any personal information to unknown persons who
request it by email.
Only Internet sites including the “.gov" indicator are official govern-
ment websites. If you receive any e-mail from an address that is from a
“.com”, “.net”, “.org,” or anything other than “.gov,” please be aware that
it is not a legitimate e-mail from the U.S. Government or of its any depart-
ments.
There are some bad things on the Internet too, including pornography
and other things that you will not want your children to see. You should
be aware of what your children are doing when they are using a computer
and are on the Internet. The best way to do this is to keep your computer
in your living area where you and everyone in the home can see what you
child is viewing or doing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kqklqsf
cd]l/sfsf ;a}h;f] d'Vo zx/df sDtLdf Pp6f b}lgs cvaf/ k|sflzt x'G5g\ .
o:tf cvaf/n] zx/ / o; j/k/sf, /fhgLlt;DaGwL tfhf ;dfrf/ tyf ©f]6fx?sf
;fy} cfpFbf lbg, ;ftf jf dlxgfx?df x'g] sfo{qmdsf ;"rgf k|sflzt u5{g\ .
xf], oL ;a} klqsf c+u|]hLdf x'G5g\ .
/fli6«o:t/df lrlgPsf s]xL cvaf/x? klg 5g\ . oL cvaf/x?n] /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/x? k|sflzt u5{g\ . o:tf klqsfx? M Go' of]s{ 6fOD;\,
160 Communication

o'P;P 6'8], jfn l:6«6 hg{n, jfl;+u6g kf]:6, / n; PGhn; 6fOD;\ x'g\ . oL ;a}
cvaf/sf j]a;fO6x? 5g\, hxfF tkfO{+n] cvaf/df 5flkPsf s]xL ;dfrf/ klg
k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 .
cvaf/x?sf] k|of]un] c+u|]hL ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 . c+u|]hL ;'wfg{sf nflu cvaf/ k9\g]
xf] eg] lgMz'Ns kfpg] pkfo klg 5 . cvaf/sf] u|fxs ag]sf cf©";Fu sfd ug]{
;fyLefO;Fu k'/fgf c+sx? dfu]/ k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL ;'wfg{ d2t k'Ug]
eP pxfFx? tkfO{+nfO{ cvaf/ lbg v';L x'g'x'G5 .
Newspapers
All major cities in the U.S. have at least one local daily newspaper.
The newspaper will provide the latest news and photos about your com-
munity, politics, and lists of upcoming events. Of course this will all be in
English.
There are also a few newspapers that are recognized as national news-
papers. These cover mostly national and international news. These include
New York Times, USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, and
Los Angeles Times.
All newspapers have websites where you can read some (but usually
not all) of what they print.
You can use newspapers as a way to improve your English. You prob-
ably do not even need to pay for the paper if you use it for this purpose.
You can ask friends or co-workers who may have subscriptions to a news-
paper if they would be willing to give you a newspaper that is a few days
old. They will probably be happy to do that if you tell them that you will
use it to improve your English.

m m m
 161

cWofo !% : a'af–cfdf / afnaflnsf

Chapter 15 : Parents and Children

/fd|f] ;DaGw agfpg'

afnaflnsfsf nflu afa'cfdfsf w]/} lhDd]jf/L x'G5g\ . afa'cfdfn] afnaflnsfnfO{
kf]if0f tyf dfof lbg'k5{, zf/Ll/s tyf efjgfTds ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'k5{,
pgLx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] lgwf] ug'{k5{ . afa'cfdf / gfgLx?aLr k|uf9 ;DaGw /Xof] eg]
pgLx?n] /fd|f] dx;'; u5{g\ / clg k|ult u5{g\ . To;}n] o:tf] ;DaGw sfod /fVg
pgLx?;Fu k9\g], v]Ng], :s"nsf af/]df s'/fsfgL ug]{ jf Oi6ldqx?nfO{ e]6\g hfg]
ug'{k5{ . gfgLx?n] /fd|f] dx;'; u?g\ / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg eGg] rfxg] xf] eg]
k|f]T;fxg lbg'k5{ .
Building Good Relationships
Parents have many responsibilities to their children, including nurtur-
ing and loving them, supporting their physical and emotional develop-
ment, and making sure they are safe. Children feel and do better when they
have a strong relationship with their parents, so it is important to develop
this bond by reading together, playing games, talking about school, or vis-
iting relatives. Encourage your children to feel good and confident.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dfj]z
afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cleefjsn] yk o:tf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 M
• tkfO{+sf gfgLx?n] 6]lnlehgdf s] x]b}{5g / OG6/g]6df s] u5{g\ eGg] rf;f]
lng'xf];\ .
• slt ;do 6]lnlehg x]g]{ / lel8of] u]dx? v]Ng] eg]/ tf]lslbg'xf];\ .
• gfgLx? k9\g] :s"ndf :jo+;]jf ug'{xf];\ / lzIfslzlIfsfnfO{ e]6\g'xf];\ .
• :s"naf6 ©s]{kl5 / xKtfsf] cGtsf b'O{ lbg -zlgaf/ / cfOtaf/_ gfgLx? s]
u5{g\ eGg] Vofn ug'{xf];\ .
• gfgLx?nfO{ a]n'sf ;'Tg] Pp6} ;do tf]lslbg'xf];\ .
• cf]5\ofg, ef8fjt{g jf nQfsk8f ;/;©fO{ h:tf 3/fo;L sfd lgoldt ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• xKtfe/df ;Sbf] w]/}k6s gfgLx?;Fu a;]/ vfgf vfg'xf];\ .
• kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o;Fu} a;]/ u©uf© ug]{ ;do lgsfNg'xf];\ / Tof] ;dodf ;a}
;Fu} a:g] ug'{xf];\ .
Be Involved
Some other ways you can guide your child’s development include:
• Know what your children watch on television and do on the Internet.
162 Parents and Children
• Limit how much time they can watch television or play video games.
• Volunteer in their schools and meet with their teachers.
• Know what they do after school and on the weekends.
• Set a time at which they need to go to sleep.
• Assign regular chores, like cleaning bedrooms, washing dishes, or do-
ing laundry.
• Eat meals together as often as possible.
• Choose a time for family to talk regularly.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
afnaflnsfsf] /]vb]v
afnaflnsf ;'/lIft 5g\ eGg] rflxF cleefjsnfO{ kSsf] x'g'k5{ . pgLx?sf]
;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L cleefjssf] xf] . afx| jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf gfgLx?nfO{
3/df PSn} 5f8\g'x'Gg . 3/df cf©" gx'g] jf lhDd]jf/ l5d]sLn] x]g{ ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g eg] gfgL x]g]{ dflg; x'g'k5{ . gfgL x]g]{ dflg;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf …a]aL–l;6/Ú
elgG5 . a]aL–l;6/sf] pd]/ sDtLdf !% jif{sf] x'g'k5{ . gfgLx? 3/df PSn} 5f8\g
ldN5 jf ldNb}g, o;/L a'‰g ;lsG5 M
• slt jif{sf eP / slt kl/kSj 5g\ <
• pgLx? kl/l:ylt a'em]/ ;xL÷unt 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] / lgod kfngf ug{ ;Sg]
ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <
• cfkftsflng cj:yfdf gfgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{, c? 7"nf dflg;nfO{ jf 5/l5d]sL,
/ cfkftsflng cj:yfdf ;xfotf ug]{ lgsfodf s;/L ;Dks{ ug{] 5g\ < To:tf]
hfg]sf 5g jf 5}gg\ <
• s] tkfO{+sf] 3/ / 5/l5d]s ;'/lIft 5 . ck/fw x'g] u/]sf 5g\÷5}gg\ <
• tkfO{+ slt ;dosf nflu 3/aflx/ /xg'x'G5 <
Child Supervision
It is also the parents’ responsibility to make sure their children are safe.
Children under 12 years old should not be at home alone. If no family mem-
bers or neighbors can watch your children when you are away, find a babysit-
ter (usually at least 15 years old) to watch them. Some things to consider
when deciding if your children are ready to be left home alone include:
• How old and how mature they are.
• If they have shown good judgment and followed rules well.
• If they know how to reach you, other adults or neighbors, and the au-
thorities in case of an emergency.
• If your house and neighborhood are safe from crime or not.
• How long you will be away.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a'af–cfdf / afnaflnsf 163
afn–b'Jo{jxf/ / afn–pk]Iff
slxn]sfxLF cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ plrt :ofxf/ ub}{gg\ . afnaflnsfsf]
:ofxf/ ubf{ x'g] b'O{ c;©ntfx? afn–b'Jo{jxf/ / afn–pk]Iff x'g\ . pk]Iffn] ubf{
afnaflnsfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;d]t k"/f x'Fb}gg\ . afnaflnsfsf] lgu/fgL gug'{,
kf]l;nf vfg]s'/f glbg' jf :jf:Yof]krf/ gug'{, :s"n uP÷guPsf] cQf]kQf] gx'g'
h:tf pbfx/0fx?nfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf] dflgG5 .
afn–b'Jo{jxf/ eg]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} xflg ug'{ jf xflg x'g] cj:yfdf 5f8\g'
xf] . afn–b'Joj{xf/ zf/Ll/s, of}g jf efjgfTds x'G5g\ . zf/Ll/s b'Joj{xf/ eGgfn]
lxsf{pg', nft xfGg', ;dft]/ xNnfpg'÷ws]Ng' jf c? s'g} tl/sfaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{
3ft x'g' xf] . afnaflnsfsf] of}g–b'Joj{xf/ eGgfn] jo:sn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'lrt
?kdf 5'g', of}g ultljlw jf o:tf lrq÷b[Zo b]vfpg' cflb h:tf jo:s JolSt /
afnaflnsfaLr of}g lqmofsnfk x'g\ . efjgfTds b'Joj{xf/ eGgfn] lgoldt cfqmf];
kf]Vbf, qf; b]vfpFbf jf xf]RofP/ gfd laufl/ lbg] vfnsf cfgLafgLn] afnaflnsfsf]
ljsf; jf cfTd;Ddfgsf] ;'ema'emdf rf]6 nfUg' xf] .
Child Abuse and Child Neglect
Sometimes parents do not take appropriate care of their children. Child
abuse and child neglect are serious failures to properly care for a child.
Neglect is not providing for a child’s basic needs. Examples of neglect are
not supervising a child, not providing needed nutrition or medical care, not
making sure they go to school.
Child abuse is doing something that harms a child or puts the child at
risk of harm. Child abuse can be physical, sexual, or emotional. Examples
of physical abuse are striking, kicking, shaking, or otherwise harming a
child. Child sexual abuse is any sexual activity between a child and an
adult, and includes inappropriate touching and showing a child sexual
activity or images. Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that hurts a
child’s development or sense of self-worth and can occur through constant
screaming, threats, or name calling.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
afn–;'/Iff ;]jfx¿
k|To]s /fHodf afn–b'Jo{jxf/ jf afn–pk]Iff;DaGwL sfd–sfjf{xL ug]{ ;/sf/L
lgsfo x'G5g\ . k|To]s /fHon] o:tf ljifonfO{ cf–cfˆgf] tl/sfn] JofVof u/]sf
x'G5g\ . o:tf lgsfosf] gfd …afn–/If0f ;]jfÚ -rfON8 k|f]6]lS6e ;le{;]hx?_ jf
…afnaflnsf tyf kl/jf/ zfvfÚ -l8lehg c© lrN8«]g PG8 ©]ldlnhx?_ jf o:t}
ljifo–ldNbf] x'g ;S5 . s'g} kl/jf/df afn–b'Joj{xf/ jf afn–pk]Iff ePsf] ph'/L
k/] pSt lgsfosf s];–js{/ -dfldnf x]g]{ sd{rf/L_ n] afns jf aflnsf ;'/lIft
eP÷gePsf] 6'+uf] nufpg 3/df cfpg;S5g\ . w]/}h;f] kl/jf/ a:g] 3/df pSt
164 Parents and Children
lgsfosf sd{rf/L cfpFb}gg\, t/ cfP eg] ;fFrf] af]Ng'xf];\ / zfGt eP/ ;xof]u ug'{
/fd|f] x'G5 . tkfO{+ c+u|]hL af]Ng'x'Gg eg] sf]xL bf]efif]sf] aGbf]a:t x'g'k5{ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ g} bf]efif]sf ?kdf k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .
pSt lgsfon] o:tf cj:yfx?df kl/jf/nfO{ s;/L kl/l:yltdfly sfa' kfpg
;lsG5 eg]/ j}slNks pkfox? lbP/ ;xof]u u5{g\ . To:t} lgsfo;Fu ePsf
;+efljt ;]jf / ;|f]taf6 d2t lbnfpg lgsfo tyf kl/jf/aLr ;DaGw sfod u5{g\ .
pSt lgsfon] kl/jf/df afnaflnsf c;'/lIft ePsf] 7x/ u/] eg] afns jf aflnsf–
nfO{ gft]bf/, kfNg] cleefjs jf s'g} cfjf;df nu]/ /fV5g\ / otf 3/sf] cj:yf
;'wfg]{ sfd u5{g\ . afns jf aflnsf 3/df c;'/lIft /x]sf] ©]nf k/] p;sf] eljio–
af/] lg0f{o GofofwLzn] ug{'kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 .
Child Protective Services
In each state there is a governmental agency that responds to reports
of child abuse or neglect. Each state sets its own definition of these terms.
The name of the agency may be “Child Protective Services” or “Division
of Children and Families” or something similar. If a family is reported for
possible child abuse or neglect, a caseworker from that agency may visit
the family to make sure the child is safe. Most families are never visited by
a CPS worker, but if they visit you, it is important that you are honest and
co-operate calmly. Make sure there is an interpreter if you do not speak
English well. Do not use your children as interpreters.
The agency can provide help and support to families by teaching them
alternative methods to handle situations and connecting families with ser-
vices or resources that may help them. The agency will place children with
relatives, foster parents, or in shelters if it is determined that the home is
not safe for the child and then work with the family to improve condi-
tions. If this happens, the decision about the child’s future may be up to a
judge.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
e/0f–kf]if0f
3/sf 7"nf–a8fnfO{ k};f sdfpg], kl/jf/sf nflu ufF; / af;sf] aGbf]a:t ug{],
lan ltg{] / ljleGg sfof{no;DaGwL sfuhftx? b'?:t /fVg] h:tf w]/} sfddf
;xfotf rflxg ;S5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ :s"ndf ;xh x'g / pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf tgfj
a9\g] kl/l:yltdf klg ;xfotf cfjZos x'G5 . Ps–csf{sf sfd k"/f ug{, nIo
xfl;n ug{ / tgfjsf] ;fdgf ug{ cfk;df ;xfotf ug'{k5{ .
Support
Adults have many things they may need support with, including earn-
ing money, providing food and a home for their families, and managing
a'af–cfdf / afnaflnsf 165
bills and official paperwork. Children also need support as they adjust to
school and deal with the pressures of getting older. Support one another by
helping each other accomplish tasks, reach goals, and cope with stress.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
5f]/f5f]/L;“u s'/fsfgL
5f]/f5f]/L;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ a'‰g'sf ;fy} pgLx?n] c?;Fu s;/L
;+jfb ug'{kg]{ /x]5 eGg] l;Sg d2t k'U5 . ;/n, :ki6 / k|ToIf s'/f ug'{xf];\ .
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ eg]sf] s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf pgLx?df x'g'k5{,
h;sf] cy{ tkfO{+n] eg]sf] pgLx?n] a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ . pgLx?sf OR5fdf ljsNkx?
lbg'xf];\ / tL ljsNkdWo] s'g} klg cf©" ;lhn} dfGg tof/ ePsf] a'emfpg'xf];\ .
cfjZostf k/] s'g} ljsNk lsg tkfO{+nfO{ dfGo 5}g eGg] :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ . 5f]/f–
5f]/L czfGt eP eg] pgLx?nfO{ ;fDo kfg{ cf©" gd| / zfGt eP/ af]Ng'xf];\ .
pgLx? hª\luPsf a]nf pgLx?n] xfd|f s'/f ;'Gg lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 .
Talking to Children
Communicate with children in a way that will help them understand
and learn how to communicate well with others. Be simple, clear, and
direct. Your child should be able to repeat what you said back to you.
Give them choices that you are comfortable with and accept their deci-
sions from those options. If needed, explain clearly why some choices
are unacceptable. If children become upset, speak patiently and quietly
to calm them down. It is difficult for them to listen when they experience
intense emotion.

m m m
166
 167

cWofo !^ : kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt

Chapter 16 : Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and
Giving Birth

kl/jf/ lgof]hg
s]xL bDkltx? slxn] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] eg]/ of]hgf agfpF5g\ . kl/jf/ lgof]hg
eg]sf] cf©" slxn] ue{jtL x'g] / slt ;Gtfg hGdfpg] egL lgoGq0f ug{] pkfo
xf] . >Ldfg–>LdtLn] cfk;df 5n©n u/]/ ;Gtfgaf/] o:tf lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .
tkfO{+nfO{ cfˆgf] wfld{s cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljz]if k|sf/sf] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] tl/sf
ckgfpg' k5{ eg] cf©"n] dfGb} cfPsf cf:yfx?af/] ;Nnfx lng'k5{ . tkfO{+ cfˆgf]
cf:yfcg';f/ ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg] hGdlg/f]wsf To:tf lglZrt k|sf/sf] pTkfbg
k|of]u ug{ tkfO{+ :jtGq x'g'x'G5 . hGdlg/f]wsf pkfox?n] k'?if jf dlxnfnfO{ afFemf]
agfpFb}gg\, o;n] ue{jtL slxn] x'g] eGg] dfq lgoGq0f u5{g\ .
Family Planning
Some couples plan when they want to have children. Family planning
is a way to control when you get pregnant and how many children you
want to have. The man and woman should decide after talking about it
together. If your religious faith offers specific guidance on family plan-
ning, you should consult your own faith practices. If you choose to do so,
you have the right to use certain products called birth control. The use of
birth control does not make you infertile or barren, it just controls when
you get pregnant.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ue{lg/f]wsf pkfox¿
olb tkfO{+ hGd–lgoGq0f ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+nfO{ s'g vfnsf] ;fwg pko'Qm
x'G5 eg]/ lrlsT;s;Fu ;Nnfx lng h?/L x'G5 . ue{lg/f]w ug{ k'?ifsf nflu
sG8d, dlxnfsf nflu sG8d, vfg] ue{lg/f]w, vf]k -;'O{_, 8fok|mfd / hgg]lGb|odf
/fVg] pks/0fx? -cfOo'8L_ h:tf w]/} ;fwg jf ;'ljwfx? x'G5g\ . uef{wfg
/f]Sg ue{ a:g] ;dodf tkfO{+ zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ gu/L a:g ;Sg'x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf ue{–
lg/f]wx? rng–rNtLdf 5g\ / lgs} ;'/lIft 5g\ . t/ s'g} klg ;fwg jf pkfonfO{
ue{lg/f]wsf] /fdjf0f dflgFb}g . tkfO{+nfO{ ;Gtfg hGdfpg dgnfUof] eg] vfO/x]sf]
jf k|of]u ul//x]sf] ue{lg/f]w tTsfn aGb ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Birth Control Options
If you choose birth control, it is important to talk to your doctor about
the type of birth control that may be right for you. There are many birth
control options, including male condoms, female condoms, oral contra-
168 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth
ceptives, shots, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUD). You can also
choose to avoid sexual intercourse during the part of your cycle when you
could become pregnant. In the United States, birth control is widely used
and very safe. However, no method of birth control is completely guaran-
teed to prevent pregnancy. You can stop using birth control if you want to
have children.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ue{lg/f]wsf ;fwg kfpg] 7fp“
ue{lg/f]wsf ljleGg ;fwg jf ;'ljwfx? lrlsT;ssf] sfof{no, ©fd{];L, lSnlgs
jf :6f]/df kfOG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF o:tf ;fwg jf ;'ljwf lsGgsf nflu lrlsT;sn]
n]lvlbPsf] sfuh rflxFg;S5 . o:tf ;fwg jf ;'ljwfsf] d"No 7fpFcg';f/ ©/s
x'g;S5 . olb tkfO{+n] cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu d]l8sn–ladf ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] ToxL
ladfn] ue{lg/f]wdf nfUg] vr{ wfGg ;S5 . cf}ifwf]krf/df nfUg] vr{ / kfpg]
;'ljwfaf/] s] s;f] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ lrlsT;s;Fu ;Nnfx ug'{xf];\ .
Getting Birth Control
You can get birth control from the doctor’s office, pharmacy, clinic,
or store. Sometimes you need a prescription to buy birth control. Each
birth control product has a different price. If you have medical insurance,
it might cover the expenses. Talk to your doctor about finding assistance
for the costs.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uef{j:yf
dlxnfsf] hLjgdf uef{j:yf lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf] a]nfdf lgoldt
:jf:Yo–k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\, k|;j cj:yf / k|;"ltsf nflu tof/ x'g'xf];\ . o;sf nflu
cfˆgf] >Ldfg / 8fS6/;Fu tf/tDo ldnfpg'k5{ . o:tf] a]nfsf nflu kl/jf/, Oi6ldq
/ :jf:Yo;]jsnfO{ ;/–;xfotfsf nflu cfu|x ug'{xf];\ .
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a special time in a woman’s life. While pregnant, get
regular prenatal health care and prepare for labor and delivery with your
partner and doctor. Ask for help from family, friends, and health care pro-
fessionals during this time.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uef{j:yfdf :ofxf/
tkfO{+ cf©" ue{jtL eP h:tf] nfUof] eg] 3/d} hfFr ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf]
hfFr ug{] ;fwg v'b|f k;n jf ©fd{];Ldf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . ue{jtL hfFr ubf{ …xf]Ú
-kf]lhl6e_ cfof] eg] cfˆgf] lgoldt hfFr ul//x]sf lrlsT;snfO{ t'?Gt ;Dks{
kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt 169

u/L :jf:Yo–k/LIf0fsf nflu ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ . uef{j:yfdf ul/g] :ofxf/–;';f/

;+ej eP;Dd rfF8f] ;'? ug'{k5{ . uef{j:yfdf ul/g] :ofxf/–;';f/ eGgfn] ue{jtL /
pgsf] ue{sf] lzz'sf] :ofxf/–;';f/ xf] . tkfO{+ o;k6seGbf klxn] g} ue{jtL eO–
;s]sL eP klg uef{j:yfdf ul/g] :ofxf/–;';f/ cem dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf
w]/}h;f] ue{jtL dlxnfx?n] 8fS6/sf] x]/rfx kfpF5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf x]/rfx
ug]{ 8fS6/nfO{ cA:6«]l6;g jf ufOg]snf]lh:6 -cf]aL÷lhjfOPg_ elgG5 . cd]l/sfdf
;a}h;f] aRrfaRrL c:ktfndf hGdfOG5g\ . aRrfaRrL hGdfpg] Joj:yf klg
c:ktfndf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . 8fS6/;Fu lgoldt hrfpFgfn] s'g} klg :jf:Yo;DaGwL
;d:of b]lvgf;fy t'?Gt To;sf] pkrf/ ul/G5 .
Prenatal Care
If you think you are pregnant, you can take an at-home pregnancy test.
You can buy these at a grocery store or pharmacy. If the result is positive,
schedule an appointment with your regular doctor right away. You should
begin prenatal care as soon as possible. Prenatal care is health care for the
pregnant woman and for her unborn child. Prenatal care is very important,
even if you have been pregnant before. In the United States, most women
get prenatal care through a doctor known as an obstetrician/ gynecolo-
gist (or OB/GYN), and give birth at a hospital. Doctors can find and treat
health problems early when they see you regularly.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uef{j:yfdf lrlsT;snfO{ e]6\bf
uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo–k/LIf0fsf nflu lrlsT;ssxfF hfFbf pxfFn] M
• tkfO{+sf] cfˆgf] / kl/jf/sf] k'/fgf] :jf:Yo ljj/0faf/] atfpg'xf];\ eGg'x'G5 .
• tkfO{+sf] sDd/eGbf tn / lt3|fdflysf c+ux? tyf ;Defljt SofG;/ hfFRg
ul/g] k/LIf0f …kfk l:do/Ú nufot k"/} z/L/sf] hfFr ug'{x'G5 .
• Nofa -k|of]uzfnf_ df k7fP/ hfFRgsf nflu /ut / lk;fa lng'x'G5 .
• /Strfk -An8–k|];/_, prfO / tf}n gfKg'x'G5 .
• aRrf hGdg] ldltaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug'{x'G5 .
• aRrfsf] d'6'sf] w8\sg hfFRg'x'G5 .
Prenatal Visits with Doctor
During prenatal visits, the doctor will:
• Ask for personal and family health history.
• Do a complete physical exam, including a pelvic exam and pap smear
(test to detect possible cancer).
• Take blood and urine.
• Check blood pressure, height, and weight.
170 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth
• Calculate the due date, a date near which the baby will be born.
• Check the baby’s heart rate.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfg x'g] / gx'g]
• …cfO/gÚ;lxt kof{Kt kf]ifs tÎjx? vfg'xf];\ . cfO/gn] ue{df /x]sf] lzz'nfO{
kof{Kt clS;hg lbnfpg d2t u5{ .
• ©n©"n, t/sf/L, ;Unf] cGg tyf SoflN;odsf] dfqf a9L ePsf vfg]s'/f / sd
hDg] vfnsf lrNnf];lxt ;Gt'lnt vfgf vfg'xf];\ .
• s©L, lrof / xNsf k]o h:tf Sofl©g ePsf÷xflnPsf emf]n sd lkpg'xf];\ .
Do’s and Don’ts – Food
• Get enough nutrients, including iron, which helps your baby get oxy-
gen.
• Eat a balanced diet including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and foods
high in calcium and low in saturated fat.
• Do not drink large amounts of caffeinated beverages such as coffee,
tea, and soft drinks.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kfngf ug]{ hLjgz}nL
• ue{jtL x'Fbf w"d|kfg, /S;L jf cj}w nfu'cf}ifw ;]jg gug'{xf];\ .
• lgs} tftf] kfgLdf 8'a'NsL gdfg'{xf];\ jf gg'xfpg'xf];\ .
• k|z:t ;do ;'Tg'xf];\ / wk]8L gug'{xf];\ .
• xKtfsf] kfFr lbg lbgx'F #) ldg]6 -cfwf 306f_ xNsf Jofofd ug'{xf];\ .
• ls6gfzs -ljif÷ljiffbL_, ;/;©fO{ ug{] emf]n, ln8 -l;;f_, ds{/L -kf/f]_ / 3/
/+ufpg] /+u h:tf /;fog cflbaf6 6f9} a:g'xf];\ .
Do’s and Don’ts - Lifestyle
• DO NOT SMOKE, DRINK ALCOHOL, OR USE ILLEGAL DRUGS
DURING PREGNANCY.
• Do not take very hot baths.
• Sleep well and avoid stress.
• Exercise moderately for 30 minutes five days a week.
• Avoid chemicals like insecticides, cleaning supplies, lead, mercury,
and paint.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfly{s ;xfotf / d]l8sn ladf
w]/}h;f] /fHodf cf}ifwf]krf/ ladf gul/Psf JolStx?nfO{ uef{j:yf, k|;"lt
;]jf / k|;"ltkl5sf] :ofxf/sf nflu …d]l8s]8Ú gfds ;/sf/L ;'ljwfdf©{t cfly{s–
kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt 171

;xfotf ul/G5 . dlxnf, lzz' tyf afnaflnsf -8An'cfO;L_ gfds sfo{qmd kf]if0f
sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmdn] ue{jtL, k|;"ltkl5 / aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfsf
nflu tyf kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]if0f tyf cfly{s cfjZostfsf] vfFrf]
6fg{ s'kg pknAw u/fpF5 . o:tf] sfo{qmdsf lgodx? /fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ .
To;}n] ;/sf/L ;'ljwf lbg] sfof{no jf k'gjf{; ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ u/L cf©" pSt
;'ljwfx? kfpg of]Uo eP÷gePsf] / ;'ljwf kfpgsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] tl/sfaf/]
hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .
Financial Assistance and Medical Insurance
In most states, Medicaid pays for some or all of prenatal care, delivery
services, and post-partum care for those people who do not have private
health insurance. The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program is a
nutrition program that offers coupons for specific foods to pregnant, post-
partum, and breastfeeding women; and children under five with nutritional
and financial need. States’ programs differ, so contact your social services
office or resettlement agency for information on eligibility and the appli-
cation process.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k|;"ltsf nflu tof/L
k|;"ltsf nflu >Ldfg / lrlsT;s jf g;{sf] ;xof]udf hGd–of]hgf -ay{ Knfg_
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . o:tf] of]hgf k|;j -k|;"ltcl3sf] cj:yf_ / k|;"lt tof/Lsf] lg0f{o
ug]{ Ps pkfo xf] . o:tf] of]hgfdf cf©"nfO{ ;lhnf] nfUg] bf]efif]sf] ;Dks{
hfgsf/L, k|;"lt–sIfdf hfg ldNg] gft]bf/ jf Oi6ldqx?sf gfd / b'vfO a9]
cfˆgf nflu s] ug{ rfxg' x'G5 eGg] klg v'nfP/ n]lvlbg'xf];\ . lzz'sf] hGdaf/]
ug{ ldNg] jf ug{ gldNg] vfnsf tkfO{+sf s'g} wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts cf:yfx? 5g\
jf To:tf] ;dodf s'g} vf; vfg]s'/f vfg' x'Gg eGg] 5 eg] Tof] klg pSt of]hgfdf
;dfj]z ul/lbg'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf c? aRrf 5g\ / tkfO{+ c:ktfn hfFbf jf k|;j
cj:yfdf /xFbf pgsf] x]/rfx s;n] ug]{ xf], Tof] klg pSt of]hgfdf v'nfO–
lbg'xf];\ . aRrf hGd]kl5 pgnfO{ lgoldt b]vfpg] lrlsT;s -h;nfO{ lkl8cl6«;g
elgG5_ sf] xf] <, pxfFsf] gfd of]hgfdf n]lvlbPsf] x'g'k5{ . pSt …hGd–of]hgfÚ
lrlsT;s / cf©"n] aRrf hGdfpg] c:ktfnnfO{ lbg'xf];\ . ;a} lg0f{ox? cuf8L g}
ug'{eof] eg] k|;j / k|;"ltdf x'g] jf ul/g] ;a} sfd ;lhnf / tgfjd'Qm x'G5g\ .
Preparing for Delivery
Make a birth plan with your partner and doctor or nurse-midwife. This
is a tool used to communicate decisions about labor and delivery. Include
contact information of preferred interpreters, a list of people allowed in
the delivery room, and pain management choices. If you have religious or
172 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth
cultural beliefs about birth or do not eat certain foods, include this in your
birth plan. If you have other children, decide who will take care of them
when you are in labor and go to the hospital. You should decide who will
be your child’s doctor (called a pediatrician) after the birth and that name
should be in your birth plan. Share your birth plan with your doctor and
with the hospital where your delivery will take place. Making decisions
beforehand will make everything easier and less stressful during the labor
and the delivery process.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s;/L c:ktfn k'Ug] <
lzz' hGdg] ;do ePsf] 5 / k|;j cj:yf ;'? ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]df
tkfO{+ cem} clglZrt eP lrlsT;snfO{ ©f]g ug'{xf]; jf ;Lw} c:ktfn hfg'xf];\ .
w]/} dlxnfnfO{ Joyf nfu]sf] h:tf] cg'ej x'G5, jf:tjdf To:tf] ePs} x'Fb}g . To:tf]
cj:yf cfP, ;+sf]r gdfGg'xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ k|;j cj:yf eP, c:ktfn hfg'xf];\ .
ToxfF uP/ egf{ x'g'xf];\ . egf{ x'g' eg]sf] tkfO{+ c:ktfndf ue{jtLsf ?kdf btf{
x'g' xf] . oxL ;dodf c:ktfnsf sd{rf/Ln] tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo–ladf;DaGwL hfgsf/L
vf]Hg EofpF5g\ .
Going to the Hospital
If you are ever unsure if you’re going into labor, call your doctor or go
to the hospital. Many women go into “false labor”, believing they are in
labor when they really are not. Do not be embarrassed if this happens to
you. When you are in labor and go to the hospital, you need to go through
admissions. This registers you as a patient in the hospital. Hospital staff
will also collect your health insurance information at this time.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c:ktfndf s] x'G5 <
tkfO{+nfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL s'g} cK7\of/f 5}gg\ eg] c:ktfn egf{ ePkl5 k|;"lt–
sIfdf nluG5 . pSt sIfdf tkfO{+sf nflu Pp6f lj:t/f / tkfO{+sf ;fy hfg'ePsf
>Ldfg jf cGo ;xof]uL a:gsf nflu Pp6f s';L{ x'G5 . Pshgf lrlsT;sn] tkfO{+
/ lzz'nfO{ k|;jdf s] eO/x]5 eg]/ lgu/fgL ug'{ x'g]5 . k|;j cj:yf nfdf] x'g
;S5 . s;}nfO{ lgs} b'V5 . o:tf] b'vfO sd ug{] cf}ifwL lbg'xf];\ eg]/ lrlsT;s;Fu
cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . w]/}h;f] lzz' cfdfsf] hgg]lGb|o x'Fb} aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . of]
:jefljs hGd xf] . slxn]sfxLF ue{jtL x'Fbf c? ;d:of 5g\ eg] lrlsT;sn] aRrf
hGdfpg zNolqmof -ck/];g_ ug]{ lg0f{o klg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf] zNolqmofnfO{
…l;h]l/og ;]S;gÚ -5f]6s/Ldf …l;–;]S;gÚ_ klg elgG5 . zNolqmof ubf{ tkfO{+sf]
k]6 lrl/G5 / ToxL lrl/Psf] efuaf6 lzz'nfO{ aflx/ lgsflnG5 . zNolqmofaf6
aRrf hGdfpg] cfdfnfO{ k"/} ;Grf] x'g s]xL ;do nfU5 / pxfFnfO{ 3/df cln a9L
kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt 173

g} :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ h?/L x'G5 . ay{ Knfgdf n]lvPsf] 5}g eg] c:ktfn 5f8]–
kl5 lzz'sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{] lrlsT;s -afnlrlsT;s_ sf] x'G5 eGg] tkfO{+n]
lg0f{o ug'{k5{ / c:ktfnaf6 lzz'nfO{ 3/ Nofpg'cl3 tL lrlsT;ssf] gfd klg
c:ktfnsf sd{rf/LnfO{ l6kfpg' k5{ .
At the Hospital
Once you are admitted to the hospital, if you have no complications,
you will be taken to a labor and delivery room. There will be a bed for you
and a chair where your partner or other support person can sit. A doctor
will monitor you and your baby to see how you are both tolerating labor.
Labor can be very long and painful for some women, and you can request
medicine to help with the pain. Usually, the baby will be born by natu-
ral vaginal birth. Sometimes, however, if you have a high-risk pregnancy,
your doctor might decide to perform a cesarean section (also called a c-
section) where the baby will be removed through an incision that will be
made in your abdomen. Women who have had a c-section require a longer
recovery period and extra support at home after the birth. Make sure you
tell the hospital staff the name of the doctor (pediatrician) who will care
for your baby after you leave the hospital.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gjhft lzz'nfO{ 3/df :jfut
;do pko'Qm ePkl5 lrlsT;sn] tkfO{+ / lzz'nfO{ 3/ hfg lbg'x'G5 . ;fdfGotM
of] ;do Ps jf b'O{ lbgdf g} x'G5 . ljz]if cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ cfjZos 7x¥ofOPsf
gfgLnfO{ c:ktfndf /flvG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf gfgLx?nfO{ pkrf/ ul/g] sIf
…gjhftsf nflu uxg :ofxf/ sIfÚ -PgcfOl;o"_ df /fVg ;lsG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf
lzz'nfO{ c:ktfn /fVg] ;do cln w]/} lbgsf] x'g ;S5 . gjhft lzz'nfO{ 3/
NofpFbf gfgLsf nflu rflxg] sf/–l;6sf] aGbf]a:t 5 jf 5}g kSsf ug'{xf];\ .
Taking Your Baby Home
The doctor will discharge you and your baby from the hospital when
the time is right. Usually this is within one or two days. New babies who
need extra medical attention, however, may be admitted to the neonatal
intensive care unit (NICU) and stay in the hospital longer. Make sure you
have a properly installed car seat to bring your baby home in.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/df s] ug]{ <
lzz'nfO{ ;do lbg'k5{ . pg};Fu a:g'xf];\ . pgsf] :ofxf/sf nflu lrlsT;sn]
h] h] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5 eg] pxfFsf tL ;Nnfxcg';f/ sfd ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+ jf
lzz'af/] s]xL ;f]Wg'k¥of] jf b'O{dWo] s;}nfO{ s]xL c;fdfGo cj:yf cfP h:tf] nfUof]
174 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth

eg] lrlsT;snfO{ ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . lrlsT;s klg tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] lzz'nfO{ :jf:Yo–
k/LIf0fdf cfPsf] /fd|f] dfGg'x'G5 . aRrfsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu aRrfs} lrlsT;s jf
kfl/jfl/s lrlsT;snfO{ e]6\g] ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ . Tof] e]6df csf]{–csf]{ k6s ul/g]
lgoldt k/LIf0fsf nflu tf/tDo ldnfpg'k5{ .
ue{jtL jf ;'Ts]/LnfO{ Gof;|f], lvGgtf, lr9–lr9\ofO jf lgb|f srkr x'g] vfnsf
;d:of x'g' Psbd c;fdfGo cj:yf xf] . To:tf ;d:ofn] cfˆgf] jf gfgLx?sf]
:ofxf/;';f/df k|efj k5{ . o:tf a]nfdf dlxnfn] cf©}FnfO{ jf ;Gtfgx?nfO{ kL8f lbg
;lS5g\ . tkfO{+nfO{ o:tf ;d:ofn] ;tfPsf] cg'ej eof] eg] t'?Gt lrlsT;snfO{
va/ ug'{xf];\ . o:tf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{] pkrf/x? -pkfox?_ 5g\ . pkrf/
kl5 tkfO{+ k]ml/ cf/fd dx;'; ug'{ x'G5 .
At Home
Spend time with your baby, and follow any instructions the doctor gave
you on how to take care of him or her. If you have any questions or suspect
that something is not normal with you or your baby, call your doctor. He
or she will also want to see you and your baby for a follow-up visit. Make
an appointment with your baby’s pediatrician (doctor for kids) or family
doctor to establish regular care for your baby.
It is not unusual for women who are pregnant or have had a baby re-
cently to experience sadness, depression, anger, or sleep problems that
affect their ability to care for themselves or their children. Sometimes they
even have feelings about hurting themselves or their babies. If you have
any of those feelings, call your doctor right away. There is treatment for
these feelings and you will feel better again.

m m m
 175

cWofo !& : hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx?

Chapter 17 : Major Life Events

gof“ e"lddf k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/

g]kfnLefifL e"6fgL ;d'bfon] ub}{} cfPsf cfˆgf k/Dk/fut hGd, ljjfx /
d[To'sf ;+:sf/x? cd]l/sfdf klg To;/L g} ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ oxfFsf /fHosf]
sfg'gcg';f/ tL ;+:sf/df yf]/} ©]/abn cfjZos x'G5 . oxfF yk s]xL sfg'gL
cfjZostfx? klg k"/f ug'{k5{ .
cfˆgf kfl/jfl/s ;+:sf/x?df cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf ;fyL, l5d]sL jf ;xsdL{x?nfO{
af]nfpg] ug'{xf];\ . o:tf cj;/x? g} pxfFx?nfO{ cfˆgf ;+:sf/x?;Fu kl/lrt
u/fpg] pQd tl/sf x'g\ .
Traditional Ceremonies in a New Land
Most ways that Nepali-speaking Bhutanese have traditionally marked
births, marriages, and deaths can be continued unchanged in the U.S. There
are a few aspects of traditional ceremonies that will need to be altered to
comply with the laws of your state. There are also additional legal require-
ments that you will need to meet.
Inviting a few native-born American friends, neighbors, or co-workers
to your family celebrations can be a good way to introduce them to your
culture.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hGd
lzz'sf] hGdn] h'g;'s} ;+:sf/ ePsf kl/jf/df klg cb\e"t v';L NofpF5 .
ue{jtL / ue{sf] lzz'sf nflu cd]l/sfdf d'Vo ?kdf …a]aL ;fj/Ú gfdsf] ;+:sf/
ul/G5 . slxn]sfxLF …a]aL ;fj/Ú lzz' hGd]kl5 u/] klg w]/}h;f] of] ;+:sf/ lzz'sf]
hGdeGbf s]xLcl3 g} ul/G5 . cfdlGqtx?n] cfdf / lzz'nfO{ pkxf/ lbG5g\ .
cd]l/sfdf tkfO{+ cfˆgf] rngcg';f/ aRrf hGdFbf v';LofnL dgfpg :jtGq
x'g'x'G5 .
cd]l/sfdf w]/} lzz'x? c:ktfndf hGdG5g\ eg] s]xL dfq ;'F8]gLsf] ;xfotfdf
3/df hGdG5g\ .
Births
The birth of a new baby to a family is a wonderful joyful event in
all cultures. Often in America a relative or close friend will host a baby
shower for the soon-to-be mother and unborn baby. Sometimes the baby
shower will be after the baby is born, but usually it is before. Guests give
presents to the mother for her or for her baby.
176 Major Life Events

In the U.S. you are free to celebrate the birth of a child according to
your own culture.
Most births in the U.S. take place in a hospital although some births
may take place at home with a midwife in attendance.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq
aRrfsf] hGdbtf{sf] klxnf] k|df0fkq 8fS6/, c:ktfn jf ;'F8]gLn] lbG5g\ .
To;kl5 hGdbtf{ tkfO{+ a:b} cfPsf] /fHol:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ug'{k5{ .
aRrf hGdg]lalQs} lbOg] klxnf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqdf aRrfsf] gfd n]Vg'k5{ .
cfˆgf] ;+:sf/cg';f/ gfd /fVg] sd{ aRrfsf] hGdkl5 ul/g] eP klg aRrfnfO{
kl5;Dd af]nfpg] gfd p;sf] hGdeGbf klxn] tof/ kf/]/ /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ . aRrfsf]
hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqdf n]lvPsf] gfd g} p;sf] sfg'gL -cflwsfl/s_ x'G5 .
hGdg]lalQs} lbOPsf] k|df0fkq kl5 ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ u/]kl5 ;f] sfof{non]
cf}krfl/s hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq lbG5 . of] k|df0fkqdf aRrfsf] gfd, p;sf] hGdldlt,
cfdfafa'sf] gfd / cGo hfgsf/L ;dfj]z x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf] lzz' :jtM
cd]l/sL gful/s x'g] ePsfn] of] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 .
of] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqn] g} pm cd]l/sL gful/s xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft u5{ . s'g}
a]nf ToxL aRrf cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf] xf] egL k|dfl0ft ug'{k¥of] eg] tkfO{+n] hGdbtf{sf]
k|df0fkq b]vfpg'k5{ / o;sf] k|ltlnlk k]z ug'{k5{ . aRrf 7"nf] ePkl5 p;sf] gfd
dtbftf–;"rLdf btf{ ug{ jf cd]l/sL kf;kf]6{ -/fxbfgL_ kfpg p;sf] hGdbtf{sf]
k|df0fkq g} rflxG5 .
Birth Certificate
The birth of a child must be certified by a doctor, hospital, or midwife
and then be registered with an office in the state where you live.
The baby’s name must be written on the birth certificate at the time
of birth. For this reason, even if you are planning to have the traditional
name-giving ceremony shortly after the baby’s birth, you must have the
baby’s name selected and ready before the time of birth. Whatever name
goes on the birth certificate will be the legal name of the child.
After the birth is registered, you will be able to get an official govern-
ment birth certificate that will include the name of the child, the date of
birth, the name of the parents, and other information. This birth certificate
is very important because every child born in the U.S. is automatically a
citizen of the U.S.
The birth certificate will be evidence that the child is a citizen. There
will be situations where you need to show evidence that the child is born
in the U.S. and you will need a copy of the birth certificate. When the child
hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx¿ 177

is an adult, the child will need the birth certificate to register to vote or to
get a U.S. passport.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kf:gL
tkfO{+sf] ;+:s[ltdf aRrfsf] kf:gL ug]{ h:tf] ;+:sf/ cd]l/sL ;+:s[ltdf 5}g .
To;f] eP klg tkfO{+n] e"6fg jf g]kfndf u/]h:tf] tl/sfn] kf:gL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Rice Feeding Ceremony
In American culture there is no equivalent of the rice feeding ceremo-
ny. However, you are free to celebrate this as you would in Bhutan or in
Nepal.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljjfx
ljjfx x/]s ;d'bfodf ©/s tl/sfn] ul/G5 . ljjfx ;a} ;+:s[ltsf] dxÎjk"0f{
kfl/jfl/s ;+:sf/ xf] . cd]l/sfdf lxGb", O;fO{, d'l:nd, ox'bL, / cGo s'g} cf:yfsf]
eP klg cfˆgf] ;+:sf/cg';f/ ljjfx ug{ ;lsG5 .
hGdh:t} ljjfx klg ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ ug'{k5{ . ljjfx btf{ ug]{ k|lqmof
/fHolkR5] ©/s eP klg o;sf s]xL :j?k p:t} x'G5g\ . cf©" a:g] /fHodf
ljjfx–btf{ k|lqmof s:tf] 5 a'‰g'xf];\ .
Marriages
Marriages are important family events in all cultures although the wed-
ding ceremonies that celebrate them vary widely. People from Hindu,
Christian, Muslim, Jewish, and other faiths in America are free to cel-
ebrate marriages according to their own traditions.
Marriages, like births, must be registered with the government. While
this process may be different in each state of the U.S., some aspects are
common. You should determine the specific details in your state.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljjfx cg'dlt–kq
ljjfx Pp6f k|lqmof xf], of] k|lqmofsf] klxnf] v'8\lsnf]df ;fdfGotM ljjfx cg'dlt–
kq -Dofl/h nfO;]G;_ lng' k5{ . of] nfO;]G; ljjfx ug{ af6f] vf]Ng] sfg'gL
sfuh xf] . pSt cg'dlt–kq kfpgsf nflu tkfO{+n] :yfgLo zx/, gu/ jf sfpG6L
sfof{nodf cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] lax] ug'{cl3 Dofl/h nfO;]G; lnPsf] x'g'k5{ .
cfj]bg lbFbf b'j}sf] ©f]6f];lxtsf] kl/ro–kq -©f]6f] cfO8L_ jf tkfO{+x? sf] xf] egL
lrgfpg], sxfF a:g'x'G5 eGg] k|df0f k]z ug'{sf ;fy} z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . cfj]bgdf cGo
s]xL yk hfgsf/L rflxg;S5 .
Dofl/h nfO;]G; lnPkl5 tkfO{+ cfˆgf k/Dk/fcg';f/ ljjfx ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
178 Major Life Events

ljjfx k'/f]lxt jf cGo s'g} cflwsfl/s JolStsf] pkl:yltdf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . To:tf
cflwsfl/s JolStx?df /fHon] tf]s]sf JolSt jf …hl:6;–c©–b–lk;Ú cf]xbfsf
JolSt klg x'g ;S5g\ .
Marriage License
Generally, the first step to getting married is to obtain a marriage li-
cense. This is the legal document that allows you to marry. Generally you
can apply for the license at a town, city, or county office. You should get
your marriage license in advance of the wedding. You will need to show
a photo ID or other proof of who you are, where you live, and pay a fee.
There may be other requirements as well.
After you have your marriage license, your wedding may be performed
by a priest or other official of your religion, by a justice-of-the-peace, or
by other persons given authority to perform marriages by your state.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljjfx–btf{sf] k|df0fkq
ljjfx ul/lbg] JolStn] ljjfx–btf{sf] ©f/d el/lbg'k5{ . tf]lsPsf 7fpFx?df
x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 of] dxÎjk"0f{ sfuh ljjfx–btf{ ug]{ ;/f]sf/ sfof{nodf k7fpg'–
k5{ . ToxfF tkfO{+sf] ljjfx cflwsfl/s ?kdf btf{ x'G5 . ;a}h;f] 7fpFdf ljjfx–
btf{sf nflu z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
cd]l/sfdf lax] u/]kl5 tkfO{+sf w]/} sfg'gL, cfly{s / s/;DaGwL ;'ljwf tyf
lhDd]jf/L a9\5g\ . s'g}–s'g} a]nf tkfO{+ sfg'gL ?kdf ljjflxt xf] eg]/ k|df0f k]z
ug'{k¥of] eg] ljjfx–btf{ k|df0fkq b]vfpg'k5{ .
Marriage Certificate
The person who performs the wedding ceremony must complete a mar-
riage certificate. This important certificate, with all necessary signatures,
must be delivered to the appropriate government office so that the mar-
riage can be officially recorded. In most communities you will need to pay
an additional fee.
Being married has many legal, financial, and tax benefits and responsi-
bilities in the U.S. You must have a marriage certificate if you are asked to
prove that you have been legally married.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d[To'
kl/jf/sf] s'g} Ps ;b:o jf ;fyLefOsf] d[To' x'g' ;a}sf nflu b'Mvb 36gf
xf] . ljleGg wd{ of ;+:s[ltdf sfhlqmof tyf ;+:d/0f ug]{ tl/sf / ;dodf klg
leGgtf kfOG5 . cd]l/sL sfg'g kfngf ug{ d[To';DaGwL lxGb" ;+:sf/sf s]xL
hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx¿ 179

k/Dk/fut ljlwx?df kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

cd]l/sfdf w]/}h;f] dflg;sf] d[To' c:ktfn -jf wd{zfnf÷x;\lk;\ xf]d_ df x'G5g\,
hxfF 8fS6/x? / g;{x? x'G5g\ . c:ktfndf cfˆgf] gft]bf/sf] clGtd cj:yf 5
eg] 8fS6/ tyf g;{x?;Fu cf©"n] s:tf] clGtd;+:sf/ ug]{ xf] eg]/ atfpg'k5{
/ pxfFx?sf] cg'dlt lng'k5{ . tkfO{+n] k|s6 u/]sf] dd{k|lt pxfFx?n] ;xfg'e"lt
b]vfpg' x'g]5 .
s;}sf] d[To' 3/df eof] eg] k|x/LnfO{ va/ ug'{k5{ . k|x/Ln] d[To'af/] hfgsf/L
lnG5g\ . k|x/Ln] Tof] ;fdfGo d[To' xf] / xTof cflb xf]Og eGg] 7x/ ug'{k5{ .
Deaths
The death of a family member or close friend is a difficult time for
everyone. Different religions and cultures have different ways to give time
for mourning and remembrance. Important aspects of traditional Hindu
ceremonies surrounding death must be modified to comply with American
law.
Most deaths in America occur in hospitals (or hospice homes) where
doctors and nurses are present. If your loved one is nearing death in a
hospital, you should talk with the doctors and nurses about rituals you
wish to perform and obtain their permission. They will usually be very
understanding.
When a person dies at home, the police must be called. The police need
to investigate to make sure that the death was a natural death and not the
result of a crime.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d[To'btf{sf] k|df0fkq
s;}sf] d[To' ePsf a]nf c:ktfn, x;\k;\ jf 3/df x]/rfx u/]sf 8fS6/n]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf] d[To'sf] k|df0fkq lbg'x'G5 . pSt k|df0fkqdf d[To'sf] ;do, cj:yf
/, sf/0f n]lvPsf] x'G5 . d[To' ePnuQ} bfx;+:sf/ ug'{cl3 kl/jf/sf ;b:on] of]
k|df0fkq lnPsf] x'g'k5{ . of] k|df0fkq ladf bfaL ubf{ k]z ug{ rflxg ;S5 . s'g}
/fHodf bfx;+:sf/sf nflu s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;xfotfcGtu{t cfly{s ;xof]u kfOG5 .
of] ;xfotf kfpg klg pSt k|df0fkqn] d2t ug{;S5 .
Death Certificate
A doctor who had been caring for the person at the time of death,
whether at home or in a hospital, must sign a death certificate that states
the time, circumstances, and reason for the death. This certificate is nec-
essary before the body can be legally disposed of. It is important for the
immediate family to obtain copies of the official death certificate. The
certificate may be used to file insurance claims. In some states the death
180 Major Life Events
certificate may assist in obtaining some public assistance in paying for
cremation or burial.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3f6
cd]l/sfdf bfx;+:sf/ ug{] clwsf/–k|fKt 3f6 -o'g/n xf]d_ x'G5g\ . oxfFsf
w]/} ˆo'g/n xf]ddf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lxGb" ;+:sf/ s:tf] x'G5 eGg] yfxf
gx'g;S5 . k'gjf{; ;+:yf jf e"6fgL ;d'bfo;DaGwL ;+:yfx?n] bfx;+:sf/sf nflu
glhs}sf] ˆo'g/n xf]d vf]Hg d2t u5{g\ . ˆo'g/n xf]dn] bfx;+:sf/ u/]jfkt k};f
lnG5g\ . bfx;+:sf/ / ;fgf] lqmof–sd{sf nflu s]xL xhf/ 8n/ nfUg ;S5 . of]
vr{ tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo–ladf -x]Ny OG:of]/]G;_ jf d]l8s]8n] a]xf]b}{g .
Funeral Home
Funeral rites are organized through a licensed funeral home. Many
funeral homes in America may be unfamiliar with Hindu funeral rites.
Your resettlement agency or Bhutanese community organization will be
able to suggest a funeral home that will best help you make arrangements
in your town or city. Funeral homes charge for their services. The cost for
cremation and a small ceremony may be few thousand dollars. These costs
are not covered by health insurance or Medicaid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bfx;+:sf/
d[To' ePsf] @$ 306fleq bfx;+:sf/ ug{] tkfO{+sf] k/Dk/f wfGg oxfF k|foM ;+ej
x'Fb}g . tkfO{+n] @$ 306fleq bfx;+:sf/ ug{] k/Dk/f 5 eg]/ :ki6 cg'/f]w ug'{eof]
eg] ˆo'g/n xf]dn] ;+:sf/ / ;fgf] lqmof–sd{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] ug{ sf]lzz u5{g\ .
sfg'gL k|lqmof / ;do–tflnsfcg';f/ clGtd;+:sf/ qmd;Fu} ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] ˆo'g/n
xf]dn] xfd|f] ;docg';f/ sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
cd]l/sfdf sxLF klg bfx;+:sf/ v'nf 7fpFdf ug{ ldNb}g . o:tf] ;+:sf/
ljz]if aGbf]a:t ePsf ˆo'g/n xf]ddf dfq ul/G5 . ;+:sf/kl5 ˆo'g/n xf]dn] zjsf]
s]xL z]if pko'Qm efF8f]df /fv]/ kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ lbG5g\ .
Cremation
The tradition of cremation within 24 hours of death is often not pos-
sible. If you make a clear request, the funeral home will try to schedule a
ceremony and cremation as quickly as possible. But they are constrained
by the law and by other funerals that they already have scheduled in their
facility.
In almost all communities in the U.S. it is not possible to cremate a
body in the open air. Cremation of a body in America is done in a special
hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx¿ 181

facility operated by a funeral home. The funeral home will provide the
family with the remaining ashes in an appropriate container.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lqmof–sd{ -zf]s kg]{ ;do_
lxGb" k/Dk/fcg';f/ zf]s k/]sf] kl/jf/n] 3/ jf dlGb/df !# lbgsf] lqmof–
sd{ ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/}h;f] cd]l/sL /f]huf/bftfn] zf]s k/]sf kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{
sfdaf6 Ps jf b'O{ lbg dfq …3/ labfÚ lbG5g\ . tL /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+ labfkl5
sfd ©s{g'x'G5 eGg] cfzf u5{g\ . s'g} /f]huf/bftfn] art labfaf6 ldnfP/
tkfO{+nfO{ rflxP hlt 5'§L lbg ;S5g\ . olb tkfO{+sf] glhs}sf] sf]xL gft]bf/sf]
cj:yf gfh's 5 / pxfF clGtd cj:yfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] cf©"n] ug'{kg]{ sd{ / rflxg]
;doaf/] ;'k/efOh/nfO{ atfpg'xf];\ . ;'k/efOh/ / tkfO{+aLr labfaf/] ;xdlt xf];\,
x'g;s] tnaL labf;lxt sfddf ©s{g] ;do 6'+uf] nufP/ labf a:g'xf];\ .
Mourning Period
The 13 day Hindu mourning period can be observed and necessary
rites can take place at the home of the deceased person or in a temple.
Most American employers will give only one or two days of paid “family
leave” to workers at the time of a death of a close family member. They
will expect you to return to work after those days. Some employers may
agree to let a worker take unused vacation leave to extend the time away
from work. If a relative is very sick and may die, you should explain to
your supervisor that you may soon have a death in your family and may
require time off for the mourning period. You and your supervisor should
both agree when you will return to work and whether you will be paid for
any time off.

m m m
182
 183

cWofo !* : :yfoL a;f]af; / gful/stf

Chapter 18 : Permanent Residency and Citizenship

tkfO{+sf] cWofudg cj:yf

z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf ha tkfO{+n] cd]l/sf 6]Sg'x'G5, To;a]nf tkfO{+nfO{ oxfF a:g]
clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5 . t/ tkfO{+nfO{ oxfFsf] …:yfoL afl;GbfÚ dflgPsf] x'Fb}g . ;'?df
tkfO{+n] oxfFsf] …:yfoL afl;GbfÚ / kl5 cf©"n] rfx]df oxfFsf] gful/s aGg kfpg'x'G5,
h;sf nflu tkfO{+n] s]xL k|lqmof k"/f ug'{k5{ . c:yfoL afl;Gbf, :yfoL afl;Gbf /
gful/s h:tf cWofudg cj:yfnfO{ c+u|]hLdf …Oldu|];g :6\of6;\Ú elgG5 . :yfoL
afl;Gbf aGg tkfO{+n] cd]l/sL gful/stf tyf cWofudg ;]jf -o'P; l;l6hglzk
PG8 Oldu|];g ;le{;]h, o'P;l;cfOP;_ gfds sfof{no;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ .
o'P;l;cfOP;n] c? b]zaf6 cfP/ cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ug]{ gofF afl;Gbfsf ljj/0f
/fV5 / :6\of6;\ ©]g{ d2t u5{ .
Your Immigration Status
When you first arrive in the United States as a refugee, you are autho-
rized to live here but you are not considered a “permanent resident.” There
are steps you must take, first to become a permanent resident and then, if
you choose, to become a citizen. In order to become a permanent resident
you must change your status with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Ser-
vices (USCIS).
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:yfoL afl;Gbf aGg'
:yfoL afl;Gbf eg]sf] Tof] JolSt xf], h;nfO{ o'P;l;cfOP;n] :yfoL ?kdf
cd]l/sfdf a:g / sfd ug{ clwsf/ lbPsf] x'G5 . :yfoL afl;Gbfsf] :6\of6;\
hgfpg Pp6f :yfoL afl;Gbf sf8{ lbOG5, h;nfO{ af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf …lu|g–sf8{Ú
elgG5 . cd]l/sf cfpFbf cWofudg ljefun] lbPsf] :6\of6;\sf cfwf/df lu|g–sf8{
kfpg] tl/sf ©/s 5g\ . z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf tkfO{+nfO{ cd]l/sfn] NofPsf] xf] eg]
sfg'gcg';f/ oxfF cfPsf] Ps jif{df lu|g–sf8{sf nflu cfj]bg lbg kfpg'x'G5 .
Becoming a Permanent Resident
A permanent resident is someone who has been granted authorization
by USCIS to live and work in the United States on a permanent basis. As
proof of that status, a person is given a Permanent Resident Card, com-
monly called a “Green Card." Depending on the status you had when you
arrived in the United States, there are different ways to obtain a Green
Card. Refugees are required by law to apply for a Green Card one year
after they arrived in the United States.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
184 Permanent Residency and Citizenship

lu|g–sf8{sf nflu cfj]bg

tkfO{+nfO{ c+u|]hL sd cfpF5 eg] lu|g–sf8{sf nflu cfj]bg lbg] tl/sf
cK7\of/f] x'G5 . To;}n] ;fyL, 5/l5d]sL, jf gftfuf]tfdWo] h;n] klxn] g} lu|g–sf8{
lnPsf] 5, pxfFnfO{ ©f/dx? / k|lqmofaf/] ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lu|g–sf8{sf] cfj]bg lbFbf
k|To]s z/0ffyL{n] cfO–$*% gfds ©f/d eg'{k5{ . of] ©f/d o'P;l;cfOP;sf]
j]a;fO6 (www.uscis.gov) df kfOG5 jf o;sf] Ps k|ltsf nflu k'gjf{; ;+:yf
jf cGo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . cfO–$*% ©f/d;lxt cfO–($ sf]
©f]6f]skL / kf;kf]6{ cfsf/sf b'O{ k|lt ©f]6fx? a'emfpg'xf];\ . rf}wb]lv &( jif{–
aLrsf k|To]s z/0ffyL{n] hL–#@%P gfds ©f/d klg eg'{k5{ .
tkfO{+n] cfO–^(# ©f/d klg a'emfpg'k5{ . of] ©f/ddf tkfO{+n] nufPsf ;a}
vf]kx?sf] hfgsf/L x'G5 . of] ©f/ddf lrlsT;s -l;len ;h{g_ sf] x:tfIf/
x'G5 / ©f/d xflnPsf] vfdnfO{ aflx/af6 6fFrf nufOPsf] x'G5 . of] ©f/d tof/
kf/]jfkt lrlsT;sn] tkfO{+;Fu z'Ns lng;S5g\ .
©f/dx?df ;fgf–;fgf tYox? /fVg] vfnL 7fpFx? x'G5g\ . s'g vfnL 7fpFdf
s] eg'{kg]{ xf] /fd|/L a'‰g'k5{ . clg Wofg lbP/ eg'{k5{ . o'P;l;cfOP; k7fpg'cl3
bf]xf]¥ofP/ hfFRg'k5{ .
Applying for a Green Card
Applying for a Green Card is a difficult process, especially if you read
and understand only a little English. Ask your friends, neighbors, or rela-
tives who already have a Green Card if they could help you understand the
forms and procedures. To apply for a Green Card, each refugee must com-
plete an I-485 form. This form can be obtained from the USCIS website
on the Internet (www.uscis.gov) or you can ask your resettlement agency
or other community agency to give you a copy. Together with the I-485,
you must provide a photocopy of your I-94 and two color photographs of
correct size. Each refugee between ages 14 and 79 must also complete a
Form G-325A.
You must also provide an I-693 form signed and sealed in an envelope
by a Civil Surgeon that lists all of your immunizations. The Civil Surgeon
may charge a fee for this service.
There are many details that must be done correctly, so make sure you
understand and have completed everything correctly before sending your
application to USCIS.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
afof]d]l6«S;\
lu|g–sf8{ kfpF egL lbPsf] tkfO{+sf] cfj]bgnfO{ o'P;l;cfOP;n] ;dLIff
u5{ . To;kl5 pSt sfof{non] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f kq k7fpF5 . pSt kqdf tkfO{+sf]
:yfyL a;f]af; / gful/stf 185
a;f]af;glhs}sf] o'P;l;cfOP;sf] sfof{nodf hfg ;do tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . kqdf
n]lvPsf] ;dodf tkfO{+ pSt sfof{nodf hfg'k5{ . ToxfF tkfO{+sf cf}+nfsf 5fkx?
lnOG5 . cf}+nfsf 5fkx?n] tkfO{+ s'g} cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;fd]n eP÷gePsf]
hfFr ul/G5 . pSt sfof{nodf tkfO{+sf cfFvfsf] tl:a/ klg lnOG5, h;nfO{
…/]l6gn :SofgÚ elgG5 . tkfO{+sf] cGtjf{tf{ klg lng ;lsG5 .
Biometrics
After USCIS has reviewed your application for a Green Card, they will
send you a letter that tells you when you have an appointment to go to a
local USCIS office. At that appointment they will take finger prints so they
can do a criminal background check. They may also take a special photo
of your eyes, called a retinal scan, or may want to conduct an interview
with you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu cg'df]bg
lu|g–sf8{ kfpF egL lbPsf] tkfO{+sf] cfj]bgnfO{ o'P;l;cfOP;n] ;dLIff u5{ .
tkfO{+sf] cfj]bg :jLs[t eof] eg] pSt sfof{non] tkfO{+nfO{ lu|g–sf8{ k7fpF5 .
lu|g–sf8{ x'g' eg]sf] tkfO{+sf] :6\of6\; …:yfoL afl;GbfÚ df ablnPsf] xf] . …:yfoL
afl;GbfÚ sf] :6\of6;\ k|To]s bz jif{df ;lsG5 / gjLs/0f ug'{k5{ . lu|g–sf8{nfO{
;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ . tkfO{+n] lu|g–sf8{ x/fpg' eof] eg] csf]{ sf8{ agfpgsf nflu
o'P;l;cfOP;df cfj]bg lbg'k5{ .
Approval of Permanent Residency
USCIS will review your application. If they approve, they will send
you a special letter with your Green Card that gives you permanent resi-
dent status. You must renew that status every ten years. Always keep your
Green Card safe. If you do lose it, you can apply to USCIS for another
card.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ha tkfO{ a;fO“ ;g'{x'G5
tkfO{+ gofF ckf6{d]G6 jf 3/df a;fOF ;g'{eof] eg] cf©" ;/]sf] bz lbgleq
o'P;l;cfOP;nfO{ 7]ufgf ©]l/Psf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . a;fOF ;/]kl5 kl/jf/sf
;a} ;b:osf] gofF 7]ufgfsf nflu Pcf/–!! gfds ©f/d e/]/ o'P;l;cfOP;sf]
sfof{nodf k7fpg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;b:osf nflu ©/s–©/s ©f/d x'g'k5{ . of]
©f/d sDKo'6/ k|of]u u/]/ o'P;l;cfOP;sf] j]a;fO6df klg eg{ ;lsG5 .
When You Move
If you move to a different apartment or home, you must inform USCIS
in writing within ten days of moving. This must be done for each family
186 Permanent Residency and Citizenship
member who has moved. You must do this by mailing a completed form
AR-11 for each family member to the USCIS or may do it by computer at
the USCIS website.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;'ljwfsf] ;Ldf
gful/s gag'Gh]n s]xL ;/sf/L ;'ljwf lglZrt ;dosf nflu dfq lbOG5 .
h:tf] M gful/s gag]sf] afl;GbfnfO{ P;P;cfO -;lKnd]G6n ;]So'l/6L OGsd_ gfdsf]
;'ljwf ;ft jif{sf nflu dfq pknAw x'G5 . …P;P;cfOÚ ;'ljwf slxNo} /f]lsFb}g eGg]
7fGbf ;ft jif{kl5 kfsf] pd]/sf ckfª\u z/0ffyL{n] cefj em]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 .
Limits on Benefits
Some government programs have limits on the length of time non-citi-
zens are able to receive benefits. For example, SSI (Supplemental Security
Income), has a 7 year limit for non-citizens. This limit can cause a crisis
for older refugee immigrants who are disabled and did not realize that their
SSI might be ended.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gful/s aGg] lg0f{o
cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf lng] lg0f{o Pp6f JolStsf] hLjgsf nflu lgs}
dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf] gful/s aGg cfj]bg lbg] lg0f{o ug'{ eg]sf] tkfO{+n]
cd]l/sfk|lt argj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ xf] / cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgdfly tkfO{+n] a©fbf/L
b]vfpg' xf] . gful/s ePjfkt tkfO{+n] w]/} clwsf/x? / ;x'lnotx? kfpg'x'G5, tL
cd]l/sL gful/stfsf c+z x'g\ .
Deciding to Become a Citizen
Deciding to become a U.S. citizen is a very important decision in an
individual’s life. If you decide to apply to become a U.S. citizen, you will
be showing your commitment to the United States and your loyalty to its
Constitution. In return, you are rewarded with all the rights and privileges
that are part of U.S. citizenship.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gful/s x'g'
cd]l/sf cfPsf] ldltn] kfFr jif{ k'Ubf tkfO{+ oxfFsf] gful/stfsf nflu
cfj]bg lbg of]Uo x'g'x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ c+u|]hLdf
…g]r'/nfOh];gÚ elgG5 . gful/s aGg' eg]sf] yk clwsf/ / ;x'lnot kfpg'
tyf lhDd]jf/L a9\g' klg xf] . c? b]zsf] gful/stf Tofu]/ oxfFsf] gful/s aGbf
cd]l/sfk|lt tkfO{+ a©fbf/ klg x'g cfjZos 5 . gful/s aGg ug'{kg{] k|lqmof
©/s dflg;sf ©/s x'G5g\ . gful/s aGgsf nflu cfj]bg lbg'cl3 x'g'kg]{
:yfyL a;f]af; / gful/stf 187
cfjZos cfwf/ M
• lat]sf] kfFr jif{dWo] sDtLdf #) dlxgf cd]l/sfdf a;]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• gful/stfsf nflu cfj]bg h'g o'P;l;cfOP;sf] lhNnfaf6 lbg] xf], To;
lhNnfdf cfj]bg lbg'cl3sf] # dlxgf a;]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• ;fwf/0f c+u|]hLdf af]nrfn ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
-af]Ng ghfGg]sf nflu s]xL ljsNkx? lbOPsf 5g\ ._
• cd]l/sL Oltxf; / ;/sf/af/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L lnPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-o;nfO{ gful/s–zf:q elgG5 ._
• cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgsf] l;4fGt hfg]sf] / :jLsf/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• b]z lgsfnf -cfˆgf] b]z l©tf{_ jf avf{:t cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL ePsf]
x'g'x'Fb}g .
• c;n cfr/0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
Becoming a Citizen
Five years after your arrival date, you are eligible to apply to become
a citizen of the United States. “Naturalization" is the process of becoming
a U.S. citizen and comes with rights, privileges, and responsibilities. It
requires loyalty to the United States and, usually, giving up citizenship to
other countries. Rules and processes can be different for different people.
Before applying, individuals must:
• Have been in the United States for at least 30 months of the last five
years.
• Have lived in the USCIS district where you plan to file for citizenship
for at least three months before filing.
• Be able to communicate in basic English (there are exceptions).
• Know basic information about U.S. history and government (called
civics).
• Know and accept the principles of the Constitution.
• Have no outstanding deportation or removal orders pending.
• Be of good moral character.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfj]bg k|lqmofsf nflu tof/L
gful/stfsf nflu cfj]bg lbg'cl3 tkfO{+n] ug'{kg{] tof/L oL x'g\ M
• c+u|]hL hfGg'k5{ .
• cd]l/sL Oltxf; / ;/sf/af/] cWoog ug'{k5{ .
• gful/s ePkl5sf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lx?af/] hfGg'k5{ .
Preparing for the Application Process
Before you apply for citizenship, you should prepare by:
• Studying English.
188 Permanent Residency and Citizenship
• Learning about U.S. history and government.
• Learning about the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gful/stfsf nflu cfj]bg
gful/stfsf nflu Pg– $)) -g]r'/nfOh];gsf nflu lbOg] cfj]bg–©f/d_ k"/}
e/]/ o'P;l;cfOP;df a'emfpg'k5{ . pSt ©f/dsf ;fydf tkfO{+sf] lu|g–sf8{sf] ©f]6f]–
skL, kf;kf]6{ cfsf/sf b'O{ k|lt ©f]6fx?, / gful/stf z'Nssf] r]s jf dlg–c8{/
k7fpg'k5{ . o;afx]s yk hfgsf/L rflxP o'P;l;cfOP;sf] j]a;fO6df x]g{
;lsG5 jf o'P;l;cfOP;sf] sfof{nodf ©f]g ug{ ;lsG5 M
• clxn] nfUg] cfj]bg–z'Ns slt xf] <
• s] d]/f] gful/stf cfj]bg–z'Ns ldgfxf x'G5 <
• s] d}n] yk ©f/dx? klg a'emfpg'k5{ <
Applying for Citizenship
Submit to USCIS a completed form N-400 (Application for Naturaliza-
tion). With the form you must also send a photocopy of your Green Card,
two standard passport-style photographs, and a check or money order for
the fee amount. Contact USCIS (www.uscis.gov) for information about
• the current fee
• if you can be excused from paying the fee
• if you must submit extra forms.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gful/s aGgsf nflu k/LIff / cGtjf{tf{
Pg–$)) ©f/d btf{ ePkl5 tkfO{+ a:g]glhs}sf] o'P;l;cfOP; sfof{nodf
cf}+nfsf 5fkx? lnOG5 . To;kl5 o'P;l;cfOP;n] tkfO{+sf] cGtjf{tf{ lng /
g]r'/nfOh];g 6]:6 lng ;do tf]s]/ kq k7fpF5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf tkfO{+ hfg
g;Sg] x'g'eof] eg] tTsfn tkfO{+ hfg' elgPsf] sfof{nodf va/ ug'{xf];\ . csf{]
;do ldnfpg w]/} dlxgf nfUg] ePsfn] klxnf]k6ss} ;dodf hfg' / a]nfdf k'Ug'
lgs} /fd|f] x'G5 . cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf o'P;l;cfOP;sf cl©;/n] tkfO{+sf] cfj]bg /
k[i7e"ldaf/] ;f]Wg'x'G5 . ;fFrf] af]Ng'xf]nf . cGtjf{tf{ ;lsPkl5 c+u|]hL / gful/stf
lbg] 6]:6x? x'G5g\ .
6]:6x? kf; ug{, tkfO{+n] M
• c+u|]hLsf tLgdWo] Ps jfSo z'4 k9\g'k5{ .
• c+u|]hLsf tLgdWo] Ps jfSo z'4 n]Vg'k5{ .
• gful/s–zf:qsf bzdWo] 5 j6f k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ lbg'k5{ .
c+u|]hL–af]nfO;DaGwL 6]:6 cGtjf{tf{ lnPs} a]nf lnOG5 . tkfO{+ oL 6]:6dWo]
s'g} Psdf ©]n x'g'eof] eg] ^) / () lbgsf aLrdf ©]l/ 6]:6 lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
:yfyL a;f]af; / gful/stf 189

bf]xf]¥ofP/ lbg] 6]:6 Psk6s dfq x'G5 . bf];|f]k6s klg tkfO{+ ©]n x'g'eof] eg]
©]l/ cfj]bg lbg'k5{ / ©]l/ z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . oL 6]:6x?df ;f]lwg] k|Zg / pQ/
ePsf ;fdu|Lx? o'P;l;cfOP;sf] j]a;fO6 www.uscis.gov df k9\g'xf];\ .
The Naturalization Test and Interview
USCIS will send you an appointment for an interview and to take the
naturalization test after you have submitted Form N-400 and have had
your fingerprints taken at a local USCIS facility. If you cannot go to the
appointment, contact the USCIS facility as soon as possible. Rescheduling
may take several months, so it is important that you go to your appoint-
ment and be on time. During the interview, a USCIS officer will ask about
your application and background. Be honest. Once the interview is com-
plete the English and civics tests will follow.
To pass the tests, you must be able to:
• Read one of three sentences correctly in English
• Write one of three sentences correctly in English
• Answer six of ten civics questions correctly
Spoken English is usually tested during the interview. If you fail any
part of the tests, you can take them again between 60 and 90 days. You can
retake the test only one more time. If you fail a second time, you will have
to reapply and pay the fee again. Study materials are on www.uscis.gov.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljz]if kl/l:ylt, ldnfg / ckjfb
tkfO{+nfO{ c+u]|hLsf] 6]:6 lbg 5'6 lbOof] jf 6]:6 g} lbg' k/]g eg] tkfO{+sf]
gful/s–zf:qsf] 6]:6 lnOG5 . olb tkfO{+ c+u|]hL af]Ng hfGg'x'Gg eg] cfˆgf]
dft[efiffdf 6]:6 lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . cf©"nfO{ c+u|]hL gcfpg] hfgsf/L o'P;l;cfOP;
sfof{nodf ;s];Dd rfF8f] lbg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s jf j[l4;DaGwL ckfª\u x'g'x'G5 eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ b'j} k/LIff lbg' gkg]{ klg x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 6]:6sf nflu
tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf klxn] g} 8fS6/ jf dgf]j}1flgsn] e/]sf] Pg–^$* gfdsf]
©f/d o'P;l;cfOP;df a'emfpg'k5{ . g]r'/nfOh];gsf ;a} ljlw k"/f ug{ cK7\of/f]
kg]{ u/L tkfO{+df zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s v/faL 5 eg] o'P;l;cfOP;n] 6]:6sf nflu
©]/abn u5{ .
Special Circumstances, Accommodations, and Exceptions
If you are exempt from, or allowed not to take, the English test, you
must take the civics test. You may take it in your native language if unable
to take it in English. Speak to USCIS about this as early as possible. You
may be exempted from both tests because of a physical or developmental
disability. Submit Form N-648 (completed by a doctor or psychologist) to
190 Permanent Residency and Citizenship
USCIS before your test date. USCIS will change the testing environment
if you have physical or mental impairments that make it difficult to com-
plete the naturalization process.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lg0f{o k|fKtL
tkfO{+n] cGtjf{tf{ / b'j} 6]:6 kf; ug'{eof] -jf k/LIff lbg 5'6 kfpg'eof]_ eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ …a©fbf/Lsf] zkyÚ lng af]nfOG5 . tkfO{+n] Pg–$$% gfds Pp6f ©f/d
kfpg'x'G5 . pSt ©f/d gful/stfsf] zky ;df/fxsf] ;"rgf -lgDtf]_ xf] . zky
;df/f]x, cGtjf{tf{ / 6]:6x? Ps} lbg klg x'g;S5g\ . zky ;df/f]xdf hfFbf
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] :yfoL afl;Gbfsf] sf8{ -lu|g–sf8{_ l©tf{ ug'{k5{ . pSt ;df/f]xdf
tkfO{+n] cd]l/sL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf ?kdf …;l6{l©s]6 c© g]r'/nfOh];gÚ
kfpg'x'G5 . To;kl5 cfˆgf] glhs}sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sfof{no hfg'xf];\ . cfˆgf
JolStut ljj/0fdf ©]/abn ug'{xf];\ . gful/s ePkl5 kfpg] yk ;/sf/L ;'ljwfsf
nflu cfˆgf] of]Uotfx? :yflkt ug'{xf];\ .
Receiving a Decision
If you pass the interview and both tests (or are exempted), you will be
invited to take the Oath of Allegiance. You will receive a Form N-445,
Notice of Naturalization Oath Ceremony. This may take place the same
day as the interview and tests. You must return your Permanent Resident
Card to the USCIS at this time. In its place you will receive a Certificate
of Naturalization as proof of your new U.S. citizenship. Go to the nearest
Social Security office to update your information and establish eligibility
for certain benefits.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lg/Gt/tf / c:jLsf/
6]:6df ©]n x'g'eof] jf o'P;l;cfOP;sf] sfof{nodf sfuhkqx? k'u]gg\ eg]
klg tkfO{+nfO{ gful/s agfpg] k|lqmof hf/L g} /xg ;S5 . tkfO{+nfO{ bf];|f]
cGtjf{tf{sf nflu, ©]l/ 6]:6 lbgsf nflu / yk sfuhkqx? k]z ug'{xf];\ elgG5 .
tkfO{+ 6]:6df Psk6s ©]n x'g' eof] eg] csf]{ Psk6s dfq lbg kfpg'x'G5 .
olb tkfO{+nfO{ o'P;l;cfOP;n] uNtL u/]sf] h:tf] nfUof] eg] pSt sfof{nosf
cl©;/nfO{ ;'g'jfOsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] c:jLs[t kqnfO{
s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ pkfo l;sfOlbg ;Sg'x'G5 . c:jLs[t kq cfPkl5 ©f/d
eg'{xf];\ / z'Ns;lxt #) lbgleq k7fpg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{+n] u/]sf] clkn uNtL;fy
c:jLs[t u/]h:tf] nfu] ;+3Lo lhNnf cbfnt -o'P; l8l:6«S6 sf]6{_ df k'glj{rf/sf
nflu lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . k|foMh;f] tkfO{+sf] kqdf tf]lsPsf] ldltcg';f/ tkfO{+n]
gful/stfsf nflu k'gM lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;a} ©f/d / z'Ns a'emfpg'xf];\ .
:yfyL a;f]af; / gful/stf 191

cf}+nfsf 5fk lng / ©f]6f] lvRg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . b'O{k6s 6]:6 kf; ug{ g;s]–
sfn] tkfO{+sf] lgj]bg c:jLs[t ePdf tkfO{+n] t'?Gt csf]{ lgj]bg lbg ;Sg'–
x'g]5 . t/ hfFr kf; ug{ ;S5' eGg] cfF6 gcfpGh]n kv]{/ a;]sf] /fd|f] x'G5 .
Continuations and Denials
Your case may be continued if you failed a test or USCIS did not re-
ceive your documents. You may be asked to return for a second interview,
to return for a retest, or to provide additional documents. You will be given
only one more chance to pass a test that you failed.
If you feel that USCIS was wrong, request a hearing with an immigra-
tion officer. You should receive information on how to do this with your
denial letter. File the form and send the fee within 30 days of receiving the
letter. If you feel your appeal is wrongly denied, file a request for review
in U.S. District Court. Usually, you may reapply for citizenship after the
date indicated on your letter. Resubmit all forms and fees, and have your
fingerprints and photographs taken again. If denied because you failed a
test two times, you may reapply immediately, but it is better to wait until
you feel you can pass.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
clwsf/ / ;x'lnotx¿
gful/stf kfPkl5 o:tf clwsf/ / ;x'lnot kfOG5g\ M
• kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;sf nflu Nofpg cfj]bg lbPsf] cj:yfdf
k|fyldstf .
• s]xL cg'bfg / 5fqj[lQsf nflu of]Uo .
• gful/sn] dfq vfg ldNg] hflu/sf nflu of]Uo .
• ckfª\un] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf nflu of]Uo -s'g} /fHodf gful/stf ePkl5 dfq o:tf]
;'ljwf kfpg] ePsfn]_ .
• cfˆgf] gfd dtbftf–;"rLdf btf{ ug{ / r'gfjx?df dt v;fNg of]Uo .
• cd]l/sL /fxbfgL -kf;kf]6{_ kfpg of]Uo .
Rights and Privileges
Citizens have rights and privileges that include:
• Priority when applying to bring family members to live in the United
States.
• Eligibility for certain grants and scholarships.
• Eligibility for jobs open only to citizens.
• Eligibility for disability benefits (in states where citizenship is re-
quired).
192 Permanent Residency and Citizenship
• Ability to register to vote and to vote in elections.
• Eligibility for a U.S. passport.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf afnaflnsf
s'g} aRrf cd]l/sfdf hGdG5 eg] hGd]s} ;dodf pm :jtM Ps cd]l/sL gful/s
x'G5 . To;}n] gful/stfsf nflu hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq h?/L x'G5 .
Children Born in the U.S.
Any child who was born in the United States is automatically a citizen
at the time of birth. The child’s birth certificate is therefore necessary to
prove citizenship.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfaflx/ hGd]sf afnaflnsf
cfdf jf afa'n] cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf lnPkl5 cd]l/sfaflx/ hGd]sf] c7f/
jif{d'lgsf] s'g} aRrf :jtM gful/s aG5 . gful/s aGgsf nflu Pg–^)) ©f/d
e/]/ cfjZos z'Ns;lxt o'P;l;cfOP;sf] sfof{nodf k7fpg'k5{ . ©f/d / z'Ns
a'emfPkl5 aRrfsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq tkfO{+sf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOG5 .
Children Born Outside the U.S.
A child under the age of 18 who was born outside the U.S. automati-
cally becomes a citizen when one parent has become a citizen. To prove
citizenship, however, a form N-600 must be filed with USCIS along with
the necessary fee. In return the child will be sent a Certificate of Citizen-
ship.

m m m
 193

cWofo !( : cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L

Chapter 19 : About the United States

s]xL tYo
tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfOk'Ug' ePsf] 5 / oxfF k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5, To;}n] tkfO{+n]
xfd|f] b]zaf/] s]xL hfGg'k5{ . of] b]z slt 7"nf] 5 < oxfF s:tf] ;/sf/ x'G5 <
o;sf] Oltxf; s:tf] 5 < To;}u/L tkfO{+n] oxfFsf] gful/stf lng lbOg] gful/s–
zf:qsf] kl/Iffsf nflu o:tf w]/} tYox? hfGg cfjZos x'G5 . To;f] eP lsg
clxn] g} ;'? gug{] <
Some Facts
Now that you have arrived and have been resettled in the United States,
you should know a few things about our country. How big is the country?
What is its government like? What is its history? You will need to know
many facts when you take the civics test for citizenship. Now is the time
to begin learning.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfsf] If]q˚n
If]q©nsf cfwf/ cd]l/sf ljZjsf rf}yf] 7"nf] b]z xf] . cd]l/sfeGbf ?;, Sofg8f
/ rLg 7"nf 5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] If]q©n sl/a #& nfv !& xhf/ ju{ dfOn 5 .
g]kfnsf] If]q©n sl/a %& xhf/ ju{ dfOn / e"6fgsf] !% xhf/ ju{ dfOn 5 .
To; lx;fan] g]kfneGbf cd]l/sf sl/a ^% u'0ff 7"nf] / e"6fgeGbf sl/a @ ;o
%) u'0ff 7"nf] 5 .
194 About the United States
;Fu}sf] gS;fdf Pp6} gfksf cd]l/sf, g]kfn / e"6fg b]vfOPsf 5g\ . gS;f
x]/]/ g]kfn / e"6fg slt ;fgf /x]5g\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
The Size of the United States
The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in land area.
Only Russia, Canada, and China are larger. The U.S. has about 3,717,000
square miles of land. Nepal has about 57,000 square miles of land and
Bhutan has only 15,000. The U.S. is 65 times the size of Nepal and is al-
most 250 times bigger than Bhutan.
The map shows the U.S., Nepal, and Bhutan at the same scale. You can
easily see how much smaller Nepal and Bhutan are.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hg;+Vof
;g\ @)!) sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ cd]l/sfdf #) s/f]8 *& nfv $% xhf/
% ;o #* hgf dflg; a:5g\ . ljZjsf c? b'O{ b]z rLg / ef/tdf dfq
cd]l/sfeGbf a9L dflg; 5g\ . g]kfndf sl/a @ s/f]8 &) nfv dflg; a:5g\
eg] e"6fgdf & nfv dflg; a:5g\ . e"6fgsf k|To]s dflg;a/fa/ cd]l/sfdf $
;o %) dflg; x'G5g\ .
Population
According to census of 2010 the United States is the home of
308,745,538 people. Of the world’s many countries, only China and India
have more people. Nepal is home to about 27,000,000 people. Bhutan is
home to about 700,000. For each person living in Bhutan, there are about
450 people living in the U.S.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{kgf
tkfO{+sf l5d]sL jf c+u|]hL sIffsf ;fyLx? c? b]zaf6 cfPsf z/0ffyL{ x'g
;S5g\ . cd]l/sfn] jiff}{b]lv z/0ffyL{x? k'g:yflk{t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfn]
z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) df &# xhf/ ! ;o #!
z/0ffyL{nfO{ cd]l/sf NofOof] . pgLx? ljleGg &* d'n'saf6 cfPsf x'g\ . ;g\
@)!) df cd]l/sf cfPsf s'n z/0ffyL{dWo] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof !@ xhf/ #
;o ( /Xof] . To:t} c7f/ xhf/eGbf a9L O/fsaf6 / !^ xhf/eGbf a9L adf{af6
z/0ffyL{ cfPsf lyP . c? xhf/f}+ z/0ffyL{ s+uf], O/fg, ;f]dflnof, Ol/l6«of cflb
b]zaf6 cfP . cfpFbf jif{x?df ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'saf6 jif]{lg &) xhf/eGbf a9L
z/0ffyL{nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ cg'dfg ul/G5 .
Resettling Refugees
You may now have neighbors or students in your English classes who
are refugees from other countries. The United States has had a policy of
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 195

accepting refugees for resettlement in our country for many years. In 2010
there were 73,131 refugees admitted to the U.S. They came from 78 dif-
ferent countries. Of these, 12,309 were Bhutanese refugees. More than
18,000 came from Iraq and 16,000 from Burma. Thousands more came
from Congo, Iran, Somalia, and Eritrea. More than 70,000 refugees from
all around the world are expected to be resettled in the U.S. in each of the
coming years.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
krf; /fHox¿
cd]l/sfdf %) /fHox? 5g\ . ;a} /fHosf /fhwfgL 5g\ . kqfrf/sf nflu
vfddf 7]ufgf n]Vbf / cGo k|of]hgsf nflu cf©" a;]sf] /fHosf] b'O{ cIf/sf]
5f]6s/L k|of]u ul/G5 .
The 50 States
There are fifty states in the United States. Each state has a capital city.
For mailing addresses on envelopes and for other uses state names are
often written as a two letter abbreviation.
State Name -/fHosf] gfd_=========Abbr. -5f]6s/L_========Capital City -/fhwfgL zx/_
Alabama -cnfafdf_======================AL================================Montgomery -df]G6uf]d/L_
Alaska -cnf:sf_=========================AK================================Juneau -h'gf]_
Arizona -Pl/hf]gf_========================AZ================================Phoenix -l©lgS;_
Arkansas -cfs{G;_=======================AR================================Little Rock -ln6n /s_
California -Sofln©f]lg{of_=============CA===============================Sacramento -:ofqmDofG6f]_
Colorado -sf]nf]/f8f]_=====================CO===============================Denver -8]Ge/_
Connecticut -sg]l6s6_===============CT===============================Hartford -xf6{©8{_
Delaware -8]nfj/_=========================DE===============================Dover -8f]e/_
Florida -ˆnf]l/8f_============================FL===============================Tallahassee -6Nnfxf;L_
Georgia -hlh{of_===========================GA==============================Atlanta -c6nfG6f_
Hawaii -xjfO{_================================HI================================Honolulu -xf]gf]n'n'_
Idaho -cfO8fxf]_==============================ID================================Boise -af]OhL_
Illinois -Olngf]O_============================IL================================Springfield -l:k|ª\l©N8_
Indiana -OlG8ofgf_=========================IN===============================Indianapolis -OlG8ofgfkf]ln;_
Iowa -cfof]jf_=================================IA===============================Des Moines -8 df]Og_
Kansas -SofG;f;_=========================KS==============================Topeka -6lksf_
Kentucky -s]G6sL_======================KY==============================Frankfort -ˆ|ofª\s©6{_
Louisiana -n'Olhofgf_==================LA=============================Baton Rouge -Aof6g ?h_
Maine -d]g_====================================ME============================Augusta -cu:8f_
Maryland -d]l/Nof08_===================MD============================Annapolis -cGgfkf]ln;_
Massachusetts -df;fr';]6\;_=======MA=============================Boston -af]:6g_
196 About the United States

State Name -/fHosf] gfd_=========Abbr. -5f]6s/L_=====Capital City -/fhwfgL zx/_

Michigan -ldl;ug_========================MI===========================Lansing -NoflG;ª_
Minnesota -ldg];f]6f_====================MN==========================Saint Paul -;]G6 kn_
Mississippi -ldl;l;kL_==================MS===========================Jackson -HofS;g_
Missouri -ldh'/L_===========================MO==========================Jefferson City -h]©;{g l;6L_
Montana -df]G6fgf_=========================MT===========================Helena -x]n]gf_
Nebraska -g]a|f:sf_========================NE============================Lincoln -lnÍg_
Nevada -g]ef8f_==============================NV===========================Carson City -sf;{g l;6L_
New Hampshire -Go' XofD;/_=======NH===========================Concord -s+s8{_
New Jersey -Go' h;L{_====================NJ============================Trenton -6«]G6g_
New Mexico -Go' d]lS;sf]_===========NM==========================Santa Fe -:ofG6f ©]_
New York -Go' of]s{_=======================NY===========================Albany -cNagL_
North Carolina -gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf_===NC============================Raleigh -¥ofnL_
North Dakota -gy{ 8sf]6f_===========ND===========================Bismarck -laHdfs{_
Ohio -cf]xfof]_===================================OH============================Columbus -sf]nDa;_
Oklahoma -cf]Snxf]df_====================OK==========================Oklahoma City -cf]Snxf]df l;6L_
Oregon -cf]/]ug_===============================OR===========================Salem -;]nd_
Pennsylvania -k]G;ne]lgof_============PA===========================Harrisburg -x]l/;ju{_
Rhode Island -/f]8 cfONof08_========RI============================Providence -k|f]le8]G;_
South Carolina -;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf_===SC==========================Columbia -sf]nlDaof_
South Dakota -;fpy 8sf]6f_=========SD==========================Pierre -lko/{_
Tennessee -6]g];L_===========================TN===========================Nashville -Gofzlen_
Texas -6]S;;_===================================TX==========================Austin -cl:6g_
Utah -o'6f_=========================================UT==========================Salt Lake City -;N6 n]s l;6L_
Vermont -ed{G6_===============================VT==========================Montpelier -df]G6lklno/_
Virginia -elh{lgof_===========================VA==========================Richmond -l/Rd08_
Washington -jfl;+u6g_==================WA==========================Olympia -cf]lnlDkof_
West Virginia -j]:6 elh{lgof_==========WV=========================Charleston -rfN;{6g_
Wisconsin -lj:sfG;g_=====================WI==========================Madison -Dofl8;g_
Wyoming -jfof]ldª_=========================WY========================Cheyenne -zfog_

cd]l/sfsf] /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g l8=;L= -l8l:6«S6 c© sf]nlDaof_ xf] . jfl;+u6g

/fHo / /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g l8=;L= Pp6} xf]Ogg\ . oL b'O{ gfdn] slxn]sfxLF
em'SofpF5g\ . olb s;}n] …d jfl;+u6gaf6 cfPsf] x'FÚ eGg'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] pxfF
jfl;+u6g /fHo jf jfl;+u6g l8=;L= sxfFaf6 cfpg'ePsf] xf] eg]/ ;f]Wg'k5{ .
cd]l/sfsf s]xL cwLg:y e"–efux? klg 5g\, t/ tL e"–efux? /fHo
xf]Ogg\ . tL efux? M k'c6f]{ l/sf], u'cfd, o'P; elh{g cfONofG8;\, cd]l/sg ;df]cf,
gb{g{ Dofl/cfgf cfONofG8;\ / cGo x'g\ . oL låkx? cfGw| dxf;fu/ / k|zfGt
dxf;fu/df 5g\ .
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 197

The capital of the country is Washington D.C. (District of Columbia).

The state of Washington and the capital Washington D.C. are not the same.
That can be confusing sometimes. If someone tells you “I am from Wash-
ington.”, You should ask if they mean the state of Washington or Wash-
ington D.C.
The United States also has possessions that are not states. They are
islands in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and include Puerto Rico, Guam,
U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and oth-
ers.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;/sf/
cd]l/sfdf ljleGg rf/ txdf ;/sf/x? x'G5g\ M /fli6«o, /fHo, sfpG6L /
:yfgLo ;/sf/ .
/fli6«o ;/sf/nfO{ b]zsf] ;+ljwfgn] JofVof u/]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf tLg
c+ux? 5g\ M sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf . sfo{kflnsfsf] g]t[Îj
cd]l/sfsf /fi6«kltn] ug'{x'G5 . k|To]s rf/ jif{df hgtfsf] dtaf6 /fi6«klt
r'lgG5 . sfo{kflnsfn] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u5{ / d'n'sdf sfg'g nfu'
u5{ . cd]l/sfsf] Joj:yflksfnfO{ s+u|]; elgG5 . s+u|];n] sfg'g agfpF5 . s+u|];sf
b'O{ ;ef 5g\, Pp6f l;g]6 xf] eg] csf]{ k|ltlglw–;ef xf] . l;g]6df k|To]s /fHoaf6
b'O{ hgfsf b/n] Ps ;o l;g]6/ -l;g]6–;b:o_ /xG5g\ . k|ltlglw–;efdf $ ;o
#% ;b:o /xG5g\ . k|ltlglw ;efsf ;b:o hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df tLg} /fHoaf6
lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . l;g]6/x? / k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:ox?nfO{ hgtfn] cf©" a:g] /fHo
jf lhNnfaf6 dt lbP/ r'G5g\ . Gofokflnsfsf] g]t[Îj ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u5{ /
;/sf/sf] o; c+udf ($ lhNnf cbfntsf ;fy} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x'G5g\ .
cbfntdf ;'g'jfO{ x'G5 / ©f}hbf/L tyf b]jfgL d'2fdf ©};nf x'G5 . cbfntL
sfjf{xLx? ;+3Lo sfg'gdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm /fi6«kltn]
ug'{x'G5 . sfg'gn] ;+ljwfg ldRof] jf ldr]g eGg] lg0f{o ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u5{ .
olb ldr]sf] 7x/ eof] eg] sfg'g sfof{Gjog x'Fb}g .
k|To]s /fHo ;/sf/sf] agf]6 /fli6«o ;/sf/;Fu ldN5 . k|To]s /fHosf] cfˆgf]
;+ljwfg x'G5 . /fHosf] sfo{kflnsfsf] g]t[Îj lgjf{lrt ueg{/n] ug'{x'G5 . /fHosf]
Joj:yflksfsf ;b:ox? ToxL /fHosf hgtfn] lbPsf] dtaf6 r'lgG5g\ . /fHosf]
cbfntn] cfˆgf] sfg'gcg';f/ ©f}hbf/L / b]jfgL d'2f ©};nf u5{ . Pp6f /fHosf]
;/sf/sf] agf]6 csf]{ /fHosf] ;/sf/sf] agf]6;Fu ldNb}g . To;}n] cf©" a;]sf]
/fHoaf/] hfGg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ .
/fHox? ;fgf ef}uf]lns PsfOx? ldn]/ ag]sf x'G5g\ . oL ;fgf PsfOnfO{
k|b]z -sfpG6L_ elgG5 . sfpG6Ldf klg ;fgf] ;/sf/ x'G5 . sfpG6L ;/sf/sf
sfd / lhDd]jf/L /fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ . w]/}h;f] /fHo -;a}df xf]Og_ sf sfpG6L
198 About the United States

;/sf/sf sfof{nodf tkfO{+n] s]xL lglZrt ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf nflu cfj]bg lbg'k5{ .
cd]l/sfdf # xhf/ ! ;oeGbf a9L sfpG6Lx? 5g\ . -n'lhofgf /fHodf sfpG6LnfO{
kfl/; elgG5, h;sf] cy{ …6f]nÚ, …OnfsfÚ jf …a:tLÚ x'G5 . cnf:sfdf sfpG6LnfO{
a/f] elgG5, h;sf] cy{ …gu/Ú x'G5 ._
;/sf/sf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] PsfO :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] . k|To]s zx/, gu/ jf
ufpFdf cfˆg} k|sf/sf] ;/sf/ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] g]t[Îj k|foMh;f] zx/ jf
gu/sf hgtfn] r'lgPsf JolStn] u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf k|x/L /
clUg–lgoGq0f ljefu x'G5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] :s"nx? ;~rfng, af6f] dd{t,
v]ns'b–d}bfg tyf kfs{x? Joj:yfkg u5{g\ . sxLFsxLF :yfgLo ;/sf/ x'Fb}gg\,
h;sf] sfd sfpG6L ;/sf/x?n] u5{g\ . cd]l/sfe/ &) xhf/eGbf a9L :yfgLo
;/sf/x? 5g\ .
b]zsf ljleGg /fHo / If]qsf sfpG6L tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x? ljleGg tl/sfn]
©/s x'g] ePsfn] tkfO{+n] cf©" a;]sf] If]qsf ;/sf/af/] hfGg h?/L x'G5 .
Government
There four levels of government in the United States: national, state,
county, and local.
The national government of the United States is defined by its Con-
stitution. There are three branches of government: executive, legislative,
and judicial. The Executive Branch is headed by the President of the Unit-
ed States who is elected by the people every four years. The Executive
Branch is responsible for running the programs and enforcing the laws of
the country. The Legislative Branch, or Congress, is where the laws are
made. Congress has two chambers, the Senate and the House of Repre-
sentatives. Each state has two Senators but the 435 Representatives are
divided among the states on the basis of population. Senators and Repre-
sentatives are elected by the people of their state or district. The Judicial
Branch is headed by the Supreme Court and consists of 94 district courts
as well as appellate courts. The courts hear and decide criminal and civil
cases involving federal laws. The judges are appointed by the President.
The Supreme Court can decide whether a law violates the Constitution. If
so, that law cannot be enforced.
Each state government is similar in form to the national government.
Each state has its own constitution. Each state’s Executive Branch is head-
ed by an elected Governor. The members of each state’s legislature are
elected by the people of that state. State courts decide criminal and civil
cases under state law. The details of each state’s government structure can
be quite different. You should try to learn about the state that you are liv-
ing in.
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 199

States are made up of smaller geographical units called counties.

County government functions and responsibilities can be quite different
in different states. In many states (but not all) county government offices
are the places where you must apply for certain social service programs
and benefits. There are more than 3,100 counties in the U.S. (In Louisiana
a county is called “parish”. In Alaska a county is called “Borough”.)
The smallest unit of government is local government. Each city, town,
and village has its own form of local government. Generally, however,
they are headed by officials who are elected by the people in their city or
town. Local governments generally have police and fire departments, run
the public schools, clean and repair the streets, and manage playgrounds
and parks. In some places there is no local government and these functions
are the responsibility of county governments. There are more than 70,000
different local governments in the U.S.
Because of the many ways that county and local governments can be
very different in different states and regions of the country, you should
learn about their responsibilities and functions in your own community.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
Oltxf;
o'/f]k]nLx? cfpg ;'? ug'{ / pklgj]z :yfkgf ug{ yfNg'cl3 clxn]sf]
cd]l/sfdf /}yfg] cd]l/sLx?sf] a;f]af; lyof] . tL /}yfg] cd]l/sLnfO{ slxn]sfxLF
…cd]l/sg OlG8ogÚ klg eg]sf]÷n]v]sf] kfOG5 . lKndy ufpF -clxn]sf] df;fr';]6\;
/fHodf_ ;g\ !^@) df :yfkgf eof], h'g a]nfotLx?sf] klxnf] a:tL lyof] .
To;kl5 :k]g, k|mfG; / cGo o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx?af6 afl;Gbfx? klg cfP / cGo
ljleGg :yfgdf a:g yfn] .
;g\ !&&) ;Dddf cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/fsf] If]qsf] hg;+Vof @ nfv k'lu–
;s]sf] lyof] . oL @ nfvdf w]/}h;f] Oª\uNof08af6 cfPsf lyP . Oª\uNof08s}
pklgj]z lyof] / Oª\uNof08sf] zf;g lyof] .
s]xL pklgj]zx?n] c+u|]h -Oª\uNof08sf]_ ;/sf/sf sfd–sfjf{xLsf] lj/f]w
u/] . oL pklgj]zx? Psh'6 eP / Oª\uNof08af6 :jtGq ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/], h;sf]
kl/0ffd o'4 eof] . cd]l/sL o'4 ;g\ !&&% b]lv !&*# ;Dd nl8of] . Oª\uNof08nfO{
cd]l/sLx?n] x/fPkl5 ;'?sf !# /fHox? Ps eP/ g} /lx/x] / ;g\ !&*& df
jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf :yfkgf eof] .
;'?sf afl;Gbfx? -h;nfO{ ;+:yfksx? klg elgG5_ k"jL{ zx/x?af6
klZrdt©{sf s[lif If]qdf a;fOF ;/] / gofF a:tLx? agfP . cd]l/sfn] k|mfG;
/ ?;;Fu yk e"ld lsGof] . o'4df :k]gaf6 c? e"ld lhTof] . o;/L cd]l/sfsf]
If]q©n a9\b} uof] .
200 About the United States

clk|msLx?nfO{ bf;sf ?kdf cd]l/sf NofPsf] b'O{ ztfAbL eO;Sof] . blIf0fL

/fHox?sf] cy{tGq bf;x?sf] >ddf lge{/ lyof] . kftnf] a:tL ePsf] klZrdL
If]qdf bf;k|yf hf/L /fVg] jf g/fVg] eGg] Pp6f k|Zg pAh]sf] lyof] . bf;k|yf
/ cGo ljifon] ubf{ blIf0f t©{sf /fHox?n] cd]l/sfaf6 5'l§P/ a]Un} /fi6«
agfpg rfx] . of] lg0f{osf sf/0f cd]l/sfdf u[xo'4 eof] . of] o'4 pQ/ / blIf0fsf
/fHox?aLr ;g\ !*^! b]lv ;g\ !*^% ;Dd ePsf] lyof] . o'4df sl/a ^ nfv
dflg;n] hLjg u'dfP . pQ/t©{sf /fHox?n] o'4 lht] / bf;k|yfsf] cGTo eof] .
cd]l/sL afl;Gbfx? klZrdt©{ a;fOF ;g]{ qmd hf/L /fv] . o;af6 /}yfg]
cd]l/sLx? cfˆgf] e"ldaf6 lj:yflkt eP . klZrdL e"efux?df hg;+Vof a9\b} uof],
cflv/Ldf tL If]qx?nfO{ gofF /fHosf ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/P . /}yfg] cd]l/sLx?sf
nflu cnu s]xL e"dL -h;nfO{ ;+/lIft elgG5_ tof/ kfl/of] .
Pl/hf]gf ;g\ !(!@ df cd]l/sfsf] $* cf}+ /fHo aGof] . ;g\ !(%( df b'O{
/fHox? ylkP, Pp6f ;'b"/ pQ/df …cnf:sfÚ / k|zfGt dxf;fu/l:yt 6fk'x?sf]
;d"x …xjfO{Ú .
klxnf] ljZjo'4 -;g\ !(!$–!(!*_ df cd]l/sf ljZjzlQmsf lrlgof] / bf];|f]
ljZjo'4 -;g\ !(#(–!($%_ sf a]nf / To;kl5 cem a9L zlQmzfnL aGof] .
History
The land that is now the United States was populated by indigenous
Native Americans (sometimes called American Indians) before Europeans
began to arrive and establish colonies. The village of Plymouth (in what is
now the state of Massachusetts) was established in 1620 and was the first
British settlement to survive. Settlers from Spain, France, and other Euro-
pean countries also arrived and settled in various locations.
By 1770 the eastern region near the coast of the Atlantic Ocean was
populated by nearly 2,000,000 people, mostly settlers from England living
in a number of colonies under rule by England.
The colonies resented some of the actions taken by the English govern-
ment. They banded together and declared their independence from Eng-
land, resulting in war. The American Revolution was fought from 1775 to
1783. After the Americans had defeated England, the 13 original colonies
continued to band together and formed the United States of America under
the current constitution in 1787.
Settlers (also called pioneers) moved from the eastern cities and farms
westward and established new settlements. The United States purchased
more land from France and Russia and took land from Spain as a result
of war.
Africans had been brought to America as slaves for two centuries. The
southern states had an economy that depended on using slaves for labor.
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 201
There was a question whether slavery would be allowed in the sparsely
populated lands to the west. This and other issues resulted in the southern
states trying to secede from the U.S. and form their own separate country.
The result was the American Civil War. This war between the northern
states and the southern states lasted from 1861 to 1865 and resulted in
more than 600,000 deaths. The north won the war and slavery was abol-
ished everywhere in the country.
American settlers continued to move westward and displace the Na-
tive Americans from their land. As the population increased in western
territories, they were eventually admitted as new states. Some land (called
reservations) was set aside for Native Americans.
Arizona became the 48th state in 1912. Two more states were admit-
ted in 1959: Alaska in the far north and Hawaii, a group of islands in the
Pacific Ocean.
The U.S. emerged as an international power following World War I
(1914-1918) and even more so during and after Word War II (1939-
1945).
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
yk dxŒjk"0f{ tYox¿
cflwsfl/s gfd M ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf
/fhwfgL M jfl;+u6g, l8=;L=
/fli6«o :jtGqtf M ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $
cfbz{ jfSo M O{Zj/df xfd|f] cf:yf 5 -Og u8 jL 6«:6_
7"nf zx/x¿ M Go' of]s{, n; PGhn;, l;sfuf], Xo':6g, l©nf8]lN©of, l©lgS;, ;fg
PG6f]lgof], ;fg l8ofuf], 8Nnf;, ;fg xf]h]
cUnf] efu M dfpG6 DofslsGn], cnf:sf, ;d'b| ;txeGbf @),#@) l©6 -^,!($
ld6/_ dfly
xf]rf] efu M 8]y EofnL, Sofln©f]lg{of, ;d'b| ;txeGbf @*@ l©6 -*^ ld6/_ tn
7"nf] /fHo M cnf:sf
;fgf] /fHo M /f]8 cfONof08
d'Vo kj{t >[+vnfx¿ M /sL kj{t, cKkfnflrofg kj{t
d'Vo gbLx¿ M ldl;l;kL, ldh'/L, sf]nf]/f8f]
d'Vo efiff M c+u|]hL, :k]lg;
d'b|f M o'=P;= 8n/
/fli6«o r/f M d'8'nf] lrn
/fli6«o ˚"n M u'nf©
/fli6«o ufg M b :6f/–:k]ª\uN8 Aofg/
202 About the United States

Other Important Facts

Official Name: United States of America
Capital City: Washington, D.C.
National Independence: July 4, 1776
Motto: In God We Trust
Largest Cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadel-
phia, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose
Highest Point: Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 20,320 ft. (6194 m.) above sea
level
Lowest Point: Death Valley, California, 282 ft (86 m.) below sea level
Largest State: Alaska
Smallest State: Rhode Island
Major Mountain Ranges: Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains
Major Rivers: Mississippi, Missouri, Colorado
Language: English, Spanish
Currency: U.S. Dollar
National Bird: Bald Eagle
National Flower: Rose
National Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kfqf]
cd]l/sfdf k|of]u ul/g] kfqf] ljZjsf c? w]/} b]zx? / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] k|of]u
ug]{ h:t} kfqf] xf] . of] kfqf] cf}krfl/s e"6fgL / g]kfnL kfqf]eGbf ©/s x'G5 . of]
klZrdL kfqf]sf] klxnf] dlxgf hgj/L xf] . cd]l/sfdf hgj/L dlxgfdf lxpFb x'G5
/ of] jif{sf] ;aeGbf 7G8L dlxgf xf] .
The Calendar
The Western Calendar in use in the U.S. is the same calendar that is
used in many countries and by the United Nations. It is different from the
official Bhutanese and Nepali calendars. The first month of the year in the
Western Calendar is January. In the U. S. January is in the winter, the cold-
est time of the year.
Month ==============================================Days in month
-dlxgfsf] gfd_ -dlxgfdf x'g] lbg_
January -hgj/L_================================31 -#!_
February -©]a|'c/L_==============================28 -@*_
March -dfr{_=======================================31 -#!_
April -ck]|n_========================================30 -#)_
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 203
Month ==============================================Days in month
-dlxgf_ -dlxgfsf lbg_
May -d]_===============================================31 -#!_
June -h'g_===========================================30 -#)_
July -h'nfO{_=========================================31 -#!_
August -cu:t_===================================31 -#!_
September -;]K6]Da/_==========================30 -#)_
October -cS6f]a/_==============================31 -#!_
November -gf]e]Da/_==========================30 -#)_
December -l8;]Da/_===========================31 -#!_
k|To]s rf/ jif{df ©]a|'c/Ldf Ps lbg ylkG5 / pSt ljz]if jif{df ©]a|'c/L dlxgf
@( lbgsf] x'G5 .
Every fourth year, the month of February has an extra day making 29
in those special years.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ldlt n]Vg] tl/sf
slxn]sfxLF cd]l/sLx? ldlt …d] !!, @)!!Ú n]V5g\ . pgLx? Hofbfh;f] ldlt
n]Vg] 5f]6f] tl/sf ckgfpF5g\ M …%÷!!÷!!Ú jf …)%÷!!÷@)!!Ú . of] eg]sf]
…dlxgf÷lbg÷jif{Ú xf] . o;df klxnf] c+s dlxgf, bf];|f] lbg / t];|f] jif{ xf] . tkfO{+n]
;/sf/L jf s'g} cflwsfl/s sfuh–kqdf x:tfIf/ ug'{eof] eg] To;df ;w}Fh;f] ldlt
n]Vg'k5{ . To:tf]df ldlt 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Writing a Date
Sometimes Americans write dates like “May 11, 2011”. But they also
often use a short way to write a date: “5/11/11” or “05/11/2011” This means
“Month/Day/Year". You can understand these by noting that the first num-
ber is the number of the month, the second number is the day in that month,
and the third number is the year. When you sign official documents you
will usually need to include a date. You can use the short form.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/fli6«o kj{÷labfx¿
cd]l/sLx? jif{sf ljleGg lbgdf /fli6«o kj{ dgfpF5g\ . tL lbgx?df ;fj{hlgs
labf x'G5g\ . oL rf8kj{÷lbj;x? wd{lg/k]If, wfld{s jf cd]l/sfsf cfˆgf ljz]if
5g\ . /fli6«o rf8kj{÷lbj;sf oL bz lbg /fli6«o -;+3Lo_ ;/sf/sf sfof{nox?
labf x'G5g\ . tL sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ tna kfpg] u/L labf lbOG5 . w]/} lghL
Joj;fo, a}+s, /fHo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfof{no, / :s"nx? klg oL lbg
k|foMh;f] aGb x'G5g\ .
204 About the United States
gof“ jif{sf] klxnf] lbg eg]sf] hgj/L ! xf] . gofF jif{sf] :jfut hgj/L ! sf]
cl3Nnf] /ft g} ;'? x'G5, ha cd]l/sLx? Ps} 7fpFdf e]nf x'G5g\ / cfpFbf] jif{
v';L Pj+ ;d'Ggt /xf];\ eGg] sfdgf u5{g\ . w]/} cd]l/sLx?n] gofF jif{e/df k"/f
ug{ ;+sNkx? u5{g\ .
dfl6{g n'y/ lsª h'lgo/ lbj; labfsf] lbg xf] . of] hgj/Lsf] t];|f] ;f]daf/
k5{ . of] lbj; clk|msg–cd]l/sg kfb/L /]e/]G8 dfl6{g n'y/ lsª h'lgo/sf] :d[ltdf
dgfOG5 . pxfFnfO{ clx+;fTds af6f]af6 cfdhgtfsf] gful/s clwsf/ kfpg cys
k|of; ug]{ JolStsf ?kdf lrlgG5 .
jfl;+u6gsf] hGdlbg ;+3Lo labfsf] lbg xf] . cd]l/sfsf] klxnf] /fi6«klt hh{
jfl;+u6gsf] ;Ddfgdf dgfOg] of] lbj; ©]a|'c/Lsf] t];|f] ;f]daf/ k5{ . of] lbj;nfO{
/fi6«klt lbj;sf ?kdf klg lrlgG5 . w]/} ;d"xn] o; lbg ljutsf ;a} /fi6«kltsf]
of]ubfgnfO{ ;+:d/0f u5{g\ .
:df/s lbj; -d]df]l/on 8]_ d] dlxgfsf] clGtd ;f]daf/ kg]{ ;+3Lo labfsf] lbg
xf] . ;'?df of] lbj; cd]l/sL u[xo'4df dfl/Psfx?sf] ;+:d/0fdf dgfpg cfof]hgf
ul/of] . kl5 of] lbj; ;a} o'4df dfl/Psf cd]l/sLx?sf] ;+:d/0f lbj; aGof] /
clg ;a} d[t cd]l/sLx?sf] ;Demgfdf dgfpg yflnof] . of] lbj; sa|:tfg, rr{ /
cGo ;fj{hlgs ;ef:yndf dgfOG5 . ;a}sf] ;+:d/0fdf cd]l/sL em08f ©x/fpg]
Jofks rng 5 .
:jtGqtf lbj; h'nfO{ $ -h'nfO{ kmf]y{_ df k5{ . of] lbg /fi6«sf] hGdlbg
xf] . ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $ df cd]l/sfn] …:jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffkqÚ u|x0f u/]sf] xf] .
o;} lbgsf] ;+:d/0fdf h'nfO{ $ df :jtGqtf lbj; dgfOG5 . o; lbg jgef]h /
b]zelSt sjfh, ;fFemdf ;ª\uLt sfo{qmd tyf cft;afhL ul/G5 . o; lbj;df klg
Jofks ?kdf cd]l/sL em08f ufl8G5g\, 6fFluG5g\ .
>lds lbj; -n]a/ 8]_ ;]K6]Da/sf] klxnf] ;f]daf/ k5{ . ;+3Lo labfsf] of] lbj;
vf;u/L >d ug]{ hgtfsf] ;Ddfgdf dgfOG5 . >lds lbj;df k|foMh;f] sjfh
ul/G5 . w]/} cd]l/sLx?sf nflu of] lbgn] udL{ labf ;lsP/ :s"nx? v'Ng] ;do
cfPsf] ;+s]t u5{ .
sf]nDa; lbj; cS6f]a/sf] bf];|f] ;f]daf/ kg{] ;+3Lo labfsf] lbg xf] .
;g\ !$(@ cS6f]a/ !@ df O6fn]nL ;d'b|ofqL lqm:6f]©/ sf]nDa; gofF e"ld
-clxn]sf] cd]l/sf_ cfOk'u]sf lyP .
e"tk"j{ ;}lgs lbj; -e]6]/G; 8]_ gf]e]Da/ !! df dgfOG5 . ;'?df of] lbj; klxnf]
ljZjo'4 n8]sf cd]l/sLx?sf] ;Ddfgdf dgfpg yflnPsf] lyof] . kl5 ;a} o'4df
n8]sfx?sf nflu of] lbj; ;dlk{t ul/of] . o; lbj;df e"tk"j{ ;}lgsx?sf ljleGg
;+:yfn] sjfh cfof]hgf u5{g\ .
Yof°;\ luleª\ 8] ;+3Lo labfsf] lbg xf] / of] gf]e]Da/ dlxgfsf] rf}yf] lalxaf/
dgfOG5 . ;g\ !^@! sf] x]dGt Ct'df lKndy ufpF, df;fr';]6\;df a:g yfn]sf
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 205
gofF afl;Gbfn] /fd|f] ©;nsf nflu tLg–lbg] pT;j dgfP . oxL pT;j g} d'n'ssf]
klxnf] YofÍ;\ luleª\ lyof] eGg] w]/}sf] dfGotf 5 . YofÍ;\ luleª\ pT;j /fli6«o
k/Dk/f aGof] / of] lbj; dgfpg] lbg clxn] klg klxnf] pT;jdf kl:sPsf
k/Dk/fut vfgfx? M r'nf]leq ksfPsf] 6sL{, qm]ga]/Lsf] 5f]k ;w}F kl:sg] ul/G5 .
6sL{ Ps k|sf/sf] r/f xf] eg] qm]ga]/L Pp6f ©n xf] .
lqm;d; 8] l8;]Da/ @% df k5{ / of] ;+3Lo labfsf] lbg xf] . lh;; qmfO:6
hlGdPsf] lbgnfO{ O;fO{ -lqml:rog_ x? lqm;d;sf ?kdf dgfpF5g\ . of] rf8df
3/ ;hfpg] / 3/–cf“ugdf aQL afNg], ;hfOPsf] ;Nnf]sf] ?v -lqm;d; 6«L_ /fVg],
pkxf/ lbg], / z'esfdgf sf8{x? k7fpg] ul/G5 . o:tf ultljlw clxn] u}/–O;fO{
;d'bfodf klg b]lvG5 .
cGo kj{÷labfx¿
oL rf8x?afx]s cd]l/sLx?n] cGo ljz]if rf8x?nfO{ klxrfg lbPsf 5g\ / tL
rf8x? dgfpg ;S5g\ . tL rf8x? u|fpG8xu 8], Eofn]G6fOG; 8], ;]G6 Kofl6«S; 8],
O:6/, db;{ 8], ˆNofu 8], ©fb;{ 8] / xnf]ljg x'g\ .
ljleGg hflt / wfld{s ;d"xn] cd]l/sfdf cfˆgf] dxÎjsf rf8 dgfpF5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu ox'bLx? /f]z xfzfgfx / of]d lsKk/, d'l:ndx?n] /dhfg, /
d]lS;sgx?n] l;Gsf] bL dfof] dgfpF5g\ . cd]l/sfdf tkfO{+n] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf]
e"6fgL, g]kfnL, lxGb" jf cGo rf8x? dgfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
National Holidays
Americans celebrate a variety of national holidays throughout the year.
American holidays can be secular, religious, or uniquely American. Fed-
eral government offices are closed and workers are given days off with pay
for ten holidays. Many private businesses, banks, state and local offices,
and schools are usually closed on these holidays as well.
New Year's Day is January 1. The celebration of this holiday begins
the night before, when Americans gather to wish each other a happy and
prosperous coming year. Many Americans make New Year's resolutions.
Martin Luther King Day is a holiday celebrated on the third Monday
in January. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., was an African-Ameri-
can clergyman who is recognized for his tireless efforts to win civil rights
for all people through nonviolent means.
Washington's Birthday is a holiday observed the third Monday of
February to honor George Washington, the first President of the United
States. This date is commonly called Presidents' Day and many groups
honor the legacy of past presidents on this date.
Memorial Day is a holiday observed the last Monday of May. It origi-
nally honored the people killed in the American Civil War, but has become
206 About the United States

a day on which the American dead of all wars, and the dead generally, are
remembered in special programs held in cemeteries, churches, and other
public meeting places. The flying of the American flag is widespread.
Independence Day is July 4. This holiday honors the nation's birthday
- the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a
day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of concerts and fireworks. The
flying of the American flag is widespread.
Labor Day is the first Monday of September. This federal holiday hon-
ors the nation's working people, typically with parades. For most Ameri-
cans it marks the end of the summer vacation season and the start of the
school year.
Columbus Day is a holiday celebrated on the second Monday in Oc-
tober. The day commemorates October 12, 1492, when Italian navigator
Christopher Columbus landed in the New World.
Veterans’ Day is celebrated on November 11 and honors Americans
who had served in World War I, but it now honors veterans of all wars in
which the U.S. has fought. Veterans' organizations hold parades.
Thanksgiving Day is a federal holiday celebrated on the fourth Thurs-
day in November. In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrim settlers in Plymouth Mas-
sachusetts held a three-day feast to celebrate a bountiful harvest. Many re-
gard this event as the nation's first Thanksgiving. The Thanksgiving feast
became a national tradition and almost always includes some of the tradi-
tional foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce.
Christmas Day is a federal holiday celebrated on December 25. Christ-
mas is a Christian holiday marking the birth of the Christ Child. Decorat-
ing houses and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees, giving gifts,
and sending greeting cards have become holiday traditions even for many
non-Christian Americans.
Other Holidays
In addition to these holidays, Americans recognize and may celebrate
other special days. These include Groundhog Day, Valentine’s Day, St.
Patrick’s Day, Easter, Mother’s Day, Flag Day, Father’s Day, and Hal-
loween.
Different ethnic and religious groups in America also celebrate days
with special meaning to them. For example, Jews celebrate Rosh Hasha-
nah and Yom Kippur, Muslims celebrate Ramadan, and Mexicans cele-
brate Cinco de Mayo. You are free to celebrate your own Bhutanese, Ne-
pali, Hindu or other holidays here in the U.S.
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Time Zones
The U.S. is very large. The sun rises in Massachusetts three hours be-
fore it will rise in California. For this reason the 48 states of the continental
U.S. are divided into four time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and
Pacific. Clocks in the Eastern Time Zone will all read the same time. But
clocks in the Central Time Zone will read one hour earlier, clocks in the
Mountain Time Zone will read two hours earlier, and clocks in the Pacific
Time Zone will read three hours earlier. This map shows the time zones for
all states except Alaska and Hawaii.
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208 About the United States
Almost all of Alaska is in the Alaska Time Zone where clocks are one
hour earlier than clocks in the Pacific Time Zone. Hawaii is in the Hawai-
ian Time Zone where clocks are two hours earlier than clocks in the Pacific
Time Zone.
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Daylight Savings Time
Twice a year American’s change the setting on their clocks. At 2:00
a.m. on the second Sunday in March you move your clock or watch for-
ward one hour. What was 2:00 a.m. becomes 3:00 a.m. You lose one hour
of sleep. If you forget to do this, you may be late for work or school the
next day. Months later, at 2:00 a.m. on the first Sunday in November, you
turn your clock back one hour. So 2:00 a.m. becomes 1:00 a.m. You gain
an extra hour to sleep. If you forget to set your clock backward in Novem-
ber, you may be an hour early for work or school the next day.
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Learn More at a Public Library
If you want to learn more about the United States, you should visit a
local public library. Every city and town has at least one library. Ask the
librarian to show you where books about the country and its history are
located. The books in the library will be in English and, in some towns,
maybe also in Spanish.

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