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J. C.Cartier, CD,BESc.,
Captain
Canadian Forces
Department of Electrical
and Cornputer Engineering
Kingston, Ontario
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of Canada
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by
J. C.Cartier, CD,BESc.,
A Thesis
Presented to the School of Graduate Studies
in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Royal Military College of Canada
Kingston, Ontario
Avionics
Distortion
Hannonics
~icro~ran@
Nonlinear Loads
Waveform Distortion
Overvoltage Transients
Power Quality Analysis
Transformer Rectifier Unit
Aircraft Electricai Distribution System
Dedication
Future advanced aircrafi avionics systems will require reliable, redundant, and
unintemptable elecûical power to supply flight and mission critical loads. The Canadian
Forces CC430 Hercules aircraft fleet is scheduled for an avionics update which will
include sophisticated sensitive avionics equipment. The power quality required for this
update may not be adequate since the existing electrical distribution system was designed
to satisfy load requirernents of the 1950's.
This work could not have been completed without the assistance and support of
John Cheng and his staff h m the Naval Engineering Test Establishment (NETE),
Lasalle, Québec, who provided the instrumentation and produced over five hundred
wavefom and spectral density plots.
1 would also like to acknowledge the efforts of Mrs. Nancy Tmkington of RMC
Science and Engineering Library who provided quick access to the required technical
publications.
Vita
vii
Chapter 3 Implementatioa ............................................................................... 29
3.1 General ................................................................................................ 29
3.2 Developrnent of the System Mode1 .....................................................29
3 -2.1 Generator Mode1 ................................,,..................................30
3.2.2 Distribution Conductors ....................*... ......... ........*......*.....32
3.2.3 Switching Loads ................................................................. 32
3.2.4 Transformer Rectifier Units .................................................. 34
3.2.5 AC and DC Loading .................... . . . .............................. 35
MicroTran Simulation Tool .............................................................. 37
QP
Appendix A Essential and Main Branch Power Consumption Tables ........... A-1
xii
List of Tables
Table 2.1 AC Generator to AC Bus Comection Matrix ............................................. 15
O
xiv
List of Photographs
Photograph D.l AVTRON Model Generator Sensor Connections on AC Bus .......
O D-1
Photograph D.2 AVTRON Mode1 Recording Equipment Setup .............................
O D-1
Photograph D.3 AVTRON Mode1 TRU Sensor Connections on DC Bus ...............
O D-2
Photograph D.4 AVIRON Model 9 kW DC Load ................................................
O D-2
Photograph D S .AVTRON Mode1 Load A "PhasesB & C" .................................... D-3
Photograph D.6 AVTRON Mode1 Load B .............*..............**.....*.......*.**..*..*..**....
O D-3
Photograph D.7 .AVTRON Model Load D ............................................................... D-4
Photograph D.8 Aircraft Trial Recording Equiprnent Setup ....................................
O D-4
Photograph D.9 .A i r c d Trial Distribution Panel AC Bus Connections ................. D-5
Photograph D.10 .Aircmft Triai The-Phase AC Bus Current Connections ........... D-5
Photograph D.11 A i r c d Trial TRU DC Voltage and Current Connections ..........
O D-6
Nomenclature
A Amps
AC Alternathg Current
-
'c.
Approximately Equal To
ATM Air Turbine Motor
Avg (A) Average Current
Avg (W) Average Power
AWG Amencan Wire Gauge
C Capacitance
CC Canadian Cargo
CF Canadian Forces
CFB Canadian Forces Base
d Direct Axis
dB Decibel
DC Direct Current
A Delta
At Step Width
DiN Distortion Index
DOS Disk Operating System
EASYS Environmental Control and Analysis System
EG Generator Voltage
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
EMTP Electromagnetic Transients Program
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
FFT Fast Fourier Transfonn
h Harmonic
HF High Frequency
HP Hewlett Packard
HPM Hi&-Power Microwave
Hz Hertz
IEEE Institute of Electricai and Electronic Engineers
%O
No Load Generator Field Current
LC Excitation Current
kilo Volt-Amps
Inductance
Logarithmic
millihenry
Military
Magnetic Motive Force
Metal-Oxide Varistors
ms miIlisecond
NEMP Nuclear Electrornagnetic Pulse
NETE Naval Engineering Test Establishment
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
n Ohm
Converter Pulse Number
Percentage
Power
Persod Computer
Power Factor
Phase
pi
9 Quadrature Axis
Q Reactive Power
Ra Armature Resistance
R Resistance
RCCR Reverse Current Cutout Relays
Rte Direct Current Resistance
RMC Royal Military College
S Complex Power
S Second
SPD Surge Protective Device
STD Standard
Bdancing Transformer
Direct Axis Open Circuit Subtransient Tirne Constant
Direct Axis Open Circuit Transient Tirne Constant
Period
Total Harmonic Distortion
Telephone Influence Factor
TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit
v Volt
VA Volt-Amps
VAC Volt Altemathg Current
VAR Volt-Amps Reactive
VDC Volt Direct Current
w Watt
Fundamental Frequency
Steady-State Reactance
Armature Leakage Reactance
Direct Axis Synchronous Reactance
Direct Axis Transient Reactance
Direct Axis Subtransient Reactance
Quadrature Axis Synchronous Reactance
Quadrature Axis Subtransient Reactance
Xero Sequence Reactance
Admittance
W Y ~
Impedance
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 General
During the past few decades, power system engineers have heightened their
awareness and concem regarding the power quality of electric power distribution systems
[1,2]. The concem and awareness is due prirnady to the increase in number and
application of nonlinear power electronic devices used in the control of power apparatus
and utilization of static power converters. Furthemore, sporadic degradatioii of power
quality can be attnbuted to sags, swells, overvoltage, and cunent transients in power
systems.
Voltage and current harmonics, including sporadic tmnsients, are major electncal
system perturbations, which can cause significant elecîrical waveform distortion. These
perturbations cm significantly impair the performance and operation of electricai and
electronic equipment. The prevailing sources of undesired harmonics and trruisients [3]
are numerous and varied, includiag transfomiers, nonlinear power devices such as silicon
controlled rectifiers (SCR),nonlinear loads such as the static power converter, and a
sudden change (ktching operation or fault condition) in the electricai condition of a
system. It is well documented that static power converters which transform alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) inherently inject harmonic cunents into the AC side
of the distribution system. These harmonics cause additional losses and heating in
machines, relay instability, overvoltages due to resonance, instability of controllers, and
noise on communication lines [4].
The future use of nonlinear loads is expected to increase since these loads are
generally highly efficient. Unfortunately, as the use of nonlinear loads increases, current
and voltage waveform distortion and harmonic content is expected to rise. This rise will
gradually degrade overall system performance unless adequate measures are adopted to
control and maintain power quaiity. The graduai degradation in system performance can
result in a decrease in system efficiency and reliability, thereby causkg premature
damage or upset (temporary malfùnction) to electronic components and systems. To
identiQ the aforementioned undesirable perturbations, it is essentid that system engineers
conduct an overall assessrnent of the electrical environment. These assessments, or
power quaiity studies, c m provide usefùi information on the performance of existing or
fiiture systems during normal or abnomal operating conditions such as:
1.2 Background
Funire advancsd aircmft avionic systerns will require reliable, redundant, and
unintemptable electncal power to supply flight and mission criticai loads. The Canadian
Forces CC-130 Hercules fleet of aircrafi is scheduled for an avionics update, which will
include sophisticated, sensitive electronic equipment. The power quality required for this
update may not be adequate since the existing electrical distribution system was designed
to satis@ load requirements of the 1950's.
During the 1920's and early 1930's, power system engineea recognized the
importaace of harrnonics in distribution systems when they observed significant
distortion in the voltage and c m n t waveforms [IO]. During this period, the effects of
harmonics in synchronous and inductance machines, including telecommunication
interference were investigated.
The reaction of industry to harmonic countemeasures during this period was to
design equipment that would tolerate increases in harmonic content. Recent
developments and the proliferating use of power semiconductor devices and highly
efficient nodinear loads have caused an additional increase in harmonic pollution in
power systems resulting in a growing concem in the power industry.
Numerous papers and reports [Il-171 have been published on the topic of
harmonic sources. In general, harrnonics result fiom the nonlinear operating
characteristics of semiconductor power devices and loads on the system. Sources of
harmonics that can cause harmonic penetration into AC distribution systems are:
Excessive harmonic currents have the effect of reducing the life expectancy of
equipment and degrading overall power quality. Equipment may be subjected to
unreliable operation due to failure or upset. Some of the major effects of harmonics
include [131:
Since the 19601s,as indicated by Staridler [5], the concern for transient effects on
electronic components has increased. This trend can be expected to continue due to the
following reasons:
i . lightning;
2. electrostatic discharge (ESD);
3. electromagnetic pulse from nuclear weapons (NEW);
4. hi&-power microwave weapons (HPM);
5. curent limiting fuse operation;
6. switching of reactive loads; and
7. faults.
Standler [SI states that electrical transients can cause two types of adverse
outcornes in sensitive electronic and electtical circuits and systems: "damageor upset".
Damage may be defined as a permanent failure of hardware. A system that has
been damaged may experience permanent or partial failure. To recover fiom damage it is
necessary to repair or replace the damaged component.
Standler [SI also indicates that filters alone are not commonly used as transient
protective devices. They are usually designed as low pass filters and are commonly
c o ~ e c t e din series with the power source to achieve high frequency electrornagnetic
attenuation.
The nodinear or surge protective device (SPD)is used to divert surge current
away fkom sensitive electronic or electrical equipment while limiting the peak voltage.
Many types of protective devices are available, and they each offer their own particular
operating characteristics. The decision to specify an SPD for a particuiar application
depends on the operathg properties of the device and the surge characteristics. Examples
of SPDs are:
1. spark gaps;
2. nodineai. resistors such as:
a. siIicon carbide varistors; and
b. metal-oxide varistors (MOV);
3. serniconductor diodes and rectifiers;
4. thyristors; and
5. avalanche and zener diodes.
Fanthorne and Kenleborough [211 describe their modelling scheme and digital
simulation results of an aircraft electrical power system. The simulation model included
two parailel connected 60 kVA generators, a radar load, one three-phase twelve-pulse
TRU,and a DC resistive load. The details of the radar model were omitted due to security
classification. The documented plots show various waveforms produced by the TRU,
radar, and generators. A frequency domain plot representing the system with a radar load
is included. The frequency plot shows that the highest harmonic component is the 5"
harmonic at 6.39% of the fimdarnental.
1. develop a singie branch simulation model and laboratory model of the existing
CC-130EHercules aircraft electrical power distribution system for harmonic
content, steady-state, and surge data analysis;
2. perform on site aircraft measurements to gather harmonie, steady-state, and
mrge data for cornparison and validation with anaiyticd rnodels;
3. compare the simulation model and Iaboratory model with aircrafl
measurement results and MU. STD-704(1 May 91) [22]; and
4. if required, identi@ appropriate conditioning devices (filters/protective
circuits) which may enhance overail system performance (improve power
quality).
Chapter 2 Theory
AC #1 #2 #1 #2 AC
LOADS ESS ESS MAIN MAIN LOMS
24 Vdc TRU TRU l'RU TRU
BAITERY
DC DC DC DC
LOADS LOADS LOADS LOADS
NORMAL CONDITION
> GROUNDONLY
-
Figure 2.1 CC430 Electical Power Distribution System
uSimplified Singie Phase Block Diagram"
3. number three generator connects to the main bus; and
4. number four generator connects to the right-hand bus.
All four engine-dnven generators are identical. Each generator is rated at 40 kVA
during flight conditions and provides a regulated three-phase 1 W 2 0 0 VAC at 400 Hz.
The output system fiequency is dependent on engine speed and allowed to Vary between
380 and 420 Hz. The generator provides an output fiequency of 400 Hz when the engine
operates at 100 percent and has a separate control system, which consists of a voltage
regulator, under-frequency detection circuit, and control panel. Contmlling the excitation
shunt field cunent regulates the generator output voltage. The block diagram in Figure
2.2 depicts a typical generating control system.
AC BUS TO
AC
DrnLlTION
BUSSES
+= FREQvENcY
,
S E N m
RELAY
-
Figure 23 Primary AC Genenting Control System
2.1.1 AC Bus Distribution System
-
Figure 23 Single Line Genentor to AC Bus Distribution System
The fkst on line generator c o ~ e c t sto both the essential and main AC busses
through bus tie relays K6 or K7 and the corresponding generator relay K 1, K2,K3, or K4.
Any two generaton will supply power to al1 four busses through either K6 or K7 and K5
or K8, and the corresponding generator relays. Since the generators never parallel, the
busses must divide between the generators. Assuming al1 generators are on line,
generator 1 provides power to the LH bus through K1 and K5, generator 2 provides
power to the essential bus through K2 and K6, generator 3 provides power to the main
bus thmugh K3 and K7, and generator 4 provides power to the RH bus through K4 and
K8. The generator, bus, and relay contactor comection matrix is tabuiated in Table 2.1.
-
Table 2.1 AC Generator to AC Bus Connection Matrix
Cenerators
Ac
1 2 3 4
I KI Contactors
K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 LH
AC
Busses
ESS MAIN RH
X X X 1 1
X X X 2 2
X X X 3 3
X I X X 4 4
X X X X X X 1 2 2 1
X X X X X X X X 1 I 3 3
X X X X X X X X 1 1 4 4
X X X X X X X X 2 2 3 3
X X X X X X X X 2 2 4 4
--7
X X
X X x l
- X X -X X X 4 3 3 4
x X X X X X 1 2 3 3
X X X X X X X X X X 1 2 4 4
X X X X X X X X X X 1 1 3 4
X X X X X X X X X X 2 2 3 4
x x x x x p X X X X X X 1 2 3 4
The fiinction of the TRU is to convert three-phase AC power fiom the essential
and main AC bus to a nominal 28.0 W C for the DC busses. The TRUs function in pairs.
For example, one pair of TRUs supplies DC power to the essential DC bus and the other
pair to the main DC bus. Each TRU can supply up to 200 amps of DC current at
28.0 VDC.
FLIGHT
GROUM)ONLY
1
ni
ESSPFïW
AC BUS
#2
1
u
AC BUS
,+F+,
w MAIN
ESS ESS
TRU TRU
I I L
GROUND
ONLY
(Am)
-
Figure 2.4 DC Bus System
The RCRs are used to prevent the TRU output current from flowing into the
TRUs during an AC power system failure and also to prevent essentiai DC power fiom
flowing into the main DC bus during nonnal flight conditions. The RCR located between
the isolated and essential DC bus is used to prevent current flow fiom the isolated to the
essential bus in the event of a complete primary AC power failure in flight. During
certain ground oniy operations, it is essential to have the battery power the isolated,
essential, and main busses through the RCRs.
The use of loads with nonlinear charactenstics, such as static power converters,
result in harmonic voltage and current generation and penetration into the AC side of the
electrical distribution system [17]. These harrnonics can cause significant primary AC
waveform distortion and undesirable effects on system loads, such as overheating?
electromagnetic interference (EMI), and overvoltages due to resonance.
where a, is the average value of the function f ( t ) , a,, and b, are the coefficients of the
series, and w, represents the fundamental frequency ($1 of the periodic function. The
coefficients are the rectanguiar components of the n 'harmonic vector such that:
= a, + jb,
A, LQ>,
with magnitude
-
The average value a, is derived fiom the following expression:
1
a,, = - f(t)Cos(nr)dr
Ir"
and b , as
There are several classical measures of electric power quaiity. For penodic
wavefonns of period T, the most widely used measure in North America is the Total
H m o n i c Distortion (THD) which is defined in terms of the amplitude of the hmonics.
The THD is used as a figure of merit to describe the effect of distortion on the electrical
distribution system. Other methods are also used such as telephone influence factor (RF)
and distortion index (DM). The distortion term used in this work to chamcterize the
hamionic distortion is the THD since the current and proposed IEEE harmonic standards
are based on THD vaiues. The total harmonic distortion for this study is defmed as:
The aircrafi transformer rectifier units are designed as rectifiers to convert three-
phase 11Y200 VAC at 400 Hz to a nominal 28.0 VDC supply for relays, contactors,
avionics equipment and battery charging. A diagram depicting the aircraft transformer
rectifier unit is shown in Figure 2.5. The diagram shows a three-phase voltage supplying
power to two parallel-connected six-phase transformer rectifiers. Due to the primay
winding characteristics, ( A and Y configuration), a 30 degree phase shift exists between
both secondary voltages. The primary and secondary winding turns ratio are such that
both transfomers provide the same voltage output magnitudes (positive phase sequence
is assumed). As an example of the use of intercomected windings, consider the
arrangement shown in Figure 2.6 (a). The arrangement is comprised of a three-phase
transformer or a bank of thm single-phase transfomers having a primary winding and
three independent secondary windings for each phase. The primary windings connection
rnay be either A or Y . When the three-phase voltages applied to the primary windings
are balanced, the secondary windings deliver balanced six-phase voltages as shown in the
28 ~9 cl4
T T '
vector diagram of Figure 2.6 (b). For an ideal transformer, the following relationship
applies:
where Y, refers to the primary voltage and Y, the secondary voltage. The expression
Np/Nsis the transformer winding tums ratio between the primary and secondary
windings. Equation (2-9) can be rearranged as:
The vector diagram of figure 2.6 (b) can be used to show that:
Let
where n = N s / N p .
Therefore,
Note that the six-phase line to neutrai voltage equals fi times the voltage of one
secondary winding. Al1 secondary windings on the same transformer are drawn parallei
to one another as shown in Figure 2.6 (c). The aircraft TRUs f'unction as twelve pulse
Iine commutated converters and are designed to supply 5.0 to 200.0 DC amps. Thus, the
AC supply voltage is used as commutating voltage and provides either positive or
negative b i s across the diodes for hirn on or tum off. It suffices to Say that the
harmonics produced by line commutated converters are related to the pulse number of the
device [4]. For the ideal situation of instantaneous commutation between the conduchg
elements (diodes in this case), the hannonics which are generated on the AC side of the
converter and their magnitudes are given by the following relationships:
w here
h = hannonic number
I, =harmonic current magnitude
n = any integer 1,2,3, ...
p = converter pulse number
1,= hindarnental current magnitude.
Therefore, for a twelve-puise converter, such as the one shown in Figure 2.5, the major
harmonic currents generated are the characteristic harmonics of order 12x n t 1. The
characteristic harmonics of order 12x n - l are the negative sequence currents, and the
order of 12x n + l are the positive sequence currents under a perfectly balanced condition
[Il]. The magnitudes of the hmonic currents decrease as the order increases. It must
be emphasized that additional hmonics other than the harmonic characteristic (non-
characteristic harmonic current) of the converter may be present due to unbalances in the
circuits and unsymmetrical switching element conduction angles.
As shown in Figure 2.5, the input filter used to reduce the level of harmonics
generated by the TRU consists of capacitoa C3 to Cl 1 and inducton LI to L6. The
output filter components are Cl, C2, L7,and the baiancing transformer TA.
Harmonic Order 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
Current
%
0.2 0.2 6-9 5.2 O. 1 O. 1 2.0 1.8
I
where
R, = conductor resistance
2 @LI = inductive reactance
-
Table 2.3 Copper Conductor Characteristics nt 60 and 400 Hz
*
I1 refen to a fist approximation where 2 f l is used to determine the inductive
reactance
nper conductor per Kilometre at 25" C I
1 AWG = American Wke Gauge I
2.4.2 Reactive Load Mode1
From the above expressions, the load component elements can be represented as either a
series or parailel circuit. As a parallel circuit, the resistance and inductance values cm be
found fiom the following equations:
and
As a series circuit
where
o = 27rf (where f = fundamentai fkquency in Hz)
V = line voltage (V)
R = load resistance (R)
L = load inductance (H)
S = load (VA)
PF = load power factor
PL = load reai power (W)
QL = load reactive power (VAR)
Y, = load shunt admittance (a-')
2, = load impedance (R)
The series and parallel Ioad models are shown in Figure 2.7. Pileggi et al. [Il,
recommends a shunt representation when the nature of the loads are not well defined.
-
Figure 2.7 Static Load Models
2.4.3 Generator Mode1
-
Table 2.4 Generator Parameters
Machine
Description
Parameters
I R, @*uJ ( Armature resistance I
x, @Je) Armature leakage reactance
x, @+uJ Direct axis synchronous reactance
1 X, @.u.) ( Quadrature axis synchronous reactance 1
1 X, @.u.) 1 Direct axis transient reactance I
X: @a.) Direct axis subtransient reactance
X, @.u.) Quadrature axis subtransient reactance
x, @-u.) Xero sequence reactance
Ti (s) Direct axis open-circuit transient t h e constant
Ti (s) Direct axis open-circuit subtransient time constant
XI,(s) Quadrature axis open-circuit ûansient thne constant
1 1 No Load field current 1
Chapter 3 Implementation
3.1 General
In order to validate and veriQ the harmonic content and electricd transient
switching characteristics in an aircraft electrical power distribution system, a three phase
approach was chosen. Phase one, the simulation phase, was implemented with
~ i c r o ~ r aansimulation
~, software package designed to analyze electrical power systems
including electronic components during steady-state and transient conditions. The
second phase, the simulation verification and validation phase, was conducted in the
AVTRON shop; a laboratory environment where actud aircraft components were used.
The laboratory mode1 was designed to emulate a single aircraft electrical distribution
branch and to veng the accuracy of the simulation results. The fuial phase was
identified as the field data acquisition phase where on site aircrafl measurements were
conducted on a Canadian Force Hercules transport CC-130E aircrafi. Phase two and
three were used to venfy and validate phase one.
The model of the aimafi electrical power distribution system was developed to
represent the physical atûibutes of the aircraft power system as closely as possible. This
cornmensurates with one of the main goals of this thesis; - to develop a single branch
simulation and laboratory model of the existing CC-130E aircraft electrical power
disiribution system for steady-state, harmonic content, and surge data analysis. The
model configuration as shown in Figure 3.1, was designed to simulate two of four
possible distribution branches, essential and main, of the aircrafi electrical power system.
The model consists of one constant speed aircraft engine driven generator, three-phase
distribution hes, two TRUs, circuit breakers (CB) for coordinathg the removai and
switching on of loads, and lumped distribution system AC and DC louis. The loads are
divided into two categories: essential Loads and main loads. These loads are represented
as equivalent three-phase and single-phase lumped resistive and inductive components.
AC
BUS
1
AC AC
LOADS LOADS
TRU TRU
DC
LOADS
-
Figure 3.1 Single Line Block Diagram of Test Set-Up
There are several basic models which can be adopted to study a three-phase
synchronous generator: the phase coordinate approach [21], the 'ci' axis or direct axis and
'q' axis or quadrature axis fr<imeof reference in which the phase quantities are lumped on
MO orthogonal axes (Park's coordinates) [29], and other standard techniques such as the
voltage EG behind the steady-state reactance X, [27l. The Park's voltage equation
parameters are used in this thesis to mode1 the aircrafi generator since the parameters
were provided to the author by the manufacturer (Sundstrand Advanced Technology
Corporation) and the simulation program has the mathematical capability of utilizhg
these variables ditectly. The generator rating and parameters are tabulated in Table 3.1.
Several assumptions must be made when considering the use of Park's
transformation on synchronous generators. These are:
-
Table 3.1 Generator Rating and Parameter Values
t
Machine Numerical Machine Numerical
Parameter Value Rating Value
Ra@.u.) 0.023644 F (Hz) 400.00 4
The length and size of the conductors used to develop the AC and DC distribution
lines corresponds directly with the aircmft design wiring specifications. The conductor
characteristics such as resistance and inductance, required as input values for
@
MicroTran , the simulation prognun, were provided fiom Chapter 3, Table 1
"Characteristics of Copper Conductors" [25] and MIL-W-22759111 F document [3 O].
The impedance inductive value at 400 Hz was derived from linear extrapolations of
known larger wire sizes since the inductive value per unit length of wire at 400 Hz could
not be found in any publication. The approximate calculated resistance and inductive
values per phase for a 70-foot length (a physical length from aircraft generator terminais
to AC distribution bus) of number 4 AWG is 0.01 848 R and 0.021 1 mH respectively.
Two aircraft equipment loads were identified fmom the tabuiation of the AC and
DC Power Consumption Equipment Chart [23] as the optimum choice in studying the
transient system response associated with load switching. The loads are identined as the
search radar and the HF radio.
The objective was to select a single-phase and three-phase load for load switching
analysis. The search radar, a single-phase load, was chosen because it consumes an
appreciable amount of cornplex power (1300 VA at 0.96 PF) and the three-phase load
was identified as the HF radio because it consumes approxirnately the same amount of
power (1 111 VA at 0.90 PF).
The ideal choice for both the single-phase and three-phase loads were initially
identified as the hydraulic suction pump and the hydraulic auxiliary pump since these
loads consume the largest amount of power on the essential AC bus (2760 VA at
0.70 PF) and (3450 VA at 0.70 PF), respectively. The hydraulic purnps were not
modelled because the specifications (component values) required to mode1 the pump
motors were not available fiom either the pump manufacturer or technical manuals.
Figures 3.2 (a) and (b) depicts the circuit configuration and theoretical component
values to represent the search radar and HF radio.
The transformer rectifier units which are used in the CC-130E aircraft electrical
distribution system are designed as 6.3 kVA twelve-pulse three-phase static power
voltage to a rectified 28 Volt DC.
converters, which transfomis 400 Hz, 200 VAC (0-0)
Static power converters in general are designed for specific applications.
The primary purpose for modelling the TRU is to examine the qualitative and
quantitative degree of voltage distortion and harmonic content which these units impose
on the AC side of the electncai system. The degree of AC power distortion occurs as a
result of the magnitude of harmonic currents injected into the AC side of the power
system. This phenomena occurs as a resuit of voltage commutation of the conducting
semiconductor elements (diodes) which cause cyclic current injection into the AC
system. As previously mentioned in section 2.3, line or voltage commutated converters
produce harmonic characteristics of order h = n x p t 1 where p is the pulse number of
the device and n is any positive integer.
Two TRUs connected in parallel were modelled. The reason for this
configuration is to replicate the aircraft electrical power distribution system as closely as
possible. The essential and main DC aircraft bus power is provided by two paralle1 sets
of TRUs. The ~ i c r o ~ m
software
@ transient application program (refer to section 3.3)
was used to model and simulate the rectifier units. The technical data required as input
parameters to simulate the TRU, such as, short-circuit and open-circuit test data,
transformer excitation current, secondary winding resistance, and secondary output
voltage were not available fiom the original equipment manufacturer (OEM),Cooper
Industries Incorporated, a leading aerospace manufacturer of rectifier units and one of
two suppliers for the Canadian Air Force market.
An aircraft TRU model No. ECU-23A. serial No. 5868, manufactured by Cooper
Industries was disassembled at RMC to perform open and short-circuit testing and
winding measurements on both the Y - Y and A - Y three-phase transformers. To
determine the transformer secondary winding phase configuration, a dud-channel
oscilloscope and a two-phase 400 Hz AC voltage source were used. The open and short-
circuit transformer parameter values are required as input data for ~ i c r o ~ r a nto"
simulate the T'RU transformers. The transformer model parameter derivation and
laboratory-measured data are shown in Annex B.
The AC and DC lumped load component values (inductive and resistive) for both
the essential and main branch loads were derived fiom equations (2-1 9) to (2-23) and the
tabulated r e d t s from Appendix A; Tables A. 1 and A.2 - "Tabulation of the AC and DC
Power Coosumption", respectively. The essentid and main branch theoreticai static load
models are depicted in Figures 3.3 (a) and (b).
AC Bus DC Bus
AC Bus DC Bus
-
Figure 3 3 AC and DC Branch Static Loads
3.3 ~ i c r o ~ r Simulation
an~ Tool
3.3.1 ~ i c r o ~ r a nOverview
"
~ i c r o ~ mis@
a PC DOS operating system capable of modelling up to 2000
nodes and 2000 branches, and requires a hardware key to operate. ~ i c r o ~ r a nallows
@
the user to analyze the results of the simulation through pphicai displays and numericd
outputs. The analysis package also aids in debugging and refining the simulation model.
a predefined input data file is required. During the compilation
To run ~icroTran@
process the program generates a numericd output data file and a graphical plot file. A
~ i c r o ~ r a noptionai
' add-on program, Harnionic, a Fourier AaalySis Program, was used
to d y z e the model output binary plot files for harmonic content.
' Input File
33.2 ~ i c r o ~ r a nData
The input data file contains the parameters of the network components, the
request for output variables, and the simulation parameters such as: time step At, and
various control fiags. Each line of data in the data file is referred to as a "card" and it is
80 columns wide. A complete simulation case is cailed a "data deck". The data file is
divided into data groups or sections. The groups that form the data file are as follows:
Case Identiiïcation Card - This line may contain any alphanumenc text
between columns 1 and 80. The card is used to identify the case and define
reactive component assignment;
Time Card - This line includes the tirne step At, the length of the simulation
,and additionai control flags;
imsx
Linear and True Nonlinear Branches - This section includes the cards for
simple Iurnped R, L, and C elements, coupled pi circuits, distributed
parameter transmission iines, and nonlinear elements represented with the
compensation method. This section is also used to request branch currents
ancilor branch voltages;
Switches and Piecewise Linear Branches - This section includes time and
voltage dependent switches, nonlinear elements represented as piecewise
linear, and power electronic components such as diodes and thyristors;
Soums - This section includes the voltage and current sources and
synchonous machine data parameters;
The purpose of the simulation model for this thesis is to emulate the laboratory
modelled aircraft power distribution system and to explore the performance and accuracy
of the mode1 under various controlled operating conditions. Six distinct scenarios were
conducted on the simulation mode1 and identified as Case 1 through 6. The test cases
were designed to emulate as closely as possible the laboratory model taxi loading profile
and test scenarios.
~icro~ran"
was used to simulate one engine generator, three-phase AC
distribution conductors, three-phase essentiai and main bus loads, single-phase and three-
phase transient loads, two TRUs, and DC loads to represent the essential and main Bus
loading during taxi conditions.
Case 1 was designed to examine the effects of the TRUs as a distinct load on the
AC bus during a no load condition. During this sceliario, AC and M: loads were not
applied. Scenarios 2 through 4 were developed to emulate loading conditions on the
essential AC and DC bus, whereas scenarios 5 and 6 represented AC and DC loading
conditions on the main busses. Case 4 and 6 examined the transient loading effects on
the AC and DC bus caused by switching AC loads. The HF radio and search radar
loading characteristics were used to represent the transient loads.
The resistive and inductive values used to represent the AC and DC loads for case
2 through 6 are shown in Table 3.2. The numerical panuneter values from Table 3.1
were used to model the AC engine generator. The three-phase AC distribution bus was
modelled fiom three 70-foot lengths of number 4 AWG conductor. The theoretical
resistive and inductive values used to represent this type and length of conductor was
calculated at 0.0 1848 R and 0.02 11 mH. The TRU transformer test parameters, as shown
in Table 3.3, were used to model the Wye-Wye and Delta-Wye transfomiers. The load
configurationsuxnmary for test cases i through 6 is found in Table 3.4.
During the TRU transformer excitation and short-circuit testing, it was noticed
that the percent excitation current values and core losses were above the predicted values.
A B 12.80 5.00 F r
O. 1667
C 12.80 5.00
A 39.67 30.00
B B 39.67 30.00 1
C 1 39.67 30.00
Table 3.3 Summary of TRU Transformer Test Parameten
Open-Circuit Data
Rated Excitation Data Winding Data
Freq* S , ~ I - W Lx, L*q,-,, . Voltage (rms) Resistance (R)
400 [Hz] #1 #2,3,4 #1 #2,3,4
[VA1 [NI [wl i
Y-Y 1.O5 14.90 47.70 115.00 12.44 0.290 0.00 1
A-Y 1.O5 10.83 54.30 200.00 12.44 0.225 0.00 1
- - -
Short-Circuit Test Data between Windines i & k
Y-Y A-Y
i, k
4, [%l 4, [WI 4.k Pl 4, [WI
1,2 1.51 7.45 1.33 1 7.86
1,3 1.51 7.45 1.33 7.86
1,4 1.51 7.45 1.33 7.86
2,3 0.24 2.48 1 0.07 2.62
2.4 0.24 2.48 0.07 2.62
-
Table 3.4 Mode1 Load Configuration and Test Cases
The phase voltage, line current, TRU DC output voltage and cunent data obtained
fiom the simulations for each group of cases are found in Table 3.5 - Simulation Mode1
Steady-State and Transient Data, and the corresponding THD data produced by
Harmonic are found in Table 3.6. The ~ i c r o ~ r a ninput
@ data file developed to simulate
the aimaft electncal power system is attached as Appendix F.
The run-time duration for each test case was directiy proportional to the number
of defined nodes and branches, the run-tirne t,,, and the step width M. The value
assigned to At determines the maximum calculable harmonic number.
One of the objectives of this thesis is to analyze the simuiation mode1 output plot
signais for harmonic content, and determine the THD for each phase voltage and
corresponding branch current. As defined by the Nyquist rate, to measure a specific
hamionic, the number of sarnpling points or the sarnpling rate must be set at a minimum
of twice the harmonic number times the signal fkequency. Hence, to measure and anaiyze
up to the twenty-nfth harmonic, fi@ sample points or fifty iterations are nquired for
each cycle. ui a 400 Hz system, at 2.5 ms per cycle, the step width At, must therefore be
set at a minimum of 50.0 p. The run-the for each test case was set at 0.475s and
Table 3.5 - Simulation Model Steady-State and Transient Data
A C Bus
Case
Phase A Phase B Phase C
DC Bus
No. .
vnm O9 1. (A) PF V b i (V) MA) PF VmO UA) PF V 0 Ii(A) 12 (A)
1 14.2 3.O 0.98 1 14.2 2.8 0.97 115.6 3,O 0.97 29.4 5.2 5.2
1 1 1
- - 115J- - 2.3 $0.68 115.2 1 2.3 P
'0.66 115.9 2,4 --'
0 .66 29.8 1 5.3 5.3
18.9 0.99 111.5 19.0 0.99 109.8 19.0 0.99 26.4 92.4 92.4
- 17.4
- 1.O0 9 1.O0' 112.8 18.2 11.O0 26.7 93.4 7 93.4
111.5 43.9 0.86 11 1.8 30.5 0-89 116.1 30.9 0.90 26.8 94.0 94.0
3B
111.3 1 42.0 0,88 1 12,4 28.7 0.93 116.5 29.0 0.94 27.0 94.6 94.6
I I 1.5/108.6 43.9/46.4 0.8610.86 111.811 10.5 30.5133.2 0.89/0.89 116.1lI 13.1 30.9/32.9 0.90/0,90 26.8/26.3 94,0192.0 94.0/92,0
'11lJ/l/109,3 42,01442 0.881088 1l2.4/llO9 28.7/3 1.4 0.9310.92 116.511 13.1 Z9.O/3 1.1 0.94/0,94 27.0/26.5 94.6/92.6 94.6192.6 -
114.5 35.2 0.88 1 15.4 35.2 0.89 115.0 35.2 0.89 27.6 82.7 82.7
5
114.3 33.2 0.89 115.1 33.1 0.9 1 115.7 33.5 0.91 27.7 83.1 83.1
1 14.5/112.4 35.2144.9 0.88i0.91 115.4/111.3 35.2134.2 0.89/0.88 1 15.01115.1 35.2135.1 0.8910.89 27.6127.1 82.7/81.2 82.7/81.2
'1l W l l 2 , 9 33.U43.1 0.89/0.92 1K l / l l l . 6 33.V32.5 0.91/0.90 115.7/116.1 33.5B3.0 0.91/0.91 27.7127.3 83.1181.7 83.1181.7
Note: 1. Case 4 and 6 represent transient studies. The pre- and post- switching (switch-on) values are separated by 'T'.
2. Shaded cells represent 5% TRU transformer excitation current.
3. * Denotes leading power factor.
required approximately 270 seconds of simulation time to cornpiete using a 100 MHz 486
PC. Each run-time for each test case generated 9500 iterations.
-
Table 3.6 Simulation Model Total Harmonie Dhtortion (THD %)
3.5 ~ i c r o ~ r Harmonic
an~ Analysis
The ~ i c r o ~ r aHarmonic
n~ prognun used to evaluate the harmonic characteristics
of the simulation models has been specifically written to analyze results obtained by
n ~ plot files. It cm also be used to analyze data fiom ASCII files as
~ i c r o ~ r aoutput
well. The output binary plot file data are read directly by the harmonic program, and one
cycle of the values are used to calculate the dc component a,,, cosine coefficients ai,
a2,...,a,, sine coefficients bi, ba ...,b,,. fiom ( 2 4 , magnitudes Ar. Az ,...,An, fiom (2-3),
phase angles ai,%,. ..,<Dm fiom (2-4). and THD fiom (2-8).
3.6 AVTRON Laboratory Models
The laboratory models were developed to ver@ and validate the simulation
models and resdts. As was done for the simulation model, six test cases were also
devised for the laboratory models. In addition, the laboratory exercise provided valuable
hands-on experience with regard to field measuring equipment set-up and calibration.
This experience was extremely useful in preparation for the on-site abcraft
measuremerits.
The AC power source for both models was generated by a 40 kVA 115R00 VAC
400 Hz aircraft generator dnven and controlled by the AVTRON generator test stand and
the M: power was provided by two aircraft TRUs. The AC and DC loads were
constnicted fiom discrete inductors and resistot cornponents. The component load values
used during the AVTRON testhg are show in Figure 3.4. The AVTRON shop reactive
load banks were used to consûuct load C and phase A of load A because these loads, due
to their power ratkg, were not avaiiable h m RMC. Due to the design limitations of the
AVTRON load banks, it was not possible to reproduce the predicted loading requirement
Table 3.7 - AC and DC Theoretical Mode1 Load Parameters
I l
Series Parallel
A C Load Parameters Configuration Configuration
Na) L (mH) UA) R(Q) 1 (A) L (mH) 1(A)
1.09 0.36 81.18 1.83 62.84 0.88 52.00
1 1 I 1
DC Load Parameters
Load 1 P (W) 1 R(R) 1 1 (A)
1
for phase A of load C. Individuai phase loading adjustments were not possible. Hence,
for load C, the reactive load bank was adjusted to provide an approximate pet phase
loading of 2243.9 VA with a PF of 0.73. Also, the PF and loading requirement for phase
A of load A was not achievable. The largest anainable Ioadiug occurred when the load
was adjusted to provide approximately 4600.0 VA with a PF of 0.85. The lowest
attainable PI:for phase A of load A was 0.77 with a loading of 3 150.0 VA.
VHS Tape Recorder
2OKHz Bandwidth
Loads
A = Essential AC Bus
B = HF Radio
C = Main AC Bus
D = Search Radar
E = Essential DC Bus
F = Main DC Bus (Nat Showa)
-
Figure 3.4 AVTRON Laboratory Mode1
The recorded steady-state and transient data for the AVTRON model is
summarized in Table 3.8 and the correspondhg THD data is found in Table 3.9.
The essential branch model was configured to emulate the essential branch
aircraft Ioading during taxi condition. The aircraft taxi condition loading profile was
denved from the tabulation results of Tables A.1 and A.2 in Appendix A. As shown in
Table 3.4, two AC loads, A and B, and one DC Load E, were used to establish the
essential branch model loading configuration.
Load A represents the essential AC bus three-phase loading profile during taxi
condition and load B represents the HF radio. As shown in Figure 3.4, the AVTRON
laboratory model circuit configuration, al1 AC loads were connected to the AC bus via
three-phase circuit breakers and fused to protect the discrete components from damage in
the event of abnormal failure. The circuit breakers were used as a means of coordinathg
the load configuration and to provide a mechanism for switching the HF radio (load B)
and radar (load D) on and off during the transient analysis phase. Load E, the DC
resistive load, was designed to emulate the essential DC aircraft loading during taxi
condition and constructed fiom seven out of nine available 1.0 Q paralle1 resistive
elements as shown in Annex D, photograph D.4.
The main branch mode1 was designed to emulate the main branch aircraft loading
profile during taxi condition. As show in Figure 3.4, Ioads C and D were used to
represent the three-phase main AC bus and single-phase radar load respectively. Load F,
the main branch DC load, was modelled using six 1.O R parallel resistive elements.
Table 3.8 - AVTRON Laboratory Model Steady-State and Transient Data
1 Case
=.
NO.
Phase A 1
AC Bus
Phase B 1 Phase C
DC Bus
VamO I a (A) PF WdW PF VcnW Ic(A) PF V (V) II (A) 12 (A)
1 1 1 5.2 2.5 *0,74 115.1 2.8 '0.74 1 16.4 2.6 '0.74 29.0 10.0 13.0
2 1 16.2 16.3 0.99 115.9 16.3 0.99 1 168 16.5 0.99 28.1 88.0 1 10.0 l
3A 1 13.5 55.7 0.92 1 15.9 26.1 0.99 1 17.9 26.8 0.97 28.0 87.0 111.0
3B 1 1 5.2 42.5 0.87 1 16.5 28.0 0.93 1 18.2 28.5 0.93 28.2 91,O 108.0
P
' 4 1 15.4/11$.4 42M46.1 0.87/0.88 1 16.81116.8 27.913 1.9 0.9310.94 118.611 18.6 28.4/322 0.9110.93 26.9t26.9 89.0189.0 104.0/104.0
5 1 16.2 33.0 0.87 1 16.9 29.3 0.99 1 17.3 33.3 0.85 28.1 80.0 92.0
6 116.411 15.6 33.0143.2 0.87/0.93- 117.11117.1 29.3129.3 0.9910.99 117.41117.8 33.4133.6 0.85/0.85 28.2128.2 81.0181.0 92.0192.0'
Note: 1. Shaded cells represent transient studies. The pre- and post- switching (switch-on) values are separated by 'T'.
2. * Denotes leading power factor.
Table 3.9 - AVTRON Laboratory Mode1 Total Harmonie Dbtortion (THD %)
Electrical îoad measurements on the essential and main busses were conducted on
CF Hercules aircraft CC-130326Eat CFB Trenton, Ontario. The aircnft was secured on
a taxiway during load measurements with al1 four engines operating at 100% to simulate
a taxi condition. Ideally, load measurements during flight would have been prefened.
Unfortunately, a long lead-time was required for aircrafk flight triai approval *hrough Air
Command Headquartes in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
An electrical load aircraft checklist, attached as Annex E, luas developed and used
during the aircraft trial data acquisition phase as a guide to identi@ essential and main
bus AC and DC loads. The checklist was divided into two scenarios. The first scenario
identifies AC and DC loads connected to the essential bus, which corresponds to Case
No. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The second aircraf't scenario checklist was developed to identiQ the
main bmch AC and DC loads, and corresponds to Case No. 5 and 6. The aircrafl triai
load configuration is summarized in Table 3.10.
The ideal taxi Ioad condition was not achievable due to numerous operating
restrictions imposed on some loads during the trial. For example, during the essential
branch loading scenario, the propder feather pumps, trim tab actuators, and de-king
Table 3.10 - Aireraft Trial Load Configuration Summary
Note: 1. Case No. 1,2,3 and 4 represent AC and DC Essentiai Branch Loads.
2. Case No. 5 and 6 represent AC and DC Main Branch Loads.
systems were not switched-on. Sirnilarly, during the main branch loading scenario,
auxiliary and extemal fuel pumps were not switched-on. Two additional scenarios were
conducted to measure the transient response during a main bus to essential bus load
transfer and during an essential bus to main bus load transfer. The bus load transfer
transients were recorded on magnetic media while generator nurnber two and number
three were tripped and their respective loads transfened fiom one bus to the other and
vise versa. The later two scenarios are not part of this thesis work and were conducted
for future work analysis. The data Born scenarios one and two were used to compare and
validate the AVTRON shop and simulation models.
For each steady-state study, a five-minute recording was obtained. Each transient
recording included one switch-on and one switch-off. While processing the aircrafl trial
data, it was discovered that the AC voltage senson connected on the essential and main
busses were inadvertently reversed. Since only one tape recorder was used during the
recording of individual sceaarios, the following information was Iost: PF for al1 scenarios
and AC voltage data for case 5 and 6. Fomuiately, the AC voltage data for case 1
through 4 was recoverable from the Dranetz analyzer, which was connected to the
essential AC bus at the t h e . The aircrafi recorded steady-state and transient data for the
essential and main bus is summarized in Table 3.1 1, and the corresponding THD line
current data in Table 3.12. The current THD for the aircraft trial, AVTRON model, and
simulation mode1 for test case 4 and 6 is summarïzed in Figures 3.5 and 3.6.
The aircraît trial, AVTRON model, simulation model, and tabulated results from
Appendix A for the essential and main bus loading profile for test case 4 and 6 is
summarized in Table 3.13. The data fiom Table 3.13 is also summarized graphically in
Figures 3.7 to 3.12.
The instrumentation and support equipment required for both the AVTRON
laboratory testing and on-site aircraft measurements were provided by personnel fiom the
Naval Engineering Test Establishment (NETE), Lasalle, Quebec.
For the majority of the measurements, the he-to-neutral phase voltages and the
corresponding line current including AC and DC waveforms were measured
simuitaneously. The AC and DC currents were measured via high-qudity cunent
probedcunent ampWers that converted the cunents to low-level voltage signals for the
Table 3.11 - Aircraft Essential and Main Brnnch SteadyState and Transient Data
AC Bus
Case
Phase B 1 Phase C
DC Bus
Phase A
No.
Va. O UA) PR Vbm O Ib(A) PF Vcn O Ic (4 PF V O ' 144) 12(A)
1 114.2 18.5 - 1 J 5.3 18.1 - 1 14.6 18.1 - 29.9 16.9 17.9
2 114.3 43.6 - 115.1 36.8 - 1 14.8 36.8 .. 29.6 43.6 45.6
3 1 34.2 44.8 - 1 15.2 35.0 - 1 14.6 35.0 - 29.6 42.0 44.5
4 1 4 / 1 1 4 . 44.6/46,0 - 114.9/114.9 35,0136.2 . I 14,8/114.8 35.Z36.4 t.
29.6 39.6/56.3 43.3/59.3
5 - 13.6 - - 12.4 - - 13.1 - 30.9 63 .O 47.4
4
. 6 . - , 13.5/21.2, O - , 12.8112.8 , - O
, 13,3/13.3 , - . 30.9 , 63,0165.8 ,47,4/47.6 ,
Note: Shaded cells represent transient studies. The pre- and post- switching (switch-on) values are separated by 'Y'.
fourteen plus one channel TEAC VHS tape recorders and the voltages were measured via
isolation voltage divider networks and also stored on the tape recorder magnetic media.
The generator phase voltages and phase A line current were continuously monitored
during the testing periods with a Dranetz power quality waveform aoalyzer. The primary
purpose of the analyzer was to capture and store transient waveforms on diskette for
future data anaiysis.
A dual channel Philips dynamic signal analyzer (spectnim analyzer) was used to
observe the hannonic spectnun and total hannonic distortion of the waveforms in real
time, while the wavefoms were being recorded by the tape recorder. The dynamic
analyzer was also used to monitor the recorded waveforms for possible distortion due to
saturation or clipping caused by either incorrect voltage divider tap settings or current
amplification.
For most of the meamrernents, the AC and DC bus voltage and current
waveforms were recorded for a period of one minute so that variations in the waveform
magnitude and THD could be studied more closely.
A Iist and description of the instrumentation and load components used during the
AVTRON laboratory mode1 testing and on-site aircraft rneasurements are outlined in
Appendix C.
-
Figure 3.5 Essential AC Bus Current THD Summary for Test Case No. 4
-
Figure 3.6 Main AC Bus Current THD Summay for Test Case No. 6
Tabk 3.13 - Essential and Main Bus Loading Summary for Test Case No. 4 and No. 6 Scenarios
-
Figure 3.7 Essential AC Bus Loading Summary for Test Case NO.4
Cruise
.Taxi
mVTRON
imulation
-
Figrin 3.8 Essenail AC Bus Power Factor Summary for Test Case No. 4
m i s e
Taxi
WVTRON
ISimulation
-
Figure 3.9 Main AC Bus Loading Summary for Test Case No. 6
ICruise
ITaxi
O AVTRON
ISimulation
-
Figure 3.10 Main AC Bus Power Factor Summay for Test Case No. 6
ICruise
Taxi
OAK Triai
O AVTRON
Simulation
DC Bus
-
Figure 3.11 Essential DC Bus Loading Summary for Test Case No. 4
ICruise
.Taxi
O A/C Trial
O AVTRON
.Simulation
DC Bus
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, data processing and reduction procedures are discussed, and the
results of the simulation, AVTRON Iaboratory model, and aircraft trial data are
presented. The labontory and aircraft tnd harmonic results are presented as spectral
density plots in dB level format, whereas the simulation harmonic plots are presented in
percent of the fùndamental. The simulation hannonic plot format was chosen because the
discreet harmonic magnitude levels are clearly discemable. The magnitude levels in dB
are easily detemiined fiom the voltage and cunent data provided in Table 3.5. The
results of each case scenario are presented and significant obsewations are discussed.
In this section, the processes used to produce the output data for comparative
analysis are presented. The raw data, which was recorded on magnetic tapes during the
AVTRON model and aircraft trial measurements are presented on various types of output
plots. A sumrnary of the data extracted h m these output plots, such as, voltage, current,
PF, and THD is presented in Tables 3.8, 3.9, 3.1 1, and 3.12. The simulation output data
is presented in Tables 3.5 and 3.6. The various types of output plots used to present the
data for comparative analysis and the equipment used to extract the data and generate
these plots are as follows:
Transient FFT Plots: These types of plots show both the time dornain and
fiequency dornain waveforms. These plots were produced to show the frequency
component of the transient signals. A fiequency span of 20 kHz was used to
measure these signals. It should be noted that the transient FFT plots were
produced when the transient event occuned at the mid-point of the time span
being analyzed.
Dranetz Plots: The Dranetz 658 power quality analyzer was used to produce
voltage and line current summaries. Disturbance waveforms captured during the
measurement scenarios were also produced for comparative analysis.
The AVTRON laboratory model and aircrafl trial Cascade and Dranetz Plots are
not presented. They were used to provide data for comparative andysis. A total of 262
plots were generated f?om the AVTRON model measured data and 332 plots fiom the
aircraft triai. Due to the large number of plots generated fiom both surveys, only a few
are presented in this thesis. The AVTRON model and aireraft plots also show the
conespondhg THD. As previously described in section 3.7, while processing the aircrafl
triai data, it was discovered that the AC voltage sensors connected on the essential and
main busses were inadvertently reveaed. As a result, the PF and AC voltage data were
lost. The essential bus AC voltage was recovered fiom the Dranetz analyzer.
Figure 4.1 represents the simulated output generator phase A voltage and
conespondhg line current. Although phases B and C are not shown; they also exhibit
similar electrical characteristics with 120 and 240-degree phase shift, respectively. The
simulated generator output phase voltages and line current magnitudes are shown in
Table 3.5. Although a DC load was not applied during this scenario, an average line
current of 2.9 A was measured due to the DC loading produced by the TRU bleeder
resistors. This line current magnitude corresponds with the AVTRON mode1 average
line cunent of 2.6 A. The TRU output DC voltage was measured at 29.4 V and
individual bleeder resistor current at 5.2 A. Figure 4.2 represents the phase A line current
hamionic profile. The THD for this condition was measured at 29.4%.
The simulated voltage and current waveforms s h o w in Figure 4.3 were produced
fiom the same loading condition that produced the wavefoms in Figure 4.1. The data
file for this condition, was modified by changing the TRU transformer excitation current
fiom 14.9% and 10.8% (Y-Y and A-Y transformers) to 5% and the three-phase iron core
loss fiom 143.1 W and 162.9 W to 43.0 W. The PF relationship between Figures 4.1 and
4.3 are clearly shown. In Figure 4.1, the PF was measured at 0.98 lagging and in Figure
4.3 at 0.68 leading.
The effect of reducing the excitation cunent and Von core loss, caused the TRU to
behave as a negative VAR generator. This behaviour is similar to lightly loaded cable
circuits [33]. During this lightly loaded condition, the TRU input shunt filter capacitoa
were dominant During such conditions, negative VARS are produced, causing lagging
PF to decrease as show in Figure 4.3, the bus voltages to increase by an average 0.73 V
and a decrease in line cunent by an average of 0.6 A as show in Table 3.5. This change
also caused an increase in harmonic distortion fiom 29.4% to 36.9% as shown in Figure
4.4 and tabulated in Table 3.6.
Figure 4.5 shows the AVTRON mode1 phase A generator output voltage and
correspondhg line current waveforms. The PF was measured at 0.74 leading. This PF
value corresponds to the value measured for the simulated waveforms s h o w in Figure
4.3. This similarity clearly shows that the simulated TRU PF parameter corresponds to
that of an actual aircraft TRU when the transformer excitation current and core loss
values are set to the recommended OEM values.
Figure 4.6 shows the phase A line current harmonic profile. Al1 AVTRON mode1
and aircrafl trial harmonic plots were generated from the HP 356 1A single channel
dynamic analyzer and displayed in dB level format. To compare harmonic magnitudes
between the dB level format and the simulated percent of fundamental h m o n i c plots,
the following equation is used:
where
dB = nfhhannonic level (dB)
A,, = nthharmonic voltage or cunent magnitude ( V A ) , and
Ain = input voltage or current magnitude ( HA).
"
For example, to calculate the 11 harmonic magnitude in Figure 4.6, one would find the
antiiog ofA, from (4.1). Re-arranging equation (4.1):
where the input current magnitude, Ain , is 300.0 pl,and the 11" hmonic dB level is
measured at 59.0 dB. Hence, the 1 lthharmonic magnitude is 0.27 A and the percentage
of the fûndamental is 11.O%.
Figure 4.6 shows the AVTRON model curent harmonic profile. The siwcant
harmonics are al1 odd nurnbered. As indicated in section 2.3, static power converters
such as the T'RU, cm be viewed as harmonic generators due to their cyclic or current
chopping action. The dominant odd hannonics are the 3rd, 5 th, 7th,9th, 11". 13", and 19".
Although the 15" and 17" harmonics are clearly visible, their magnitudes are minimal. It
sufices to Say that the hannonics produced by the TRU (the commutated converter) is
related to the pulse nurnber of the device. The aircrafi TRU is a twelve-pulse converter
and generates major characteristic harmonic currents of order 1 2 x n f 1. This
mathematical expression is representative of the harmonic profile produced by the
AVTRON model as shown in Figure 4.6 and to a lesser degree by the simulated model as
show in Figure 4.4.
Hamonic No.
T l r -18: m-1)
S. m c k -
Figure 4.1 - Case I :VA & IA Wavefomis Figure 4.2 - Case 1:IA Harmonic Profile
Figure 4.3 - Case 1 : VA& IA Waveforms Figure 4.4 - Case 1:IAHarmonic Profile
"5% TRU Transformer';1, "5% TRU Transformer I,,;'
UA 1
v SlrC1T: O HZ BY: L19.M HZ STOP! 12 500 HZ
Time Gale: O.Sms/DiV X: 4n6.28 Ht K 4 & THO. 27.6 t
Figure 4.5 - Case 1:VA& k Waveforms Figure 4.6 - Case 1: IA Harmonic Profile
"AVTRON Laboratory Model" "AVTRON Laboratory Model"
As shown in Figure 3.4, the DC essentiai lod, identifîed as Load E, was used to
represent both the simulation model and the AVTRON model DC loads. The AVTRON
rnodel DC load was designed from seven 1.0 R, 1.0 kW resistive elements. These
resistive elements were al1 connected in parallel to produce a 0.1428 R load. This load is
shown in Appendk D, photograph D.4. A TRU DC output voltage of 28.0 V will
produce a current magnitude of 196.1 A with a 0.1428 Q resistive Ioad. Although, this
amperage is slightly greater (13.7 A) than the tabulated value, it is assumed to be
acceptable (within 7.5%) for simulation and rnodelling purposes.
A significant change was made to the input data file following the initial
simulation nui. Uaexpectedly, the AC generator bus voltage dropped fiom an average
114.7 V (Case 1) to approximately 110.0 V. To compensate for this effect, the generator
peak output terminal voltage data field was increased to 172.6 V. For obvious reasons,
this situation represents a significant compromise with respect to modelling the engine
generator. Additional research work is required to identiQ the cause, and to develop a
suitable solution.
Figures 4.7 and 4.1 0 show the simulated and AVTRON model phase A bus
voltage and corresponding line cunent, respectively. Both wavefoms show a PF value
of 0.99 and sunilar graphical characteristics. The PF observation demonstrates that the
TRU emulates a resistive load during moderate loading conditions. As shown in Tables
3.5 and 3.8, the line currents are similar in magnitude. The AVTRON mode1 line cunent
was measured at 16.4 A and the simulation at 17.7 A. The average AC bus voltage for
the AVTRON model was measured at 116.3 V and for the simulation at 111.8 V.
Although the simulation phase voltage levels were much lower, increasing the generator
terminal peak voltage level fiom 172.6 V to some unknown delta value could have raised
the bus voltage. To minimize the non-productive t h e required to compile the
simulations, this work was not done. The primary objective of the simulation is to
explore its ability to reproduce measurable data fiom a real model, not to fudge data
parameters to achieve an end remit.
Figures 4.8 and 4.9 show the simulated voltage and line current harmonic profile
generated fiom Figure 4.7 waveforms. Figures 4.1 1 and 4.12 show the AVTRON model
voltage and iine current harmonic profile generated fiom Figure 4.10 waveforms. The
simuiated voltage THD was measured at 6.9% and the current at 13.1%. The AVTRON
model voltage THD was measured at 1.9% and the corresponding line current at 8.29%.
The significant decrease in THD levels fiom Case 1 to Case 2 is due to the TRU loading
characteristics. In Case 1, the TRU load, as seen fiom the generator terminais, is
equivalent to a capacitive load, and in Case 2, a resistive load.
Figure 4.8 - Case 2: VA Harmonic Profile Figure 4.9 - Case 2: k Harmonic Profile
As s h o w in the AVTRON laboratory model hannonic plots, the 13" harmonic is
dominant, whereas in the simulation plots, the 1 1" harmonic is greater in magnitude. The
131h harmonic current magnitude for the AVTRON model was measured at 0.66%of the
fundamental, and the voltage at 2.15%. However, the overall harmonic profile
characteristics between both series of plots are similar.
Figure 4.1 1 - Case 2: VAHarmonic Profile Figure 4.12 - Case 2: IA Hannonic Profile
"AVTRON Laboratory Modei" "AVTRON Laboratory Model"
4.5 Case No. 3: Essential Branch AC and DC Loads -
The third scenario was devised to emulate the aircraft's AC and DC essentiai bus
loading profile during pre-flight taxi conditions. For this scenario, three single-phase AC
reactive loads were designed to represent the three-phase load. This load is identified as
load A in Figure 3.4; the AVTRON laboratory model configuration. The DC resistive
load used to represent the essential load in Case 2, is also used for this scenario. Note
that the load component d u e s identified in Figure 3.4, were also used to develop the
simulation modei.
During the AVTRON model set-up, it was discovered that the AVTRON shop
reactive load bank was not capable of providing the phase A PF and theoretical (kVA)
loading requirement. The maximum attainable loading occurred when the load was
adjusted to provide approximately 4600.0 VA. Beyond this value, a protection circuit
breaker wouid open. At this setting, the PF was measured at 0.85. The recorded model
data for this load condition is show in Table 3.8 as Case 3A. The load bank was then
adjusted to provide a conrinuous PF of 0.77, the theoreticai value, while the load was
increased until the circuit breaker opened. At this setting, the loading was rneasured at
3 150.0 VA. The recorded data for this loading profile is shown in Table 3.8 as Case 3B.
Figures 4.13 to 4.24 were produced to show the simulated three-phase sinusoidd
AC voltage and line current waveform characteristics and their corresponding harmonic
profiles. Analysis of the simulation data following the initial simulation nui, identified a
significant voltage drop on the AC bus. To compensate for this situation, the generator
output terminal voltage data field value was increased From 172.6 V (Case 2) to 184.6 V.
The resulting data derived from the simulation is shown in Tables 3.5 and 3.6.
The three-phase PF and line current data measurements derived from the
simulation are very similar to the AVTRON model data for Case 3B as shown in Tables
3.5 and 3.8. The complex power loading for each phase was measured and compared.
For phase A, the complex power was measured at 4896.0 VA, with a lagging 29.5 degree
phase shift, phase B at 3262.0 VA, with a lagging 2 1.6 degree phase shift, and phase C at
3368.7 VA, with the same phase shifi as for phase B. It is interesting to note, that the
generator output phase voltages varied fiom 1 15.2 V for phase A to 1 18.2 V for phase B.
This represents a 3.0 V phase differential. The simulation model also produced similar
results, with a 5.2 V phase differential between phase A and C. The loading
characteristics of this AC load represents a classical example of an unbalanced load.
Unbalanced loads cm produce severe electncal perturbations on power systems.
Examples of these perturbations are: heating in machines and Ioads, increased T m ,
phase voltage and current unbalances, and subsynchronous resonance.
Figure 4.25 was presented to show the AVTRON model phase A voltage and
current waveforms. Figures 4.26 and 4.27 represents the voltage and current harmonic
profile generated fkom figure 4.25 waveforms. Note that the 1 1" and 13" harmonic are
dominant for the current wavefonn with a 0.42% of the fundamentai, and the dominant
harmonic for the voltage waveform is the 2 lSL,with a 1.O% of the fundamental. The THD
levels for phase A voltage and line current were measured at 2.17% and 5.99%,
respectively. The three phase voltage and line current THD Ievels are shown in
Table 3.9.
As show in Table 3.5, the sirntdated DC voltage was measured at 27.0 V and the
load current at 188.0 A. The AVTRON model TRU DC output voltage was measured at
28.2 V and the load current at 199.0 A. It is interesting to note, that a differential TRU
output current of 27.5 percent was measured between the two TRUs for Case 3A, as
shown in Table 3.8.
.
2.-
m#ra
ILPI-. &lm -3 I u
I
I Phase A Voltage THD = 4.1%
niar 4
3.5 .
k.W. ; "s.
#.a 9
-7
3.œ
ira
V 3.a .
t hmœ
9ill
k
3.s~
: UI(-11 a.
3.n
,
-
1.k
I
I.
I1I
1
2
, .
4 6
, . .
8 10Hamonic
.
12 14 No.
.k .' m.
16 18 20 22 24
,'
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Harmonic No.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Harmonic No.
- - -..
Figure 4.17 - Case 3: Vc Wavefom Figure 4.1 8 - Case 3 :Vc Harmonic Profile
llRlR-
Quran.. bli:L)r(l) (0
Phase A Current THD = 2.6%
.
:mm. ' 25
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Harmonic No.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hmonic No.
- - - - - -
-, --
Phase C Current THD = 5.3%
5 -
Harmonic No.
r t u mm w-1)S. 0--
Case 4 was devised to emulate the AC and DC essential bus loading as in Case 3,
with the addition of a three-phase switchhg load. The motivational factor for
implementing this scenmio, is to explore the waveform transient characteristics imposed
by switching a three-phase Ioad on and off on the AC bus.
During the simulation m, the load was switched-on at 0.3s and switched-off at
0.4s. This was accomplished with the use of the-controlled switches and setting a
current margin of 4.5 A. The switch closes at the tirne step closest to Taose and opens
again after the t h e step closest to Topm.either as soon as the switch current ISwFTCHhas
gone tbrough zero or as soon as the magnitude of IswmH has become less than the
current margin. For the AVTRON model set-up, the load was switched-on and off with
the use of a three-phase circuit breaker.
The switching load represents the HF radio and identified as load B in Figure 3.4.
A 14channel T ' A c VHS tape recorder was used to capture on magnetic media the
AVTRON model AC voltage and line curent waveforms during the transient event. As
shown in Appendix A, Table A.3, the HF radio is rated at 370.4 VA per phase with a PF
of 0.90. This load ratine represents an average operating power of 1.0 kW. Three
30.0 mH inductors and three 50.0 Q variable resistors adjusted to provide 39.7 R per
phase were used to construct the AVTRON HF radio load. This load is s h o w in
Appendix D, photograph D.6. These component values are within 7.9% of the theoretical
values required to represent the HF radio as a reactive load. It is important to mention
that during the analysis of the aircmft DC current plots, during the switch-on of the HF
radio, the output cunent fiom both TRUs increased to signincant levels. This
observation indicated that the HF radio not only requires an AC source, but a DC source
as well. Unfortunately, the HF radio DC component loading requirement was not
icientified during the preliminary theoretical design process. As such, the HF radio DC
load component was not simulated.
Figure 4.28 shows the simulated phase A voltage and current wavefoms during
the three-phase transient load switch-on event at 0.3s. Analysis of these waveforms does
not show any indication of transients during the switch-on. Figures 4.29 and 4.30
represent the corresponding voltage and current harmonic profiles. The voltage
magnitude decreased an average of 2.3 V following the switch-on of' the Ioad, and the
line current magnitude increased an average of 2.3 A pet phase. Once agaln, the 1 1" and
1 3 harmonies
~ for both waveforms are dominant. The cunent hamonic plot of
Figure 4.30 does show an increased level fiom previous plots for the 3rd and 5" harmonic
during this event. Phases B and C were not shown because indications of transients on
these waveforms were not observed.
Figures 4.3 1 and 4.32 show the phase A voltage and current waveforms and
conesponding transient FFT harmonic plots recorded fiom the AVTRON mode1 during
the the-phase load switch-on. Similar to the simulation results, significant transients
were not recorded. However, the voltage wavefonn does show a very small distortion on
the positive crest of one of the sinusoids. The voltage magnitude before and d e r the
switch-on remained constant. The voltage harmonic pattern appears to be similar to that
of the simulation voltage hannonic profile up to and including the 2sLbhannonic. The
current harmonic pattern appears to be simiiar to the simulation current harmonic profile
up to and including the 15" hmonic.
The switch-off voltage and current waveforms were not shown because
significant transients were not recorded fiom either the simulation or the AVTRON
model duriog this event. The phase A, B, and C measured data for both the simulation
and AVTRON model are presented in Tables 3.5 and 3.8, respectively, and the THD
levels for both models are presented in Tables 3.6 and 3.9. The THD level for the
simulation voltage and current waveforms is approximately 140% greater and 50% less
than the AVTRON model waveforms, respectively.
In Figure 4.33, the phase A voltage harmonics (1 l", 13", 23rd,and 25") derived
from the simulation and AVTRON models were compared with the maximum acceptable
harmonic levels as defmed in MIL-STD704E. These maximum harmonic levels (% of
fundamental) were derived fkom the maximum distortion spectrum of AC voltage plot
[22]. This plot quantifies AC voltage distortion in ternis of the amplitude of each
frequency component. With the exception of the 1 I" hamionic, which was denved from
the simulation model, al1 test Case 4 harmonic levels complied with MIL-STD704E.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hannonic No. Harmonic No.
Figure 4.29 - Case 4: VA Harmonic Profile Figure 4.30 - Case 4: LA Harrnonic Profile
Figure 4.3 1 - Case 4: VA Wavefom & Figure 4.32 - Case 4: IA Waveform &
Harmonic Profile Harmonic Profile
Figure 4.33 - Phase A Voltage Harmonic Summary for Test Case No. 4
4.7 Case No. 5: Main Branch - AC and DC Loads
Case 5 was devised to emulate the aircraft main AC and DC pre-flight taxi load
condition as tabulated in Appendix A, Tables A.5 and A.10. The AC and DC AVTRON
model, and simulation model load configuration and values are shown in Figure 3.4 and
identified as load C, and load F, respectively. For this scenario, the AVTRON load bank
was used to provide the loading requirement to reproduce the three-phase AC reactive
load.
Discreet components required to construct the AC load were not available From
RMC because of the power dissipation requirement as s h o w in Table A.1. As
previously described, the AVTRON load bank does not have the capability for
independent phase loading and PF adjustments. As a resuit, the three-phase load for this
scenario is treated as a balanced load. The load bank controls were adjusted to provide
an approximate per phase loading of 2245.0 VA with a PF of 0.73. This loading
compared to the tabuiated per phase results of Appendix A, Table AS, represents a
discrepancy of 38.2% for phase A, and 0.5% for phase B and C.
The DC resistive load was consûucted fiom six 1.0 0,1.0 kW resistive elements.
These resistive elements were connected in parallel to produce a 0.1667 Q load. This
resistive load will produce 168.0 A at 28.0 V. Although this amperage is slightly greater
(4.9 A) than the tabulated value, it is assumed to be acceptable (within 3.0%) for
simulation and modelling purposes.
Figures 4.34 and 4.37 represent the shulated and AVTRON model phase A main
bus voltage and correspondhg iine curent, respectively. As shown in Table 3.5, the
simulated model phase A PF was measured at 0.89 and phases B and C at 0.91. This
observation uidicates that the TRU Y-Yand A-YtrilIlSformers are not lineariy balanced.
For exampie, the impedance as seen Iooking into the Y-Ytransformer circuit is not equd
to the input impedance of the A-Y transformer. As shown in Table 3.8, the AVTRON
model phase A PF was measured at 0.87 and phase B at 0.99, and for phase C at 0.85. It
is interesthg to note that the AVTRON load bank did not provide a balanced three-phase
load. This observation demonstrates that the reactive load component for phase B was
not connected. A PF of 1.O (z 0.99) represents a resistive load.
The voltage and line current THD levels for the simulation and AVTRON models
are shown in Tables 3.6 and 3.9. Figures 4.35 and 4.36 represent the phase A voltage and
line current harmonic profile for the simulation model, and Figures 4.38 and 4.39
represent the phase A voltage and line current harmonic profile for the AVTRON model.
In these plots, the 11" and 13' harmonies are dominant as expected.
As shown in Table 3.5, the average three-phase line current was measured at
33.3 A. The average phase A and C current for the AVTRON mode1 were rneasured at
33.2 A, and for phase B line current at 29.3 A. The lower than expected current value for
phase B is attributable to either an electricai or mechanical deficiency with the AVTRON
phase B load bank.
Figure 4.38 - Case 5: VA Harmonic Profile Figure 4.39 - Case 5: L Harmonic Profile
"AVTRON Laboratory Model" "AVTRON Laboratory Model"
The fuial scenario was developed to emulate the AC and DC main bus loading as
in Case 5, with the addition of a single-phase switching load. As shown in Figure 3.4, the
single-phase load is identified as load D, and represents the reactive loading for the
aircraft search radar. The motivational factor for implernenting this scenario is to explore
the waveform transient characteristics imposed by switching a single-phase load on and
off on the AC bus.
Durùig the simulation nui, the single-phase load was switchedsn at 0.3s and
switched-off at 0.4s. The theoretical component representation for this load is s h o w in
Table 3.7, where the inductor value was calculated at 14.46 mH and the parallel resistor
at 10.6 S2. As shown in Appendix A, Table AS, the search radar is rated at 1300 VA
with a PF of 0.96. The reactive load was constnicted wiîh two senes comected (10.0 &
5.0 mH) inductors and two series connected variable resistors (8.0 & 3.0 R) adjusted to
provide 10.6 R. This load is shown in Appendix D, photogtaph D.7. These components
are witbin 3.7% of the theoretical values.
During the analysis of the aireraft DC plots, the TRU output current waveforms
showed an increase in current durhg the switch-on penod. This observation indicates
that the search radar requires a DC source to operate. Unfomuiately, the search radar DC
component loading requirement was not identified during the preliminary theoretical
design process and as such was not modelled or simulated.
Figure 4.40 represents the simulated phase A voltage and current wavefoms
duing the single-phase load switch-on event at 0.3s. Analysis of these waveforms does
not show significant transients during the switch-on. However, a slight voltage distortion
is s h o w on the positive crest of the 0.3s sinusoid. Figures 4.41 and 4.42 represent the
corresponding voltage and current hamonic profiles. As s h o w in these plots, the Il'
and 13" hannonics are dominant. Phase A and B voltage levels decreased by 1.4 and
3.5 V, respectively, following the switch-on. Phase C voltage increased by 0.4 V.
Figures 4.43 and 4.44 show the AVTRON model voltage and current waveforrns
and corresponding harmonic profiles during the switch-on event. The centre voltage
sinusoid representing the time of switch-on shows a srnail distortion on the positive crest,
similar to the simulation remlts. Both harmonic plots clearly show the dominant 11" and
13" harmonics. In the current harmonic plot of Figure 4.44, the 17" and 19" pair, and
the 23* and 25" pair of odd harmonics are clearly identifiable. The voltage and line
current THD leveis recorded for the simulation and AVTRON models are s h o w in
Tables 3.6 and 3.9, respectively. The phase A voltage level recorded a decrease of 0.8 V
and an increase in line current of 10.2 A following the switchsn event, which is
comparable to the simulation results.
As shown in Figure 4.45, the phase A voltage harmonics derived from the
AVTRON rnodel, and the 13", 23d, and 25' harmonics fiorn the simulation model
complies with MIL-STD 704E. The 11" harmonic denved h m the simulation model
exceeds MIL-STD704E requirement by 0.4%.
T i r scale: 19-C-1) S. n u ~ d b r nnu.
.
Figure 4.41 - Case 6:VA Harmonic Profile Figure 4.42 - Case 6:IA Harmonic Profile
"'ni
10
dB
/DIV
20
mv
START: O Hz BU: i90.97 Hz STOP: 20 000 HI
B: BUFFC (RI
50
dB
/DIV
4
fnA
START: O HZ BU: 190.97 HZ STOR 20 000 Hl
8: BUFFC CR) 4
BO
A
20
A
/DIV
i I
Figure 4.45 - Phase A Voltage Hmonic Summary for Test Case No. 6
For both the simulation and AVTRON model, phase A PF variation before the
switch-on event was measured at 0.89 and 0.87, and after the event at 0.92 and 0.93,
respectively. These PF values represent 2.2% of the expected theoreticai resdts.
Significant voltage or current waveform transients fiom both the simulation and
AVTRON models were not observed during the switch-off event, as a result, these plots
were not shown.
Figures 4.46 and 4.47 represent the simulated phase A voltage and line current
cascade harmonic plots. These plots show the THD Ievels for three distinct consecutive
2.5 ms periodic cycles starting at 0.39, the switch-on event. As show in both plots, the
switch-on cycle (0.3s) generates the greatest THD,as expected.
Phase A Voltage
- - . - - 0.3000 sec THD 4.3% - - - - 0.3025 sec THD 3.9% -0.3050 sec 'MD 3.8%
2 4 6 8 10 72 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hannonic No.
Phase A Current
I
I
- - A - - 0.3000 sac THO 4.9% - - - - 0.3025 w THO 2.3% -0.3050 sec THD 2.3%
I
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 78 20 22 24
Harmonic No.
During the trial, an equipment load checklist, attached as Appendix E, was used to
identa the equipment operating status for each test case. Unfomuiately, the anticipated
loading condition for al1 test cases was not achievable due to numerous restrictions
imposed on some loads during the trial. For example, for case No. 1 and No. 2, the fuel
boost pump No. 2 and hydraulic auxiliary pump could not be turned off during the entire
triai. Restrictions were also imposed on heat sensitive DC loads and fuel pumps.
As shown in Table 3.1 1, the AC phase loading for Case 1 and 2 was much greater
than predicted, and the conesponding DC loading was much less. This discrepancy was
attributable to restrictions imposed on certain loads. Similady, for Cases 5 and 6, the
loading profile was much less than expected. The optimum loading profile was achieved
for test Case 3. During this scenario most of the AC and DC loads were switched-on. A
phase unbalance of 1105.2 VA was measured between phases A and C. As defined by
MIL-STD-704E [22], the maximum acceptable load unbaiance for Case 3 is 683.3 VA.
This situation represents an unbalanced condition that exceeds the allowable limit by
421.9 VA. The chart used to determine the unbalance load lirnits for a three-phase
system is s h o w in Figure 4.48. The unbalanced loading profile for Cases 1 to 4 is
summarized in Table 4.1. The unbalanced loading profile for the essentid and mûin AC
bus for test Case 4 and 6 is summarized graphically in Figures 4.49 and 4.50.
Figure 4.51 shows the main bus phase B current wavefonn and corresponding
harmonic profile. The THD was rneasured at 10.1 % and the line current at 12.4 A. This
data is also presented in Tables 3.1 1 and 3.12. As expected, the THD values on the main
bus were higher then the THD values on the essential bus. Two primary conditions can
cause THD values to change. The nrst, assuming that the AC loading remains constant,
is that as the DC load ïncreases, the THD on the AC side will increase due to current
commutation. Secondly, assuming that the DC loading remah constant, as the AC load
inmases, the THD on the AC side will decrease due to hmnonic absorption. The
loading condition on the main branch is such that the DC loading is higher than the
essential DC load, and the AC loading is less than the essential AC loads. The harmonie
plot clearly shows the harmonic characteristics of a 12 pulse iine commutated device. As
expected, the 11" and 13" harmonies are dominant.
Table 4.1 - Aircraft Essential AC Bus Load Profile
-
Figure 4.49 Essential AC Bus Unbalance Loading Summary for Test Case No. 4
Figure 4.50 - Main AC Bus Unbalance Loading Summary for Test Case No.6
20
A
1O
dB
/DfV
2
mA
START:
I
O HZ BW: 119.36 HZ STOP:
4
12 500 Hit
0: T IME (RI
40
A
10
A
/orv
-40 1 1
START: O Sac STOP: 32 mSec
X: 406.25 HZ Y: 12.41 Arma THO: 10.1 X
-
Figure 4.51 - Case 5: Main AC Bus IB Waveform & Harmonic Profile
"Aircraf't Trial"
Figure 4.52 represents the phase A current waveform during the search radar
switch-on event and associated hannonic profile plot. The waveform shows a single
cycle surge with a peak amplitude of 29.7 A. A swge of this magnitude does not
represent a significant transient. The pre and post switch-on current were measured at
13.5 A and 21.2 A, respectively. Although the search radar is rated at 1300 VA with a
power factor of 0.96, which represents a steady-state current of 11.3 A, the radar load
current was measured at 7.7 A. This discrepancy is attributable to the fact that the radar
was operating in low power mode during the trial.
The harmonic profile shows that the 3rd ,5th,7th,and 19' harmonics arerelatively
the same magnitude as the 1 1' and 13" harmonics. The harmonics were generated fiom
a sampling rate of 2.56 times the fiequency span of 20 kHz The harmonic bandwidth
was set at 50 Hz for al1 transient studies.
A
1O
dB
/DIV
3
mA
STAR^: O Hz BW: 50 HZ STOP: 20 000 HZ
-80
START: 296.99 mSec STOP: 316.99 mSsc
1
X: 400 Hz Y: 21.04 Arms TM: 4-19 X
Figures 4.53, 4.54, and 4.55 waveforms represent the essential bus DC voltage
and output cunents fiom TRU No. 1 and 2, respectively. These waveforms and
associated harmonic plots are shown to illustrate the harmonic characteristics, which can
be extracted fiom these types of plots. As previously described, the harmonic profile is
nothing more than a frequency representation of a signal in the t h e domain.
As s h o w in Figure 4.53, the time domain signal represents the DC output voltage
fiom the essential bus TRUs. The DC voltage npple was measured at 650.8 mV, and
modulated with a low frequency sinusoida1 modulation of 0.035 Hz This low fiequency
oscillation could be attnbuted to tonional shaft oscillations fiom either the aircraft engine
or voltage generator. The voltage ripple is within the maximum dowable limit of 1.O V
peak-to-peak [î6].
27.4
v
STAAR O Sec STOP: 32 nSac
I
X: 2378 Hz Y: 99.14 nVrm 'THO: 70.5 X
-
Figure 4.53 - Case2: Essential DC Bus TRU DC Voltage & Harmonic Profile
"Aircraft Triai"
Figure 4.54 shows the DC output current wavefonn fiom the essential bus TRU
No. 1 and associated hannonic profile plot At f3st glance, the waveform appears to
represent an AC signal. Analysis of this signal shows that it consists of two components,
a DC component measuring 43.6 A superimposed on a 9.85 A, 400 Hz osciilation.
mA
STAR^: O Hz en: 31.2~HZ STOP: i a soo HZ
-
Figure 4.54 - Case 2: Essential DC Bus TRU 1 DC Current & Harmonic Profile
"Aircrafl Trial"
Figure 4.55 represents the essential bus TRU No. 2 output DC cunent waveform
and associated harmonic profile plot. The waveform DC ripple characteristic is very
similar to the DC voltage ripple. The DC current ripple was m e m e d at 3.0 A and the
output current at 45.6 A Also shown is the 0.035 Hz oscillation.
The harmonic plot also shows the inherently produced DC TRU characteristic
harmonies. In this plot, the 12' harmonic dB level is larger than the 6U>harmonic, which
is in contrast to the DC voltage harmonic profile, where the 6" harmonic dB level is
larger than the 1 2 harmonic.
~ The dominant 12" harmonic represents the output
fiequency (4800 Hz) fiom the twelve-pulse TRU converter. One other dissirnilarity was
observed, the 23d, 24', and 25' hamionics are s h o w in the current plot but not in the
DC voltage plot. It is interesting to note that the THD value for the TRU No. 2 DC
current was measured at 19.1%, and the THD for the TRU No. 1 DC current at 20.4%,
and the DC THD value at 70.5%. As previously described in section 2.2.1, THD values
should be used as a figure of merit ody and in association with the electncal distribution
system-loading configuration.
As shown in the upper waveform, the input range of the recorder clipped a
segment of the positive peaks. As a result, the maximum peak current value was not
recorded. However, knowing that the input range scale for both current sensors were
calibrated to measure up to 300 A, the current value representing the clipped segment cm
be recovered. The recovery cm be accomplished by fhding the ratio (scale factor)
between the middle waveform and the correspondhg upper non-clipped segment of the
signal. Using this technique, the maximum current magnitude was calculated at 335.9 A.
Since the TRU is rated at 200 A, the TRU transfomers (Y-Y and A-Y) may be operating
non-linearly during this period when the HF radio is transmitting. This situation would
generate additional harmonies on the essential bus and possibly cause unwanted
frequency interference to avionics equipment.
The average curent value for TRU No. 2 was measured at 150.0 A. As
previously indicated TRU No. 1 is not providing sufEcient filtering and requues
servicing. The DC voltage was measured at 29.6 V and does not appear to have produced
signincant transients during this event.
As shown in Table 3.1 1 for Cases No. 5 and 6, the main bus TRU output currents
were measured at 63.0 and 47.4 A. This observation indicates that the TRUs are not
providing symmetrical output cumnts (24.8%), which could lead to undue stress on the
higher current-carryîng TRU during heavier DC loading. A similar observation was
noticed for the AVTRûN shop mode1 (Table 3.8 Case 3A) where TRUs No. 1 and 2
produced 87.0 A and 111.0 A, respectively. This situation represents an unbaianced
condition of 27.6%. The essentid bus TRUs produced a curent unbalance of 6.0%.
. . -- - ..-. - . .
~sseritialBus TRU No. I Current
- -*- -
Figure 4.56 - Case 4: Essential DC Bus: "TRU DC Voltage & No. 1 and 2 Current"
''Aimafi Trial: HF Radio Transmit Mode"
Chapter 5 Conclusion
During the past several decades, there has been considerable interest in the power
quality of electric distribution systems. Voltage and current harmonies, including
sporadic transients, are major electrical system perturbations, which can cause significant
electrical waveform distortion. These distortions can sigaificantly impair the
performance and operation of electrical and electronic equiprnent.
The objectives of this thesis were to investigate the power quality of an aircraft
electrical power distribution system through the use of computer simulation, laboratory
models, and aircraft measurements.
Six distinct test case scenarios were designed to emulate various loading
conditions. The test case scenarios were simulated and the results compared with the
data measured fkom the AVTRON laboratory mode1 and aircrafi triai. The fint scenario
was implemented to identiQ the three-phase AC bus voltage and Iine current waveform
characteristics imposed by the TRUs during a no load condition. The second scenario
was devked to emulate the aircraft essentiai DC bus Ioading condition. Test cases No. 3
and No. 4 were deviscd to emulate the aircraft's essential three-phase AC bus reactive
load and a three-phase switching load (HF radio), including the essential DC bus load.
The final two test cases were developed to emulate the aircraft's main three-phase AC
bus load, a single-phase switching load (search radar), and the main DC bus load.
Harmonic andysis was performed on both voltage and cunent waveforms derived
fiom al1 six test case scenarios and the results were compared with the simulation model,
laboratory model, and aircrafi triai data. The hamonic results showed that the 11" and
13" harmonics were dominant fiequencies for the simulation, laboratory model, and
aircraft trial. These hamonics represent characteristic harmonics generated from a
twelve-pulse cornmutated converter. The laboratory mode1 and aircraft trial DC voltage
and current spectral density results, showed that the generated characteristic harmonics
were the 6" and 12" harmonic. These harmonics represent the output ripple fiequencies
fkom the two parallel-connected six-phase rectifiers and the output npple fiequency fiorn
the TRUs. DC harmonic analysis was not conducted for the simulation model.
Simulation results showed that the phase voltage, line current, and PF were
comparable with results derived from the laboratory model. However, to achieve these
results, the simulated generator peak output terminal voltage required incremental
adjustments as the AC and DC loads varied. The initial peak generator terminal voltage
was set at 162.6 V for case 1 and incrementally adjusted to 186.6 V for case 4,5,and 6 to
maintain AC bus voltage levels, which were comparable to the laboratory model and
aircraft trial data. Two independent simulation runs were conducted for each test case to
compare THD values as a result of modifjing the TRU transformer excitation current and
core loss vaiues kom the laboratory measured data to the OEM's recommended values.
The resulting data demonstrated that the OEM recommended excitation cunent of 5.0%
and three-phase core loss value of 43.0 W produced a leading PF in the hrst scenario and
generated a slight increase in THD values for both the voltage and current waveforms in
al1 test cases. The simulated voltage THD vaiues for dl test cases were on average
70.8% greater than the laboratory model results and the cunent THD value were 4.1 %
Less. Udortunately, for the aircrafi triai, the voltage data for al1 ihree-phases were lost,
and as a result, the voltage THD values for the aircraft trial were not compiled.
Test cases No. 4 and No. 6 represented transient studies. A three-phase essentiai
load (HF radio), and a single-phase main load (search radar), were switched on and off to
determine the transient response tiom these events. Analysis of both the voltage and
current waveforms generated fiom the simulation and laboratory test r e d t s did not
reveai significant transients. However, during the aircmft ûial when the HF radio was
keyed-on (transmit mode) excessive modulation appeared on the DC output current from
TRU No. 1, exceeding its 200 A rating by 136 A. If the TRU transfomers operate as
non-linear devices during radio transmission, as a result of transfomier core saturation,
then hannonic levels on the AC bus will increase.
This study also examined the aircraft essential AC bus three-phase loading
profile. The loading profile results showed unbalanced load conditions that exceeded the
maximum allowable iimit as defined by MIL-STD-704Especifications for test case No. 2
to 4. As much as 421 VA exceeded this b i t . Unbalanced load conditions will produce
current flow in the neutral conductor and induce a voltage potential between the neutral
and aircraft ground.
The AVTRON laboratory mode[ test results for case No. 5 revealed an anomdy
with the phase B load bank. The AVTRON load bank was used to represent the three-
phase load for this case scenario. The three-phase voltage and cunent waveform analysis
revealed that the complex power loading for phase B was measured at 18 14.0 VA with a
0.99 PF, even though the load bank was adjusted to provide a per phase loading of 2245.0
VA with a PF of 0.73. This observation indicates that the phase B reactive component
was defective in some way (ie. not connected). A unity PF (z 0.99) represents a resistive
load.
Based on observations made during this study, it could be concluded that there are
several issues, which should be addressed. It is recornmended that the work of this study
provide the basis for the following areas of work:
3. Conduct a fleet wide survey to measure the paired TRU DC output currents for
unbalances. The AVTRON shop model and aircraft trial has shown DC output
current unbalances in excess of 23%. TRU's scheduled for periodic
maintenance or unscheduled replacement should be replaced as baianced pairs.
4. Replace the essential bus TRU No. 1 on aircraft CC-130326E. The TRU No. 1
DC output current harmonic profile as shown in Figure 4.54 indicates the TRU
is not providing sufficient filtering to rernove the AC component fiom the DC.
5. Repais the AVTRON shop phase B load bank reactive component assembly.
Electricai signals recorded during the implementation of the AVTRON model
case 5 and 6 indicates a PF of 0.99 on phase B. During these two scenarios, the
AVTRON load bank was adjusted to provide a three-phase AC load with a PF
of 0.79.
To improve the simulation performance of the TRU, the exact value of the
T'RU centre tap balancing transformer and output filter inductor should be
detennined. The simulation results have shown that the DC output voltage
ripple magnitude and the percent of THD for various test cases varied
significantly as a result of changing the value of either the centre tap
balancing transformer or output filter inductor.
1 Operating Conditions
1 Taxi 1 Cruise
r
Source of Power S (VA) PF A v g o S (VA) PF Avg
A 9218.48 0.76 7053.13 9465.94 0.76 7265.63
1B
1 1 1 1 a 1
Main AC Bus
I
-
Table A.2 Tabulation of DC Power Consumption
1 Operatine: Conditions 1
I I Cruise I
I 1
1 1 1 L
Volt-Amp
No.
Per Unit - Per Phase Average
Power
Equipment of Operating
Factor
Unita Watts
Flight Instrument
Transformer Loss -
I
Load -
Hydraulic Aux Pump
Ide -
1 Fuel Boost Pump No.2
==SOS HF No. 1
Transmit -
I AN/ARN-504 Tacan
Transmit -
AN/APN-150LOW
Range Altimeter
HSI No.1 & No.2
C-12 Compass
Flight Director
Propeller Synchrophaser
Instrument Lighting
Transformer Loss -
Lighting -
Hydraulic Suction Pumps
ARN-509 Omega
APN-50 1A Doppler
AN/ARN-67 Glideslope
No. 1 & No. 2
URT 26 FDRfCPI 63.75
Total
Total Power
Source of Power
-
Volt Amp Factor
Average
Watts
r
No*
of
lh
Units
Phase
Volt-Amp
-
Per Unit Per Phase
Phase Phase
Power
Factor
Average
Operating
transfo&^ Loss -
1 TransfodP Loss - 1
Tota1
Total Power Avemge
I $tjsfce of Power
-
Volt Amp Factor
Watts
-
Table A S Main AC Bus Power Consumption during Taxi Condition
Equipment
No 1 Volt-Amp
-
Per Unit Per Phase Power
Average
Operating
Watts
1
Source of Power
I ~ota~
-
1 Tota1
~ o w e r Average
€
Volt Amp
1 Factor
Watts
A Phase 1 3630.44 0.85
B Phase 1 2232.48 0.73
C Phase 2232.48 0.73
Table A.6 - Main AC BUSPower Consumption during Cruise Condition
Volt-Amp
Equipment of
-
Per Unit f e r Phase Power
Average
Operating
Factor
uhits Watts
1
"
B Phase 41 64.84 0.75 3 106.24 1
Autopilot 19.00
l 19.00 532.00
Start - 1
10.70
Elevator Tab Control Relays 9 0.50 1.O0 28.00
Aileron Tab Control Relays 2 OS0 0.50 14.00
Autopilot Elevator Trim Relays 4 0.1 1 0.22 6.16 I
1
1
--
163.15 4567.80
-
Table h l 1 Main DC Bus Power Consumption during Cruise Condition
Trim Tab Pos Ind & Xmtr "Elevator" 1 0.27 0.27 I 7.56
Trirn Tab Pos Ind & Xmtr "Aileron" 1 0.27 0.27 7.56
Free Air T e m. ~Ind 2 0.08 0.16 4.48
Recording "Indicator" 2 0.70
1.70 47.60
L
Accelerometer Sensor" 1 0.30 I
I
- Radar Press
AN/ASQ-14 1
1
1 1 3.70 1
1
3JO
Total Total
1 Average Average
Watts
5574.12
Appendix B
Derivation of TRU Transformer Mode1 Parameters
B. 1 Open-Circuit Test
The open-circuit transformer test configuration as shown in Figures B.1 and B.2
were used to determine the MicroTrd excitation test data. The excitation test data
Uicludes the excitation current and single-phase power Ioss in the Y-Y and A-Y
transformer configurations.
Each wattmeter, W1 and W2, measures the product of the line voltage and the
cunent it is connected to, times the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current.
Hence,
W, = Ed I, cosOtmbl + O)
= ELLLCOS(~O
= El. LLcos(30-8)
W2= E,I, COSO~,~,
4 +W2= E L L L [ ~ ~ ~ ( 3 0 + 8 ) + ~ ~ ~W( 3 0 - 8 ) ]
4 +6 E L L L , ( 2 ~ ~ ~ =3 0fi^,^, û) W
~ ~ ~COS@
P = W ,+w,=JSE,I,COSBw
and the difference
is ilfi times the reactive power. Therefore, the product of fi and the difference
between W2 and W1 represents the total the-phase reactive power.
Hence,
and the phase angle between EL and I L can be caiculated fiom the following:
Table B.l represents the Y-Y and A-Y transformer test data measured from the
open-circuit configuration as shown in Figures B.1 and B.2, respectively. The data
indicates that the Y-Y and A-Y transformer three-phase design is not perfectly
symmetrical due to the slight difference in mutuai impedance between the center and
outer transformer legs.
where EL is defined as the rated line voltage, and the excitation current as:
where (Ewl + E,+,,)/2 represents the average phase voltage EL and W, + W2the measured
power.
The sum of W, and W,as show in Table B. 1 represents the total transformer uon
losses and defined as P (W)in Table 8.2.
B.1.2 Excitation Test Data
Table B .2 represents the excitation test data derived fiom equations (B-5), and
(B-7)to (B-12), and table B. 1 data.
The primary and secondas, winding resistance &, values for both transformer
P-Tl and P-T2were mensured using a four-wire milliohm meter. The delta prirnary P-T2
input terminal, line to line resistance, was measured at 0.150 R. Hence, the individual
delta p n m winding
~ resistance value may be determined f?om the following expression:
(B-13)
The Y primary POT1 input temiinal, line to line resistance, was meanued at
0.58 R. The individual Y primary winding resistance value is one-haif the measured
value. Hence,
where R
, = P-Tl input line to line resistance.
The secondary winding line to neutral resistance for both Tl and T2 was
measured at 0.002 R. Therefore, each secondary winding resistance value ,R is defined
as:
(B-15 )
The six-phase line to neutral secondary voltage as shown in Figures B.1 and B.2
was measured at 21.55 V. Therefore. each secondary winding delivers:
(B-16)
P-TI
-
Figure B.3 Y-YShort-Circuit Test UTwoWattmeter Method"
-
Fipre B.4 A-YShort-Circuit Test "Two Wattmeter Method"
-
Figure B.5 Transformer Equivalent Circuit for Short-Circuit Test
The short-circuit impedance in percent for the short-circuit test between windings
"i" and "k", based on Srat, and on the rated voltages of both windings is defined as:
where i = 1, represents the primary phase windings, and k = 2,3,4, the secondary
windings.
The transformer short-circuit impedance Z
, is defined as:
and
(B-19)
where &Md the rated phase voltage is equal to 200 V and I,, the rated phase
c-nt at rJJ5.
B.2.2 Short-Circuit Resistance
where Pr? is the measured short-circuit power. and Ir. the short-circuit curent as
deterrnined From (B-8) and (B- 1 1).
The short-circuit resistance R,t.J,4 for the secondary phase windings 2,3, and 4 as
shown in Figure B.5 (c) is defmed as:
and, the short-circuit impedance Zil % for i = 2 , k = 3,4 and i = 3 , & = 4 is defined as:
4, represents the transformer phase load losses in the short-circuit test. The
iransformer winding losses for 4, where i = 1 , the primary phase windings, and
The short-circuit impedance and load loss data as shown in Table B.4 was derived
from Table B.3 data (shaded cells) and equations (B-17)to (8-26).
Table B.4 Y-Y& A-Y Short-Circuit Test Data Between Windings I & K
Y-Y A-Y
i, k
Zj, (%) P,& (KW) 4,(%) P,j
-
Figure 8.6 TRU Transformer Connectioa Coniiguration
Appendix C
Recording, Reduction, and Support Equipment for
AVTRON Laboratory Model and Aircraft Testing
C.l Recording Equipment
C.1.1 Draneb Power Quality Waveform Analyzer
Model: 658-400
Range: 0-600 V,, 6120 V peak
0-1000 Arms,6000 A peak
Frequency: 45-65 HZ, 3 10-445 HZ
Accuracy: Voltage: f 1% reading
Current: It 2%current
Mode1: SD601
Range: 0.05-1000 A
Frequency: 30-50k Hz
Accuracy: f 1 % reading
Model: 80i-1010
Range: -
1 1OOOA
Frequency: dc-440 HZ
Accuracy: f 2% reading
Model : A D 2 t OAN
Range: Input: il0 V
output: up to 100 v
Frequency: 0-20k Hz
Accuracy: i 2%maximum
C.1.5 Teac VHS Tape Recorder
Model: XR-510
Channel: 14+1
Speed: 76.2 c d s
Range: dc-20k HZ
Mode: FM
Distortion: 1% or less
Model: PM 3375
Range: 4OOV@ 125Hzto 10V@ 1 O O M H z
Accuracy : 1 3 % reading for time and voltage
Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Sarnpling Rate: 250 M sampleds
Mode1: 3561 A
Range: 3m-22.4V
Frequency: 0-1 00k Hz
Accuracy : f0.0003% reading of fiequency
Mode1: MT-9500
Channel: 8
Range: +SV
Freguency : dc3k Hz, flat
dcdk Hz, d o m < 3dB, Ml scaie
Accumcy: f 1.3% reading
Mode1: 755OA
C.3 Support Equipment
C.3.1 General ElectricLeland Generator
Model: 2CM353ClIWP
Rating: 3-Phase 40 KVA
Output Voltage: 1 19200 VAC
Frequency: 380/420 Hz
Rotationai Speed: 5700/6300 RPM
Power Factor: 0.75
Model: 28VS2OOC-1
Input AC: 3-Phase 190 to 210 V
Output DC: 30.5-24.2 V @ 5 to 210 A
Power Factor: 0.95
C3.4 Fuse
Model: MS25244-25
Mode1: MS25244-20
C.3.8 AC Loads
Load
Phase A 1 Phase B Phase C 3-Phase
L (mR) 1 R(S2) L (dl) R(R) L (mH) R(Q Breaker I
-- -
D-1
Photograph DJ - AVTRON Model TRU Sensor Connections on DC Bus
-
Photograph DA AVTRON Model 9kW DC Load
Photograph D.5 - AVTRON Model Load A a Phases B & C"
-
Photograpb D.10 Aircraft Triai ThmePhase AC Bus Cumnt Connections
Photopph D.11- Aireraft Trial TRU DC Voltage and Current Connections
Appendix E
Aircraft Electrical Load Checklist
I Case No. I
1 L
1 OFF 1 OFF 1 ON 1 ON
'
1 1 ~ransmit - 1 OFF 1 OFF 1 OFF 1 ONjOFF
1 4 1 AN/ARN-504 TACAN
I I 1 I 1
11
OFF 1 OFF l ON 1 ON
5 AN/APN-150 Low Range Altimeter OFF OFF ON ON
6 HSI No. 1 & No. 2 OFF OFF ON ON
7 C-12CompassNo. 1 BtNo.2 OFF OFF ON ON
8 Flight Director No. 1 & No. 2 OFF OFF ON ON
9 Propeller Synchrophaser OFF OFF ON ON
1 1 Instrument Lighting (146) OFF OFF ON ON
10 Hydradic Suction Pumps No. 1 & No. 2 OFF OFF ON ON
12 ~ b ~ 5 Omega
0 9 OFF ON ON ON
13 APN-50 1A Doppler OFF I
ON ON ON
' 14 ' AYN 50 1 ~o&ter OFF OFF ON ON
15 ANIARN-67 Giideslow No. 1 & No. 2 OFF OFF 1
ON I
ON
1 16 1 URT 26 FDRKPI
1 1 1
1 OFF 1 ON 1 ON I ON
-
Table E.2 Essential Branch AC Load ChecWist
UACInstruments and Enghe Fuel Control Busn
I Case NO. 1
1 2 3 4
AC Loads Statu Status Statu Status
17 Liquid Oxygen Indicator OFF OFF ON ON
18 Engine Temp Control Amplifier (4) OFF OFF ON ON
19 Engine Torquemeter (4) OFF OFF ON ON
20 Turbine Inlet Temp Indicator (4) OFF OFF ON ON
2 1 Fuel Quantity Indicator (1 6) OFF OFF ON ON
22 Fuel Quantity Totalizer OFF OFF ON ON
23 Fuel Flow Transrnitter (4) OFF OFF ON ON
24 Fuel Flow indicator (4) 1
OFF OFF I
ON ON
Hydraulic Pressure Indicator
25
Boost& Emergency Brake (2) OFF OFF ON ON
26 Oil Pressure Indicator (Nos. 1 & 2) OFF OFF ON ON
27 Oil Pressure Indicator (Nos. 3 & 4) OFF OFF ON ON
28 Fuel Pressure Indicator I
OFF 1
OFF ON ON
Hydraulic Pressure, Rudder BOOS~, Utility,
29
Normal Brake and Ramp Indicator (51 OFF OFF ON ON
Aircraft Scenario No. 1 (cont'd)
-
Table E.3 Essential Branch DC Load Checklist
I Case No. 1
I f
1
K
DC Loads ( Status [ Statw 1 Status , Status
Rudder High Boost Diverter
30 OFF ON ON ON
(Flaps Down) (2)
- - - I 1
-
Table E.3 Essential Branch DC Load Checklist (cont9d)
I Case NO. I
1 60 1 URT 26 FDWCPI
1 I 1 1
1 OFF 1 ON 1 ON I I
ON
61 ARN-509 Omega OFF ON ON ClN
62 ARC-511 VHF OFF ON ON ON
63 KY5024 Selcal Decoder (2) OFF ON ON ON
64 ANIAPN-150 Low Range Altimeter OFF ON ON ON
65 APN-501A Doppler OFF ON ON ON
66 APX-77 IFF OFF ON ON ON
1 67 1 ARC 164 UHF Radio 1
1 1 1 L I
I OFF 1 ON 1 ON 1 ON
Aircraft Scenario No. 2
-
Table E.4 Main Btanch AC Load ChecMist
I Case NO. I
L
Note: Loads 69 to 72 not tumed ON during trial. No fuel in extemal and awciliary
hel tanks.
Aircraft Scenario No. 2 (cont'd)
-
Table ES Main Branch DC Load Checklist
I Case NO. 1
DC Loads Status Status
76 Wing Flap Ind ON ON
77 Trim Tab Pos Ind "Rudder" ON ON
78 Trim Tab Pos Ind "Elevator" ON ON
79 Trim Tab Pos Ind "Aileron" ON ON
80 Free Air Temp Ind (2) ON ON
81 Anti-Skid System ON ON
82 Window Heater Control Box (2) ON* ON*
83 Cargo Area Floor Lights (1 3) ON ON
84 Oxygen Regulator Lights (10) ON ON
85 Dome Lights (Red) (30) ON ON
86 1 Mech & Nav Utility Lights (2) ON ON
87 Overhead Panel Lights (158) & (6) ON ON
88 Pilot Circuit Breaker Panel Lights (78) ON ON
89 Pedestal & Piiot Side Panel Lights (91) ON ON
90 Formation Lights (9) ON ON
91 TaxiLights (2) ON ON
92 Navigator Instrument Panel Lights (70) ON ON
93 Copilot Side & Circuit Breaker Panel Lights (78) ON ON
94 Flight Station Lights (Clear) (8) ON ON
95 Passenger Waming Signs (2) ON ON
96 Windshield Wipers (2) OFF OFF
97 Signal Light ON ON
98 AN/ASQ-14 Radar Press ON ON
99 TRU Bleeder Resistors (2) ON ON
Note: ON* for one minute during the five minute recording period.
Appendix F
Simulation Mode1 Input Data File
* File: AVTCASE.DAT
* Condition: Taxi
t+t+++++f+*+**+++++f**.*+***i..t**** Time tard t*~+*++++*+t*+f+f+******t.
ir
A0 Al .O1848 ,0211
00 B1 A0 Al
CO Cl A0 Al
+
~*i*+*t*++++++****++**f***ff** AC Branch Loads ******+*++++C+*++*****
AACLD 2.460
BACLD 5. O
CACLD 5.0
AACLD 5.560
BACLD 12.8
CACLD 12.8
4
Bank- 2
DCLD 1SBT
DCLD
1SBT lSNYY
ISBT l S N D Y
f
lYYY 1DS
lYYY ID6
0.1000000000E-02 0.5351076198E+05
0.0000000000E+00-0.4661974472E+02
0.0000000000E+00-0.2653962630E+05
0.0000000000E+00-0.265396263OE+05
0.1000000000E-02 0.5351076198E+05
t
2ZDY 2SNDY
*
+ TRU-1 Shunt Resistors
+r
* . .
. S,M. Node Names for Armature Windings
BO 0.04 0.1991858
t