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models

How to choose a queueing model


All models in this workbook are Poisson arrivals, infinite population, and FCFS.
The models differ by
(1) the service time distribution (exponential, constant)
(2) the number of servers (single server or multiple servers)
(3) waiting room capacity (unlimited waiting room or limited waiting room buffer)

M/M/1 M/C/1 M/M/s


Service time distribution Exponential Constant Exponential
Number of servers Single Single Multiple
Waiting room capacity Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited

Instruction on using this workbook:


1. Choose the model that is appropriate for your analysis
2. In the "INPUTS" part, change the "unit of time" to your desired time unit, such as hour, minute, etc.
The rest of the report will be changed accordingly.
3. Input the correct l, m and, if necessary, number of servers.
4. Read the output solutions.

Note: To identify the appropriate model for your analysis, you have to find out three pieces of information:
1: Customer arrival rate (l)
2. Service rate (m)
3. Number of servers

Important: the unit for both l and m has to be consistent (both in per hour or per minute or other time unit

Note to user: when you first start this workbook, Excel may ask you if you want to enable the macros. Ju

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models

M/M/s/b
Exponential
Multiple
Limited

such as hour, minute, etc.

o find out three pieces of information:

r hour or per minute or other time units)

if you want to enable the macros. Just say yes.

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M-M-1

Model 1 (M/M/1 Queue):


Single server, Infinite population, Poisson arrival, FCFS, Exponential service time, Unlimited queue length

Inputs
Units of time hour
Arrival rate (l) 15
Service rate (m) 20

Outputs
Mean time between arrivals 0.067
Mean time per service 0.05
Traffic intensity 0.75

Summary measures
Utilization rate of server 75.0%
Average number of customers waiting in line (nl) 2.25
Average number of customers in system (ns) 3
Average time waiting in line (tl) 0.15
Average time in system (ts) 0.2
Probability of no customers in system (P0) 25.0%

Distribution of number of customers in system


n (customers) P(n in system)
4 0.079102

Distribution of time in queue


t (time in queue) P(wait > t)
0.1 0.454898
hour

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M-M-1

ice time, Unlimited queue length

(Change if necessary)
cusomters per hour
cusomters per hour

hour
hour

customers
customers
hour
hour
(this is the probability of empty system)

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M-C-1

Model 2 (M/C/1 Queue):


Single server, Infinite Population, Poisson Arrival, FCFS, Constant Service Time

Inputs
Unit of time hour
Arrival rate (l) 0.6
Service rate (m) 1

Outputs
Mean time between arrivals 1.667
Exact time per service (no variability) 1
Traffic intensity 0.6

Summary measures
Utilization rate of server 60.0%
Average number of customers waiting in line (nl) 0.45
Average number of customers in system (ns) 1.05
Average time waiting in line (tl) 0.75
Average time in system (ts) 1.75
Probability of no customers in system (P0) 40.0%

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M-C-1

Service Time, Unlimited Queue Length

customers per hour


customers per hour

hour
hour

customers
customers
hour
hour

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Model 4: Multiple servers with infinite waiting room

Model 3 (M/M/s Queue):


Multiple servers, Infinite population, Poisson arrival, FCFS, Exponential service time, Unlimited waiting room

Inputs
Unit of time hour
Arrival rate (l) 25 customers per hour
Service rate (m) 6 customers per hour
Number of identical servers (s) 5 servers

Outputs
Mean time between arrivals 0.040
Mean time per service 0.1666666667 hour
Traffic intensity 0.8333333333 hour

Summary measures
Average utilization rate of server 83.3%
Average number of customers waiting in line (nl) #VALUE! customers
Average number of customers in system (ns) #VALUE! customers
Average time waiting in line (tl) #VALUE! hour
Average time in system (ts) #VALUE! hour
Probability of no customers in system (P0) #VALUE! (this is the probability of empty system)
Probability that all servers are busy #VALUE! (this is also the "percentage who wait in queue")
Probability that at least one server is idle #VALUE! (this is also the "percentage who don't wait in queue")

Distribution of number of customers in system


n (customers) P(n in system)
3 #VALUE!

Distribution of time in queue


t (time in queue) P(wait > t)
0.25 #VALUE!
hour
Model 5: Multiple servers with finite buffers

Model 4 (M/M/s/b queue):


Multiple servers, Infinite population, Poisson arrival, FCFS, Exponential service time, Limited capacity (b)

Inputs
Unit of time min
Arrival rate (l) 67 customers per min
Service rate (m) 87 customers per min
Number of servers (s) 2 servers (Note: The maximum capacity in system is
Buffer (waiting room) size 10 customers equal to number of servers plus waiting room size)

Outputs
Mean time between arrivals 0.015 min
Mean time per service 0.0114942529 min
Traffic intensity 0.3850574713

Summary measures
Average utilization rate of servers #VALUE!
Average number of customers waiting in line (nl) #VALUE! customers
Average number of customers in system (ns) #VALUE! customers
Average time waiting in line (tl) #VALUE! min
Average time in system (ts) #VALUE! min
Probability of no customers in system (P0) #VALUE! (Probability of empty system)
Probability of rejecting a customer (balking rate) #VALUE! (Reject rate)
Effective arrival rate #VALUE! (Entering rate)

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