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Counteractive impacts of plant growth regulators over uv-b radiation damage on
certain physiological and biological aspects in wheat crop
Received: April 11, 201 Accepted: August 23 , 2011 Online: November 30, 2011
Abstract
The aim of study was to evaluate the Triticum aestivum and observed enhancement
appropriate concentrations of plant growth in the chlorophyll at the germinating seedling
hormones from various concentrations over the stage in the laboratory and field study till to
UV-B damage on Triticum aestivum in case of maturity of crop.
chlorophyll isolation. Seeds of Triticum
Key words: Triticum aestivum | Plant growth
aestivum was grown in laboratory for the seed
regulators | IAA Kn | Chlorophyll a |
germination and seedling growth and then
Chlorophyll b | Protochlorophyll | UV-B
sown in field plots (A, B, C, D) with
radiation
appropriate concentrations of plant hormones
for the isolation of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll- Introduction
b,protochlorophyll. Plot-A of rice crop was The decrease in stratospheric ozone has
treated as control and neither sprayed with prompted renewed efforts in assessing the
growth hormones nor exposed to UVB potential damage to plant and animal life due
radiation. Pot-B was treated with UV-B to enhanced levels of solar Ultraviolet-B (UV-
radiation (3-hrs. daily) only. Plot-C was B, 280-320 nm) radiation (Caldwell, 1971,
sprayed with IAA concentration of (10-7 M), 1998; Madronich et al., 1998). The effect of
plot-D was sprayed with Kn concentration of UV-B enhancements on plants includes
(10-5 M), along with UV-B radiation in reduction in yield and quality, alteration in
Triticum aestivum. IAA was found most species competition, decrease in
effective in (10-7 M), Kn in (10-5M) sin crop of photosynthetic activity, susceptibility to
For Correspondence:
disease, and change in plant structure and
1
pigmentation (Tevini and Teramura, 1989;
Applied Sciences Deptt. G.R.I.M.T. Raduar, Haryana
2
Department of Botany Govt. P.G. College, Rishikesh,
Bornman 1989; Teramura and Sullivan, 1991).
Uttarakhand Some species show sensitivity to present levels
of UV-B radiation while others are apparently site was located at Purikhet campus of the
unaffected by rather massive UV college near river Bhagirathi. Four plots
enhancements (Becwar et al., 1982). This issue measuring 1 x 1 in each were fenced by barbed
is complicated further by reports of equally wire to avoid any biotic interference. Certified
large response differences among cultivars of seeds of cereals crop Oryza sativa were
a species. About two-thirds of some 300 procured from extension branch of Indian
species and cultivars tested appear to be Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
susceptible to damage from increased UV-B
General Experimental Design: - During
radiation. Crops such as soybean, winter
laboratory studies following sets were taken
wheat, cotton and corn are susceptible to
into consideration:
damage from increased UV-B radiation. All
effects of elevated UV-B on plants should be Control: Seeds were soaked for 24-hr. in
considered in the context of other factors such distilled water and placed on moistened filter
as water stress, increased atmospheric CO2, paper in Peridishes.
tropospheric air pollution, and temperature. UV-B: UV-B radiation was supplied for 3-hr
The effects of UV-B on plants have been daily by sunlamps (300 W), filtered with
studied mostly under growth chamber, quartz interference filters (320 run, ORIEL,
greenhouse while a few experiments USA).
conducted under field conditions (Krupa,
Growth Regulators: Test solutions of IAA
1989). There are also few studies that have
and Kn were prepared in three concentrations
examined the joint effects of UV-B and other
viz. 10-7, 10-6, 10-5 M (Molarity). Seeds of
stress factors of plant response. The effect of
Triticum aestivum were soaked for 24-hr in
UV-B on plant growth and productivity varies
different concentrations of sd k growth
seasonally and is affected by microclimate and
regulators. Soaked seeds were placed in paired
soil fertility. For instance, soybeans are less
Petridishes lined with moistened filter paper.
susceptible to UV-B radiation under water
One set of Petridish containing soaked seeds
stress or mineral deficiency, but sensitivity
was allowed to grow without any UV-B
increases under low levels of visible radiation
exposure.
(Teramura, 1983). Continued studies over
many growing seasons are crucial in any UV- Growth Regulators + UV-B: In second set-
B impact assessment of agricultural one from each concentration of different
productivity. growth regulators was treated with UV-B
radiation, for 3-hr daily.
Materials and Methods
During field study, both the crops were grown
The present study was undertaken at the field
in field and the plot was divided by black
of R.C. U. Government Post-Graduate.
paper. sheets into four blocks. Each field block
College, Uttarkashi during. The proper study
was given treatment as:
1. Plot A was taken as control. No 3. Plot C was sprayed with IAA (10-.6 M
treatment was given to the crop of this concentration) daily alongwith 3-hr
plot. supplemental UV-B radiation using the
same source.
2. Plot B was irradiated with 3-hr daily
UV-B radiation (24.23 Jm211) by 4. Plot D was sprayed with Kn (10-6 M
Sunlamps (300 W) filtered with quartz concentration) daily alongwith 3-hr
interference filters (320 tim, ORIEL, supplemental UV-13 radiation.
USA).
Concentration
-7 -6 -5 -7 -6 -5 -7 -6 -5 -7
(3-hr) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10-6 10-5
Treatment of plots in field conditions: laid after full germination of both the crops
(Kumar, 1981; Dhasmana, 1984; Ambrish,
1992; Dhingra, 1999; Neeta Bhatt, 2002).
Chlorophylls:
CONTROL UV – B Fresh leaves (500 mg) were homogenised with
A B
80% acetone, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5
UV‐ B+IAA
UV‐ B +Kn minutes. Filtrate was taken out and final
(3‐hr daily) +IAA (3‐hr daily) volume was made 100 ml, using 80% acetone.
10‐6 M Optical density was read at different
C D wavelengths viz. 626, 645, 663 mm with the
The field for cultivation was prepared before help of Systronics Digital Spectrophotometer.
sowing of seeds as proposed by Dhasmana The Chlorophyll COl1tefltS were estimated by
(1984). Pre-soaked seeds of the crops were the formula given by Koski and Smith (1948)
sown in the experimental plots. The general which are expressed below:
experimental plan for different treatments was
Chl a, mg/l = 12.67 A 663 - 2.65 A 645-0.29 626
Chl b, mg/l = 23.60 A 645 - 4.23 A 663-0.33 626
Protochl, mg/l = 29.60 A 626 - 3.39 A 663-6.75 645
method of Mancinelli et al. (1975). 500 mg, Neurath (1954). One ml of extracted material
fresh weight of seedlings was grinded in in TrisHC1 buffer, extracted earlier and
methanolic HCl (80 ml methanol, 20 ml water, preserved at 4°C, one ml Of protein solution
1 ml HCI). Homogenised tissue was and one ml of Tris-HC1 was incubated at 40°C
transferred into glass stoppered bottle using for 1 hr. One ml of TCA was added to the
appropriate amount of methanolic HCl, stored above and kept in freezer for 3-hr. After that,
them overnight in refrigerator. It was the whole solution was centrifuged to get clear
centrifuged at 4000 rpm and collected in supernatant. In supernatant solution, 1 ml of
conical flask. Final volume was made 25 ml 1.5 N NaOH was added in a separate
with methanolic FTC. Absorbance was taken volumetric flask and final volume was made to
at 530 nm and 660 nm, with the help of 10 ml with distilled water.
Systronics - Digital UV-spectrophotometer.
One ml aliquot of the above solution was
Calculation was determined by using the
mixed with 5-ml. alkaline copper tartrate
formulae given by Mancinelli et al. (1975).
solutions and then incubated for 10 minutes at
As = at 530 — 1/3 A at 660 40° C and then 1 ml. of Folinphenol reagent
was added. After 30 minuted, the absorbance
Where As = Anthocynins
of the solution was read at 600 rim. A
A = Absorbance calibration curve was also prepared following
Enzymes: above method and utilizing standard amino
acids. The released amino acids were measured
1. Protease:
through comparisons of assayed and standard
Extraction curves.
Result
Treatments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Protochlorophyll a/b ratio
A
0.33±0.03 0.32±0.03 0.34±0.04 1.03
B
0.24±0.02 0.26±0.03 0.32±0.04 0.92
C
0.29±0.02 0.30±0.03 0.31±0.04 0.96
D
0.27±0.03 0.23±0.04 0.30±0.02 1.17
1
15
0.8 30
Chl a (mg/g)
45
0.6
60
0.4 75
90
0.2 105
120
0
A B C D
Treatments
0.8 60
Chl b mg/g
0.6 75
0.4 90
105
0.2
120
0
A B C D
Treatments
5
120
4 105
Protochl mg/gS
90
3
75
60
2
45
1 30
15
0
A B C D
Treatments
Stage A B C D
Dry
3.450±0.004 - - -
6-hr
6.780±0.040 9.060 ±0.07 10.68±0.70 8.070±0.70
12-hr
9.650±0.06 13.62±0.80 15.670±0.130 10.470±0.45
24-hr
11.780±0.07 14.770±0.89 18.655 ±0.65 13.430±0.83
Table 4 : Protease activity as affected by UV-B radition (3-hr daily)
individually and in combination of IAA and Kn during
seed imbibition in Triticum aestivum
Stage A B C D
Dry
0.302±0.03 - - -
6-hr 0.290±0.03
0.325±0.02 0.281±0.059 0.294±0.02
12-hr
0.327±0.05 0.547±0.051 0.776±0.069 0.626±0.02
24-hr
0.346±0.07 0.64±0.040 0.817±0.062 0.517±0.07
Table 5 : Peroxidase activity as affected by UV-B radition (3-hr
daily) individually and in combination of IAA and Kn
during seed imbibition in Triticum aestivum
morphological changes caused by UV-B are pigments. Data recorded as Ca. 21%, 15%,
the result of physiological distortion. So, in the 19%, & 4% increase over the UV-13 alone
present study, it is desired to investigate Some treatment (set B) in chlorophyll a, proto
physiological parameters in relation to chlorophyll & a/b ratio respectively.
individual UV-B exposure and in combination
Chlorophyll development during crop
with certain plant growth regulators.
growth
Chlorophyll pigment during seedling
Effects of UV-B radiation alone and in
growth
combination with plant growth regulators on
Surface sterilized seeds of Wheat was imbibed chlorophyll development were also carried out
in water for 6-hr Distilled water washed seeds in the same two cereals, which were grown
were transferred to 9 cm petridish (9 diameter earlier for growth pattern studies. Plants for
cm) for germination and seedling growth chlorophyll estimation were sampled regularly
studies and treated with UV-B radiation (3-hr at 15 days interval from seedling emergence up
daily) alone and alongwith different to maturity.
concentration of plant growth regulators.
Table 1.2. & Fig. 1.1, showed that in plot A
Chlorophyll a, b and Protochiorophyll were
(control), values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll
measured after 7 days of growth in both the
b, protochlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio,
crops as described in material & methods. The
observed at 15 days stage of crop growth were
results are presented in table 1.1 for Triticum
amounted 0.34±0.02, 0.38±0.04, 0.39±0.02
aestivum .
mg/pl. and 0.87 mg/pl and recorded a
A perusal of result in table 1.1 shows that consistent increase up to 105 days stage and
chlorophyll a (mglpl), chlorophyll b (mg/pl) amounted 1.06±0.04, 0.92+0.033, 92
protochiorophyll (mg/pl) and ratio of a/b in 0.90±0.02 mg/pl and 1.15 for chlorophyll a,
control set were valued as 0.33±0.03, chlorophyll b, protochlorophyll and
0.32±0.03, 0.34±0.04 and 1.03 respectively. chlorophyll a/b ratio respectively.
When the seedlings were studied with UV-B
A decline in all the chlorophyll pigments was
radiation alone, it showed a marked decline in
observed at maturity. Plants of plots B were
contents of different chlorophyll pigments.
experienced marked reduction in chlorophyll
The inhibition was recorded as Ca. 27%, 19%,
pigment as compared to control. Maximum
6% & 11% respectively as compared to
inhibition of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
control. When sets C & D were observed
protochlorophyll and ratio of a/b were noted at
(PGRs + UV-B), a general promotion of these
30-day stage and 120-day stage and reduced by
pigments was observed as compared to set B
Ca. 17%, 22%, 15% and 18% respectively as
(UV-B only). IAA was found to be the most
compared to control (Plot A). When the plot C
effective to counteract the UV-B induced
and D were studied, the promotion of content
inhibition for all the studied chlorophyll
of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
protochlorophyll and ratio a/b were noted. Plot anthocyanin accumulation induced by UV-B
C was shown the maximum value of content of treatment. A perusal of data given in table (1.3)
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and shows that anthocyanin accumulation is
protochlorophyll at 15 days of growth and ratio directly related to UV-B irradiation. A 3-hr
a/b at maturity and noted as Ca. 27% 95%, daily UV-B exposure in wheat caused by a
21% and 20% as compared to UV-B treatments marked accumulation of anthocyanin (ca.
alone (Plot B). The plot D was shown the 124%) as compared to control. IAA and Kn
maximum value of contents of chlorophyll a, given alongwith UV-B irradiation were
chlorophyll b, protochlorophyll and ratio a/b at inhibitory to anthocyanin pigment
15 days old, 30 days and 120 day stage of accumulation as compared to UV-B individual
growth and promoted by ca. 96%, ca. 21% & exposure. IAA was found to be effective to
Ca. 22% as compared to UV-B treatment alone inhibit anthocyanin accumulation and this was
(Plot B). inhibited by Ca. 18% as compared to UV-B
exposed alone. In case of Kn it was reduced by
Anthocyanins
ca. 11% as compared to UV-B treatment
The effect of UV-B radiation individually and individually.
in combination of IAA and Kn on anthocyanin
Enzymes
development was studied in both wheat and
rice. Seeds of both the crops were presoaked in Protease
distilled water in dark for 24 hours and
Effect of UV-B irradiation alone and in
transferred in different petridish for
combination of plant growth regulators on the
germination and further growth. One petridish
protease activity was studied in the seeds of
carrying seeds of each crop was exposed to
Wheat. Uniformly selected seeds were soaked
ordinary white light and treated as control. One
in distilled water for 6 hrs, 12 hrs & 24 brs
petridish of each crop was exposedto daily 3-
respectively. Now these presoaked seeds were
hr UV-B only. Three petridishes of both the
spread in different petridishes (A, B, C, D).
crops were exposed to UV-B alongwith
One petridish was kept as control (Neither UV-
different plant growth regulators and were
B nor PGRs), another was exposed to only 3-
carried out in growth chamber. Three days old
hr daily UV-B radiation and two petridishes
seedlings were taken for extraction of the
were added with IAA & Kn respectively and
anthocyanin as described in material and
exposed to 3- hrs daily UV-B radiation. After
method.
providing different treatments, development of
Ultraviolet—B radiation has positive effect on protease activity was measured as described in
the accumulation of anthocyanin in Triticum materials & method.
aestivum seedling. Plant growth regulators viz.
Table 1.4 showed the effect of UV-B radiation
IAA (10 -6M) and Kn (10 -6M) were observed
alone & in combination of PGRs on protease
counteracting and lowered down the
activity in wheat seeds. After imbibition in
water, there was a considerable rise in activity radiation. In this crop, chlorophyll a and
of protease. Data obtained form petridish B chlorophyll b were found almost equally
(UV-B exposed) showed a marked promotion, reduced due to 3-hr daily treatment of UV-B.
and showed Ca. 34%, 41% & 25% increase at When the crops were supplemented with PGRs
6 hrs, 12 hrs & 24 hrs respectively as compared in addition to the UV-13 radiation, a
to control. Protease analysis of seeds of promotory effect was noted in the present
petridish C showed slight inhibition of study. Kn (10-7M) was found most promising
protease activity as compared to UV-B growth regulator when compared with IAA.
exposed alone. Maximum inhibition was Significant reductions in different chlorophyll
recorded in seeds soaked in Kn and a reduction pigment by UV-B exposure were also
of Ca. 11%, 23%, 8% was reported at 6, 12 & investigated by Jain and Goyal (1990), Duysen
24 hrs respectively as compared to UV-B alone et al. (1985), Sharma et al. (1988), Goyal et al.
treatment. (1991), Ambrish (1992) and Dhingra (1999).
Counteractive impacts of plant growth regulators over uv-b radiation damage 100
Volume I Number 2 2010 [91 - 106]
ISSN: 0975 - 6272
results. They also emphasized that UV-B (312 nm) with white light in apple fruits.
interconversion of protochiorophyll to Yatsuhashi and Hashimoto (1985) found multi
chlorophyll was retarded. As Kn was found to facet action of UV-B photoreepto and
improve the synthesis of chlorophyll even phytochrome in the synthesis of anthocyanin
under increased radiation energy (Purohit, using 290 nm (UV-B radiation).
1988), an improvement in different Similar to anthocyanin, flavonoid
chlorophyll contents was reported in the concentration was also increased, in UV-B
present study under similar conditions. One of treated seedlings after four days of treatment.
the measures, which plants develop for the In contrast, high UV-B fluence increased the
defence towards higher UV-B radiation, is the flavonoid accumulation (Prem Kumar et al.,
development of anthocyanin. Present study 2001). According to (Tevini et al., 1990)
showed that the crops Triticum aestivum flavonoid accumulation is regarded as
adevelop over 124 % anthocyanin production protective mechanism in higher plants to
as compared to control when treated with 3-hr provide against UV-B radiation.
daily UV-B radiation. A slight decrease in
Hence, it is concluded that the UV-B treated
anthocyanin content was noted when the crops seedlings may activate a defense mechanism
were exposed to combined effects of UV-B against UV-B damage by increasing flavonoid.
and different growth regulators. This shows Pal et al, (1999) concluded that flavonoid
that growth regulators caused insignificant
concentration can reduce the UV-B penetration
change in the anthocyanin accumulation in
and protect the photosynthetic apparatus upto
plants towards UV-B radiation. Ambler et al. some extent, but it depends upon threshold
(1975) and Bennett (1981) found the level which may vary in different species.
accumulation of anthocyanin as a defence of However, there is also evidence that flavonoids
cotton plants against enhanced UV-B
may function in plants to screen harmful
radiation. Hashimoto et al. (1991) also
radiation, bind phytotoxins and help to regulate
reported the similar observation, while the stress response by controlling auxin
working with chlorophyll due to enhanced transport (Shirley, 2002).
UV-B radiation can be correlated with each
This study showed considerable rise in
other. Enhancement of anthocyanin synthesis
protease and peroxidase activities in the
can be explained as chloroplast may provide a
germinating seeds as compared with the pre-
large reserve pool for the biosynthesis of
existing enzymes in the seeds. Experimental
anthocyanin (Mancinelli et al., 1975). UV-B
data showed enhancement of protease activity
induced anthocyanins production has also been
up to Ca. 8% in UV-B exposed germinating
reported in mustard hypocotyles, corn, wheat
seeds as compared to control. When the crop
and rye coleoptiles (Wellmann, 1982).
was subjected to combine treatment of PGRs
Arakawa et al. (1985) found synergistic
with UV-B, Kn (10-6M )was found most
increase in anthocyanin production caused by
mitigatory which lowered the activity of
Counteractive impacts of plant growth regulators over uv-b radiation damage 101
Volume I Number 2 2010 [91 - 106]
ISSN: 0975 - 6272
peroxidase up to 125% while protease activity were treated with UV-B, a marked
was lowered slightly when compared to UV-B promotion of Ca. 124% of anthocynin
individual treatment. No significant effects pigment was recorded due to UV-B
were observed in peroxidase activity with IAA. treatment in Triticum aestivum . IAA was
Conclusion found to mitigate the effect of UV-B
1. Experimental studies showed pronounced radiation and consequently lowers down
effect of UV-B exposure and PGRs the accumulation of pigment as compared
individually and in, combination on to UV-B treatment in Triticum aestivum.
chlorophyll development, of seedlings of 2. The protease activity was also enhanced in
the crops. Results of the present study germinating seeds of the crops due to UV-
show decrease of Ca. 27%, 19%, 6% of B radiation. A rise of Ca. 34%, 41% and
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and 25%, was recorded after 6 hr; 12 hr. 24 hr
protochlorophyll respectively in case of of soaking in Triticum aestivum in treated
Triticum aestivum after 15 days of seeds as compared to control.
seedling growth. When the seedlings were 3. 17. A marked increase in peroxidase was
treated with UV-B alongwith IAA it noted in inhibited seeds of both the crops
showed as 15%, 19%, 4% for chlorophyll due to UV-B radiation. An increase of Ca.
a, chlorophyll b and protochiorophyll in 118%, 125%, 163% was recorded in
case of Triticum aestivum, when individual Triticiim aestivum after 6 hr, 12 hr and 24
treatment of UV-B was given to field hr of imbibition respectively due to UV-B
grown crops a decline of 22%, 17% and (3-hr daily) radiation as compared to
15% in case of Triticum aestivum. When control. When the seeds were supplied with
these crops were suppleniented with PGRs alongwith the above treatment, this
combination of UV-B and PGRs, an effect was altered significantly and a
increase in different chlorophyll contents decrease of Ca. 11%, 23% and 8% at 6 hr,
was recorded. Out of the two PGRs, was 12 hr and 24 hr respectively was reported
found to an improved the chlorophyll in Triticurn aestivum.
contents by 27%, 95% and 21% for All the parameters considered during the
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and present study such as Photosynthetic pigments
protochiorophyll respectively for (IAA + viz, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and
UV-B), 96%, 22% and 21% of chlorophyll protochiorophyll and enzymes Protase as well
a, chlorophyll b and protochiorophyll (Kn as Proxidase were also reduced when subjected
+ UV-B) in case of Triticum aestivum. to UV-B radiation. Effect of UV-B on Wheat,
Plants develop anthocynin as a protection as far as anthocyanin is concerned was
pigment against UV-B radiation as reported an enhancement. It can be assumed
evidenced by present as well as other after overall studies that accumulation of
experimental studies. When the seedlings anthocyanin because of UV-B could act as a
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