`

ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 1 2015 [96
[ – 102] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

Investiggation of Seasonal
S v
variations in physicoochemicall characterristics of
Gangap pur Reserv voir in Naasik District (M.S.)

Rahane, Balasaheb1; Waykar, Bhalchandrra2 and Bhaalla, Resham

m3

d: March 15,, 2015 ⏐ Acccepted: Aprril 25, 2015 ⏐ Online: Juune 30, 20155
Received

Abstractt Keyywords: Ganngapur Reseervoir |

Phyysic - chemmical paraameters | seasonal
s
The wateer quality off Gangapur Reservoir was w
variiations
assessed by determ mining phyysico-chemiical
parameteers like temperaturee, pH, tootal Intrroduction
Watter is the mostm essenttial commodity for
alkalinityy, dissolved
d oxygen, total t hardneess,
humman consum mption andd is one of the
chloridess, salinity and
a electricaal conductivvity
reneewable resouurces whichh must be prrevented
during suummer, mon nsoon and winter
w seasoons
fromm deterioraation in quuality. Wateer as a
in the year Nov. 2010 to Oct. 2011. The resuults
natuural resourrce is beecoming a scare
of presennt study showw that the teemperature, pH p
commmodity duee to its indiscrimination use and
and totaal alkalinity values weere highest in
summer season and lowest in winter seasoon, conntamination from variouus sources such as
leacching of agro-chemiccals from farms,
dissolvedd oxygen waas highest inn winter seasson
untrreated dom mestic waterr from citiies and
and loweest in summ mer season. The values of
incrreasing voluume of industrial effluennts. The
total harddness, saliniity, chloridee and electriical
funcctioning of an aquatic ecosystem and its
conductivvity were highest duuring summ mer
abillity to suppoort life formss depends too a great
season annd lowest during
d monsoon season,, at
exteent uponn the physico-cchemical
Gangapuur Reservoir of Nasik disstrict.
charracteristics of water. The seasonal s
For corresspondence: variiations have made a valuuable contribbution in
1
Departmennt of Zoology y, Swami Mukktanand College of the study of limnology (Varghesee 1992;
Science, Yeeola, Nashik
2
Kauushik and Shharma, 19944; Kaur et al. a 1995;
Departmennt of Zoology, Dr. Babbasaheb Ambeedkar
Marathwadda University, Auurangabad Banndela et al. 1998;
1 Sharm
ma, 2001; Lookman et
3
Departmennt of Zoology, LVH Arts, Sci. & Comm. Colllege, al. 2003).
2 The quality,
q quanntity and zonnation of
Panchavati, Nashik
polllution has suuggested thaat the producced data
Email: balaasahebrahane20 011@rediffmaiil.com
be taken
t into coonsiderationn to device sttrategies
96
 Rahane et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/96 – 102

to arresst further pollution of Gangappur Novvember 20100 to Octoberr 2011 at 8.30 am, in
Reservoiir, before it becomes haazardous to the t tripllicates and mixed
m togethher for each location
public health. Th he modernn agricultuural so as
a to portraay the averaage conditionn in the
activitiess and indusstrial develoopment in the t resppective areaa. The waater samplees were
catchmennt area of Reservvoir is also a colllected from depth of 5-10 5 cm beelow the
contributting in polluting
p thhe Gangappur surfface water in i acid wasshed plastic bottles.
Reservoiir at Nashik. Hence, thee present woork Temmperature waas measuredd directly on field by
of moniitoring seassonal variattion in waater therrmometer; pH measurem ment was carrried out
quality inn terms of phhysicochemiical parametters by a pH metter (Elico LI 120). Separate S
like tempperature, pHH, total alkaliinity, dissolvved sammples were collected
c foor dissolved oxygen
oxygen, total hardneess, chloridees, salinity and a (DOO) in 250 ml m bottles annd dissolved oxygen
electricall conductivitty has been carried
c out. wass fixed in thee field by addding alkali reagent.
Study Arrea Thee samples analyses were carriied out
Gangapu ur Reservoiir Gangapurr Reservoir, 10 immmediately affter return to the labboratory.
km awayy from Nasiik city is ann earthen daam, Phyysico-chemiccal param meters likee total
constructted in 195 54 on Goodavari Rivver. alkaalinity, dissolved oxyggen, total hardness,
h
Geographhically, Gan ngapur Reserrvoir is locatted salinnity, chloridde, electric conductivitty were
at 20.02261° N and d 73.6672° E. The tootal deteermined seaasonally in summer, monsoonm
catchmennt area of thee dam is 3577.4 Sq.km. The
T andd winter seasons
s by standard method
height of Reservoir is 36.57m and lengthh is (APPHA, 1998).
3810m. The
T surface areaa of Reseervoir is 22,8860
2
Km (88830 sq mi).. The volum me content of
3
Reservoiir is 4612 Km
K (1106 cuu mi) and tootal
gross stoorage capacity is 215.888 MCM. The T
Reservoiir water is ussed mainly for
f irrigationn as
well as drinking
d watter purpose. The Reservvoir
has two canals, the left bank caanal is 64 Km K
long andd right bank canal is 30 Km long. The T
water Reservoir iss used for irrrigation and for Fig. 1. Map of Ganggapur reservoirr
drinking purpose Thee total irrigaable area of this
t
Reservoiir is 15960 hectors.
h The location of the
t
Reservoiir is shown inn Fig . Thee physico-chemical parameterss like
Materialls and Methhod tem
mperature, pH,
p total alkalinity, dissolved
d
For physsicochemicaal analysis water sampples oxyygen, total hardness,
h chllorides, salinnity and
were colllected seaso
onally (sum
mmer, monsooon elecctrical connductivity were dettermined
and wintter seasons)) from diffeerent places of seassonally in water sampples collecteed from
Girna Reservoir
R of
o Nasik district
d duriing Ganngapur Reservoir of NasikN distrrict and

97 
 Rahane et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/96 – 102

obtained data are su ummarized in table 1 carrrying photoosynthesis but are releasingr
and fig carbbon dioxide in respiratioon (Palmer, 1980).
1
Temperaature: In summer
s seaason the meean Tottal Alkalinitty: During summer seaason the
temperatuure values were
w 27.210C, C in monsooon meaan total allkalinity vaalues were 132.13
0
season 24.61 C, whiile in winterr season valuues (mgg/l), in monssoon seasonn values werre 98.62
were 21.420C at Gaangapur Reservoir. Waater (mgg/l) and in winter
w seasonn values werre 68.67
temperatuure is one of the most m important (mgg/l) in Ganggapur Reservvoir.. In the present
ecologicaal factors which control the t studdy, the totaal alkalinityy values weere high
physiologgical behav vior and distribution
d of indiicated the productivee nature of the
organismms. The temp perature of drinking waater Resservoir. Gonzzalves and Joshi
J (1946) are also
has an innfluence on its taste. Watter temperatuure of thhe same opinnion. The tootal alkalinityy ranged
is recordeed lower in winter
w due to
t extreme coold betwween 60 to 140
1 mg/L, thhe value wass slightly
and shortter sunshinee period and monsoon may m highher in summmer. The stanndard desirabble limit
be due to t cloudy weather
w and influx of rain of alkalinity inn drinking water is 1220 ppm
water and whereas higher
h in summmer follow wed (WH HO, 1984). TheT maximuum permissibble level
a commoon pattern ass observed byy (Zafar, 19664; is 600ppm.The
6 e value of alkalinity in water
Munnaw war, 1970; Swwaranlatha anda Narsingrrao, provvides an iddea of naturral salts preesent in
1991; Sw warnalatha, 1994;
1 Rajaseegar, 2003). watter. The cauuse of alkalinnity is the minerals
m
pH: pH of water givesg an ideea of type and
a whiich dissolve in water froom soil. Thee various
intensity of pollution (Verma et.al,e 1984). In ioniic species that contriibute to alkalinity
summer season th he mean pH p values at inclludes bicarbonates, hydrroxides, phoosphates,
Gangapuur Reservoirr were 7.533. In monsooon boraates and orrganic acids. These facctors are
season values
v weree 7.21, whhile in winnter respponsible for the alkalinity of water sources.
season values
v were 6.92 respecctively. In the t Thee sewage, drain
d water, industrial effluents
e
present investigation
i n the maxim mum pH was w mayy lead to inncrease in alkalinity
a off surface
recorded in summerr and minim mum in winnter watter in future course
c of timme.
with slight increasse in monnsoon montths. Dissolved Oxyygen: In suummer seaason the
Similar trend haas been reported by meaan dissolveed oxygen values were 7.21
Sreenivasan, (1965); Vijayraghvvan, (1971) and a (mgg/l), in monnsoon seasonn values weere 8.03
Gupta anda Mehrotrra, (1986). The pH was w (mgg/l), while inn winter seasson values were
w 9.92
comparattively low where hum man activitties (mgg/l) respectivvely at Ganggapur Reservvoir. The
were loww. This is in agreement withw Zutshi anda maxximum dissoolved oxygeen was recoorded in
Vass, (19973) and Sinngh, (1986). The changee in the winter and minimum
m inn the summeer during
carbon dioxide
d and hardness alsso changes the t the study periiod. The loow oxygen content
pH of waater. During g day time pH H raises as the
t duriing summerr season may m be due to low
algae inccrease the phhotosynthetiic activity. The
T watter, high tem mperature annd decay of macro
pH decrreases at niight when algae are not n veggetation. Thee loss of oxyygen during summer

98 
 Rahane et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/96 – 102

month iss probably due to deccomposition of (mgg/l) respectivvely at Ganggapur Reservvoir. The
organic matter
m and this
t process goes on fasster rise of chloridee in summerr was due too rise in
in warmm than in co old season (Welch,
( 19335). tem
mperature andd evaporatioon thereby affecting
a
Increase in the tempeerature of waater in summ mer the process of photosynthes
p sis. In monssoon, the
might haave resulted d in decrease of dissolvved wer values are
low a due to rainfall leaading to
oxygen during
d this period (Jayaa Devi, 19994). diluution while the rise in winter is coorrelated
High valuues of dissolved oxygenn during winnter withh phytoplaankton. Ouur results are in
could be due to the greater
g solubbility of oxyggen agreeement withh Goel et all. (1980). Thrash et
in water at lower temmperature. al. (1944) pointed out that high chloride
Total Hardness:
H The
T mean total hardness conncentrations are
a indicatorr of large ammount of
values in summerr season at Gangappur orgaanic matter in the waater which itself is
Reservoiir were 138 8.99 (mg/l), in monsooon sugggestive of eutrophicattion. Ajmall et al.
season values
v weree 94.81 (m mg/l) while in (19885) found maximum
m vaalue of chlorride 98.5
winter season
s valu
ues were 115.62 (mgg/l) mg//lit. during winter
w seasonn in Kalinadi. Ghose
respectivvely. Hardneess is mainnly due to the t andd Sharma, (11988) have observed chlorides
c
presence of bicarb bonates of calcium and a varyy from 13 to 540 ppm m at Patna in river
magnesiuum ions. Jusst like chloriide, hardnesss is Gannga.
an imporrtant parameeter in the characterizatiion 250

of Reserrvoir waterr. As per guidelines for 200

drinking water quality there is evidence thhat 150

death rattes from caardiovasculaar diseases are 100

inverselyy correlated with

w the harddness of watter, 50

but therre is insuff fficient prooof that eithher 0

calcium oro magnesiu um is directlyy involved. No N

recommeendation on o the restriction
r of
municipaal water softening or on the t
maintenaance of minimum residuual calcium or
magnesiuum level iss therefore warranted at
present. In addition, there is no firm evidennce Fig.22: Graph showinng seasonal variaations of differennt physico-
mical parameters from Gangapurr reservoir of Nasik district
chem
in humann beings thatt drinking waater causes anya durinng summer seasoon in November 2010 to Octoberr 2011.
adverse effects
e in health. The desirable limitt of
hardness in drinking g water acccording to ISI Saliinity: In summer
s seaason mean salinity
standard is 300 mg/liit. valuues were 966.49 (mg/l), in monsoonn season
Chloridees: In sum mmer seasoon the meean valuues were 56.53
5 (mg/l)), while inn winter
chloridess content vallues were 533.41 (mg/l), In seasson values were
w 90.37 (m mg/l) respecctively at
monsoonn season vaalues were 31.29 (mgg/l), Ganngapur Reseervoir. La Foond (1954) reported
r
while inn winter seeason valuees were 50.02 thatt the freshw
water releasedd from riverrs causes

99 
 Rahane et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/96 – 102

a declinee in the saliinity of the surface waater commmunity struucture and plays
p a vitall role in
during thhe monsoon and restoraation occurs as the release of nutrients annd consequeently the
the salinnity continuoously increaase from poost- prodductivity of aquatic ecoosystem, alsoo opined
monsoonn to summer. Varma andd Reddy (19559) by Koul
K et al. (1990). The level
l of condductivity
and Subrramanyan an nd Gupta (11965) reportted is also
a dependeent upon larrge amount of salts
similar trrend of saliinity in the coastal watters andd silts carrried by canalsc adjaccent to
from souutheast coast of India. agriicultural sitees. During summer seaason the
meaan electrical conductivityy value weree 312.09
250
(µmmho/cm), in monsoon season s valuues were
200
1877.86 (µmho//cm), whilee in winter season
150
valuues were 2007.88 (µmhho/cm) at Gangapur
G
100

50
Resservoir respeectively. Thhe highest values
v in
0
summmer seasonn could be due d to high quantum
q
of sewage
s infloow whereass lowered values in
monnsoon weree due to dilution
d fromm large
voluume of rain water. In thhe winter seaason the
watter was steaady and lesss disturbed and the
soliids must haave settled down
d resulting into
low
wering down the conducttivity of watter. This
Fig.3: Graph showing seasoonal variations of different physiico-
chemical paarameters from Gangapur
G reservooir of Nasik disttrict is because
b connductivity iss reciprocall to the
during monssoon season in November
N 2010 to October 20111.
resiistance. Khallaf and Mac Donald, (19975) and
250
Trivvedi et al. (1985) havve reported similar
200
resuults.
150
Con nclusion
100

50
Ressults demonsstrated that thet temperatture, pH
0
andd total alkalinity valuees were higghest in
summmer seasonn and lowesst in winter season,
disssolved oxygeen was highhest in winter season
andd lowest in summer seaason. The values of
totaal hardness, salinity, chlloride and electrical
e
connductivity werew highesst during summer
seasson and low west during monsoon
m seeason, at
Fig.4: Graph showing seaso onal variations of different physiico-
chemical paarameters from Gangapur
G reservooir of Nasik disttrict
studdied Reservooir. The resuults of ANO OVA test
during winteer season in Nov
vember 2010 to October
O 2011. indiicated that thhe variations between thhe mean
valuues of pH, alkalinity, hardness, salinity,
Electricaal Conductiivity: Conduuctivity is also
a
chloorides electrric conducctivity of thhe three
an impportant facttor for detecting
d f
fish
seassons were s
significant (P
P<0.05).

100 
 Rahane et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/96 – 102

No significant variattion in the mean

m values of and theirr seasonal chhanges. Inl. J. Ecol.
temperatuure was observed. The study
s indicatted Environ. Sci. 6: 97-1116.
that physsicochemicall parameterss undertakenn to Gonnzalves, E. A.
A and Joshi, D. B. (19466): Fresh
assess the water quallity of Ganggapur Reservvoir water alggae near Bom mbay. I. the seasonal
successioon of the algaae inatank off Bandra.
were fouund to be beelow the permissible lim mit
J. Bomb.. Nat. Hist. Sooc. 46: 154-1776.
set by reggulating agency (WHO, 1993).
Guppta, A.K. and Mehrotra, R.S. (1986): Sttudies on
seasonal variation inn pH and dissolved
d
Acknowlledgement oxygen content in i Sanhit Sarovar
The auuthors grateefully acknnowledge the t Kurukshetra. Geobioss. 13 (6): 276 - 278.
departmeent of Zo oology, Drr. Babasahheb Jayaa Devi, M. (1994): Seeasonal variaations &
Ambedkaar Marrathwada Universiity, populatioon density of o Rotifers in three
Aurangabbad (M.S..) 431004,, India, for lakes of Hyderabad. J. Aqua. Biool. Vol.9
providingg laboratory facility for this
t work. (102): 41 - 44.
Kauur, H., Dhillonn, S.S., Kaurr, Navkiran, and
a Bath,
Referencces K.S. (l995): Physico-chemical
characterristics of fressh water prevvailing in
Ajmal, M M. Raziuddin n and Khann, A.U. (19885):
and arouund Patiala (Puunjab). J. Envviron and
Phhysico-chemiical aspects of pollution in
Ecol. 13 (3): 523 - 528.
K
Kalinadi. JAWWPC TECH.., ANNUAL, 12
Kauushik, S. and Sharma, N. N (1994): Physico-
: 106-114.
chemicall characteristtics and zoooplankton
APHA, (1998): Staandard metthods for the
populatioon of a perrennial tank, Matsya
exxamination ofo water andd waste waater.
sarovar, Gwalior. Envviron and Ecool. 12 (2):
A
American
429 - 4344.
Public Heealth Associattion Washinggton 20th editiion,
Khaalaf, N. annd Mac. Doonald, L.J. (1975):
W
Washington DC (U.S.A.) 1--1193.
Physico-chemical connditions in teemporary
Bandela, N.N., Vaidy ya, D.P. annd Lomte, V.S.V
ponds inn the new forest.
f Hydroobiologia
(11998): Seasonnal temperatuure changes and
a
Vol. 47 (2):
( P 301 - 318.
3
thheir influence on the leevel of carbon-
Kouul, V.K., Davvison, W. andd Zutshi, D.P
P. (1990):
diioxide and pH
p in Barul dam water. J.
Calcite super satturation inn some
A
Aqu. Bio. Vol 13: 43-46.
subtropiccal Kashmir, Himalayann Lakes.
Ghose, N
N.C. and Sharm ma, C.B. (19988): The efffect
Hydrobioologia, 192: 215-222.
2
off drain water on the physicco-chemical and
a
La Fond,
F E. C. ( On upwelling
u andd sinking
baacteriologicall characteristtic of the riiver
off the east coastt of India. Andhra
G
Ganga at Patnna, Bihar. Inn: Ecology anda
Universitty Memories in Oceanogrraphy, ,
poollution of Inndia river (E
Ed. R.K.Triveedi)
–
ppp. 255 - 26 69, Asian Puublishing Houuse,
Lokkman Altun., Murat Yallmaz., Cengiiz Acar.,
N Delhi.
New
Ibrahim Turna., E. Zeki baskent., Ertugrul
Goel, P.K
K., Gopal, B. and Triveddi, R.K. (19880):
Bilgili (2003):
( Evalluating the seasonal
Immpact of sewage on freshw water ecosysttem
changes of waterr quality of the
III physico-cheemical characcteristic of waater

101 
 Rahane et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/96 – 102

Deginnendere and Galyan Rivers

D R (Trabzzon, Thraash, J.C., Suukling, E andd Beale, J.E.. (1994):
T
Turkey) J. Env
viron. Biol. 244 (4): 415 - 4222. The exaamination of water annd water
Munnawaar, M. (1970): Limnologgical studies on supplies,, London.
frreshwater pon
nd of Hyderrabad, India. J. Trivvedy, R.K., Garud,
G J.M. annd Goel, P.K
K. (1985):
T Biotope. Hydrobiol.
The H 355 (127-162). Studies on
o chemistry and phytoplaankton of
Palmer, C.M.
C (1980): Algae and water
w pollutiion: few fresshwater bodiees in Kolhappur with
C
Castlo House Publ. Printedd in England by special references to human activity.
T - Bringlo, Printers, Ltdd., pp.: 1 - 96.
Ton Pollutionn Research 4 (1):
( 25 - 44.
Rajasegarr, M. (2003):
( Phhysico-chemiical Vargghese, Mathhew (1992): Seasonal primary
chharacteristics of the Veellar estuary in productioon in the Maacrophytic community
reelation to shhrimp farming. J. Envirron. of Goviindgarh lakee, Rew (M MP). J.
B
Biol. 24 (1): 95
5 - 101. Ecobiol.,, 4 (1): 11- 144.
Sharma, Dushyant
D (20001): Seasonal Variationss in Varm ma, P. U., and Reddy,, C. V. G. (1959)
diifferent physsico-chemicall characteristtics Seasonall variation of the hyddrological
inn Makroda Reservoir off Guna distrrict conditionns of the Madras coastall waters.
(MM.P.). Ecol. Env.
E & Cons. 7 (2) : pp. 201
2 Indian Joournal of Fishheries, 6, 298––305
- 204. Verm ma, S.R, Sharrma, P., Tyaggi, A., Rani, S.,
S Gupta,
Singh, R.K.
R (1986)): Fluctuations in the A.K. andd Dalela, R.C. (1984): Lim mnologica
coomposition ofo zooplanktoon populationn in (Berlin): 15: 69 - 133..
reelation to hyddrobiological conditions of
o a Vijaayaraghvan, S. (1971): Seasonal
S variiation in
R
Reservoir. J. Hydrobiologi
H ia, 2 (3) : 377 – primary productivityy in three tropical
422. stations. Hydrobiologgia, 38 : 1 (3 - 4) : 395
Sreenivassan, A. (1965):
( Liimnology and a - 408.
prroductivity of tropical impoundmeent, Wellch, P.S. (1935): Limmnology: Neew York
Amravathi Reeservoir, Maddras state, Inddia.
A McGraw w Hill Publicattions, 538.
H
Hydrobiologia a, 26: 501 - 5116. WHHO (1984): Guidelines for Drinkinng water
Subramannyan, R., & Seen Gupta, R. (1965) Studdies Quality. Health criteria
c andd other
onn the planktton of east coast of Inddia. supportinng informaation, WHO, Geneva.
Prroceedings of
o the Indianna Academy of 1:
Sciences, 56, 186–192.
1 WHHO (1996): Trace
T Elementts in human nutrition
Swarnlathha, N. and Narsing Raao, A. (19991): and heealth. Genevva, WHO Library
Innvestigation of Saroornaagar lake withw Cataloguuing, 178 pp.
reeference to water
w pollutiion. J. Phytol. Zafaar, A.R. (19664): On the ecology of algae in
R 4 (2): 121
Res. 1 - 129. certain fish
f pond of Hyderabad, India 1,
Swarnlathha, N. (1994): Seasonal rhhythm of varioous physico-chemical complexes.
phhysico-chemiical charaacteristics of Hydrobioologia, 23: 1779 - 195.
Saroornagar laake. J. Mendeel. 11 (1&2): 65 Zutsshi, D.P. andd Vass, K.K. (1973): Varriation in
- 66. the wateer quality of Kashmir lakkes. Trop
Ecol. 14:: 182 - 196.

102