Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
– Rudder
– Actuator
– Steering gear and control system
– Wheel
1. Rudder
The rudder is the most important controlling device in ship maneuvering.
Usually, it is a passive equipment of a ship, which generates the control forces
and moments by inflow velocity and loses its performance when the ship’s
speed reduces.
Types of rudder
•Rudder simplex,
•Spade rudder,
•Semi-balanced rudder,
•Flap rudder,
•Active rudder/rudder propeller,
•Telescopic rudder.
The main parts of a rudder
The main parts of a rudder are the blade and the stock.
Forces that acts on the rudder
The working principles of the two are very similar. A strong slow movement of a
mechanical surface is created by the use of high oil pressure.
• The RAM type uses cylinder pistons
• The Rotary vane type uses pressure working on the side of a vane (or wing)
On the RAM type the piston is connected by a ram (or rod) to a tiller, and the tiller
is fixed connected to the rudder stock, creating the rotating movement.
On the Rotary vane, the vane is fixed to a boss (hub) that is fixed directly to the
stock.
3. Steering gear control system
The steering gear control system means the equipment by which
orders are transmitted to the steering gear power units and other
parts necessary for operating the steering gear.
• Main engine
• Shafts
• Propeller
The main engine of a ship is connected to its propeller with the help of a
shaft. This whole system, along with other vital machineries is known
as the ship’s propulsion system.
1. Main engine
The function of the main engine is to deliver mechanical energy to the
propulsors. The main types of propulsion systems that have been used on
ships are:
• Diesel engine
• Gas turbine
• Steam turbine
• Nuclear power
• Electric motor
A) The diesel engine is the most common main engine (97%) in the merchant
marine, mainly due to its low fuel consumption in comparison with other engines.
• Types of propellers
From the pitch point of view, two types of propeller are distinguished:
• Fixed pitch propeller. The pitch, although not constant along the radius of the
blades, is fixed in any point, since the blades are rigidly attached to the hub. The
amount of thrust developed by the propeller is controlled by the rotational speed
of the propeller. Stopping and reversing the ship require special measures: it
must be possible to change the direction of rotation of the propeller in either the
gearbox or the engine.
• Controllable pitch propellers (c.p.p.) - consists of a hub with the blades
mounted on separately, so that they can rotate, thus changing their pitch. The
shaft is hollow and contains a control system, mainly hydraulic, that can adjust
the pitch angle of the blades. Adjusting the position of the blades changes the
angle of attack in the flow, thus changing the thrust without changing the
rotational speed. This has major advantages with respect to the maneuverability
of the ship.
Other types of propulsors