PATHOLOGY POST TEST (Dr.

Casio)

1. Oral Thrush- Candida albicans

2. Herpes Labialis- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV 1)
3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV 16)
4. Sialadenitis- Mumps Virus

5. Stenosis- narrowing caused by fibrous thickening of submucosa, atrophy of muscularis propria,

and secondary epithelial damage
6. Atresia- thin, non canalized cord; most commonly at the tracheal bifurcation
7. Fistula- abnormal connection can result in aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia, or severe fluid
and electrolyte imbalances
8. Achalasia- esophageal dysmotility; degenerative changes in neural innervation

9. Foregut carcinoid tumor- rarely metastasize and generally cured by resection

10. Midgut carcinoid tumor- multiple and tend to be aggressive
11. Hindgut carcinoid tumor- produce polypeptide hormones; may manifest with abdominal pain
and weight loss

12. Hematocrit female- 0.36-0.46

13. Hemoglobin female- 12.3-15.3 g/dl
14. RBC count for male- 5.5-6.5x1012/ L

15. Flagella- allow the bacteria to be motile in viscous mucus

16. Urease- generates ammonia from endogenous urea, thereby elevating local gastric pH around
the organism and protecting the bacteria from the acidic pH of the stomach
17. Adhesins- enhance bacterial adherence to surface foveolar cells
18. Cytotoxin associated gene A- involved in ulcer or cancer development by poorly defined
mechanisms

19. Stress ulcers- critically ill patients with shock, sepsis, or severe trauma
20. Curling ulcers- occurs in the proximal duodenum associated with severe burns or trauma
21. Cushing ulcers- stomach, duodenum, or esophagus of persons with intracranial disease, have a
high incidence of perforation
22. Marginal ulcers- anastamotic ulcer; occur following partial gastrectomy; remaining stomach
connection to small intestine

23. Dentigerous cyst- around the crown of an unerupted tooth

24. Odontogenic keratocysts- located within posterior mandible
25. Periapical cyst- occurring at the tooth apex resulting from long standing pulpitis
26. Intestinal type cancer- composed of glandular structures; exophytic mass or ulcerated tumor
27. Diffuse type gastric cancer- signet ring cell; leather bottle

28. Hematocrit male- 0.40-0.54

29. Hemoglobin male- 14.0-17.5 g/dl
30. RBC count female- 4.5-5.5x1012/L

31. Chronic gastritis- H. pylori

32. Achalasia-T. cruzi
33. Esophageal varices- Schistosomiasis (hepatic)
34. Infectious esophagitis- CMV

35. Gastric ulcer- pain immediately after eating; pain aggrevated by eating
36. Duodenal ulcer- pain hours after eating; pain at sleep

37. Aphthous ulcer- shallow, superficial mucosal ulceration covered by a thin exudates and rimmed
by a narrow zone of erythema
38. HSV- group of small 1 to 3mm painful vesicles
39. Candidiasis- superficial, curdlike, gray to white inflammatory membrane, readily scraped off
40. Fibroma- occur most often on the buccal mucosa along the bite line
41. Pyogenic Granuloma- pedunculated gingival masses; richly vascular (red to purple); densev
proliferation of immature vessels

42. Boerhaave syndrome- repeated episodes if severe retching and vomiting, typically in a middle
aged man with recent excessive dietary and alcohol intake; transmural esophageal rupture, and
mediastinitis
43. Plummer Vinson syndrome- difficulty in swallowing, iron deficiency anemia, glossitis, cheilosis,
and esophageal webs
44. Zollinger Ellison syndrome- multiple peptic ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum, and even
jejunum due to uncontrolled release of gastrin by a tumor

45. Hyperplastic polyp- myxoid stroma with dilated tortuous glands lined by normal or reactive
foveolar epithelium
46. Gastric polyps- have irregular, cystically dilated, and eleongated foveolar glands; lamina propria
edematous
47. Fundic gland polpys- often are multiple, and are composed of cystically dilated, irregular glands
lined by flattened parietal and chief cells

48. Leukoplakia- a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off

49. Erythroplakia- red, velvety, flat or slightly depressed
50. Herpes simplex virus infections- ballooned infected cells with large eosinophilic intranuclear
inclusions
51. Squamous cell carcinoma- well differentiated keratinizing neoplasms to anaplastic sarcomatoid
tumors
52. Oral candidiasis (thrush)- superficial, curdlike, gray to white inflammatory membrane

53. Behcet disease- genital ulcer and uveitis

54. Sjogren Syndrome- dry mouth and dry eyes
55. Mallory- Weiss syndrome- retching /vomiting; esophageal lacerations

56. Overtime, chronic antral H. pylori gastritis may progress to:

-Pangastritis, resulting in multifocal atrophic gastritis
-Reduced acid secretion (hypochlorhydria)
-Intestinal metaplasia
-Increase risk of gastric adenocarcinoma

57. Trace the pathogenisis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Label with letters.

a. H.pylori infection
b. Generates ammonia
c. Increase production of acid
d. Chronic gastritis
e. Peptic ulcer disease
f. Gastric adenocarcinoma

58. Trace the pathogenesis for lower esophageal adenocarcinoma using capital letters
a. Decrease Lower Esophageal Sphincter tone or increase abdominal pressure
b. GERD
c. Intestinal Metaplasia (Barrett’s Esophagus)
d. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

59. Arrange in sequence the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced ulcers using letters

a. Direct chemical irritation
b. Cyclooxygenase inhibition
c. Prevents prostaglandin synthesis
d. Inhibit bicarbonate secretion
e. Increased acid synthesis
f. Decreased secretion of protective mucus and decreased vascular perfusion

60. Causes of Mechanical Bowel Obstruction (SMALL/LARGE INTESTINE)

a. Intraluminal- foreign bodies, intussusception, meconium
b. Intramural- tumors, granuloma, chron’s disease
c. Extrinsic- adhesions, hernia, masses, volvulus