Lecture Slide 1

INTRODUCTION TO 
CONTROL SYSTEMS

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 Definitions

CONTROL SYSTEM – a group of components, plants, processes 
assembled for controlling 

In other word, a control system provides an output or
response for a given input or stimulus as shown in 
Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Simplified description of a control system

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 Control System Configurations

Open‐Loop System
• Does not have a loop
• Thus it does not have corrective action

Figure 1.3 Open-loop system

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 Open Loop Speed Control

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 Closed‐Loop Speed Control

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 The elements of a closed loop control system

General Block Diagram

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 Continued..
Closed‐Loop System
• Actual / current condition is taken as a data to calculate the 
necessary corrective action needed.
• Corrective action is needed to maintain the desired value.
• Positive or negative feedback???

Figure 1.4
Closed-
loop
system

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 The Differences..

Closed-Loop System Open-Loop System

Have the feedback path. Does not have the feedback path.

Output response: greater accuracy. Output response: not accurate.

Less sensitive to noise, disturbances Sensitive to noise, disturbances

and changes in the environment. and changes in the environment.

The system can compare the output The system cannot correct the
response with the input and make a disturbances.
correction if there is any difference.
More complex and expensive. Simple and inexpensive.

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 Response Characteristics

Input/stimulus – a desired
response
Output – the actual response
Transient response – a gradual
change before the steady-
state response
Steady-state response – after
the transient response, which
is its approximation to the
desired response
Steady-state error – the
Figure 1.2 Time Response differences between input and
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 Typical Response Characteristics of A 
Control System 

•Lift System
•Temperature Control
•Flight Control
•ERL System
•Antenna System
•Level Control
•Balancing System
•etc
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 Analysis and Design Objectives

Three major objectives
1. Producing the desired transient response
2. Reducing steady‐state error
3. Achieving stability

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 Control Systems Examples

• Identify the elements of control systems in the 
following plants

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 Driving A Car !

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  Driving Mechanism & Control

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  Manual Level Control

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 Level Control

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 Auto Level Control

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 Flow Control

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 Let see! Temperature Control

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 Temperature control system of an electrical furnace

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 Temperature Control Loop

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 Process Control

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 Centralized Control

Sensors ? F, T, L Final Elements ? Valves

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 Flight System

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 Cruise System

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 Auto‐Camera System

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 Elevator
• a) Early elevators were 
controlled by hand ropes 
or an elevator operator. 
• b) Modern Duo‐lift 
elevators make their way 
up the Grande Arche in 
Paris, driven by one motor, 
with each car 
counterbalancing the 
other. 
• Today, elevators are fully 
automatic, using control 
systems to regulate 
position and velocity.
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 Warehouse Application

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 Drive/Flight Simulator

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 Factory Actual Site

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 Rolling Steel Factory

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 Rolling Steel

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 Molten Steel

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 Model as simple tank
Tundish
Molten Steel
Valve

Mould Level

Cooling Water

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 Several Servo‐mech for a Robot

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 Example of an Inverted Pendulum

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 Thank You

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